Chapter XLIV: India and the Colonies (2)

---- II. of Russia, his war with England, 690;
conquers Turkey, 710

Alfred, his wars with the Danes, 37, 39;
his government, 40-42;
greatness of, 43

----, son of Aethelred II., murdered, 56

Alma, battle of the, 685

Almanza, battle of, 470

America, English explorers in, 333;
English settlements in, 361;
wars with French in, 511, 519-521, 527-529.
_See under_ Canada and United States

American Colonies, disputes with the, 540-544

---- war of Independence, 546-552

Amherst, Lord, Viceroy of India, 739

Amiens, Mise of, 141

----, Peace of, 596

Angles, settlements of, in Britain, 14-16

Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., 207

---- Neville, married to Prince Edward, 257;
married to Richard III., 263;
death of, 269

---- Boleyn, marries Henry VIII., 294;
divorced and executed, 300

---- of Cleves, married to and divorced by Henry VIII., 304

----, Queen, 461;
ruled by Lady Churchill, 461;
dismisses her, 475;
death, 480

----, Duchess of Brittany, 274-275

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 84;
withstands William II., 85;
disputes with Henry I., 89

Anson, Commodore, voyage of, 511

Antoninus, wall of, 8

Appellants, Lords, rising of, 208;
punished by Richard II., 210

Aquitaine, united to England by Henry II., 97;
rebellions in, 109, 121, 139;
seized by Philip the Fair, 163;
recovered, 168;
enlarged by Edward III., 194;
falls away, 198;
lost by Henry VI., 244

Arabi Pasha stirs up rebellion in Egypt, 713

Argyle, Archibald, Earl of, leader of the Covenanters, 395;
execution of, 421

----, Archibald, Marquis of, rebellion and execution of, 437

----, John, Duke of, at death-bed of Queen Anne, 480;
wins battle of Sheriffmuir, 489

Armada, the Spanish, 337-339

Armagnac faction in France, 218, 222, 226

Armed Neutrality, the, 595

Arthur, legendary hero of Britain, 13

---- of Brittany, 111;
his claims on England, 122;
murdered by John, 124

----, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., marriage and death of, 280

Asaf-ud-Dowlab, Nawab of Oude, his dealings with Warren
Hastings, 568, 569

Ashdown, battle of, 37

Assaye, battle of, 604

Auckland, Lord, Viceroy of India, his Afghan war, 740, 741

Augustine, St., converts Kent, 23, 24

Aulus Plautius, Roman general, 5

Austerlitz, battle of, 608

Australia, British settlement in, 565;
history of the colonies of, 750-752

Austria, allied to William III., 447;
engages in war of Spanish Succession, 463, 477;
aided by England, 500-510;
wars of, with Frederic the Great, 522-537;
with French Republic, 579-594;
with Napoleon, 608-625;
wars of, in Italy, 670, 695;
with Prussia, 705

Austrian Succession, war of the, 500

Babington, Anthony, his plot against Elizabeth, 336

Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, 343;
impeached, 359

Baeda (Venerable Bede), 29

Balaclava, battle of, 687

Ball, John, Lollard preacher, 204, 206

Balliol, Edward, wins and loses Scottish throne, 182, 183

----, John, claims Scottish throne, 160;
his reign, 162, 163;
deposed by Edward I., 164

Bank of England founded, 456;
panic at, in 1797, 586

Bannockburn, battle of, 176

Bantry Bay, French fleet at, 588

Barbados colonized, 361

Bareilly, battle of, 732

Barnet, battle of, 258

Barons' war, the, 141-145

Bartholemew, St., Massacre of, 332

Bastille, storming of the, 576

Bastwick, John, cruel sentence on, 369

Bavaria, Charles, Elector of, claimant for the empire, 500

Bavaria, Joseph, Prince of, claims crown of Spain, 457, 458

----, Maximilian, Elector of, defeated by Marlborough, 466

Baylen, capitulation of, 614

Beaufort, family of, 217.
_See under_ Somerset, Dukes of

----, Cardinal, quarrels with Humphrey of Gloucester, 233;
advocates peace, 238;
dies, 240

Beaugé, battle of, 229

Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 100;
quarrels with Henry II., 101, 102;
exiled, 103, 104;
murdered, 105

Bedford, John, Duke of, regent of France, 231;
his victories, 233;
foiled by Jeanne d'Arc, 236, 237;
dies, 239

----, Russell, Duke of, minister of George III., 538, 539

Benevolences, raised by Edward IV., 261;
by Richard III., 269;
by Henry VIII., 288;
by Charles I., 364

Bentinck, Lord George, leader of Protectionists, 667, 680

----, Lord William, Governor-general of India, 739, 740

----, William, Duke of Portland, 609

Bermuda colonized, 361

Bible translated into English, 302

Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., 166

Black Death, the, 189

---- Hole of Calcutta, the, 523

---- Prince, the. _See_ Edward the Black Prince

Bladensburg, battle of, 627

Blake, Admiral, defeats the Dutch, 409;
defeats Spaniards, 413

Blenheim, battle of, 466, 467

Blücher, Marshal, commands Prussians at Ligny and Waterloo, 628, 629

Boadicea. _See_ Boudicca

Boleyn. _See_ Anne

Bolingbroke, Henry of. _See_ Henry IV.

----, Henry St. John, Viscount of, minister under Queen Anne, 479;
Jacobite intrigues of, 480;
joins the Pretender, 486

Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, 610

----, Joseph, King of Naples, 609;
of Spain, 613-625

----, Louis, King of Holland, 609;
dethroned, 622

----, Louis Napoleon. _See_ Napoleon III.

----, Napoleon. _See_ Napoleon I.

Bonner, Bishop, opposes Reformation, 308, 309;
persecutes Protestants, 319

Boscawen, Admiral, wins victory of Lagos, 526

Boston, riots in, 543, 545;
besieged and taken by Washington, 546, 547

Bothwell Brig, battle of, 433

----, James Hepburn, Earl of, murders
Darnley, 327;
marries Mary, Queen of Scots, 328

Boudicca, Queen, rebellion of, 6

Bouvines, battle of, 128

Boyne, battle of the, 451

Bradshaw, John, regicide, 401

Bramham Moor, battle of, 217

Breda, Declaration of, 419

----, Peace of, 428

Bretigny, Treaty of, 194

Bretwalda, meaning of title, 23

Britain, early inhabitants of, 1;
conquered by Romans, 5

Britons, occupy England and Wales, 2

Brittany, under Henry II., 106;
wars of Edward III. in, 186;
of Henry VII. in, 274

Broad Church Party, the, 677

Brooklyn, battle of, 547

Brougham, Henry Lord, chancellor, 648;
resigns, 657

Bruce, Edward, King of Ireland, 177

----, Robert, claims Scottish throne, 160;
slays Comyn, 168;
King of Scotland, 170;
wars with Edward II., 172-174;
victorious at Bannockburn, 176;
invades England, 177, 180

Brunanburgh, battle of, 46

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, favourite of James I., 357;
his journey to Madrid, 360;
minister of Charles I., 363;
Rochelle expedition of, 364;
assassinated, 365

----, George, Duke of, minister of Charles II., 428

Buller, Sir R., defeats of, in S. Africa, 729, 730

Bunker's Hill, battle of, 546

Burgundy, Chas., Duke of, aids Edward IV., 258;
quarrels with him, 262

----, Philip, Duke of, allied to the English, 228, 233;
joins the French, 238

Burke, Edmund, advocates reform, 544;
speeches on French revolution, 577, 578;
joins Pitt, 580

Burleigh, Robert Cecil, Lord, minister of Elizabeth, 326;
dies, 348

Burmah, first war with, 739;
second war with, 743

Bute, John, Earl of, minister of George III., 535;
concludes peace of Paris, 537;
resigns, 538

Buxar, battle of, 566

Byng, Admiral, George, wins battle of Cape Passaro, 490

----, Admiral, John, fails at Minorca, 523;
executed, 523

Byron, George, Lord, joins Greeks, 643

Cabal, the, 428

Cabinet government, beginning of, 483

Cabul, British disaster at, 740, 741;
taken by General Roberts, 749

Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 242

Cadiz, Drake's expedition to, 337;
taken by Essex, 341

Cæsar, Julius, invades Britain, 4

Calais, captured by Edward III., 188;
lost under Mary, 321

Calder, Admiral, defeats Villeneuve off Finesterre, 606

Calendar, reform of the, 543

Cambridge, Richard, Earl of, conspires against Henry V., 222

Camden, battle of, 550

Campeggio, Cardinal, Papal legate to Henry VIII., 291, 292

Camperdown, battle of, 587

Campo Formio, treaty of, 585

Canada, French and English struggle for, 526, 529;
invaded by Americans, 626;
subsequent history of, 735

Canning, George, his war-policy, 614;
takes office under Lord Liverpool, 641;
his foreign policy, 643;
prime minister, 644

----, George, Lord, Governor-General of India, 744;
Viceroy, 748

Cape Colony, annexed by Britain, 631;
subsequent history of, 752, 753

Carausius, Emperor, in Britain, 11

Carnatic, the, wars of Clive in, 518, 519;
annexed by Wellesley, 594

Caroline of Anspach, Queen of George II., her influence, 495

---- of Brunswick, wife of George IV., 628;
quarrels with her husband, 641

Carpenter, General, wins battle of Preston, 488;
of Glenshiel, 490

Carteret, George Granville, Lord, minister of George II., 499;
his war-policy, 501;
at Congress of Worms, 502;
his fall, 503

Cassivelaunus, British chief, 4

Castlereagh, Viscount, reactionary policy of, 637;
frames the "Six Acts," 640;
commits suicide, 641

Catesby, William, favourite of Richard III., 270;
executed, 271

----, Thomas, frames Gunpowder Plot, 354

Catherine of France, marries Henry V., 228

---- of Aragon, married to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 280;
to Henry VIII., 291;
divorced by him, 294

---- Howard, married to Henry VIII., 304;
divorced and executed, 305

---- Parr, married to Henry VIII., 305

---- of Portugal, Queen of Charles II., 425

Cato Street conspiracy, 640

Cawnpore, massacre at, 747;
battle of, 748

Ceadda (St. Chad) converts Mercia, 27

Ceawlin, King of Wessex, 18

Cecil. _See_ Burleigh and Salisbury

Celts conquer Britain, 2

Cerdic, first King of Wessex, 16

Cetewayo, Zulu king, conquered, 753

Charles I., his journey to Madrid, 360;
accession of, 362;
character and policy of, 362-364;
his disputes with Parliament, 364-377;
misgovernment of, 366-370;
defeated by Scots, 371, 372;
engages in the Civil War, 379-396;
a prisoner, 396;
his intrigues, 396-399;
tried and executed, 401

---- II., in Scotland, 404;
defeated at Worcester, 405;
accession of, 420;
allied to France, 429;
unconstitutional rule of, 430-434;
dies, 435

---- Edward, Prince (the Young Pretender), invades Scotland, 504;
his successes, 505, 506;
defeated, 508;
dies, 509

---- V., King of France, his wars with England, 197, 198, 202

---- VI., King of France, miserable reign of, 218;
his madness, 228;
dies, 232

---- VII. of France, murders John of Burgundy, 228;
proclaimed king, 232;
crowned by Jeanne d'Arc, 235

---- VIII. of France, his wars with Henry VII., 274, 275

---- IX. of France, orders Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 332

---- X. of France, deposed, 647

Charles V., Emperor, allied to Henry VIII., 286;
his wars in Italy, 291;
abdication of, 320

---- VI., Emperor (Archduke Charles), claims the Spanish crown, 458;
becomes Emperor, 477;
dies, 500

---- VII., Emperor, his wars with Austria, 500-502

Charles II. of Spain, declares Philip of Anjou his heir, 458

---- III. of Spain, makes war on England, 535, 548

---- IV. of Spain, deposed by Napoleon, 613

Charles XII. of Sweden, his dealings with Marlborough, 470;
supports the Jacobites, 490

Charlotte, Princess, marriage and death of, 639

Charter, the Great, 130, 131;
confirmed by Edward I., 166

Chartist agitation, 660, 663, 670

Chatham, first Earl of. _See_ William Pitt

----, second Earl of, his expedition to Walcheren, 618

Chicheley, Archbishop, urges war with France, 221

Chillianwallah, battle of, 743

China, first war with, 661;
second war with, 693

Christianity, in early Britain, 13;
brought to the Saxons by Augustine, 23, 24;
in northern Britain, 25, 27

Churchill. _See_ Marlborough

Clarence, Edward of, Earl of Warwick, beheaded by Henry VII., 277

----, George, Duke of, conspires against Edward IV., 256;
executed, 263

----, Thomas, Duke of, slain at Beaugé, 229

----, William, Duke of. _See_ William IV.

Clarendon, Constitutions of, 102

----, Edward Hyde, Lord, minister of Charles II., 425;
his fall, 428

Claudius, Emperor, invades Britain, 5

Claverhouse, John Graham of, Viscount Dundee, leads Scottish
Jacobites, 448

Clement VII., Pope, his action on the divorce of Henry VIII., 291-294

_Clericis Laicos_, the Bull, 165

Clive, Robert Lord, his victories in British India, 519;
conquers Bengal, 530;
his second governorship in Bengal, 566

Clyde, Colin Campbell, Lord, in Crimea, 684;
suppresses Indian Mutiny, 748

Cnut, his war with Eadmund Ironside, 54;
his reign, 55

Coalition Ministry, the, 558;
its fall, 559

Cobden, Richard, Free Trader, 666

Cobham's plot, 354

Codrington, Admiral, wins battle of Navarino, 643

Colonies, rise of, under Elizabeth, 341;
under James I., 361;
history of the. _See under_ Canada, Australia, etc.

Columba, St., founds abbey of Iona, 26

Commonwealth, the, proclaimed, 403;
history of the, 403-419

Comyn, John, Regent of Scotland, 168;
slain by Bruce, 169

_Confirmatio Cartarum_, the, 166

Conservatives, name adopted by Tories, 656

Consols, creation of the, 513

Constance of Brittany, marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, 104

Constantine, Roman emperor, 11

----, King of Scots, 46

Conventicle Act, the, 424

Convention Parliament, the first, 421;
the second, 445

Convention, the French, 579;
declares war on England, 581

Cook, Captain, his discoveries, 752

Coote, Sir Eyre, wins battle of Wandewash, 531;
battle of Porto Novo, 569

Cope, Sir John, defeated at Prestonpans, 508

Copenhagen, battle of, 595

Coroners first instituted, 122

Corn Laws, the, 635;
repeal of the, 667

Cornwallis, Lord, his campaigns in America, 550, 551;
Governor-General of India, 571, 572;
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 590

Corporation Act, the, 424

Corporations, reform of the, 654

Cotton Famine, the, 697

Courtenays, Earls of Devon. _See_ Devon

Covenant, the Scottish, 371

Covenanters, the, 371;
allied with Parliamentarians, 378;
risings of, in Scotland, 433;
join William of Orange, 448

Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, counsels Henry VIII.'s divorce, 293;
favours Protestantism, 302;
compiles the Prayer-book, 309;
deposed by Mary, 316;
burnt, 320

Crécy, battle of, 187, 188

Crimea, invasion of, 685. _See_ Russian War

Cromwell, Oliver, member for Huntingdon, 365;
his ability as cavalry leader, 387;
at Marston Moor, 390;
at Naseby, 395;
wins battle of Preston, 400;
campaign in Ireland, 403;
campaign of Dunbar and Worcester, 405;
character, 406;
dissolves the Rump, 410;
his rule as Protector, 412, 416

----, Richard, Protector, 416;
resigns, 417

----, Thomas, minister of Henry VIII., 293;
favours reformers, 302;
disgraced and executed, 304

Crusade, the first, 84;
the third, 111, 116

Culloden, battle of, 508

Cumberland, Ernest, Duke of, King of Hanover, 659

----, George, Duke of, defeated at Fontenoy, 503;
wins battle of Culloden, 508;
defeated at Lawfeldt, 510;
capitulates at Closter-Seven, 525

----, conquered by William II., 83

Cumbria, kingdom of. _See_ Strathclyde

Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), British king, 5

Dalhousie, Lord, Governor-General of India, 743;
his annexations, 744

Danby, Thomas Osborne, Lord, minister of Charles II., 431;
impeached, 431;
invites William of Orange, 442;
minister of William III., 455

Danegelt, raised by Aethelred, 53;
by William I., 78;
abolished by Henry II., 101

Danelagh, the, 40;
conquered by Edward the Elder, 45

Danes, incursions of, 32;
settle in England, 35;
conquer Northumbria, 36;
conquer Mercia, 38;
wars of, with Alfred, 39, 41;
conquered by Edward the Elder, 45;
conciliated by Eadgar, 49, 50;
invade England under Swegen, 53;
oppose William I., 70

Darien Scheme, the, 472

David I., King of Scotland, aids Queen Matilda, 73

---- II., King of Scotland, expelled by Balliol, 182;
defeated at Neville's Cross, 189;
prisoner in England, 193;
released, 195

Declaration of Right, the, 446

Delhi, captured by British, 604;
siege of, during mutiny, 746;
Durbar at, 750

Deorham, battle of, 18

Derby, Edward Stanley, Earl of, prime minister in 1852, 680;
in 1858, 694;
in 1866, 703

Dermot of Leinster, introduces English into Ireland, 107

Derry, siege of, 450

Derwentwater, Earl, Jacobite leader, 487-489

Desmond, Garrett, Earl of, rebellion of, 346

Despencer, Hugh, favourite of Edward II., 177-179

Dettingen, battle of, 502

Devon, John, Earl of, beheaded by Edward IV., 253;
Edward, Earl of, conspires against Queen Mary, 317

Directory, proclaimed in France, 584;
fall of, 593

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield, leads Protectionists,
666, 667;
minister under Lord Derby, 680;
his Reform Bills, 694, 703;
prime minister, 705;
second ministry of, 709;
at Congress of Berlin, 711;
loses office, 712;
dies, 716

Divine Right of kings, 351

Domesday Book, 70-78

Douglas, James, the Black, invades England, 180

----, Archibald, Earl of, captured at Homildon, 216;
at Shrewsbury, 216

Dover, riot at, 58;
naval battle of, 135;
treaty of, 429

Drake, Sir Francis, his voyages, 334, 335;
expedition of Cadiz, 337;
to South America, 341

Druids, the, 4

Dudley, Edmund, minister of Henry VII., 273;
beheaded, 283

----, Lord Guilford, marries Lady Jane Grey, 312;
beheaded, 318

----. _See_ Northumberland and Leicester

Dunbar, victory of Edward I. at, 164;
victory of Cromwell at, 405

Dundee. _See_ Claverhouse

Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, his reforms, 47, 48;
exiled by Eadwig, 48;
archbishop and prime minister, 49;
exiled, 52

Dupleix, his career in Southern India, 512, 518;
recalled, 519

Eadgar, King of England, 48;
his prosperous reign, 49, 50

---- the Etheling, 61;
proclaimed king, 67;
risings in favour of, 69, 70

Eadmund (St.), King of East Anglia, martyred by Danes, 36

---- I., King of England, his reign, 47

---- II., Ironside, his wars with Cnut, 54

Eadred, King of England, his reign, 47

Eadric Streona, favourite of Aethelred II., 53;
his treachery, 54, 55

Eadric the Wild, his rebellion, 69

Eadwig, King of England, his reign, 48

Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 25;
slain at Heathfield, 26

----, Earl of Mercia, 60, 63, 64;
rebels against William I., 71

Ecclesiastical courts, founded by William I., 76;
claims of, urged by Becket, 101;
their powers restricted by Edward I., 150;
under Charles I., 369;
abolished, 374;
revived by James II., 440

Ecclesiastical Titles Act, the, 679

Ecgbert, King of Wessex, 31;
suzerain of all Britain, 32;
defeats the Danes, 34

Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria, slain by the Picts, 29

Edgehill, battle of, 383, 384

Education Act, the, 707

Edward the Elder, King of England, 44;
his victorious campaigns, 45

---- the Martyr, his reign and murder, 51

---- the Confessor, accession of, 57;
reign of, 58-61

---- I., at battle of Lewis, 142;
wins battle of Evesham, 146;
at the Crusades, 147;
King of England, 148;
character and policy of, 149-153;
conquers Wales, 153-157;
arbiter in Scotland, 159, 162;
war with France, 162;
his conflicts with the Church, 165;
with the barons, 165;
invades Scotland, 164, 168;
dies, 170

---- II. of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales, 157;
King of England, 171;
disastrous reign of, 173-178;
deposed and murdered, 179

---- III., King of England, 179;
crushes Mortimer, 181;
wins battle of Halidon Hill, 182;
his first war with France, 183-194;
contest with Parliament, 186;
misfortunes of his later years, 197-200

---- IV., Earl of March, leads Yorkists, 252;
proclaimed king, 253;
victorious at Towton, 254;
marriage of, 255;
his struggle with Warwick, 256, 257;
regains his throne, 258;
dies, 264

---- V., his short reign and death, 264-268

---- VI., birth of, 303; accession of, 308;
his reign, 308-312;
dies, 313

---- the Black Prince, at Crécy, 188;
his victory at Poictiers, 191, 192;
his wars in Spain, 196;
long illness and death of, 197

----, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., born, 248;
married to Anne Neville, 257;
slain at Tewkesbury, 258

Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., dies, 269

Egypt, Bonaparte in, 591;
taken by English, 595;
English interference in, 661;
under Ismail, 709;
conquered by Lord Wolseley, 713, 714

Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of Henry II., 97;
incites her sons to rebellion, 109;
supports King John, 122, 123

---- of Provence, queen of Henry III., 136

---- of Castille, queen of Edward I., 148

Eliot, Sir John, opposes Charles I., 365;
imprisoned, 366

Elizabeth Woodville, marries Edward IV., 255;
claims regency, 264

---- of York, heiress of Edward IV., 269;
marries Henry VII., 273

----, Queen, birth of, 294;
imprisoned by Mary, 320;
accession, 322;
religious policy of, 323-326;
troubles with Mary of Scotland, 327, 328;
foreign policy, 330;
her prosperous rule, 333;
war with Spain, 335, 341;
the "Elizabethan Age," 343-349;
her Irish policy, 345;
dies, 348

----, daughter of James I., marries Elector Palatine, 358

Ellenborough, Lord, Governor-General of India, 741

Elliot, General, defends Gibraltar, 552

Emancipation, Catholic, Pitt's scheme for, 590, 591;
vetoed by George III., 596;
again, 609;
granted by Wellington, 646

Emmet, Robert, his rebellion, 603

Empson, Richard, minister of Henry VII., 273;
beheaded by Henry VIII., 283

English, coming of the, to Britain, 14;
social organization of the, 20, 21;
religion of the, 22;
receive Christianity, 23

Enniskillen, siege of, 451

Essex, kingdom of East Saxons, 16

----, Robert Devereux, Earl of, his expedition to Cadiz, 341;
to Ireland, 347;
his intrigues and execution, 348

----, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, his divorce, 356;
leader of Parliamentarians, 379;
at Edgehill, 383, 384;
at Newbury, 387;
capitulates at Lostwithiel, 392;
removed by "Self-denying Ordinance," 393

----, Frances, Countess of, poisons Sir T. Overbury, 356

Ethandun, battle of, 39

Eugéne of Savoy, commands Austrian army, 463;
joins Marlborough before Blenheim, 456;
his campaigns in Italy, 469-470

Eustace of Boulogne, 58

Evesham, battle of, 145, 146

Excise Bill of Walpole, 495

Exclusion Bill, the, 433, 434

Exeter, taken by West Saxons, 31;
taken by William I., 69;
besieged by Warbeck, 276

----, Henry Courtenay, Marquis of, beheaded by Henry VIII., 301

Eylau, battle of, 610

Factory Acts, the, 675

Fairfax, Ferdinand, Lord, Parliamentary general, 386

----, Sir Thomas, besieged in Hull, 386;
wins battle of Nantwich, 390;
at Marston Moor, 391;
leader of the "New Model," 393;
wins Naseby fight, 395;
suppresses Royalist risings, 400;
refuses to try the king, 401;
resigns, 404

Falkirk, victory of Edward I. at, 168;
of Charles Edward at, 508

Falkland, Lord, slain at Newbury, 387

Family compact, the, 496

Fashoda difficulty, the, 726, 727

Fawkes, Guy, his plot, 354

Fenians, the, their outrages, 704, 705

Fenwick, Sir John, conspires against William III., 456

Ferdinand of Aragon, allied to Henry VII., 279, 280

---- of Brunswick, wins battle of Crefeldt, 526;
of Minden, 527

---- VII. of Spain, kidnapped by Napoleon, 613

Ferozeshah, battle of, 742

Feudalism, character of English, after the Conquest, 72

Finan, St., Bishop of York, 27

Fire, the Great, of London, 427

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, executed by Henry VIII., 295

Fitzgerald, Garrett, rebellion of, 346

----, Lord Edward, heads "United Irishmen," 588;
slain, 589

"Five Boroughs," the, of Mercia, 38, 39;
conquered by Edward the Elder, 44

Five Mile Act, the, 424

Flambard, Ralf, minister of William II., 84

Flanders, alliance of Edward III. with, 184, 185;
English trade with, 195;
commercial treaty with, 279;
campaigns of Marlborough in, 468-472

Fontenoy, battle of, 503, 504

Formigny, battle of, 242

Fornham, battle of, 110

Forster, Thomas, leads Jacobite rising, 487;
defeated at Preston, 488

"Forty-Five, the," 504-508

Fox, Charles James, character of, 556;
his coalition with North, 557;
his India Bill, 558;
resigns, 559;
approves of French Revolution, 577, 581;
takes office with Grenville, 608;
dies, 609

Francis I. of France, 286, 287;
at Field of Cloth of Gold, 288;
wars of, with Henry VIII., 305

Francis II. of France, married to Mary, Queen of Scots, 310

Francis I., Emperor, 510

---- II., Emperor, makes war on France, 578;
surrenders imperial title, 608;
_See under_ Austria

----, Sir Philip, his "Letters of Junius," 567;
opposes Warren Hastings, 570

Fraternity, edict of, 579

Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, goes on third crusade, 116

---- II. of Prussia, in war of Austrian Succession, 500, 502-510;
in Seven Years' war, 522, 537;
his victories of Rossbach and Leuthen, 525;
estranged from England, 537, 549

---- William III. of Prussia, his wars with Napoleon, 610, 631

Free Trade, advocated by William Pitt, 563;
by Huskisson, 642;
by Peel, 666

Frobisher, Martin, his voyages, 334

Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, 620

Fyrd, the old English militia, 42

Gael, the, conquer Scotland and Ireland, 2

Gage, General, besieged in Boston, 546

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, imprisoned by Somerset, 309;
restored by Mary, 316

Gates, General, defeats Burgoyne, 548;
defeated by Cornwallis, 556

Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II., 171;
slain, 174

Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, son of Henry II., 106, 111

---- Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, father of Henry II., 91, 93

George I., his character and policy, 482;
his reign, 480-494

---- II., his quarrels with his father, 483;
accession, 495;
his campaigns in Germany, 501;
victorious at Dettingen, 502;
dies, 531

---- III., accession of, 532;
his character and policy, 533, 534;
his struggles with the Whigs, 533, 538, 541, 543;
his American policy, 549;
action on the India Bill, 549;
vetoes Catholic Emancipation, 596;
his madness, 596;
final quarrel with the Whigs, 609;
renewed madness, 622;
dies, 641

---- IV., character of, 564;
his regency, 622;
abandons the Whigs, 638;
accession of, 641;
his quarrels with Queen Caroline, 641;
dies, 647

----, Prince of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, deserts James
II., 443;
his character, 461

Gerberoi, battle of, 77

Ghuznee, stormed by the English, 740

Gibraltar, won by the English, 468;
great siege of, 532

Ginckel, General, commander in Ireland, 452

Gladstone, William E., a Peelite, 667;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 698;
prime minister, 705;
his ministry, 706-709;
speeches on Bulgarian atrocities, 710;
second ministry of, 712-716;
introduces Home Rule, 717;
its rejection, 717;
his last ministry, 721;
fails to pass his second Home Rule Bill, 722;
dies, 726

Glencoe, massacre of, 453

Glenshiel, battle of, 490

Gloucester, taken by the Saxons, 18;
besieged by Charles I., 387

----, Gilbert (1) de Clare, Earl of, overthrows De Montfort, 145, 149

----, Gilbert (2) de Clare, Earl of, slain at Bannockburn, 175

----, Thomas, Duke of, rises against Richard II., 207;
dismissed from power, 209;
murdered, 210

----, Humphrey, Duke of, Protector of Henry VI., 231;
his expedition to Hainault, 232;
his war-policy, 238, 239;
dies, 240

----, Richard, Duke of. _See_ Richard III.

----, William, Duke of, son of Queen Anne, dies, 459

Glyndower, Owen, his rebellion against Henry IV., 214-216

Goderich, Lord, prime minister, 644

Godolphin, Lord, prime minister, 462;
his alliance with Marlborough, 472;
prosecutes Sacheverell, 474;
dismissed, 475

Godwine, Earl of Wessex, 55, 56, 57;
exiled, 58;
restored, 59

Gondomar, Spanish ambassador, 358

Gordon, Lord George, stirs up riots in London, 551

----, Charles George, General, his defence of Khartoum and
death, 714, 715

Goring, George, Lord, Cavalier general, 390;
defeated by Fairfax, 396

Gough, Hugh, Lord, commands against the Sikhs, 742, 743

Grafton, Augustus Fitzroy, Duke of, his ministry, 539-541;
American policy of, 542

Grand Remonstrance, the, 377

Great Council, the, under William I., 75

Greek war of independence, 642, 643

Gregory I., Pope, sends Augustine to England, 23

---- VII., Pope, quarrel of, with William I., 76

Grenville, George, prime minister, 538;
prosecutes Wilkes, 539;
his American policy, 539

----, William, Lord, prime minister, 608;
defeated on Catholic question, 609;
abolishes slave-trade, 609

Grey, Lady Jane, marries Guildford Dudley, 312;
proclaimed queen, 313;
imprisoned, 315;
executed, 317

Grey, Charles, Lord, leader of Whigs, 638;
prime minister, 648;
carries Reform Bill, 650;
his Poor Law, 654;
resigns, 656

----, John de, favourite of John, 125

----, Lord Leonard, his conquests in Ireland, 302

Griqualand, diamond-fields of, 753

Guesclin, Bertram du, prisoner at Navarette, 196;
his successes, 198

Gunpowder Plot, the, 354

Guthrum, Danish chief, 37, 39;
his treaty with Alfred, 40

Guzerat, battle of, 743

Gwalior, stormed by British, 568;
battle of, 748

Gwynedd, Welsh kingdom of, 18, 26, 59, 83;
conquered by Edward I., 156

Habeas Corpus Act, passed, 433;
suspended by Pitt, 580

Hadrian, Emperor, visits Britain, his wall, 7

Haider Ali, his wars with the British, 568, 569

Hale's Case, 439

Halidon Hill, battle of, 182

Hamilton, William, Duke of, invades England, 399;
defeated at Preston, 400

Hampden, John, opposes Charles I., 365;
refuses to pay ship-money, 369;
killed at Chalgrove, 386

Hampton Court Conference, the, 352, 353

Hanover, House of, become kings of England, 482

----, electorate of, overrun by French, 525;
separated from England, 659

Harald Hardrada, slain at Stamford Bridge, 63

Hardinge, Henry, Lord, Governor-General of India, 742

Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., 223

Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford. _See_ Oxford

Harold, son of Cnut, King of England, 56

----, son of Godwine, minister of Edward the Confessor, 58;
his oath to William of Normandy, 59;
King of England, 61;
defeats Hardrada, 63;
slain at Hastings, 65

Harthacnut, King of England, 56

Hastenbeck, battle of, 525

Hastings, battle of, 65

----, Francis, Marquis of, Governor-General of India, his Pindaree
and Mahratta wars, 738, 739

----, William, Lord, executed by Richard III., 266

----, Warren, Governor-General of India, 567;
his Mahratta and Mysore wars, 569;
his impeachment and acquittal, 570, 571

Havelock, General, at Cawnpore and Lucknow, 747, 748

Hawke, Admiral, wins battle of Quiberon, 527

Hawkins, Sir John, American explorer, 333

Heathfield, battle of, 26

Heavenfield, battle of the, 26

Hedgely Moor, battle of, 255

Heligoland, seized by British, 612;
secured by treaty of Vienna, 631

Hengist the Jute, conquers Kent, 14, 15

Hengistesdun, battle of, 34

Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., 363;
raises supplies for the royal army, 378

Henry I., King of England, 84;
his wars with Robert of Normandy, 87;
quarrels with Anselm, 89;
dies, 92

---- II., declared heir of Stephen, 96;
his accession, 97;
his strong rule, 99;
quarrels with Becket, 100-105;
subdues Ireland, 108;
quells insurrection of his sons, 110, 111;
death, 113

---- III., King of England, 134;
his misgovernment, 137;
wars with France, 137;
his servility to the Pope, 138;
signs Provisions of Oxford, 140;
defeated and captured by de Montfort, 142;
restored to the throne, 146;
dies, 147

---- IV., plots against Richard II., 208;
exiled, 210;
seizes the crown, 211;
quells rebellion of Glyndower and Percy, 214-216;
dies, 219

---- V., at battle of Shrewsbury, 216;
his father's minister, 218;
accession of, 220;
persecutes Lollards, 221;
invades France, 222;
wins Agincourt, 224;
conquers Normandy, 227, 228;
master of Northern France, 229;
dies, 230

---- VI., King of England, 231;
his minority, 231-240;
weak rule of, 241-244;
his madness, 248;
in Wars of the Roses, 249-253;
imprisoned by Edward IV., 256;
restored to throne, 258;
murdered, 259

---- VII., Earl of Richmond, and heir of Lancaster, 260;
overthrows Richard III., 270, 271;
marries Elizabeth of York, 273;
suppresses Simnel and Warbeck, 274, 275;
his foreign policy, 277, 279;
dies, 281

---- VIII., wedded to Catherine of Aragon, 280;
character and policy of, 282;
his Scottish wars, 285;
his foreign policy, 288;
his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, 291-294;
quarrel with the Papacy, 292-295;
his religious changes, 297;
suppresses Pilgrimage of Grace, 301;
dissolves monasteries, 299-302;
his tyranny, 303-305;
later wars of, 305;
dies, 307

Henry, son of Henry II., crowned king, 104;
rebels against his father, 109;
dies, 111

----, Prince of Wales, son of James I., dies, 357

----, Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts, 509

Henry II., King of France, his wars with England, 310, 321

---- IV., King of France, aided by Elizabeth, 340

---- of Trastamara, King of Spain, his war with the Black Prince, 196

Hereford, Roger Bohun, Earl of, quarrels with Edward I., 166

----, Henry, Duke of. _See_ Henry IV.

_Heretico Comburendo_, statute _de_, 215;
revived by Mary Tudor, 319

Hereward the Wake, rebellion and submission of, 71

High Commission, court of, arbitrary acts of, 369, 370;
abolished, 374;
revived by James II., 440

Hexham, battle of, 255

Hoche, General, his attempts on Ireland, 588

Hogue, La, battle of, 454

Hohenlinden, battle of, 593

Holkar state, the, made vassal to the British, 739

Holland, Henry, Earl of, executed, 401

----, John and Thomas, 202;
rebel against Henry IV., 214

----, rebels against Philip of Spain, 330;
aided by Elizabeth, 332, 335;
aids England against the Armada, 339;
shelters Royalists, 408;
wars with Cromwell, 409, 410;
wars of, with Charles II., 426, 430;
invaded by Lewis XIV., 430;
in war of the Spanish Succession, 463-476;
makes war on George III., 548;
conquered by French republicans, 584;
at war with England, 586, 587;
annexed by Napoleon, 622;
restored to House of Orange, 632;
coerced by England in 1830, 656

Holy Alliance, the, 643

Home Rule, party in Ireland headed by Parnell, 709, 712;
bill for, proposed by Mr. Gladstone, 717;
second bill for, rejected, 722

Homildon Hill, battle of, 215

Honorius, Emperor, evacuates Britain, 12

Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester, martyred, 319

Horsa, Jutish leader, 14, 15

Hotham, Sir John, repels Charles I. from Hull, 379

Howard, Catherine, wife of Henry VIII., executed, 304

----, Lady Frances, her crime and trial, 356

---- of Effingham, Charles, Lord, defeats Armada, 338, 339

Howe, General, wins battle of Brooklyn, 547;
takes Philadelphia, 548

Howe, Richard, Lord, defeats the French fleet, 582

Hubba, Danish chief, 36, 38

Humble Petition and Advice, the, 415

Hundred Days, the, 628

----, Ordinance of the, 50

---- years' war, the, 183

Huskisson, William, president of the Board of Trade, 641;
his commercial policy, 642;
dismissed by Wellington, 645;
death of, 653

Hyde, Anne, marries James, Duke of York, 425

Imperial Federation, 756

Impey, Sir Elijah, condemns Nuncomar, 567

Income tax, origin of the, 663

Independence, American, declaration of the, 547

Independents, the, their disputes with the Presbyterians, 397;
offer terms to Charles I., 399;
in power, 401

India, first English trade to, 341;
Mogul empire in, 511;
first struggle of French and English in, 512;
Clive and Dupleix in, 518, 519;
English disasters in, 523;
conquests of English in, 529, 530;
governed by Clive and Warren Hastings, 566-570;
governed by Cornwallis, 571-573;
by Lord Wellesley, 594;
conquests of Lake and Wellesley in, 603, 604;
later history of, 735-749;
Indian Mutiny, the, 745

Indulgence, the Declaration of, 430

Ingwar, Danish chief, 36

Inkerman, battle of, 688

Innocent III., Pope, his quarrel with King John, 125;
John does homage to him, 132

Instrument of Government, the, 412

Investitures, contest about, 90

Ionian Islands, the, ceded to Britain, 631

Ireland, conquered by the Gaels, 2;
attacked by Norsemen, 34;
expedition of Strongbow to, 107;
does homage to Henry II., 108;
rebels against Edward II., 177;
expedition of Richard II. against, 211;
ruled by Earl of Kildare, 280;
conquests of Henry VIII. in, 302;
conquests of Elizabeth in, 345;
rebellions of Desmond and Tyrone, 346, 347;
Ulster colonized by James I., 361;
rule of Stafford in, 368;
the great rebellion, 376;
intrigues of Charles I. in, 389;
subdued by Cromwell, 403, 404;
James II.'s dealings with, 449;
conquered by William of Orange, 451, 452;
the Volunteers secure Home Rule for, 551, 552;
discontent in, 587;
the rebellion of '98, 590, 591;
the Union with England, 591;
Emmet's rebellion, 603;
O'Connell's agitation for Catholic Emancipation, 646;
the Repeal movement, 648;
the tithe war, 656;
the Young Ireland party, 664;
the potato famine, 668;
Smith O'Brien's rising, 669;
Fenianism, 704;
Gladstone's Irish Church Bill, 706;
his Land Act, 706;
the Home Rule agitation, 709;
the Irish parliamentary party, 715;
dealings of the second Gladstone cabinet with Ireland, 716;
Home Rule promised to, by Gladstone, 717;
rejected, 718;
second Home Rule Bill rejected, 722

Ireton, Henry, Parliamentary general, 404

Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., 179;
deposes him, 180;
imprisoned by her son, 181

Jacobins, in France, 581;
their atrocities, 582, 583

Jacobites, the, their strength, 448, 449;
conspire against William of Orange, 456;
intrigues of, at death of Queen Anne, 479;
raise the rebellion of 1715, 486, 487;
raise the rebellion of 1745, 504, 505;
gradual decay of, 509, 534

Jacquerie, the, 193

Jamaica taken by Cromwell, 415

James I., becomes King of Scotland, 328;
accession to English throne, 350;
his character, 351;
religious policy, 352;
disputes with the Commons, 355;
subservience to Spain, 357;
ruled by his favourites, 356-358;
dies, 361

---- II., attacked, in Exclusion Bill, 431;
his accession, 436;
character and policy, 437-439, 440;
his tyranny, 441-443;
his panic at invasion of William, 443;
flies to France, 444;
his campaign in Ireland, 450, 451;
dies, 460

----, Prince of Wales, the Old Pretender, his birth, 441;
proclaimed king by Lewis XIV., 460;
strict Romanism of, 478;
his campaign in Scotland, 489

James I. of Scotland, captured by Henry IV., 218;
returns to Scotland, 232

---- IV. of Scotland, aids Perkin Warbeck, 276;
slain at Flodden, 285

---- V. of Scotland, his wars with Henry VIII., 305

---- VI. of Scotland. _See_ James I. of England

Jameson, Dr., his piratical raid, 725

Jane Grey, Lady, her reign, 313;
her execution, 317

Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII., 300;
dies, 302

Jeanne d'Arc, raises siege of Orleans, 235;
crowns Charles VII., 236;
captured and burnt, 237

Jeffreys, Judge, his Bloody Assize, 438;
Lord Chancellor, 439

Jelalabad, siege of, 741

Jena, battle of, 610

Jenkins, Captain, his ear, 496

Jervis, Admiral, wins battle of Cape St. Vincent, 587

Jesuit intrigues against Elizabeth, 334

Jews, persecution of, 115;
expelled from England by Edward I., 152

John, made lord of Ireland, 111;
conspires against his father, 113;
intrigues against his brother Richard, 119;
King of England, 122;
loses his continental dominions, 124;
his quarrel with the Pope, 125;
with the baronage, 128;
signs Magna Carta, 130;
war with the barons, 132;
dies, 133

---- of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III., 195;
commands in France, 198;
favours the Lollards, 200;
rules for Richard II., 202;
invades Spain, 207;
dies, 210

----, King of France, his war with England, 190;
captured at Poictiers, 192;
released, 194

Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. _See_ Bonaparte

Josephine, Empress, divorced by Napoleon, 619

Jumièges, Robert of, Archbishop of Canterbury, expelled by Godwine, 85

Junius, letters of, 544, 567

Junot, General, invades Portugal, 611;
defeated at Vimiero, 617

Jutes, the, conquer Kent, 14, 15

Kaffir wars, 753

Kenilworth, dictum of, 147

Kenneth McAlpine, first King of Scotland, 47

Kent, kingdom of, founded by Hengist, 15;
converted to Christianity, 24;
annexed to Wessex, 31

----, Edmund, Earl of, executed, 181

----, Edward, Duke of, father of Queen Victoria, 639

----, Thomas Holland, Earl of, 202;
rising and death of, 214

Ker, Robert. _See_ Somerset

Ket, Robert, rebellion of, 310

Kildare, Gerald, Earl of, 280

Killiecrankie, battle of, 449

Kilsyth, battle of, 395

Kilwarden, Ld., murdered by Emmet, 603

King's Friends, the, 534

Kinsale, battle of, 347

Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, 438

Kitchener, Herbert, Lord, destroys the Mahdists of the Soudan, 725;
commands in South Africa, 732

Kruger, Paul, President of Transvaal, his policy, 724, 725;
declares war on England, 727, 728;
flies to Europe, 731

La Fayette, defeated by Cornwallis, 552

Labourers, statute of, 190

Ladysmith, siege and relief of, 728-730

Lagos, battle of, 526

Lake, Gerald, Lord, his victories in India, 604

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposes Gaveston, 173;
government of, 176;
overthrown by Edward II., 178

----, John of Gaunt, Duke of. _See_ John

----, House of. See Henry IV., V., VI.

Landen, battle of, 454

Land League, the, in Ireland, 715

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 75;
dies, 84

Langton, Stephen, made Archbishop by Innocent III., 126;
his patriotism, 128;
draws up Magna Carta, 130

Lansdowne, battle of, 386

Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, martyred, 319

Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, his policy, 367;
his Court of High Commission, 369;
attempts to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 370;
impeached, 373;
executed, 393

Laudabiliter, the Bull, 99

Lawrence, Sir John, defends the Punjab, 746

Leicester, stormed by Charles I., 394

----, Robert Dudley, Earl of, favourite of Elizabeth, 324;
his expedition to Holland, 335;
dies, 348

----, Simon de Montfort, Earl of, rules Guienne, 139;
heads baronage against Henry III., 140;
victorious at Lewes, 142;
his rule, 143-145;
slain at Evesham, 146

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 55

Leofwine, brother of Harold, slain at Hastings, 65

Leopold of Austria, his quarrel with Richard I., 117;
imprisons him, 118

---- of Saxe-Coburg, marries Princess Charlotte, 639;
King of Belgium, 656

Levellers, rising of the, 403

Lewes, battle of, 142

----, Mise of, 143

Lewis VII. of France, wars of, with Henry II., 100, 109

---- VIII. of France, elected King of England, 132;
expelled from England, 135

---- IX. of France, defeats Henry III. at Taillebourg, 137;
arbitrator between Henry and the barons, 141

---- XI. of France, aids Margaret of Anjou, 254, 255;
his treaty with Edward IV., 262

---- XII. of France, his wars with Henry VIII., 284;
marries Mary of England, 284

---- XIII. of France, war of Charles I. with, 364, 365

---- XIV. of France, his aggressive policy, 429, 447;
signs treaty of Ryswick, 455;
renews war with England, 463;

disastrous struggle of, with Marlborough, 466-476;
signs treaty of Utrecht, 476; dies, 486

Lewis XV. of France, joins Family Compact, 496;
makes war on Maria Theresa, 501, 503;
engages in Seven Years' War, 522

---- XVI. of France, aids American rebels, 548;
summons States-General, 574;
his flight to Varennes, 578;
execution, 581

---- XVIII. of France, restored to throne, 622;
expelled by Bonaparte, 628;
second restoration of, 631

Limerick, siege of, 452

Lincoln, taken by Edward the Elder, 45;
battle of, 134

----, Abraham, President of the United States, 696

----, John de la Pole, Earl of, declared heir of Richard III., 269;
rebels against Henry VII., 273;
slain at Stoke, 274

Lindsey, Lord, Royalist general, 382

Lisle, Alice, Lady, executed, 438

Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Earl of, prime minister, 622;
reactionary policy of, 637;
dealings with Reform agitation, 640;
takes Canning into partnership, 641;
retires, 644

Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, 143;
defeated by Edward I., 155;
last rebellion and death of, 156

Locke, John, persecuted by Charles II., 440

Lollards, followers of Wicliffe, 199;
communistic doctrines of, 203;
power of, 209;
persecuted by Henry IV., 219;
by Henry V., 220

London, sacked by Boadicea, 6;
taken by East Saxons, 16;
taken by Danes, 38;
besieged by Swegen, 54;
taken by William the Conqueror, 67;
receives a charter from Henry I., 88;
expels Queen Matilda, 95;
Longbeard's riots in, 121;
sides with the barons, 142;
opposes Charles I., 381;
Great Plague of, 427;
Great Fire of, 427;
Gordon riots in, 551;
Parliamentary reform in, 650;
riots in, 639;
Chartists in, 670

Londonderry. _See_ Derry

Long Parliament, the. _See_ Parliament

Longchamp, William, justiciar of Richard I., 115;
expelled from England, 119

Lovel, Francis, Lord, favourite of Richard III., 270;
rebellion and death of, 273, 274

Lucknow, relieved by Havelock, 747;
taken by Lord Clyde, 748

Ludford, rout of, 249

Luther, Martin, preaches against papal abuses, 290

Luxembourg, Marshal, wins battles of Steenkerke and Landen, 454

Macbeth, crimes and death of, 59

Madoc, of Wales, rebellion of, 157, 163

Madras, English factory at, taken by Dupleix, 512;
presidency of, 594

Magersfontein, battle of, 729

Magna Carta, its provisions, 130, 131

Mahdi, the war with, 714, 715;
his followers crushed, 726

Mahrattas, the rise of, 511;
war of Hastings with, 568;
war of Wellesley with, 604;
conquered by Lord Hastings, 738, 739

Major-Generals, Cromwell governs England by, 413

Malcolm Canmore, wars of, with William I., 70;
with William II., 82, 83

Malplaquet, battle of, 471

Malta, captured by British, 594;
quarrels with Bonaparte about, 600

Mal-tolt levied by Edward I., 166;
by Edward III., 185

Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of, Parliamentary general, 387;
at Marston Moor, 390;
at Newbury, 392;
removed from command, 393

Manchester massacre, the, 639, 640

Maori wars, the, 752

Mar, John, Earl of, raises Jacobite rising, 487;
at Sheriffmuir, 489

Marat, Jacobin leader, 581

March, Edmund, Earl of, heir to Richard II., 212;
proclaimed king, 216;
released by Henry V., 220

----, Roger, Earl of, slain in Ireland, 211

Marengo, battle of, 503

Margaret, St., wife of Malcolm Canmore, 70, 83

----, the "Maid of Norway," 158

---- of Anjou, marries Henry VI., 240;
heads the Lancastrians, 240, 241;
her alliance with Warwick, 257;
defeated at Tewkesbury, 258

---- of York, marries Charles the Rash, 256;
suborns Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, 273-275

Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon I., 619

Maria Theresa, war of succession of, 500-510;
her attack on Frederic II., 521, 522

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, deserts James II., 443;
Jacobite intrigues of, 453;
his power under Queen Anne, 462;
his military and diplomatic genius, 464;
victorious campaigns of, 464-471;
superseded and disgraced, 475;
dies, 484

----, Sarah, Duchess of, her ascendency over Queen Anne, 462;
disgraced, 475

Marmont, Marshal, defeated at Salamanca, 624

Marston Moor, battle of, 390

Martin Mar-prelate, tracts of, 344

Mary I., Queen of England, 315;
crushes rebellion of Northumberland, 317;

marries Philip of Spain, 318;
her persecutions, 319;
war with France, 321;
death of, 321

Mary of Modena, wife of James II., 441, 444

Mary II., Queen, marries William of Orange, 431;
accession of, 445;
death of, 456

Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., her marriages, 284

Mary, Queen of Scots, 305;
marries Francis of France, 310;
heiress to English crown, 326;
marries Darnley, 327;
marries Bothwell, 327;
imprisoned at Lochleven, 328;
escapes to England, 329;
her conspiracies against Elizabeth, 332-336;
executed, 336

Maserfield, battle of, 27

Masham, Mrs., favourite of Queen Anne, 475

Massachusetts Government Act, 545

Masséna, Marshal, defeated by Wellington, 619, 620

Matilda of Scotland, queen of Henry I., 87

Matilda, daughter of Henry I., her marriages, 91;
claims English throne, 93, 94;
defeated by Stephen, 95, 96

Maurice of Saxony, wins the battle of Fontenoy, 503

Mauritius annexed by England, 631

Meanee, battle of, 741

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Armada, 337

Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, invades the Peloponnesus, 644;
his war with England, 661

Mehidpore, battle of, 739

Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord, joins Lord Grey's ministry, 648;
prime minister, 657-662

Mellitus, Bishop of Rochester, 24

Mercia, kingdom of, 17;
wars of, with Northumbria, 27;
supremacy of, 30, 31;
overrun by Danes, 37;
partitioned by treaty of Wedmore, 40

Methodist movement, the, 516

Militia, the (_see_ Fyrd), reorganized by Edward I., 152;
control of, disputed between Charles I. and Parliament, 378

Milner, Alfred, Lord, his policy in South Africa, 727

Milton, John, secretary to Cromwell, 414, 415

Minden, battle of, 527

Minorca, ceded to Britain, 476;
taken by Duc de Richelieu, 523;
finally taken from Britain, 551

Mir Jaffar, his treaty with Clive, 530

Mir Kassim, his war with England, 560

Mise of Amiens, 141

Mise of Lewes, 143

Mohammed Ali, Nawab of the Carnatic, 518;
restored by the British, 519;
dies, 566

Monasteries, suppression of the lesser, 298, 299;
of the greater, 302, 303

Monk, George, Governor of Scotland, 414;
restores Charles II., 418, 419;
commands fleet against Dutch, 426

Monmouth, James, Duke of, wins battle of Bothwell Brig, 433;
his rebellion and execution, 437, 438

Monopolies, abolished by Queen Elizabeth, 348;
favoured by Charles I., 368

Montcalm, Marquis of, his successes in Canada, 523, 526;
defeated at Quebec, 528

Montfort, Simon de. _See_ Leicester

Montrose, James, Marquis of, defeats Covenanters in Scotland, 395;
defeated at Philiphaugh, 396;
executed, 404

Moore, Sir John, General, in Spain, 615;
slain at Corunna, 616

Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, 60, 63, 64;
rebels against William I., 71

More, Sir Thomas, executed by Henry VIII., 295

Moreau, General, defeats the Austrians at Hohenlinden, 593

Mortimer, Roger, defeats Edward Bruce, 177;
exiled, 178;
his conspiracy with Queen Isabella, 178;
rules England, 180;
executed, 181

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 252

Mortmain, statute of, 150

Morton, Bishop of Ely, 270, 273

Moscow, burning of, 624

Murray, James, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 328

Mysore, wars of Warren Hastings with, 569;
of Cornwallis with, 571, 572;
of Wellesley with, 594

Najara, battle of, 196

Namur, taken by William III., 455

Nana Sahib, commits massacre of Cawnpore, 747

Napier, General Sir Charles, conquers Scinde, 741

----, Admiral Sir Charles, 655

----, Robert, Lord, of Magdala, invades Abyssinia, 705

Napoleon I. (_see_ Bonaparte), assumes title of Emperor, 604;
conquers Austria, 608;
conquers Prussia, 610;
his continental system, 611, 612;
campaign in Spain, 613-615;
campaign of Wagram, 619;
Russian campaign, 623;
defeated at Leipsic, 625;
first abdication, 626;
returns from Elba, 628;
the Hundred Days, 628-630;
second abdication, and exile to St. Helena, 631

---- III., Louis, President of French Republic, and Emperor, 671;
recognized by Palmerston, 672;
joins England in Crimean war, 683;

expels Austrians from Italy, 695;
his disastrous war against Germany, 707

Naseby, battle of, 394

Navarino, battle of, 643

Navigation Acts, the, 409

Nelson, Horatio, Lord, at battle of St. Vincent, 587;
wins battle of the Nile, 592;
wins battle of Copenhagen, 595;
pursues Villeneuve, 606;
dies victorious at Trafalgar, 609

Nepaul War, the, 738

Neville's Cross, battle of, 189

New England settled by Puritans, 361

New Model Army, the, formed by Fairfax and Cromwell, 393;
at Naseby, 395;
refuses to disband, 398;
seizes person of Charles I., 399

New Orleans, battle of, 627

New South Wales, colonized by British, 750;
later history of, 751

New Zealand, colonized by British, 752

Newburn, rout of, 372

Newbury, first battle of, 387;
second battle of, 392

Newcastle, William Cavendish, marquis of, his campaign in
Yorkshire, 386-389;
defeated at Marston Moor, 390

----, Thomas Hollis, Duke of, minister of George II., 499-503;
his fall, 524;
takes office with Pitt, 524;
dismissed by George III., 536

Newtown Butler, battle of, 451

Nile, battle of the, 592

Nithsdale, Earl of, Jacobite leader, 487;
escape of, from prison, 489

Nizam, the, dealings of Clive and Dupleix with, 518;
becomes a vassal of the East India Company, 603, 604

Nonconformists, rise of the, under Elizabeth, 344;
under James I., 352;
persecuted by Laud, 367;
legislation of Charles II. against, 423, 424;
intrigues of James II. with, 440;
legislation of Bolingbroke against, 479

Non-jurors, the, 448

Norfolk, settled by East Angles, 16

----, Roger Bigod, Earl of, opposes Edward I., 166

----, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, a Lord Appellant, 208;
exiled by Richard II., 210

----, John Howard, Duke of, favoured by Richard III., 265;
slain at Bosworth, 271

----, Thomas Howard, Duke of, imprisoned by Henry VIII., 307;
released by Mary, 316

----, Thomas Howard, Duke of, conspires against Elizabeth, 329;
executed, 332

Norman Conquest, the, 67

Normandy, Ethelred II. takes refuge in, 54;
relations of, with Edward the Confessor, 57, 58;
united to England, 67;
conquered by William II., 84;
conquered by Henry I., 90;
lost by John, 124;
conquered by Henry V., 227;
reconquered by the French, 242

North, Frederick, Lord, minister of George III., 544;
his scheme for taxing America, 545;
brings on American war, 547;
resigns, 552;
takes office with Fox, 557;
dismissed by George III., 559

Northampton, council of, 103;
battle of, 250

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, rebels against Henry IV., 216;
slain at Bramham Moor, 217

----, Thomas Percy, Earl of, heads rising in the North, 329, 330

----, John Dudley, Duke of, minister of Edward VI., 308;
Protector, 310;
proclaims Lady Jane Grey queen, 313;
executed, 315

Northumbria, kingdom of, 17;
conversion of, 25;
supremacy of, in Britain, 27;
overrun by Danes, 36;
reconquered by Athelstan, 46

Nova Scotia, ceded to England, 476;
joins Dominion of Canada, 755

Nuncomar (Nandukumar) executed by Impey, 567

Oates, Titus, invents Popish Plot, 432

O'Brien, Smith, his rebellion, 669, 670

O'Connell, Daniel, leader of Irish party, 646;
enters Parliament, 647;
his tithe war, 657, 658;
agitates for repeal, 658, 664;
his power declines, 664

O'Connor, Feargus, Chartist leader, 660;
his abortive demonstration, 670

Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, 48

Odo of Bayeux, regent for William I., 69;
imprisoned by William I., 77;
rebels against William II., 82

Offa, King of Mercia, 30

Oldcastle, Sir John, martyred, 221

Olive Branch Petition, the, 547

Omdurman, battle of, 726

Omichund deceived by Clive, 530

Orange, William I. of, leader of Dutch insurgents, 332;
assassinated, 335

----, William II. of, marries Mary, daughter of Charles I., 409

----, William III. _See_ William III., King of England

Orange Free State, origin of the, 752;
declares war on England, 728;
annexed, 731

Orangemen in Ireland, 589;
suppress the rebellion of '98, 590

Ordainers, the Lords, 173

Orders in Council, the, 611

Orleans, siege of, 234

----, Philip of, regent of France, 486

Ormond, James Butler, Marquis of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, aids
Charles I., 389;
resists Cromwell, 402

----, James Butler, Duke of, supersedes Marlborough, 477;
Jacobite intrigues of, 486

Orsini question, the, 693

Osbert, King of Northumbria, 36

Oswald, St., King of Northumbria, 26

Oswiu, King of Northumbria, slays Penda, 27;
at Synod of Whitby, 28

Oude, wars of English with, 566;
dealings of Warren Hastings with, 568;
annexed, 744;
the mutiny in, 746

Oudenarde, battle of, 470

Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned by Countess of Essex, 356

Oxford, Provisions of, 140;
Charles I. at, 383;
siege of, 396

----, Robert Harley, Earl of, prime minister, 474;
concludes treaty of Utrecht, 476;
ousted by Bolingbroke, 479

Paardeburg, battle of, 731

Paine, Tom, 580

Pale, the, 108, 177

Palmerston, Henry Temple, Lord, joins Lord Grey's cabinet 648;
his foreign policy, 654 661;
foreign secretary with Lord John Russell, 668;
dismissed, 672;
returns to office, 690;
his first premiership, 690-693;
his second premiership, 695-698;
dies, 699

Pandulf, papal legate to King John, 127

Papacy, first relations of England with, 24;
dealings of William I. with, 76;
quarrel of John with, 126, 127;
subservience of Henry III. to, 138;
Wicliffe and the, 199;
corruption of the, at Renaissance, 289;
quarrel of Henry VIII. with, 293;
Mary and the, 316;
quarrel of Elizabeth with the, 331

Paris, taken by Henry V., 228;
recovered by the French, 239;
Peace of, 536;
taken by the allies in 1814, 625;
by Wellington in 1815, 631;
treaty of, 691

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 323

Parker, John, mutineer leader at the Nore, 586

Parliament, the Mad, 140; de Montfort's, 144;
assumes its permanent shape under Edward I., 153;
assumes control of royal revenue, 166;
withstands Edward III., 185;
the Good, 200;
the Merciless, 208;
its impotence under the Tudors, 288-292;
Elizabeth's dealings with, 348;
quarrels of, with James I., 355;
early strife of Charles I. with, 363-365;
the Short, 371;
the Long, 372;
its reforms, 374-377;
the Rump, 401;
Barebones', 410;
the Long restored, 418;
the first Convention, 421;
the Cavalier, 422;
the second Convention, 445;
Whig management of, 484, 485;
reform of, proposed by Pitt, 558.
_See_ Reform Bill

Parnell, Charles Stuart, Irish leader, 712-715;
fall and death, 720, 721

Partition treaties, the Spanish, 458

Passaro, Cape, battle of, 490

Patay, battle of, 236

Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland, 13

Paul III., Pope, excommunicates Henry VIII., 295

----, Czar of Russia, his alliance with Bonaparte, 594;
murdered, 595

Paulinus, first Bishop of York, 25

Pedro the Cruel, of Castile, restored by the Black Prince, 196

Peel, Sir Robert, home secretary, 641;
leader of Tories, 656;
prime minister, 662;
imposes income tax, 663;
converted to Free Trade, 666;
resigns, 667;
dies, 680

Pelagius, heretic, 13

Pelham, Henry, minister of George II., 499-503;
overthrows Carteret, 503;
converts National Debt, 513

Pembroke, William Marshal, Earl of, regent for Henry III., 134

----, Aymer de Valence, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 170, 172;
conspires against Gaveston, 173

Penda, King of Mercia, defeats Eadwine, 26;
defeats Oswald, 27;
slain by Oswiu, 27

Peninsular War, the, 614-625