A History of England, Period III. Constitutional Monarchy

Chapter XXXV: Part 35

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Palmerston's dislike to the advance of Russia in the East rested not only on his general antipathy to the prince, whom he regarded as the head of the absolutist party, but arose from the feeling that it was necessary to secure our road to India, which has been the chief spring of the policy of England in the Mediterranean, and indeed, that nothing should interfere with our Indian possessions, became yearly more important. Uninfluenced in its general course by the changes of parties, the Indian Empire had been steadily increasing for the last thirty years. Though Wellesley's view stated broadly, that England must be the one great power of India, was not accepted by several of his successors, without wish of their own they had been compelled to act much as he would have acted, constantly to increase the English dominions, and to complete the system of subsidiary treaties with those powers which were still allowed a separate existence.

[Sidenote: Cornwallis. Jul-Oct. 1805. Sir G. Barlow. 1805-1807.]

[Sidenote: Lord Minto. 1807-1813.]

[Sidenote: Capture of Batavia and Mauritius.]

[Sidenote: Check of the Sikhs.]

[Sidenote: Mutiny at Madras.]

Lord Cornwallis' second tenure of office, interrupted by his speedy death, was too brief to allow him to reverse his predecessor's policy, as seems to have been his intention. Nor was the government of Sir George Barlow, one of the civil servants of the Company, who devoted himself chiefly to the financial business of his office, of sufficient length to produce much effect. But during the rule of Lord Minto, sent out to replace him by the Grenville administration in 1807, some events of importance took place. Of these the most important were the capture of the Dutch and French possessions in the East, the check which was given to the rising kingdom of the Sikhs in the Punjaub, and the strange incident of a mutiny of the English officers in Madras. In July 1810 the Island of Bourbon was taken with little loss, and in the following November, General Abercrombie, with an expedition consisting of troops from Bengal and Madras, attacked the Isle of France; within three days of his reaching the island he succeeded in overcoming all opposition, the island was surrendered, and the last remnant of French power in the East disappeared. In February of the same year the possessions of Holland, then forming a part of the French Empire, were also attacked, and in 1811 a considerable army was landed in Java. Batavia at once surrendered, but it was not till after a severe battle with the Dutch General Jansens, and the loss of about a thousand men, that the island was subdued; it was intrusted to the government of Mr. Raffles, afterwards Sir Stamford, and was much improved under his hands, but at the Peace of Vienna it was restored with most other colonial conquests. It has been believed that its value and wealth were not thoroughly known or appreciated by the ministry at the time. It was the interest of the European war also which brought Lord Minto's government into contact with powers on the north-east of India. A French embassy to Persia, really directed against the Russians, was thought to have reference to an intended attack upon India, which was known to have been at an earlier time a favourite project of Napoleon's. It became therefore necessary for the English Government to attempt to secure the friendship of the Affghans and the Sikhs. This latter race, originally organized in a sort of confederacy, had been gradually brought under the subjection of one family, the representative of which was now Runjeet Singh. In their dread of the French, the English were for a while blind to his encroachments even on the east of the Sutlej, but as events in Europe showed that Napoleon's Eastern dreams were for the present over, a firmer tone was adopted, and in 1809 the appearance of English troops proved to Runjeet that his hopes of further conquest were futile, and he consented to enter into a treaty of perpetual friendship. The mutiny at Madras was somewhat similar to that which Clive had suppressed in the Bengal army. The withdrawal of an allowance known as the tent contract was the immediate cause of the disaffection, but there had been for some time discontent among the officers, unfortunately supported by some whose age and position gave them influence over their juniors. General Macdowell, having been refused a seat in the Council, had thrown up his command, and was returning to England in disgust. He entered into an unseemly quarrel with the Quartermaster-General, Colonel Munro, and published a general order declaring that had he remained in India he would have brought him to a court-martial. The Government, in great anger, suspended those officers who had assisted in publishing the general order, and finding them largely supported by their fellow-officers, proceeded to remove a considerable number from their command. This was followed by an open mutiny which broke out in Hyderabad, Seringapatam, and elsewhere. At Seringapatam the mutineers were suppressed by force of arms, elsewhere they came to their senses, and accepted the conditions imposed on them by Lord Minto, who had come to Madras to attempt to meet the difficulty. Lord Minto returned to England in 1813, after an honourable discharge of his duties, and was succeeded by the Earl of Moira, afterwards Marquis of Hastings.

[Sidenote: Marquis of Hastings. 1813-1823.]

[Sidenote: War with Nepaul.]

[Sidenote: War with the Pindaries and Mahrattas.]

It was during Lord Moira's administration that the work of Wellesley was completed and the position of England rendered absolutely paramount in India. His first difficulties were with Nepaul, where the Goorkhas had succeeded in establishing a power of some importance, and had not refrained from attacking English territory. The war was a severe one; on more than one occasion the English troops were defeated or foiled by the strong fortifications of their opponents. But after two campaigns, in 1815, Sir David Ochterlony succeeded in securing the hill-fortresses and compelling the Goorkha chief to come to terms. The Nepaulese surrendered to the English a portion of the Terrai, a territory lying to the south of their country, reinstated a considerable number of the small princes they had lately dispossessed, and received an English resident at Catmandoo, their capital. It was at the close of this war that Lord Moira received his marquisate. But events, to which Lord Hastings owes his chief celebrity, arose in a more important quarter. The centre of India was occupied by the great princes of the Mahratta nation, who, though subdued by Lord Wellesley, were uneasy under their altered circumstances, and were dreaming of the restoration of their national greatness. Their nominal head was the Peishwa resident at Poonah, and now placed under a subsidiary treaty with the English. These princes kept up communications among themselves. Agents from Poonah were at all their courts, and some of them certainly engaged in intrigues both with the Nepaulese and Runjeet Singh, the late enemies of the English. Besides these covert and dangerous enemies, there existed a body of freebooters called the Pindaries. Recruited from all nations and all religions, their hordes found employment sometimes with the armies of the native princes at war with each other, sometimes in predatory excursions of their own. The reward for which they served was nearly always the right to rob. Their expeditions were of the most destructive character; all mounted and lightly armed, they crossed the country in marches of from forty to fifty miles a day, fell upon the devoted district, and carried off everything moveable in it, frequently burning what they could not carry away, and having recourse to the cruellest tortures to wring from the wretched inhabitants a knowledge of their hidden treasure. They had found their chief support among the Mahrattas, and had established themselves in the country between the Nerbudda and the Vindhya hills. Till 1815 they had refrained from attacking the English, but during the Nepaulese war they had crossed the river into the Deccan, and had ravaged the territory of our ally the Nizam; and the year after they had even passed the British frontiers and plundered more than three hundred villages. Lord Hastings determined to put an end to these robbers, supported as he believed that they were by the Mahratta confederation, before he dismissed the army collected for the war of Nepaul. He applied for leave to act on a great scale, and, having received it, brought into the field large armies from all the Presidencies, and prepared for war on such a scale as rendered it plain that he intended to make a final settlement of Central India. It was the complicity of the Mahrattas with the Pindaries which rendered his work difficult. The Peishwa had already shown his intentions. His favourite, Trimbucjee, had procured the murder of the agent of the Guicowar, who, in union with the English, was negotiating for a new lease of the Peishwa's property in Gujerat. The murderer was screened, and signs were everywhere visible that the Peishwa was meditating treachery. Yielding to the pressure of the English resident, he surrendered Trimbucjee; but on the escape of his favourite he again gave him refuge, and eluded the English demands. At length, yielding to the strong measures taken by them, he apparently gave up the point, and in June 1817 entered into a new treaty considerably more stringent than the Treaty of Bassein, and designed to destroy the Peishwa's nominal superiority over the Mahratta confederation, which was the source of so much danger. The effect of the treaty was very temporary. The Peishwa continued his measures against the English, attacked and burnt the British residency, was defeated after a severe battle and fled, intending to make common cause with his compatriots. Meanwhile events of a somewhat similar character had been taking place at the courts of the other Mahratta chiefs. It was thought necessary not only to separate them from the Pindaries, but to oblige them to join in the suppression of those freebooters. In November Sindia was compelled to make a treaty to that effect, containing a most important clause, as it allowed the English to make separate treaties, which had hitherto been forbidden, with those chiefs, especially the Rajputs, who were dependent upon Sindia. The unity of his kingdom was thus broken up. A treaty of a similar character was concluded with Ameer Khan, the head of a large body of freebooters in close connection with Holkar, though at the time resident at Jeypoor. With the other two great chiefs, the Rajah of Nagpoor and Holkar, more violent measures were found necessary. Appa Sahib, the uncle of the late prince, had obtained the government of Nagpoor, and had pretended a close friendship with England. But the same national aspirations as had moved the Peishwa acted upon him too. As the Peishwa was the nominal viceroy of the Mahrattas, so was he their nominal commander-in-chief. He repeated the treachery at Poonah, and attacked the British residency; and as his army was strong, and consisted largely of Arabs, he was only defeated after a battle of eighteen hours' duration. By December, however, he was thoroughly conquered, and had given himself up to the English; Nagpoor had been evacuated, and the Arabs dismissed. Just about the same time the forces of Holkar had been also defeated at Mahidpoor, in the neighbourhood of Oojein. On the insanity of Holkar himself, his power had passed into the hands of his young wife, Toolsee-Bhye, as regent for the young prince; but she was mistrusted by the war party, seized, and put to death. The chiefs then plunged into war, but were thoroughly defeated by Hislop's forces, and the young Holkar was compelled to enter into a treaty, which, among other things, bound him to perpetual peace, and established the Company as the arbitrator in all his quarrels. As in the case of Sindia, the Rajput princes subject to his dominion were allowed to contract separate treaties with the English, and gladly seized the opportunity. Thus the great confederation was defeated in detail, and the Peishwa alone, a fugitive from his capital, was capable of making resistance. It was found nearly impossible to come up with him; though combats were occasionally fought, no general battle resulted. But a new plan was devised which before long completed his destruction. The strongholds of his country were one by one reduced; and among others, in February, Satara, the residence of the descendants of Sevaji, whose nominal minister the Peishwa was. The authority of this prince was re-established, and the Peishwa was deposed, and thus the national character of his resistance destroyed. Soon after, also (Feb. 19, 1818), he was forced to battle at Ashtee, near Bunderpoor, and there thoroughly beaten. His power of resistance was now at an end, his fortresses had fallen one by one; his motley army, consisting largely of Pindaries, was broken up, and in June, finding himself surrounded, he surrendered to Sir John Malcolm. He accepted an allowance of £80,000 a year, with leave to withdraw and reside at Benares, where he remained quietly during the rest of his life. He had refused even to the last to surrender Trimbucjee, who was, however, shortly afterwards captured, and kept a prisoner till his death. The destruction of the Mahratta power had gone hand in hand with that of the Pindaries. Wherever they had been met with they had been beaten. By the end of February all their leaders had surrendered, and such remnants of them as were left had been removed to Goruckpoor, where they settled quietly down. There was one exception; their great chief, Chetoo, was still at large, and when Appa Sahib of Nagpoor, continuing his treachery after the treaty, and still holding communication with the Peishwa, was dethroned, the two chiefs took refuge in the Mahadeo hills on the south of the Nerbudda, and there assembled a mixed army of Mahrattas, Arabs, and Pindaries, to the number of about 20,000. The destruction of these troops closed the war. The English forces were concentrated for a great attack; seeing the hopelessness of resistance, the leaders fled, and took refuge in the fort of Aseerghur, which belonged to Sindia, with whom no doubt Appa had still relations. The fortress could not long shelter him. Sindia, in fear, refused to receive him; he fled to Runjeet Singh, and was finally allowed to return and live peaceably in Judpore. Chetoo, deprived of most of his followers, also took flight; he attempted to retire into the Malwa, but during his retreat sought refuge in a thicket, and was there devoured by a tiger. As a punishment for having received the fugitives, Aseerghur was besieged and taken, and as clear proofs were found in it of Sindia's treachery, it was retained. This was the last act of the war. At its conclusion the whole dominions of the Peishwa, with the exception of a district given to the Rajah of Satara, and all Appa Sahib's dominions in Berar, passed directly into the hands of the English. All the Rajput rajahs had placed themselves under British protection, and Sindia was the only prince with whom there had not been concluded a satisfactory subsidiary treaty. Lord Hastings had thus the merit of thoroughly completing the great plans of the Marquis of Wellesley.

[Sidenote: Lord Amherst. 1823-1828.]

[Sidenote: The Burmese War.]

When Hastings left his office, which he had held for nine years, he was succeeded by Lord Amherst, who reached Calcutta in August 1823, and held the Governor-generalship till 1828. During that period the dominions of England received a still further accession, and the difficulty of putting a stop to a course of conquest once begun was shown. At the same time that Clive had laid the foundation of the English Empire, a man of the name of Alompra had established a great empire on the other side of the Ganges. He had succeeded in bringing into one the kingdoms of Siam, Pegu, Ava, and Aracan. By degrees the two empires of Burmah and of India had become conterminous. The Burmese had been rendered so confident by their successes that they had demanded of Lord Hastings the surrender of Chittagong, Dacca, and other places, as having been originally dependencies of Aracan; their demand had of course been absolutely disregarded, but they were now proceeding to conquer Cashar, a district in North-Eastern Bengal, the rajah of which applied for help to the English. A further act of encroachment on their part brought on a war; they seized, on the coast of Chittagong, a little island in the possession of a small British outpost. No satisfaction could be obtained, and in March 1824 war became inevitable, much against the will, and somewhat to the surprise, of Lord Amherst, who had intended to be peaceful. The attack of the English was made upon Rangoon at the mouth of the Irawaddi. It was easily occupied, but the Burmese were a warlike race, and being strengthened in their wish for resistance by successes on the Bengal frontier refused to come to terms. Again and again the great pagoda of Rangoon, which had become the English citadel, was assaulted. In December a final unsuccessful attack was made under the command of Maha Bundoola, who had distinguished himself in the north. From May to February the fighting about Rangoon had continued, the chief difficulty met with being the skill of the enemy in the defence of stockades. Then, at last, Sir Archibald Campbell found it possible to advance up the Irawaddi towards Prome. In April he reached that place and found it deserted. There the English remained during the rainy season. In November hostilities were renewed, and the English gradually forced their way up to within forty-five miles of Ava, the capital. There at length, in February 1826, a treaty was concluded by which the Burmese ceded Assam, Aracan, and the country south of Martiban along the coast. They also gave up their claims upon the English provinces, paid a large sum of money, and established friendly relations between the courts, to be kept up by an interchange of ambassadors.

[Sidenote: Capture of Bhurtpore.]

The occupation of England in a foreign war had given rise to hopes among the princes of India that an opportunity had come for reasserting their freedom. But all such thoughts were dashed to the ground by the capture and destruction of the fortress of Bhurtpore, hitherto considered impregnable. At the beginning of 1825 a disputed succession had occurred. The expelled Prince was under British protection; it remained to be seen how far it now availed him. Lord Amherst was at first inclined to non-intervention, but the army was in the hands of Lord Combermere, an old Peninsula officer, not likely to shrink before difficulties. He at once undertook to reduce the stronghold. Having demanded the dismissal of women and children, which was refused, he proceeded to bombard the town. After two months of siege, the assault was given, and in two hours the town was secured; the fortress was then razed to the ground, and the rightful prince reinstated, and the great movement against the English which had been dreaded by many thinking men in India thus at once checked. The Indian Empire had now reached the limits which were not increased for many years. The subsequent conquests of the Punjaub and Sinde have set a natural and geographical boundary to it, which, it may be hoped, will prevent the necessity of those wars of conquest, which were really wars of defence, to which it owes its present gigantic dimensions.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Taught by experience, Mackay invented the bayonet fitting round the barrel.]

[Footnote 2:

[Footnote 3: Afterwards Emperor Charles VI., now called Charles III. of Spain in opposition to Philip V.]

[Footnote 4: The applications of the passages in the "Beggars' Opera" must have been after-thoughts, as the play was brought out in 1728, before the quarrel at Mrs. Selwyn's, if quarrel there was, took place.]

[Footnote 5: In that year Hozier, probably by the orders of Government, had hesitated to attack that place. Glover, in his ballad of "Admiral Hozier's Ghost," makes him say,

"I with twenty sail attended,
Did this Spanish town affright;
Nothing then its wealth defended
But my orders not to fight.
Oh! that in this rolling ocean
I had cast them with disdain,
And obeyed my heart's warm motion
To have quelled the pride of Spain."
]

[Footnote 6: Brother of Francis, Maria Theresa's husband.]

[Footnote 7: For the consecutive history of India, see p. 1113.]

[Footnote 8: See p. 1119.]

[Footnote 9: He seldom spoke. When Lord Sandwich was one day attacking him, a friend asked him, "How could you worry a poor dumb creature so?"]

[Footnote 10: The old Duke of Cumberland had died in 1765.]

[Footnote 11: The patronage was worth more than £300,000 a year; besides the governor and the councils, there was one place of £25,000 a year, one of £15,000, five of £10,000, five of £9000, one of £7500, three of £2000, and so on.]

[Footnote 12: To show how paramount he was in Parliament, and how powerless the Opposition, it is only necessary to read the list of the Acts which passed Parliament that year. Motion in the House of Peers by Lord Stanhope for non-interference in the internal affairs of France--unanimously rejected. Motion of a like tendency in the House of Commons--negatived. Motion in the House of Peers for facilitating the opening of negotiation with France--negatived. Motion for a vigorous prosecution of the war--carried. Sundry motions for preparing the way for peace with France--negatived. Motion in the House of Commons for inquiring into the state of the nation--negatived. Another to the same intent in the House of Peers--negatived. Motion in the House of Commons tending to a general pacification by Mr. Wilberforce--negatived. Motion of a similar tendency in the House of Lords--negatived.]

[Footnote 13: It is a curious fact that the subscription was filled in fifteen hours and twenty minutes; two on Thursday, six on Friday, six on Saturday, and one hour and twenty minutes on Monday.]

[Footnote 14: This worthy gentleman, who used to compel the peasantry to prostrate themselves before him, who flogged a man within an inch of his life for writing a note in French, which he could not understand, and kept another for some days in prison without the slightest shadow of a charge, was rewarded with a considerable pension and a baronetcy.]

[Footnote 15: The views of the Armed Neutrality have been since accepted by Europe.]

[Footnote 16: The error of Grenville's position lay in this, that the law of supply and demand can only work _universally_. It does not follow that it will act beneficially in a single country under protective laws.]

[Footnote 17: Malta had been ceded by Charles V. to the Knights of St. John in 1530, after they had been deprived of Rhodes by the advancing Turks. Bonaparte had taken possession of the island in 1798, while on his road to Egypt.]

[Footnote 18: Massey, vol. iv. 336.]

[Footnote 19: Owing to change of relations with France the punishment was not carried out.]

[Footnote 20: Lord Stanhope gives in his Life of Pitt the following list of the broad administration as planned by Mr. Pitt:--Treasury, Mr. Pitt; Secretaries of State, Lord Melville, Mr. Fox, Lord Fitzwilliam. The other offices were to have been given to Lord Spencer, Lord Grenville, the Duke of Portland, Lord Eldon, Lord Chatham, Mr. Windham, Lord Castlereagh, Lord Hampden, Lord Harrowby, Mr. Grey, and Mr. Canning.]

[Footnote 21: The representative of the Bourbon Dukes of Parma and Placentia. His father had received Tuscany, with the title of King of Etruria, in exchange for his Duchies, by the Treaty of Lunéville.]

INDEX

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1027, 1029

Abercromby in Ireland, 1213;
in Egypt, 1232

Aberdeen, Colonial Secretary, 1456

Acts of Parliament--
Abjuration, 874, 876;
Additional Force Bill, 1248;
Alien, 926, 927, 1165, 1356;
American Customs, 1047;
Boston Port, 1070;
Calendar, 1014;
Canada, 1072, 1156;
Catholic Emancipation, 1408;
Coercion, 1438, 1450;
Conciliation, 1085;
Convention, 1207;
Corn Laws altered, 1386, 1402;
Coronation Oath, 811;
Corporation, 823;
Corporation and Test repealed, 1401;
Foreign Enlistment, 1360;
of Grace, 825;
Hovering, 1135;
India, Dundas's, 1129, 1130,
Fox's, 1129,
Pitt's, 1135;
India Company, 861, 1069, 1442;
Insurrection, 1211;
Irish Church, 1436;
Jews Naturalization, 1015;
Libel, 1157;
Marriage, 1015;
Massachusetts, 1070;
Municipal reform, 1460;
Navigation Act changed, 1379;
Occasional Conformity, 906-909;
Peerage, 947, 948;
Pension, 972;
Poor Law, 1452;
Prison Inquiry, 973;
Recoinage, 850;
Reform, of election petitions, 1060, of Scotch burghs, 1360,
the Reform Bill, 1425-1432;
Regency, 1048, 1049, 1143, 1324, 1358;
Resumption, 868;
Riot, 932;
Sale of office, 1299;
Schism, 923, repealed, 947;
Sedition and Treason, 1183, 1354;
Septennial, 938, 939;
Silk trade regulation, 1380;
Six Acts, 1363;
Slave trade abolished, 1271;
Slavery abolished, 1445;
Stamp, 1048, 1051, 1052;
Succession, 871, altered, 940;
Test, altered, 947,
repealed, 1401;
Toleration, 810, 1087, 1094;
Traitorous Correspondence, 1178;
Treason, trials for, 855;
Triennial, 844;
Union with Scotland, 928;
Union with Ireland, 1219;
Wool trade regulation, 1381

Adams, at Preston's trial, 1061;
ambassador to France, 1083

Adams, secretary of Constitutional Society, 1180

Addington, Premier, 1230;
his weakness, 1238, 1239;
declares war, 1240;
his difficulties, 1243;
resigns, 1245;
in opposition, 1247;
becomes Lord Sidmouth, rejoins ministry, 1252;
dislikes Melville, 1258;
resigns, 1259;
Lord Privy Seal, 1267;
opposes Slave Trade Bill, 1272;
opposes Catholic claims, 1273;
President of the Council, 1325;
his repressive measures, 1354, 1355;
retires, 1369

Addison, Secretary of State, 942

Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, his marriage, 1358

Agriculture, introduction of turnips, 973;
backward state of, 1014;
improvement in, 1150;
state of, 1333, 1350, 1361

Aislabie implicated in the South Sea frauds, 954

Albemarle. [See Keppel.]

Alberoni, his schemes, 943-945;
his fall, 946

Albuquerque at Cadiz, 1306

Alexander I., Czar, 1233;
remonstrates with Napoleon, 1250, 1260;
character, 1261;
alliance with England, 1281;
at Tilsitt, 1283;
excuses for his conduct, 1284;
at Erfurth, 1294;
estranged from Napoleon, 1312;
determines on war, 1313;
successful, 1320;
mediates in American War, 1326;
visits England, 1335;
desires Poland, 1336, 1338;
dies, 1397

Allen, takes Ticonderoga, 1072;
acknowledged by Congress, 1073

Althorp, head of a Finance Committee, 1394;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1423;
his Irish Church Bill, 1434, 1437;
his opinion of the Coercion Bill, 1439, 1448;
his Budget, 1440;
desires gradual emancipation, 1444;
his influence in the House, 1447, 1455;
wishes to resign, 1449;
becomes Lord Spencer, 1455

Amelia, Princess, dies, 1323

America, trade with, 980, 1014;
Wesley in, 1016;
war with the French in, 1019, 1025, 1029-1031;
origin of the thirteen provinces, 1045, 1046;
trade with, 1046, 1047;
petitions against the Stamp Act, 1048, 1051, 1052;
excitement caused by Townshend's measures, 1054, 1055, 1056;
the tax on tea insisted on, 1057;
increased irritation in, 1061;
organizes opposition, 1068;
first Congress, 1071;
war with, 1072-1084, 1087, 1088, 1094-1103;
conclusion of the war, 1107, 1108, 1110;
suffers from the orders in Council, 1279;
war with, 1325, 1328

Amherst succeeds Loudon, 1026;
takes Louisburg, 1027;
at Quebec, 1029;
suppresses the Gordon riots, 1094

Amherst, Governor-General of India, 1471, 1472

André, his trial and death, 1097

Anglesey, quoted, 1394;
resigns, 1406;
restored, 1439;
resigns, 1448

Anne, Duchess of Marlborough's influence over, 833;
her quarrel with her sister, 834;
reconciled to William, 847;
acknowledged successor by Louis XIV., 858;
death of her son, 870;
influence of Marlborough over, 876;
love for her husband, 878, 912, 913;
her love for the Church, 905, 908, 911;
anger against Nottingham, 909;
a Tory, 909, 914;
dismisses Sunderland and Godolphin, 915;
dismisses the Duchess, 917;
announces the peace in Parliament, 921;
her failing health, 922;
sensitive as to the succession, 923;
Bolingbroke's influence over, 924;
dies, 924

Anson, captures treasure ships, 984;
rebuked by Bute, 1037

Argyle, Earl of, his power, 819;
his share in the massacre of Glencoe, 835;
thwarts Bolingbroke's schemes, 924;
Lord Commissioner, 926;
jealousy of his power, 933;
given the command against Mar, 935;
defeats him at Sheriffmuir, 937;
puts the Pretender to flight, 937;
hostile to Walpole, 983;
Master of the Ordnance, 987

Arnold, his origin, 1072;
takes Ticonderoga, 1073;
attacks Quebec, 1075;
his treachery, 1096;
joins the English, 1097;
his expedition against Virginia, 1099

Artois, Royalist leader, 1175;
at L'Ile Dieu, 1177;
joins Pichegru's conspiracy, 1251

Ashburton. [See Dunning.]

Assassination Plot, 853

Assiento, explained, 919;
restored by Spain, 1011

Atterbury, his plot, 954;
arrested, 955;
banished, 956;
dies, 969

Auchmuty at Monte Video, 1280;
at Buenos Ayres, 1281

Auckland, his treaty with Dumouriez, 1166;
prejudices George against Pitt, 1230;
in the Cabinet, 1423;
First Lord of Admiralty, 1447

Augusta, influence over George III., 1035;
her favour to Bute, 1036, 1042;
her name omitted from the Regency Bill, 1048, 1049

Augustus of Saxony, driven from Poland, 896

Augustus, elected King of Poland, 975

Aurungzebe, his treaty with the India Company, 1114;
dies, 1115

Aylesbury, election disputes, 908, 909

Baird in Egypt, 1232;
in Spain, 1294

Balcarras. [See Lindsay.]

Bank of England, established, 843, 844;
advances money, 850;
attempt to ruin it, 851;
advances money, 852;
competition with the South Sea Company, 951;
affected by the march of Charles Edward, 1005;
suspension of cash payments, 1193;
resumption of cash payments, 1359;
in danger of bankruptcy, 1384;
renewal of its charter, 1441

Barclay, his plot, 850, 853, 854

Barlow, Governor-General of India, 1466

Barnard, incapacity of, 1056;
promoted, 1057

Barras, succeeds Menou, 1186;
in the Directory, 1197

Barré, his pension, 1107;
compensated for the loss of it, 1133

Barrier Treaty, 919, 940, 959;
irritation caused by, 1023

Barrington, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1037;
Secretary at War, 1056

Barthélemy, negotiates treaties at Basle, 1173;
in the Directory, 1197

Barwell, in the India Council, 1123;
votes for Hastings, 1125

Bassano, minister in England, 1166

Bath. [See Pulteney.]

Bathurst, Colonial Secretary, 1382;
Palmerston's opinion of, 1388;
resigns, 1392

Battles--
Abendsberg, 1300;
Aghrim, 829;
Albuera, 1309;
Alexandria, 1232;
Algiers, 1347;
Almanza, 895;
Almenara, 915;
Amboor, 1117;
Argaum, 1256;
Aspern, 1300;
Assye, 1256;
Austerlitz, 1266;
Barosa, 1309;
Basignano, 997;
Baylen, 1288;
Beachy Head, 826;
Bergen, 1031;
Bitonto, 976;
Blenheim, 885, 886;
Boyne, 827;
Brihuega, 916;
Brooklyn, 1077;
Bunker's Hill, 1073;
Busaco, 1307;
Buxar, 1121;
Camperdown, 1198;
Cassano, 889, 1222;
Copenhagen, 1232, 1233;
Corunna, 1297;
Coverpauk, 1117;
Creveld, 1027;
Culloden, 1007;
Denain, 921;
Dettingen, 992, 993;
Diamond, 1209;
Dresden, 1321;
Echeren, 881;
Eckmühl, 1300;
Espinosa, 1295;
Exiles, 1011;
Eylau, 1280;
Falkirk, 1005;
Finisterre, 1263;
Fleurus, 826, 1171;
Fontenoy, 998, 999;
Freiberg, 1041;
Friedberg, 997;
Friedland, 1283;
Friedlingen, 879;
Fuentes Onoro, 1309;
Gebora, 1308;
Guildford Courthouse, 1100;
Hagenau, 888;
Hastenbach, 1026;
Hobkirk's Hill, 1100;
Hochstädt, 881;
Hohenlinden, 1227;
Jemmappes, 1159;
Jena, 1276;
Kesseldorf, 997;
Killiecrankie, 820;
Kirch-Denkern, 1037;
Kloster-Campen, 1037;
Kolin, 1026;
Kunersdorf, 1032;
Lagos, 1028;
La Hogue, 837;
Landen, 841;
Langen-Saltza, 1037;
Laswari, 1257;
Laufeldt, 1010;
Leipsic, 1321;
Liegnitz, 1033;
Ligny, 1340;
Lissa, 1026;
Lowositz, 1024;
Luzara, 879;
Magnano, 1222;
Maida, 1282;
Malplaquet, 903;
Marengo, 1226;
Marsiglia, 841;
Martinique, 1109;
Minden, 1031;
Molwitz, 989;
Narva, 895;
Navarino, 1399;
Newton-Butler, 816;
Nile, 1221;
Nivelle, 1320;
Novi, 1222;
Ocana, 1305;
Orthes, 1321;
Oudenarde, 897-900;
Plassy, 1026, 1119;
Preston, 936;
Prestonpans, 1002;
Pultowa, 896;
Pyramids, 1220;
Quatre Bras, 1341;
Quebec, 1031;
Quiberon, 1177;
Ramillies, 891, 892;
Ratisbon, 1300;
Raucoux 1010;
Rorica, 1291;
Roveredo, 1188;
Sabugal, 1308;
St. Vincent, 1193;
Salamanca, 1316;
Saragossa, 915;
Savenay, 1170;
Schellenberg, 884;
Sheriffmuir, 937;
Spires, 881;
Steinkirk, 838;
Stockach, 1222;
Stolhofen, 895;
Talavera, 1304;
Torgau, 1033;
Toulon, 895, 1169;
Toulouse, 1321;
Trafalgar, 1265;
Tudela, 1295;
Turin, 894;
Valmy, 1159;
Villa Viciosa, 916;
Vimiero, 1292;
Vinegar Hill, 1214;
Vittoria, 1319;
Wagram, 1301;
Walcourt, 823;
Wandewash, 1120;
Warburg, 1037;
Waterloo, 1341-1346;
Wynendale, 901;
Zörndorf, 1028;
Zullichan, 1032;
Zurich, 1224

Bedford, his party, 1042;
Prime Minister, 1043;
offends George III., 1049;
protests against his conduct, 1050;
his conduct to the Americans, 1057;
subscribes to the loan, 1190

Benbow, Admiral, his death, 880

Bentinck, promoted, 810;
Earl of Portland, 811;
discovers Marlborough's treachery, 833;
proved innocent of venality, 845;
conference with Boufflers, 857;
impeached, 871

Bentinck in Sicily, 1317, 1372

Beresford, Irish Tory leader, 1200;
his influence, 1208

Beresford, command of Portuguese army, 1298;
at Elvas, 1309;
at Albuera, 1310

Berwick, Duke of, his plot, 850, 853;
leaves England, 854;
in Portugal, 881;
victorious, 887;
at Almanza, 895;
on the Rhine, 900;
commanding the French army, 976

Bexley. [See Vansittart.]

Bills. [See Acts.]

Blake, at Rio Seco, 1288;
defeated, 1295;
at Albuera, 1310, 1311

Blakeney, surrenders Minorca, 1021

Bligh, destroys Cherbourg, 1027

Blücher in Belgium, 1339, 1340;
retreats, 1341;
at Waterloo, 1345;
desires vengeance, 1346

Blunt, director of the South Sea Company, 950

Bolingbroke (St. John) joins the ministry, 881;
supports Occasional Conformity Bill, 907;
Secretary at War, 909;
leader of the moderate Tories, 911;
retires, 913;
Secretary of State, 915;
made Lord Bolingbroke, 921;
concludes peace, 921;
corresponds with the Pretender, 922;
his plot suspected, gains Anne's favour, 923;
his schemes thwarted, 924;
joins the Pretender, 932;
organizes the rebellion, 933;
tries to postpone it, 934;
dismissed by the Pretender, his overtures rejected by Walpole,
returns to France, 956;
constant intrigues against Walpole, 958;
bribes the Duchess of Kendal, 962;
withdraws to France, 977;
advises the Prince of Wales, 978, 979;
effect of his teaching on George III., 1035

Bonaparte. [See Napoleon, Jerome, and Joseph.]

Bon St. André, collects a fleet, 1172;
his energy, 1173

Boscawen, Admiral, 1019;
at Lagos, 1028

Bottetort, Governor in America, 1061

Boufflers, in Flanders, 841;
at the Sambre, 847;
arrested, 848;
at Ryswick, 857;
in Guilders, 879;
at Lille, 901;
at Malplaquet, 903, 905

Bourbon, Regent, his policy, 960

Boyle, Secretary of State, 913;
resigns, 915

Braddock, in America, 1019

Breadalbane, his share in the massacre of Glencoe, 834, 835

Bridgewater, subscribes to the loan, 1190

Bridport, mutiny in his fleet, 1194

Broglie, effect of his appointment, 1153

Brougham, his Bill against the slave trade, 1271;
Attorney-General, 1367;
opposes Government, 1374;
supports Canning, 1392;
announces the Reform Bill, 1422;
Lord Chancellor, 1423;
presents a petition against slavery, 1444;
correspondence with Wellesley, 1448;
proposes Melbourne as Premier, 1449;
supports the new Poor Law, 1453;
his dispute with Durham, 1455

Brunswick. [See Ferdinand.]

Buckner, his fleet mutinies, 1195

Burdett, in Parliament, 1359;
his Catholic Relief Bill, 1390;
presents Catholic petition, 1391;
supports Canning, 1392;
presides at National Union meeting, 1428

Burgoyne, reinforces Gage, 1073;
his disasters, 1081, 1082;
in Parliament, 1089

Burgundy, in Flanders, 896;
at Oudenarde, 898

Burke, introduced by Rockingham, 1050;
his first speech, 1051;
defends the Irish claims, 1090;
proposes economical reform, 1091;
upholds toleration, 1094;
assaults North's Government, 1103;
eager for financial reform, 1105, 1106;
tries to restrain Grattan, 1105;
supports Portland, 1112;
opposes Pitt's Irish Bill, 1137;
his action against Hastings, 1139-1141;
effect of the French Revolution upon, 1145;
his opinion of it, 1154;
his book, 1155;
his breach with Fox, 1156;
supports Pitt, 1161, 1163

Burke, Richard, Irish leader, 1205, 1206

Burrard, placed over Wellesley, 1290;
his caution, 1291, 1292;
at Vimiero, 1293

Bussy, De, French ambassador, 1038, 1039;
in India, 1117-1119

Bute, his influence over George III., 1035;
unpopularity of, 1036, 1042, 1049;
Secretary of State, 1037;
Premier, 1039;
his policy, 1040;
his vengeance on the Whigs, resigns, 1041;
intrigues against the ministry, 1042

Buxton, his efforts against slavery, 1382, 1444

Byng, George, in the Channel, 896;
at Cape Passaro, 945

Byng, John (son of George), at Minorca, 1021;
shot, 1022

Cadogan, at Oudenarde, 898;
accused, 947

Caermarthen. [See Danby.]

Caermarthen (son of Danby), defeated at Brest, 846

Caermarthen, Secretary of State, 1132

Calder, at Cape Finisterre, 1262, 1263

Calonne, French minister, 1147, 1152

Camden. [See Pratt.]

Camden (son of Pratt), Viceroy of Ireland, 1209, 1210;
his yeomanry, 1211;
recalled, 1215;
in the Cabinet, 1246

Cameron of Lochiel, joins Charles, 1000;
skirmish at Fort William, 1000;
escapes, 1008

Camissards, rebellion, 880;
suppression of, 881, 887

Canclaux, in La Vendée, 1175

Canning, asks Addington to resign, 1239;
Treasurer of the Navy, 1247;
Foreign Secretary, 1274, 1285;
quarrel with Castlereagh, 1322;
resigns, 1323;
negotiations for his return, 1325;
avoids the Queen's trial, 1369;
Foreign Secretary, 1370;
his foreign policy, 1375;
his Spanish policy, 1376;
supports Huskisson, 1378;
his slave circular, 1382;
his Portuguese policy, 1386;
his Corn Bill, 1388;
supports Catholic emancipation, 1389;
Premier, 1392;
dies, 1393;
his Turkish policy, 1395-1398

Canning, Sir Stratford, at Constantinople, 1396;
his policy, 1400

Carhampton, in Ireland, 1211;
superseded, 1213

Carleton, defends Quebec, 1075;
Minister in America, 1111

Carlisle, First Lord of the Treasury, 874

Carlisle, in the Cabinet, 1112

Carlos, Don, promised Parma and Tuscany, 945;
becomes King of Sicily, 976

Carlos (brother of Ferdinand VII.), 1463;
his civil war, 1464

Carnot, his tactics, 1168, 1171, 1184;
his great plan, 1187;
in the Directory, 1197

Caroline, Queen, favours Walpole, 966;
character, 967, 968;
reprieves Porteous, 979;
dies, 980;
her peaceful influence, 981;
effect of her Church appointments, 1015

Caroline, of Denmark, 1064

Caroline, of Brunswick, marries George IV., 1182;
George desires her divorce, 1365;
her trial, 1366, 1367;
dies, 1368

Carteret, character, 956, 988;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 957;
joins the Prince of Wales, 978;
Secretary of State, 987;
dismissed, 988;
his German politics, 994;
his fall, 996;
made Lord Granville, 1009;
favourite of George II., 1009;
fails to form a ministry, 1010

Castaños, defeated, 1295

Castlereagh, in Ireland, 1217, 1229;
remains in office, 1246;
Secretary for War, 1274;
neglects the Peninsula War, 1294;
accused of bribery, 1299;
quarrels with Canning, 1322;
resigns, 1323;
Foreign Secretary, 1325;
at Vienna, 1335;
returns, 1339;
his death, 1369;
his foreign policy, 1370, 1371;
its weakness, 1373;
his financial measures, 1377;
supported Catholic emancipation, 1389

Catherine of Russia, her conduct to Poland, 1066;
forms an armed neutrality, 1095;
her ambition, 1148;
her success, 1149

Catholic claims, refused by Walpole, 986;
some penal laws repealed, 1087;
George III. opposes, 1087;
agitation against, 1092-1094;
refused, 1272-1274, 1360, 1368, 1391;
importance of, 1387, 1389;
the Emancipation Bill passed, 1408

Catinat, at Marsiglia, 841;
in Alsace, 879

Cavendish, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1105

Charlemont, friend of Grattan, 1105

Charles Edward, born, 954;
correspondence with Walpole, 984;
goes to Scotland, 999;
his reception, 1000;
in Edinburgh, 1001;
marches into England, 1003;
his character, 1004;
at Culloden, 1007;
his escape, 1008;
supposed intrigue with Frederick II., 1020

Charles XII., his victories, 895, 896;
favours the Stuarts, 941;
danger to England from, 942, 943;
negotiations with Alberoni, 944;
effect of his death, 945, 946

Charles II. of Spain, probable effect of his death, 859, 862;
his first will, 864;
his second will, 869;
dies, 870

Charles III., King of Spain, 1038

Charles IV., his weakness, 1286;
abdicates, 1287

Charles VI., his claim to Spain, 863, 869;
declared King, in Spain, 889, 890,
in the Netherlands, 893;
Louis offers to recognize him, 894;
supported by the Catalonians, 895;
occupies Madrid, 915;
leaves his army, 916;
becomes Emperor, 921;
jealous of the new German kingdoms, 941;
joins the Quadruple Alliance, 945;
desires the guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction, 959, 970, 971;
agrees to suspend the Ostend Company, 962;
deserts his Spanish allies, 970;
dies, 984

Charles Albert, candidate for the empire, 989;
elected as Charles VII., 990;
concludes peace, Bavaria restored to him, 994;
dies, 996

Charles of Lorraine, victorious over the French, 994

Charles, Archduke, at Stockach, 1222;
in Italy, 1264;
his proclamation, 1300;
at Aspern, 1300;
at Wagram, 1301

Charles X., his views, 1413;
his speech 1414;
deposed, 1416

Charlotte, Princess, born, 1182;
dies, 1357

Charnock, his conspiracy, 847;
his trial and execution, 855

Charrette, makes peace, 1175;
shot, 1177

Chatham. [See Pitt.]

Chatham (son of the above), proposed as Premier, 1240;
his volunteer reviews, 1248;
in the ministry, 1274;
has command of the Walcheren expedition, 1302

Chauvelin, his diplomacy, 1163;
dismissed, 1165;
his false information, 1166

Chesterfield, dismissed, 975;
joins the Prince of Wales, 978;
excluded from the ministry, 987;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 996;
disliked by George II., 997;
Secretary of State, 1010;
reforms the Calendar, 1014

Cheyte Singh, robbed by Hastings, 1128, 1140

Child, Sir Josiah, manager of the East India Company, 860

Choiseul, his vigorous rule, 1031;
desires peace, 1037;
his offers, 1038;
prepares for war, 1058;
his diplomacy, 1062;
effect of his fall, 1165, 1166

Chunda Sahib, claims the Carnatic, 1117;
killed, 1118

Church, discontented with the Revolution, 807;
settlement of, 810;
the Nonjurors, 811;
favoured by Tories and by Queen Anne, 905, 911;
Occasional Conformity Bill, 906, 907, 947;
the Schism Act repealed, 947;
favoured by Queen Caroline, 967;
decay of, 1015, 1016;
influence of the Methodists on, 1017;
the Tractarians, 1451

Churchill. [See Marlborough.]

Civil List, of William III., 810, 825;
of Anne, 876;
of George I., 930;
of George II., 966, 967, 1013;
of George III., 1082;
of George IV., 1182;
extravagance of, 1349, 1358

Claim of Right, 818

Clairfait, defeated, 1171

Clare. [See Fitzgibbon.]

Clarence. [See William.]

Clarendon, engaged in a Jacobite plot, 825

Clark, corresponds with Tone, 1190

Clarkson, his evidence on the slave trade, 1271

Clausel, succeeds Marmont, 1317;
his skill, 1318

Claverhouse, agent of James II., 818;
Earl of Dundee, escapes from Edinburgh, 818;
reaches Inverness, 819;
makes use of Highland quarrels, 820;
killed at Killiecrankie, 821

Clermont, his character, 1027

Clinton, reinforces Gage, 1073;
at Bunker's Hill, 1074;
at New York, 1081;
succeeds Howe, 1088;
captures Charleston, 1095;
at New York, 1096;
negotiates with Arnold, 1097;
at New York, 1101;
fails to rescue Yorktown, 1102

Clive, in India, 1019, 1026;
defeats Dupleix, 1117;
Governor of Madras, 1118;
regains Calcutta, 1118;
his forgery, 1119;
disputes in the Council, 1121;
expels Meer Cossim, 1122;
dies, 1124

Club, in Scotland, origin of, 819;
joins the Jacobites, 830

Clugny, French Minister, 1152

Cobbett, influence of his writings, 1352;
his speeches, 1421

Cobham, deprived of his army commission, 975;
joins the Prince of Wales, 978

Coburg, in Flanders, 1171

Cockburn, in America, 1327

Codrington, at Navarino, 1399, 1400

Cohorn, engineer, 838;
at the siege of Namur, 847

Collingwood, at Trafalgar, 1265;
at the Dardanelles, 1281

Collot d'Herbois, his cruelty, 1169

Commerce, injured by French privateers, 838;
loss of the Smyrna fleet, 841;
the East India trade, 860-862;
the Darien scheme, 865-867;
commercial advantages at the Peace of Utrecht, 919, 921;
regulation of the Scotch trade, 927;
the South Sea scheme, 949-953;
commercial treaty with Spain, 958, 1011;
the Ostend Company, 959, 961, 962, 971;
prevalence of smuggling, 974, 981;
rapid increase of, 1013, 1014;
restrictions on colonial trade, 1046, 1047, 1051, 1052, 1069, 1070;
Pitt's Irish Commercial Bill, 1136;
suspension of cash payments, 1193;
Continental System, 1277-1279;
depression of commerce, 1332, 1350, 1351;
Huskisson's improvements, 1379-1381;
commercial distress, 1383-1386;
the West India trade, 1443

Compton, Sir Spencer, made President of the Council, 966;
made Lord Wilmington, 966;
supports Walpole, 983;
Premier, 987;
dies, 988

Conflans, at Brest, 1028;
at Quiberon, 1029

Conway, Secretary of State, 1050;
his speech, 1051;
deprived of army commission, 1052;
remains in office, 1053;
in Parliament, 1104;
in the ministry, 1105

Cook, director of the East India Company, 845;
his accounts, 861

Coote, defeats Lally, 1120;
in Mahratta war, 1127;
at Madras, 1128

Cope, marches against Charles Edward, 1001;
at Prestonpans, 1002

Cormatin, Chouan leader, 1174

Cornwallis, in Carolina, 1096, 1098, 1100;
retreats, 1101;
takes Yorktown, 1101;
besieged, 1102;
surrenders, 1103;
Viceroy of Ireland, 1215-1217;
in India, 1219;
at Amiens, 1234;
Governor-General of India, 1466

Cornwallis, Admiral, at Brest, 1262

Coronation Oath, 811

Cowper, made Lord Chancellor, 910, 931

Cradock, in Portugal, 1298

Craggs, Secretary at War, 942;
death of, 954

Crillon, takes Minorca, 1099;
attacks Gibraltar, 1109

Cuesta, at Rio Seco, 1288;
his character, 1303;
at Talavera, 1304

Cumberland, William, Duke of, at Dettingen, 993;
at Fontenoy, 998;
collects an army, 1003;
Charles Edward escapes from, 1004;
he overtakes him, 1005;
character, 1006;
at Culloden, 1007;
his cruelty, 1008;
at Laufeldt, 1010;
Fox a protégé of, 1018;
defeated, 1026;
negotiates with Pitt, 1049, 1050;
forms a Whig ministry, 1050

Cumberland (son of William), his character, 1064

Cumberland. [See Ernest.]

Curran, Solicitor-General, 1208;
opposes the Union, 1217

Currency re-established, 848-850

D'Aiguillon, succeeds Choiseul, 1062

Dalrymple, sent to Scotland, 817;
made Viscount Stair, 834

Dalrymple. [See Stair.]

Dalrymple, in Portugal, 1290;
supersedes Burrard, 1293

Danby, President of the Council, 809;
Lord Caermarthen, 811;
Parliamentary attack on, 821;
Premier, 824;
chief adviser to Mary, 826;
discovers Preston's plot, 831;
Lord President, 843;
Duke of Leeds, accused of venality, 845;
retires, 846

Danton, his party, 1185

Darien scheme, 865-867;
ill-feeling excited by, 925, 933;
the Company dissolved, 927

Darmstadt, takes Gibraltar, 887;
his quarrel with Peterborough, 889

Dartmouth, his conspiracy, 825

Dartmouth, Colonial Secretary, 1068, 1072

Dashwood, Treasurer of the Chamber, 1037;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1041

Davoust, in Prussia, 1276

De Broglie, at Minden, 1031, 1032;
at Langen-Saltza, 1037

D'Enghien, murdered, 1251

D'Erlon, in Belgium, 1341;
at Waterloo, 1344

D'Estaing, French admiral, 1088

D'Estrées, French admiral, 836

D'Estrées, Marshal, at Hastenbach, 1026

De Grasse, Admiral, 1099;
fights with Graves, 1101, 1102;
at Jamaica, 1109

D'Hervilly, at Quiberon, 1176, 1177

De la Clue, at Lagos, 1028

De la Croix, French minister, 1189

De Puisaye, Chouan leader, 1174;
in England, 1175;
at Quiberon, 1176;
escapes, 1177

De Suffren, Admiral, 1099, 1104;
in India, 1128

Derby. [See Stanley.]

Derwentwater, at Preston, 936;
executed, 938

Desaix, at Marengo, 1226

Devonshire, Lord Steward, 877

Devonshire, First Lord of the Treasury, 1021;
deprived of his office of Chamberlain, 1041;
friend of Pitt, 1042

Digby, Admiral, 1095

Doddington, leader of the Opposition, 1012

Donzelot, at Waterloo, 1344

Drouet, in Estremadura, 1313, 1314

Drummond, James, joins Charles Edward, 1001

Drummond, John, joins Charles Edward, 1005;
at Falkirk, 1006

Dubarry, her influence, 1062;
character, 1065

Dubois, his negotiations, 940

Duckworth, at the Dardanelles, 1281

Dudley, Foreign Secretary, 1392;
supports Wellington, 1395;
signs Treaty of London, 1398;
resigns, 1402

Dumouriez, his victories, 1159;
treats with Auckland, 1166;
meditates treason, 1168

Duncan, watches the Dutch, 1194;
mutiny in his fleet, 1196;
at Camperdown, 1198

Duncannon. [See Ponsonby.]

Dundas, proposes Catholic relief, 1087;
his India Bill, 1129;
supports Pitt, 1132, 1135;
defends Hastings, 1139;
resigns, 1230;
negotiates for Pitt's return, 1240;
made Lord Melville, 1246;
his energy, 1249;
attack on his naval administration, 1258;
resigns, 1259;
acquitted, 1260;
resigns, 1392

Dundee. [See Claverhouse.]

Dunning, Solicitor-General, 1058;
presents American petition, 1068;
his motion, 1092;
Lord Ashburton, in the ministry, 1105

Dupleix, in India, 1019;
in Pondicherry 1115;
his schemes, 1116, 1117;
dies, 1118

Durham, his reform measure, 1368;
Privy Seal, 1423;
resigns, 1439;
his dispute with Brougham, 1455

Edward, Duke of Kent, his marriage, 1358

Egremont, Secretary of State, 1039;
dies, 1042

Eldon, prosecutes Hardy, 1181;
Lord Chancellor, 1230;
negotiates for Pitt's return, 1245;
remains in office, 1246;
opposes the Slave Trade Bill, 1272;
opposes the Catholic Bill, 1273;
his influence, 1274;
high Tory, 1387;
Palmerston's opinion of, 1388;
resigns, 1392;
quoted, 1401;
interview with George IV., 1408

Elector of Bavaria. [See Charles Albert and Maximilian.]

Elector of Hanover. [See George I.]

Elizabeth of Russia, alliance with Austria, 1023;
dies, 1040

Ellenborough, in the Cabinet, 1267;
opposes the Catholic claims, 1273;
judges Hone, 1356

Elliot, at Gibraltar, 1109

Emmett, his rebellion, 1242;
hanged, 1243

Ernest, his marriage, 1358

Erskine, desires reform, 1162;
defends Hardy, 1181

Eugene, in Italy, 879;
his friendship with Marlborough, 882;
joins Marlborough, 884;
sent to Italy, 888;
at Turin, 893;
at Toulon, 895;
at the Hague, 897;
at Oudenarde, 897;
besieges Lille, 901;
at Malplaquet, 903, 904;
at the Diet of Frankfort, 918;
deserted by the English, 921;
commanding German army, 976

Exmouth, at Algiers, 1347

Family Compact, the, 981;
suspected by Pitt, 1038;
signed, 1039

Fenwick, his conspiracy, 847;
his trial, 855;
executed, 856

Ferdinand IV., of Naples, insurrection against, 1372;
at Laibach, 1373

Ferdinand VII., of Spain, 1286;
abdicates, 1287;
restored, rebellion against, 1371;
changes the law of succession, 1463;
dies, 1464

Ferdinand, of Brunswick, 1026;
at Creveld, 1027;
at Minden, 1031, 1032;
his successes, 1037;
his manifesto, 1158;
at Jena, 1276;
in Saxony, 1301

Fitzgerald, in France, 1209, 1211;
killed, 1214

Fitzgerald, his cruelty, 1218

Fitzgibbon, Irish leader, 1200;
his vigour, 1206, 1207;
his policy, 1208;
opposes Catholic claims, 1209;
Lord Clare, advises amnesty, 1215;
urges the Union, 1217

Fitzwilliam, Lord President, 1181;
Viceroy of Ireland, 1208;
recalled, 1209;
President of the Council, 1267

Fleury, his pacific views, 961, 970;
his policy, 975;
dupes Walpole, 981;
promises mediation, 982;
intrigues with the Jacobites, 983

Flood, his Reform Bill, 1136, 1155

Forbes, President of Scotland, 1000

Forbes, takes Fort Duquesne, 1027

Forster, at Preston, 936

Fox, Henry, Secretary at War, 1018;
Secretary of State, 1020;
resigns, 1021;
Paymaster-General, 1022;
purchases a majority in the House, 1041;
belongs to the Bedford party, 1042;
Lord Holland, dismissed, 1049

Fox, Charles James (son of the above), champion of the Americans, 1082;
at Westminster, 1092;
assaults the Government, 1103, 1104;
Secretary of State, 1105;
yields to Grattan, 1106;
supports Pitt, 1107;
negotiates peace, 1108;
in Opposition, 1111;
Secretary of State, 1112;
his India Bill, 1129;
opposes Pitt, 1133;
his election, 1134;
opposes Pitt's Irish Bill, 1137;
accuses Hastings, 1140;
friend of George IV., 1141;
his opinion of the French Revolution, 1154, 1161;
his breach with Burke, 1156;
his Libel Bill, 1157;
opposes Pitt, 1164, 1183;
alliance with Grenville, 1243;
George's prejudice against, 1246;
doubts the French invasion, 1247;
Foreign Minister, 1266;
character, 1267;
negotiations with Napoleon, 1268-1270;
dies, 1270;
proposes the abolition of the slave trade, 1271

Fox, Lord Holland, nephew of Charles, opposes the Government, 1374;
in the Cabinet, 1423

Francis I., marries Maria Theresa, 976;
supported by Frederick II., 989;
elected Emperor, 996;
acknowledged at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1011

Francis, author of Junius' Letters, 1057, 1058;
in India Council, 1124;
opposes Hastings, 1125, 1139

Franklin, in England, 1052;
agent for Massachusetts, 1068;
insulted, 1069;
with Chatham, 1072;
in France, 1083;
his medal, 1103;
in Paris, 1108

Frederick William, becomes King, 941;
desires Juliers, 962

Frederick II., his ambition, 989;
alliance with France, 990;
deserts France, 991;
takes Prague, 996;
deserted by his allies, 997;
quarrels with George II., 1020;
begins the Seven Years' War, 1023;
his campaign of 1758, 1026;
campaign of 1759, 1028;
fourth campaign, 1032, 1033;
his success, 1041;
his character, 1054;
partitions Poland, 1066;
alliance with Russia, 1096, 1148

Frederick William II., attacks France in Holland, 1147;
alliance with England, 1149;
leaves the coalition, 1173;
dies, 1221

Frederick William III., declares war with Napoleon, 1276;
visits England, 1335

Frederick, Prince of Wales, leader of the Opposition, 978, 1012;
his quarrel with his father, 978, 979, 980

Frederick, Duke of York, in Holland, 1169;
recalled, 1172;
captures the Dutch fleet, 1223;
withdraws, 1224;
appreciates the Peninsula War, 1294;
deprived of his office, 1299;
opposes Catholic relief, 1391;
dies, 1392

Frere, urges Moore's advance, 1295;
his false information, 1322;
recalled, 1323

Gage, Governor, 1071;
defeated, 1072;
at Bunker's Hill, 1073;
his delays, 1074, 1075

Galway, succeeds Schomberg, 887;
in Spain, 889;
occupies Madrid, 890;
Commander-in-chief, 895

Gates, Burgoyne surrenders to, 1082;
Washington's rival, 1087;
in Carolina, 1097, 1098

Gaultier, his negotiations, 917, 918

Gay, writes against Walpole, 978

George I., in command of the Imperial troops, 896;
summoned to England, 923, 924;
his character, 930, 931;
goes to Hanover, 940;
his German policy, 941;
his dislike to Townshend, 942;
at the opening of Parliament, 955;
friendship for Carteret, 957;
dies, 963;
character, 964

George II., comes to England, 930;
made Guardian of the Realm, 940;
his dislike to Sunderland, 948;
his character, 966;
trusts Walpole, 967;
Wyndham's description of, 977;
his parsimony, 978;
his quarrel with his son, 979, 980;
desires war, 981;
his love for Hanover, 988;
at Dettingen, 993;
his negotiations at Hanover, 994;
dislikes Chesterfield and Pitt, 997, 1018, 1022;
his friendship for Carteret, 988, 1009, 1010;
his grief at Pelham's death, 1018;
goes to Hanover, 1020;
dies, 1033

George III., his education, 1035;
his views of royalty, 1036, 1060;
his popularity, 1036;
his interview with Pitt, 1042;
his illness, 1048;
the Regency Bill, 1049;
dislike to his ministers, 1050, 1052;
his views on his ministry, 1053;
determination to conquer the Americans, 1055;
appoints Lord North Premier, 1059;
triumph of his policy, 1060;
his domestic life, 1064, 1140;
selfish policy, 1065;
prejudice against America, 1070, 1077, 1085;
his frugality, 1082;
prejudice against Catholic emancipation, 1087;
his command over North, 1089;
his power over Parliament, 1091;
his courage, 1093, 1094, 1183;
his determination, 1104;
friendship for Thurlow, 1105;
his dislike of the Whigs, 1112;
opposition to Fox's India Bill, 1131, 1132;
his illness, 1142, 1143;
chooses a wife for George IV., 1182;
assaulted, 1183;
interferes in the army, 1191;
loyalty of the fleet towards, 1196;
refuses Irish Catholic emancipation, 1209;
return of his illness, 1230;
interview with Pitt, 1245;
his prejudice against Fox, 1246, 1266;
rejects the Catholic claims, 1273-1275;
final illness, 1323;
respected, 1357;
dies, 1363

George IV., as Prince of Wales, his depravity, 1140, 1141, 1357;
proposed as Regent, 1143;
his marriage, 1182;
Regent, 1334;
his speech, 1349;
assaulted, 1354;
his ill health, 1358;
approves of the Manchester massacre, 1363;
his conduct to his wife, 1365, 1367;
opposes the Catholic claims, 1392, 1395, 1407, 1409;
receives Donna Maria, 1411;
dies, 1416

George of Denmark, unfit for a general, 878;
attack on his naval administration, 912;
dies, 913

Georges, Chouan leader, 1240;
his conspiracy, 1251

Germaine, desires to retire, 1084;
retires, 1104

Gibraltar, taken, 887;
importance of, 970

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A History of England, Period III. Constitutional MonarchyChapter XXXV: Part 35

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