Chapter XLVII: Book III: , chap. 5, § 4.) For the position with regard to mines see the (4)

State Socialism, xi, xv, 197, 221, 259, 261, 262, 304-305, 346, 377,
387, 389 _n._, 407;
origin of, 410, 413, 438;
not simply an economic doctrine, 414;
Rodbertus and, 414-415, 417, 428, 431, 432;
Lassalle and, 414, 432;
Wagner and, 414; and socialism, 431;
Andler and the philosophical origin of, 435 _n._;
Fichte and, 435 _n._;
principles and characteristics of the movement, 436-448;
and the Classical school, 438;
and solidarity and Lassalle, 439;
and government and the individual, 439-443;
and distribution, 443-444;
and production, 444;
Bismarck and, 445;
in Germany, 445-446;
influence in politics, 447;
and economic Liberalism, 447;
syndicalism and, 447-448;
the Christian schools and, 485;
and economic theory, 515;
modern development of, 516;
the Fabians and, 586; 592, 593 _n._;
and solidarity, 601, 602-603

Stationary state, Stuart Mill and, 373-374

Statistics, the science of, and economics, 407 _n._; 645-646

Statute of Apprentices, the, 104, 170

_Statutes of the International Brotherhood_, 639

_Statutes of the International Socialist Alliance_, 639

Stein, H. F. K., 106 _n._

Stein, L. von, 294 _n._

“Sterile classes,” the, in the Physiocratic system, 14, 21, 24;
Adam Smith and, 57

Sterile labour, in the Physiocratic system, 16-17

Stewart, Dugald, 52 _n._

Stiegler, M., 592 _n._

Stirner, Max (Kaspar Schmidt), 615-619, 622-623, 628, 630

Stöker, Pastor, 507

Storch, H. F. von, 118 _n._, 379

Strong, J., 506 _n._

Stumm, Baron, 507 _n._

Sully, Duc de, 17

Supply, price and, 519

Surplus labour, Marx’s theory of, 450-459, 474-475

Surplus value, Marx’s theory of, 184, 198, 228, 294, 450-459;
Sismondi and, 184-185, 198, 475;
decline of the theory of, 516

Surplus values, the taxation of, 569-570

Switzerland, Christian Socialism in, 507

Syndicalism, 321, 447, 448, 472 _n._, 473, 479-483, 491;
the Social Catholics and, 498 _and n._;
the Sillon and the C.G.T. and, 502;
and solidarity, 603;
and anarchism, 619 _n._, 641-642;
and the State, 641-642;
its ideal, 642

_Syndicat_, the, 480-481

Synthetic socialism, 573

Syntheticism, 573

_Tableau économique_, 3 _n._, 5, 18-19, 20 _n._, 21, 162, 534

Taillandier, Saint-René, 616 _n._

Tariffs, in France, 266, 269, 280-281;
in Germany, 266-269, 280-281;
in the United States, 269;
the economic nature of, 282

Taxation, the Physiocratic theory of, 38-45;
Adam Smith and, 61-62 _and nn._, 102;
development of the theory of, 645

Theory, economic, recent revival of, 515

Thierry, A., 203, 211

Thiers, L. A., 303

Thomas, É., 302 _and n._

Thomas, P. F., 263 _n._

Thompson, R., 156 _n._

Thompson, W., 194, 201 _n._, 244, 450 _n._

Thornton, W. T., 361, 371 _n._

Thünen, J. H. von, 148 _n._, 352, 558

Tocqueville, A. C. de, 303

Todt, Pastor, 507

Tolstoy, Count Leo, 510, 511, 512, 513-514

Tooke, T., 109 _n._

Torrens, Colonel, 349 _n._

Tourville, the Abbé de, 494, 495 _n._

Toynbee, A., 196, 374, 379, 386 _n._, 387

Trade, the Physiocrats and, 27-33

Trade, Free—_see_ Free Trade

Trade unionism, Robert Owen and, 236 _n._;
Stuart Mill and, 361, 362 _n._;
the Neo-Marxians and, 479;
Le Play and, 491; 496 _n._, 504;
Durkheim and, 600;
the syndicalists and, 603, 642;
the French anarchists and, 640

Travail, Le, co-operative society, 257 _n._

Treitschke, H. G. von, 443 _n._

Trosne, G. F. Le, one of the Physiocrats, 4 _n._;
on the earth as the sole productive source, 12 _n._, 13;
and the “net product,” 14 _n._, 15 _n._;
on the _Tableau économique_, 19;
on exchange, 27 _n._;
on Free Trade, 29 _n._; 49, 118 _n._

Trusts, Ollivier on, 325

Tucker, J., 54

Turgot, A. R. J., one of the Physiocrats, 4 _and n._;
on the universality and immutability of the “natural order,” 10;
and the origin of the term _laissez-faire_, 11 _n._; 12 _n._;
on artisans and agriculturists, 14 _and n._;
on mines and the “net product,” 14;
on the circulation of wealth, 18;
and the _Tableau économique_, 20 _n._;
and property, 25 _n._;
on the “good price,” 30 _n._;
on Protection, 31 _n._;
and the edict establishing Free Trade in corn, 32;
and interest, 33, 50 _n._;
distinguished from the other Physiocrats, 33, 46-47;
on industry and agriculture, 37 _n._;
on the burdens of the poor, 42 _n._;
and the “iron law,” 42, 157, 453 _n._;
on value, 46-47;
and Condillac and Galiani, 47; 50;
acquainted with Adam Smith, 51 _n._, 55; 117;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147 _n._, 340; 222 _n._,
228 _n._, 298

“Unearned increment,” rent is, 545;
the confiscation of, 558-570

United States, xii;
increase of population in, 124 _n._;
growth of _per capita_ wealth of the population in, 131;
and tariffs and Protection, 269, 278-279;
List on the economic condition of, 279;
cultivation and rents in, 339;
Christian Socialism in, 506

Unity, the movement towards universal, 600

University economists, 436

Ure, A., 171 _n._

Usury, the Catholic Church and, 503 _n._

Utilitarian Radicals, 586

Utilitarian school, 352

Utility, social, 24, 91;
Dunoyer and, 348 _and n._

Utility theory, 328 _n._;
Bastiat and, 335-338

Utopia, More’s, 246

Utopian socialism, 232

Value, the accretion of, constitutes production, 16;
nature the only source of, 16;
the Physiocrats and, 46, 49;
Turgot on, 46-47;
Galiani on, 47;
Condillac and, 48-49, 74, 75;
Adam Smith’s theory of, 74-80, 149;
Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240, 332;
Sismondi and, 184-185;
Marx and, 185, 293 _n._, 466 _and n._, 474, 583;
Marx’s theory of surplus value, 184, 450-459;
Proudhon and, 293 _n._;
Bastiat’s theory of service-value, 332-335, 338;
Carey and, 332;
Ferrara and, 333 _n._;
in Bastiat’s utility theory, 335-338;
the Classical law of, 360, 558;
Rodbertus and, 415 _n._;
Aristotle and, 451 _n._;
determined by cost of production, 520, 526;
definition of, 523;
the Classical school and, 530 _n._;
the Mathematical school and, 530 _n._;
Aupetit and, 530 _n._

“Value in use,” and “value in exchange,” 75-76, 451

Value, surplus—_see_ Surplus value

Vandervelde, É., 221, 470 _n._

Varlin, M., 459 _n._

_Verein für Sozialpolitik_, 437

Vidal, F., 259, 304-305, 414, 420 _n._

Villeneuve-Bargemont, Vicomte A. de, 197

Villermé, L. R., 171, 491 _n._

Villey, E., 327 _n._

Vinet, A. R., 509

Voltaire, and the Physiocrats, 5; 32;
his _L’Homme avec Quarante Écus_, 41 _n._; 43;
Adam Smith and, 51 _n._; 52 _n._

Wage fund theory, Stuart Mill and, 361-362, 374;
Walker and, 362 _n._, 549;
Cairnes and, 374; 456

Wages, the Physiocrats and, 43;
Condillac on, 49-50;
Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, 64 _n._;
Smith’s theory of, 80;
Ricardo and, 114, 157-163;
Sismondi and, 176 _n._;
Stuart Mill and, 360 _n._, 369-370; 353;
the law of, of the Classical School, 360-362;
Cobden on, 360-361;
the “brazen law” of, 361, 426, 433, 453 _n._, 528;
Böhm-Bawerk and the Classical school and, 520;
final utility and, 527-528;
the productivity theory of, 527-528, 549-550;
the Hedonists and, 541;
relation of, to profit, 550-551;
and interest, Henry George on, 565;
relation of, to the increase in rents, 566 _and n._

Wagner, A., 222, 393 _n._, 394, 396 _nn._, 401 _n._, 403, 414, 416,
431 _n._, 433 _n._;
and State Socialism, 438 _and n._, 439, 440-441, 443 _n._, 444;
and the State and the individual, 442

Wakefield, Gibbon, 349 _n._

Walker, A., 550 _n._

Walker, F., 362 _n._, 549-552

Wallace, A. R., and land nationalisation, 561, 577

Wallas, Graham, 159 _n._

Walras, L., on Free Trade, 30; 75;
J. B. Say and, 114;
and land nationalisation, 155, 561, 571, 572 _n._, 573-577;
and “scarcity,” 351; 521 _n._, 522 _n._; 376, 380, 392 _and n._;
on the State, 413; 495, 529 _n._;
his economic system, 533-536, 541-542; 537, 538 _n._, 540 _n._, 544;
and rent and profit, 552;
and the individual and the State, 573-574;
and the confiscation of rent, 574-577; 631 _n._

War of Independence, American, 103-104, 202

Waring, Colonel, 253 _n._

Watt, James, 65

Wealth, the Physiocratic conception of the circulation of, 18-26;
a material element, in the Physiocratic view, 27;
Quesnay regards agriculture as the source of all, 56;
Adam Smith’s view of the origin of, 56-57;
Adam Smith on, 83;
solely a product of the soil, in the Physiocratic view, 348

_Wealth of Nations_, 51 _et seq._, 353

Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney, 170, 221, 387, 580, 581, 583, 584, 585, 586

Weber, Max, 381 _n._

Weill, G., 202 _n._, 203 _n._, 226 _n._

Weitling, W., 323

Wellington, Duke of, 366

Wells, H. G., 580

West, Sir E., 147 _n._, 149 _n._

Weulersse, G., 5 _n._, 22 _n._, 26 _n._

Wieser, F. von, 522 _n._

William II, Emperor of Germany, 446, 507

Wilson, G., 96 _n._

Wirth, M., 416 _n._, 417 _n._

Wollemborg, 503 _n._

Wolowski, L., 304

Woman question, Saint-Simonism and, 254;
Fourier and, 254

“Working men’s associations,” 305-306, 319

Worms, R., 590 _n._

Würtemberg, Tariff Union between Bavaria and, 268

Young, A., 136 _n._, 371

Yule, Udny, 407 _n._

Zola, É., 254 _n._

Zollverein, formation of the, 268; 280

_Zollvereinsblatt_, 280 _n._, 288