Chapter I: Preface

The title and contents-table of this volume will show sufficiently its scope, and a glance at the references in the several chapters will show its sources. But it may be convenient to premise a few general remarks under each of those heads. The date 664 A.D. has been chosen as a starting-point, for the reason that it is the year of the first pestilence in Britain recorded on contemporary or almost contemporary authority, that of Beda’s ‘Ecclesiastical History.’ The other limit of the volume, the extinction of plague in 1665-66, marks the end of a long era of epidemic sickness, which differed much in character from the era next following. At or near the Restoration we come, as it were, to the opening of a new seal or the outpouring of another vial. The history proceeds thenceforth on other lines and comes largely from sources of another kind; allowing for a little overlapping about the middle of the seventeenth century, it might be continued from 1666 almost without reference to what had gone before. The history is confined to Great Britain and Ireland, except in Chapter XI. which is occupied with the first Colonies and the early voyages, excepting also certain sections of other chapters, where the history has to trace the antecedents of some great epidemic sickness on a foreign soil.

The sources of the work have been the ordinary first-hand sources of English history in general. In the medieval period these include the monastic histories, chronicles, lives, or the like (partly in the editions of Gale, Savile, Twysden, and Hearne, and of the English Historical Society, but chiefly in the great series edited for the Master of the Rolls), the older printed collections of State documents, and, for the Black Death, the recently published researches upon the rolls of manor courts and upon other records. From near the beginning of the Tudor period, the Calendars of State Papers (Domestic, Foreign, and Colonial), become an invaluable source of information for the epidemiologist just as for other historians. Also the Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, together with its Calendars of private collections of papers, have yielded a good many facts. Many exact data, relating more particularly to local outbreaks of plague, have been found in the county, borough, and parish histories, which are of very unequal value for the purpose and are often sadly to seek in the matter of an index. The miscellaneous sources drawn upon have been very numerous, perhaps more numerous, from the nature of the subject, than in most other branches of history.

Medical books proper are hardly available for a history of English epidemics until the Elizabethan period, and they do not begin to be really important for the purpose until shortly before the date at which the present history ends. These have been carefully sought for, most of the known books having been met with and examined closely for illustrative facts. In the latter part of the seventeenth century the best English writers on medicine occupied themselves largely with the epidemics of their own time, and the British school of epidemiology, which took a distinguished start with Willis, Sydenham and Morton, was worthily continued by many writers throughout the eighteenth century; so that the history subsequent to the period here treated of becomes more and more dependent upon medical sources, and of more special interest to the profession itself.

Reference has been made not unfrequently to manuscripts; of which the more important that have been used (for the first time) are a treatise on the Sweating Sickness of 1485 by a contemporary physician in London, two original London plague-bills of the reign of Henry VIII., and a valuable set of tables of the weekly burials and christenings in London for five years (almost complete) from 1578 to 1583, among the Cecil papers--these last by kind permission of the Marquis of Salisbury.

Collecting materials for a British epidemiology from these various sources is not an easy task; had it been so, it would hardly have been left to be done, or, so far as one knows, even attempted, for the first time at so late a period. Where the sources of information are so dispersed and casual it is inevitable that some things should have been overlooked: be the omissions few or many, they would certainly have been more but for suggestions and assistance kindly given from time to time by various friends.

The materials being collected, it remained to consider how best to use them. The existing national epidemiologies, such as that of Italy by Professor Corradi or the older ‘Epidemiologia Española’ of Villalba, are in the form of Annals. But it seemed practicable, without sacrificing a single item of the chronology, to construct from the greater events of sickness in the national annals a systematic history that should touch and connect with the general history at many points and make a volume supplementary to the same. Such has been the attempt; and in estimating the measure of its success it may be kept in mind that it is the first of the kind, British or foreign, in its own department. The author can hardly hope to have altogether escaped errors in touching upon the general history of the country over so long a period; but he has endeavoured to go as little as possible outside his proper province and to avoid making gratuitous reflections upon historical characters and events. The greater epidemic diseases have, however, been discussed freely--from the scientific side or from the point of view of their theory.

It remains to acknowledge the liberality of the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press in the matter of publication, and the friendly interest taken in the work by their Chairman, the Master of Peterhouse.

_November, 1891._

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER I.

PESTILENCES PREVIOUS TO THE BLACK DEATH, CHIEFLY FROM FAMINES.

The plague of 664-684 described by Beda, and its probable
relation to the plague of Justinian’s reign, 542- 4

Other medieval epidemics not from famine 9

Chronology of Famine Sicknesses, with full accounts of those
of 1194-7, 1257-9, and 1315-16 15

Few traces of epidemics of Ergotism; reason of England’s
immunity from _ignis sacer_ 52

Generalities on medieval famines in England 65

CHAPTER II.

LEPROSY IN MEDIEVAL BRITAIN.

Medieval meanings of _lepra_ 69

Biblical associations of Leprosy 79

Medieval religious sentiment towards lepers 81

Leprosy-prevalence judged by the leper-houses,--their number
in England, special destination, and duration 86

Leper-houses in Scotland and Ireland 99

The prejudice against lepers 100

Laws against lepers 106

Things favouring Leprosy in the manner of life--Modern analogy
of Pellagra 107

CHAPTER III.

THE BLACK DEATH OF 1348-9.

Arrival of the Black Death, and progress through Britain, with
contemporary English and Irish notices of the symptoms 114

Inquiry into the extent of the mortality 123

Antecedents of the Black Death in the East--Overland China
trade--Favouring conditions in China 142

The Theory of Bubo-Plague 156

Illustrations from modern times 163

Summary of causes, and of European favouring conditions 173

CHAPTER IV.

ENGLAND AFTER THE BLACK DEATH, WITH THE EPIDEMICS TO 1485.

Efforts to renew the war with France 177

Direct social and economic consequences in town and country 180

More lasting effects on farming, industries and population 190

Epidemics following the Black Death 202

Medieval English MSS. on Plague 208

The 14th century chronology continued 215

The public health in the 15th century 222

Chronology of Plagues, 15th century 225

Plague &c. in Scotland and Ireland, 1349-1475 233

CHAPTER V.

THE SWEATING SICKNESS, 1485-1551.

The First invasion of the Sweat in 1485 237

The Second outbreak in 1508 243

The Third Sweat in 1517 245

The Fourth Sweat in 1528 250

Extension of the Fourth Sweat to the Continent in 1529 256

The Fifth Sweat in 1551 259

Antecedents of the English Sweat 265

Endemic Sweat of Normandy 271

Theory of the English Sweat 273

Extinction of the Sweat in England 279

CHAPTER VI.

PLAGUE IN THE TUDOR PERIOD.

Chronology of the outbreaks of Plague in London, provincial
towns, and the country generally, from 1485 to 1556 282

The London Plague of 1563 304

Preventive practice in Plague-time under the Tudors 309

Sanitation in Plantagenet and Tudor times 322

The disposal of the dead 332

Chronology of Plague 1564-1592--Vital statistics of London
1578-1583 337

The London Plague of 1592-1593 351

Plague in the Provinces, 1592-1598 356

Plague in Scotland, 1495-1603--Skene on the Plague (1568) 360

Plague in Ireland in the Tudor period 371

CHAPTER VII.

GAOL FEVERS, INFLUENZAS, AND OTHER FEVERS IN THE TUDOR PERIOD.

The Black Assizes of Cambridge, 1522 375

Oxford Black Assizes, 1577 376

Exeter Black Assizes, 1586 383

Increase of Pauperism, Vagrancy, &c. in the Tudor period 387

Influenzas and other “strange fevers” and fluxes, 1540-1597 397

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FRENCH POX.

Meagreness of English records 414

Evidence of its invasion of Scotland and England, in 1497 and
subsequent years 417

English writings on the Pox in the Elizabethan period, with
some notices for the Stuart period 423

The circumstances of the great European outbreak in 1494--
Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. 429

CHAPTER IX.

SMALLPOX AND MEASLES.

First accounts of Smallpox in Arabic writings--Nature of the
disease 439

European Smallpox in the Middle Ages 445

Measles in medieval writings--Origin of the names “measles”
and “pocks” 448

First English notices of Smallpox in the Tudor period 456

Great increase of Smallpox in the Stuart period 463

Smallpox in Continental writings of the 16th century 467