Chapter XII (3)

Cape de Verde islands (St Jago), infection taken from, 586, 589

Carlisle, plague, 359, 562

Carshalton, mortality in 1626, 520

Cartier, Jacques, scurvy in his expedition, 581

Castle Combe, records of its manor court, 135, 136, 139,
priests poaching, 189,
village industries, 198,
nuisances removed, 198 _note_, 328

Catharine of Arragon, arrives in England in plague-time, 288,
anxious for Henry VIII. on account of plague in 1518, 290

=Cats= in plague-time, 316

Cavendish, Thomas, sickness in his voyages, 592-3

=Cemeteries=, see BURIAL

Champneys, Sir John, mayor, procures plague-bill in 1535, 298

=Chancery=, inquisition on a leper, 105,
business of after Black Death, 188

Charles VIII., his invasion of Italy, 430, 433, 435,
his sickness at Asti, 436-7

=Charnel-house= of St Paul’s, 334, 659

Charterhouse, inscription of burials in Black Death, 127,
death of monks in 1528, 252

Chatham, leper-hospital, 95,
plague in 1665, 681

Chauliac, Guy de, symptoms of _pestis secunda_, 203,
on Gaddesden’s _Rosa Anglica_, 446

Chester, the sweat, 245, 249,
plague, 304, 339, 498, 500, 501, 564,
smallpox, 465 _note_,
fever in villages near, 567

Chesterfield, plague, 349, 500

Chesterton depopulated, 199 _note_

China, Black Death said to have come from, 143, 145-147,
overland trade to Europe, 148-9,
no record of Black Death in, 149;
great series of floods, famines, &c., 150-152,
followed by a period of plagues, 153;
unburied dead after famines and floods, 154,
Odoric’s valley of corpses, 155,
careful mode of burial in, 161.
Plague in modern times, 168-9

=Churchyards=, see BURIAL

Clapham, Henoch, 490

=Clarendon, Council of=, 374

Clot, Dr, Bey, on plague in Egypt, 160

Clowes, William, on the pox in London, 423-5,
on quacks, 426,
his translation of _variola_, 459

Clun, plague, 545

Clyn, Friar, the Black Death in Ireland, 115, 119,
symptoms of ditto, 121

Cogan, Th., on prophesied return of the sweat, 264,
on fever at Oxford Assizes, 378,
on lasks, 412

Colchester, wills proved after Black Death, 186,
plague, 348, 498, 525,
plague in 1665-6, 688,
directions to bearers and watchers at, 688 _note_

Comines, Philip de, commons of England untouched by Wars of Roses, 38,
224, 387,
on Charles VIII.’s sickness, 435

Congleton, plague, 498, 545

Constantinus Africanus applies “variola” to smallpox, 453

Cork, leper-hospitals, 100,
alleged sweating sickness, 252,
plague, 371, 502

Cornard Parva, Black Death in, 137

Coventry, leper-hospital at, 92,
growth of after the Black Death, 194, 195,
plague, 501, 526 _note_

Crail, plague, 370

Cranborne, plague, 499

Cranbrooke, plague, 348

Crimea, outbreak of Black Death in, 142, 144

Cromwell, O., his death from fever, 574,
colonizes Jamaica, 634, 639

Cromwell, T., orders bill of mortality, 297-8

=Cross, the blue=, or =red=, 306, 313, 314, 514

Croxton, abbey, Black Death in, 131,
ditto in the manor, 138

Croydon, plague, 492, 520, 679

Croyland abbey, sudden mortality in, 9,
the sweat in, 239, 266

Cumanus, Marcellus, the French pox at siege of Novara, 431

Cumberland, plague in 1420, 221,
state of in the Civil Wars, 562

Dalry, “grantgore” at, 418

=Danes=, camp sickness among, 13

Darlington, plague, 359, 557

Dartmouth, plague, 351, 524

Davison, F., ‘Poetical Rapsodie’, 463

Deal, plague in 1666, 688

Defoe, sources of his _Journal of the Plague-Year_, 649,
illustrations of the Great Plague from, 657 _et seq._

Dekker, T., on London at accession of James I., 471, 480,
on plague of 1603, 481-4,
theatres closed in plague-time, 494

Deptford, plague in 1666, 680, 687

Derby, plague at, 309, 349, 357, 559,
plague in 1665, 682

Derry, the, plague at in 1566-7, 372

=Dogs= in plague-time, 314, 316, 515;
alleged death of in the Leeds plague, 558,
at Batavia from licking pestilent blood, 608

=Domesday Survey=, size of towns in, 23,
state of agriculture inferred from, 22

Doncaster, plague in 1536, 301

Donne, Rev. Dr, his dread of smallpox, 463,
on flight of citizens in 1625, 519

Doughty, C., on burials in Arabia, 165

Drake, Sir Bernard, at the Exeter Black Assizes, 384, 385

Drake, Sir Francis, sickness in his voyage round the world, 585,
great epidemic in his fleet in 1585-6, 585-589,
his death from flux, 591

Drogheda, monastery of, Black Death in, 119, 132

Dublin, leper-hospitals, 100,
Black Death in, 119, 131, 132,
plague in 1520, 371,
in 1575, 372,
in 1650, 566

Dumfries, plague, 235, 369

Dunbar, W., “spanyie pockis”, 418

Dundee, plague, 234, 368, 503

Duns, plague, 369

Durham, a medieval siege of, 28,
leper-hospital near, 94, 113,
plague, 350, 359, 499, 501, 681,
famine, 358

Dysart, plague, 366, 368

=Dysentery=, or flux, summary of epidemics, 411-13,
in 1624, 505,
in voyages, 589, 591, 600, 602, 603,
in Virginia, 611,
in slave-ships, 628,
among black troops, 629,
in St Domingo and Jamaica, 635-640

East Indies, Portuguese voyages to, 584,
English voyages to, 599-609

=East India Company=, provides against scurvy, 602-3

Edenhall, plague, 360

Edinburgh, leper-hospital, 99,
_pestilentia volatilis_, 234,
plague, 235, 303, 362, 365-6, 367, 368, 369, 370, 502, 503, 504, 563,
French pox, 417,
mortality of children in 1600, 370 _note_

Edward the Confessor and the leper, 81

Edward III., his activity after the Black Death, 178-9

Edward IV., his illness from “pockys” in 1463, 455

Edward VI., on the sweat of 1551, 260

Egypt, theory of plague in, 156, 659,
sanitary wisdom of ancient, 158,
embalming in, 159, 160-1,
compared with China, 161-2

Elizabeth, Queen, at Windsor in the plague of 1563, 317,
rebukes the uncleanly state of Ipswich, 327,
attempts to stamp out plague in London, 330-331,
her proclamation in 1580 on growth of London, 346,
her trains at Norwich in 1578 carry plague, 348,
her hardness to the sick seamen in the Armada-year, 350,
her precaution against smallpox in 1591, 461

Elizabeth of York, in 1502, pays for cure of John Pertriche, 419

Elphege, St, stops pestilence in 1011, 13

Ely, bishop of, alienates Stourbridge leper-hospital, 93

Ely monastery, Black Death in, 132

Elyot, Sir Thomas, lay writer on medicine, 402,
mentions smallpox, 457

=Emigrants=, mortality of English to Virginia, 610,
to New England &c., 612-13,
to Barbados, 619,
of French to St Christopher, 618,
to Guadeloupe, 621

Ensham, manor of, after Black Death, 139, 141

Erasmus, still ill from “sweat” in 1511, 245, 399,
ref. to influenza (?) in 1518, 249,
ref. to plague in letters, 288-9,
on English houses, 328,
on the French pox, 420-21

=Ergotism=, causes and signs of, 53-55,
two forms, 55,
cases of in England, 57,
possible instances of, 59-63,
reasons of English immunity from, 64, 68

Essex, Lord General, typhus in his army, 548-9,
occupies Tiverton, 552-3

Ethredge, Dr G., the sweat of 1551 at Oxford, 260, 380,
the gaol-fever at Oxford, 381

Eton, plague, 348, 520,
boys compelled to smoke in plague-time, 674

Evesham, monastery, fugitives at after wasting of Yorkshire, 27 _note_,
drives out its leprous prior, 101

Evesham, town, plague and bad scavenging, 501

Exeter, the scavengers of, 327,
plague, 288,
famine and plague, 300,
plague, 498, 523,
Black Assizes, 383-6

Eyam, plague at in 1665-6, 682-7

Eydon, plague, 498

Fabyan, on the first sweat, 239,
on plague in London, 1478-9, 234,
and 1500, 287,
uses the name “pockys”, 420

=Famines=, chronology of, to 1322, 15,
in 1370, 215,
about 1383, 219,
in 1391, 220,
in 1438-9, 223, 228, 235,
in 1528, 251, 277,
in 1535, 300,
in 1551, 278,
in 1557, 401,
in 1596-7, 358

=Fever=, epidemics of from famine, 15-17 (table),
in 1086-7, 29,
in 1196, 36,
in 1258, 44-45,
in 1315, 48,
in 1438-9, 223, 228, 234-5,
in 1596-7 358, 411;
epidemics of in war, 547, 552;
spotted, 504, 540, 542, 543, 551;
“strange,” see INFLUENZA,
Yellow, see YELLOW FEVER,
in gaols, see GAOL-FEVER;
in ships, 350, 538

Finchley, dysentery at, 1596-7, 411

Findhorn, plague, 370

Finsbury, laystalls at, 334

Fish, Simon, ‘Supplication of Beggars’, 421

=Fleet Ditch=, unwholesome, 352

Forrestier, Dr Thomas, his MS. on the sweat of 1485, 238,
fixes time and place of first outbreak, 238,
his account of the symptoms and treatment, 241,
on extent of first sweat, 243,
on causes of ditto, 266-7

=Foul Death=, name used by Scots for plague in 1349, 78,
and in 1379, 218

Fracastori, on smallpox, 467,
on typhus, 585

Francis, St, of Assisi, and the lepers, 85

Freind, Dr J., on a strange chorea, 61,
on diffusion of smallpox, 445,
on Gaddesden, 448

=Friars=, their original mission, 41,
their care of lepers, 85, 107,
side with the rich after the Black Death, 188,
bury rather than christen, 332

Froude, Mr, on plague at the Derry, 372 _note_,
on “yellow fever” in Drake’s fleet, 589 _note_

“FRUIT OF TIMES,” records “pokkes” for 1366, 453

Fryer, Dr John, 307

Gaddesden, John of, fails to describe fever of, 1315 51,
on leprosy, 76,
on smallpox, 446-8,
on morbilli and “mesles”, 449-51

Gale, Thomas, on “the morbus”, 422

Galway, “sweating sickness” at, 400 _note_

=Gaols=, first built, 374

=Gaol Fever=, in Newgate, 374, 395 _note_,
at Cambridge, 375,
at Oxford, 376-382,
at Exeter, 383-386,
referred to in Act, 388,
in the Queen’s Bench, Southwark, 395, 539,
Bacon on, 332

=Garter, Order of the=, 178

Gascoigne T., cases of syphilis, 74,
Henry IV.’s “leprosy”, 77 _note_,
“legists” after Black Death, 189

Gaubil, abbé, on the Chinese annals, 154

Geynes, Dr, 307

Gibbon, on the Justinian plague, 2,
on a remark by Procopius, 675 _note_

Gibbons, Orlando, 465, 524

Gilbertus Anglicus, on leprosy, 70-72,
morphaea, 76,
diet to keep off leprosy, 113,
on smallpox, 446, 447

Glasgow, leper-house, 99,
keeps out plague, 366, 369,
plague, 370, 563,
syphilis, 418

Gloucester, Black Death, 116, 117,
plague in 1580, 348,
in 1638, 545,
a quack at, 426,
relief of siege, 549

Goddard, Dr, his excuse for leaving London in the plague, 667

Gordonio, Bernard, on leprosy, 70,
case at Montpellier, 72,
on morphaea, 76,
on smallpox, 447

=Grandgore=, in Scotland, 417-18,
derivation of, 418

Grantham, plague near, 500,
sickness at, 502

Graunt, John, syphilis in London, 428,
London mortality, 532

Gravesend, plague, 287, 293, 531

Greaves, Sir E., fever at Oxford, 547, 551

Greenwich, sweat at, 244, 251,
plague at, 293,
plague in 1666, 687

Gregory, W. ref. to “pokkes,” 454

Gruner, on the sweat, 258,
collections on medieval smallpox, 446 _note_

Grünbeck, Jos. on syphilis, 432

Guignes, Des, on origin of Black Death, 143, 152

Guinea, voyages to in 16th cent., 581-3,
slave trade from, 583, 625-9

Guy, Dr W., on “parish infection”, 396 _note_

Hackney, leper-hospital, 97, 98 _note_,
plague in 1535, 301,
in 1603, 492,
in 1625, 511

Haddington, _pestilentia volatilis_, 234,
plague during siege, 303

Hall, his Chronicle on the sweat of 1517, 250,
on the mercenaries of Henry VII., 274,
on the Cambridge Black Assizes, 375

Hampshire, parish in, statistics of, 411, 541

Harrison, W. English houses, 330 _note_,
fever of 1557-8, 401

Hartlepool, plague, 349

Harwich, plague at in 1665-6

Havre de Grace (or “Newhaven”), plague during siege, 307

Hawkins, Sir John, in the slave trade, 583

Hawkins, Sir Richard, on health of Cape de Verde islands, 589 _note_,
scurvy in his voyage of 1593, 594-6

Hecker, antecedents of Black Death, 143-4,
on fecundity after Black Death, 200,
sweating sickness, 240, 244 _note_, 258, 263, 265, 271 _note_, 277
_note_

Hendon, sends help in 1625 plague, 518

Henry I., taxation under, 31

Henry II., charities of, 33-34

Henry III., famine under, 43

Henry IV., “leprosy” of, 77

Henry V., vigorous sanitation under, 325

Henry VII., his expedition of 1485, 237, 240, 265, 270, 275,
in the sweat of 1508, 244,
reception of Catharine of Arragon, 288,
sanitation under, 325-6

Henry VIII., in the sweat of 1517, 247-8,
in plague of 1517-18, 290,
in sweat of 1528, 250-53,
in plague of 1535, 297, 300,
measures to check plague, 291, 312, 313-14,
repression of vagrancy &c., 390,
his illness in 1514, 456

Henry of Huntingdon, poem by, 18

Hensler, his history of syphilis, 416 _note_

Hensley, plague, 309

Hereford, plague, 348

Hereford, bishop of, case of morphaea, 76

Herefordshire, plague, 500

Hertford, sweat at, 254,
law courts at, 331,
plague, 339, 347, 356

Hertfordshire, after the Black Death, 191,
plague in, 493

Hirsch, Dr August, on endemics of syphilis, 438

Hispaniola, great pox and smallpox, 430, 469,
flux among English troops, 635-6

Hoddesdon, plague, 347

Hodges, Dr, his _Loimologia_, 648, 654, 675

Holinshed, erroneous entry of “small pocks”, 454

Holland, Abraham, poem on plague of 1625, 512

Holme Pierrepont, plague, 499

Höniger, effects of Black Death, 141 _note_

Howard, John, Oxford gaol, 377,
gaol-fever, 382 _note_

Hugh, St, bp. of Lincoln, his care for burials, 13 _note_,
for lepers, 84

Hull, plague at, in 1472-8, 231,
in 1576, 340,
in 1635-38, 527

Hunstanton, Black Death, 137

Hütten, Ulrich von, cure of syphilis, 416

Ibn Batuta, his report that Black Death came from China, 146

Ibn-ul-Khatib, origin of Black Death, 146

Ilchester, decayed, 195, 221

Ilford, leper-hospital, 95

Inchcolm, quarantine island, 363, 369

Inchkeith, quarantine for plague, 235, 360,
for syphilis, 417

=Influenza=, meaning of, 397,
early epidemics, 398,
in 1510, 399,
in 1540, 400,
in 1557-8, 401-5,
in 1580, 406,
in 1657-9, 568-574,
many other epidemics might be so called, 408-9, 411, 536, 541, 543-4,
567, 577

=Interdict of burial= &c., 11

Ipswich, scavengers of, 327,
plague at, in 1603, 498,
in 1665-6, 688

Ireland, plague in A.D. 664, 4-5,
condition in 12th cent., 21,
flux among troops, 33,
leper-houses, 100,
Black Death, 115, 118-19, 132,
succeeding plagues, 236,
alleged sweating sickness, 252 _note_, 400 _note_,
influenza, 398 _note_,
plague in Tudor period, 371-3,
in Cromwellian war, 365

Isle of Wight, depopulation of, 387,
influenza or sweat in 1558, 403

Jamaica, English occupation of, 636-642

James I., authority for “a pockie priest”, 415,
his accession followed by a great plague, 480,
his fatal illness, 512

Jarrow, plague in monastery of, 7

Jersey, plague in, 308

Jessopp, Augustus, on mortalities in the Black Death, 132, 134, 137,
on lawlessness after do., 140,
on panic from do., 181 _note_

John of Bridlington, 14th cent. pestilences, 204, 207

John of Burgoyne, 14th cent. writer on plague, 208

Jones, Dr John, on plague in London in 1563, 306,
on effects of the poor-rate, 394,
on influenza of 1558, 403,
his use of “ague”, 410

=Justinian, plague in reign of=, 2,
theory of it, 156, 159, 161

Kattiwar, plague in, 165, 169

Kellwaye, Simon, on the plague of 1593, 355,
on smallpox and measles, 461

Kendal, plague in 1598, 359

Kensington, plague in 1603, 492,
in 1625, 520

Kheybar, burials in, 165

Kilkenny, Black Death, 115, 119, 121, 132,
plague in 1649, 565

Kirkcaldy, plague in 1574, 366

Kirkoswald, plague in 1598, 360

Kremer, A. von, Mohammedan plagues, 163

Kumaon, plague in, 166

Kutch, plague in, 169

=Labourers, Statute of=, 66, 181-2

Lamesley, plague in 1610, 501

Lancashire, ergotism? in 1702, 59,
wills after Black Death, 138,
fever in 1651, 567

Lancaster, Sir James, scurvy in his ships, 599,
treats scurvy by lime juice, 601

Langland, see ‘Piers the Ploughman’

=Lask=, old name of flux, 400, 412

Latimer, on intramural burial, 336,
on stews closed, 420

=Law=, business of increased after Black Death, 188-9

=Lazar=, derivation of, 79 _note_

Lazarus, St, 79, 94

=Lazarus, St, Knights of the Order of=, 89

Leake, plague in 1587-8, 349

Leeds, fever in 1644, 558,
plague in 1645, 558

Leicester, Black Death, 124
_pestis secunda_, 203,
plague in 1563-4, 309,
in 1593, 357,
in 1607-11, 125, 501,
in 1626, 526

Leicestershire, strange epidemic in 1340, 59,
plague, 526

Leith, plague, 235 _note_, 361, 363, 366, 369, 503

Leominster, plague or fever in 1578, 349,
in 1597, 358 _note_

=Leper-houses=, in England, 86-99,
their mixed inmates, 93,
vogue soon past, 91-95,
the later non-monastic, 97,
in Scotland, 99,
in Ireland, 100

=Leprosy=, generic meaning of in medieval books, 70-79,
Biblical associations of, 79-81,
religious view of, 81-86,
prejudice against, 100-105,
laws against, 103-6,
estimated amount of, 107,
a disease akin to pellagra, 108, 110,
Gilbert White on causes of, 110,
dietetic cause of in, Hutchinson on cause of, 111 _note_,
constitutional, 112,
diet for in Scotland, 113

Lescarbot, on scurvy, 597-8

=Leviticus=, use of “leprosy” in, 80

Lichfield, plague, 309, 357, 559

Lieu-chow, bubonic disease, 169

Linacre, 286, 439

Lincoln, leper-hospital at, 92,
decay of, 195,
plague at, 357

Lindsey, statute of labourers ineffective in, 182

Linlithgow, lepers at, 99,
French pox at, 418

Lithgow, W., on plague in Tyneside, 557

=Lock, the, hospital=, 97, 98 _note_

Lodge, Dr T., on rats and moles in plague-time, 173,
on plague in 1603, 485,
on compulsory removal of the sick, 488

London:
fever in 962, 26,
in 1258, 44-45,
according to the bills, 504, 532, 576
Fitzstephen’s account of, 34
French pox in, 424, 428, 432 _note_
lepers expelled, 103,
stopped at the Gates, 104
leper-hospitals of 88, 97-8
nuisances in, 323-6
overcrowding of, in 1580, 346,
in 1602 et seq., 539-540
Parish Clerks of, 320-322
plagues in:
the Black Death, 117,
mortality of ditto, 126-9,
the plague of 1361, 203,
of 1368-9, 215-16,
of 1407, 220,
of 1426, 227,
of 1434, 227-8,
of 1437, 228,
of 1454, 229,
of 1466, 230,
of 1474, 231,
of 1478-9, 231-2,
of 1487, 287,
of 1499-1500, 287,
of 1504, 288,
of 1511-12, 288,
of 1513, 288-9,
of 1514-16, 289-90,
of 1517-18, 290, 292,
of 1521, 292,
of 1529-31, 292-3,
of 1532, 293-6,
of 1535, 297-300,
of 1536, 301-2,
of 1543, 302,
of 1547-8, 303,
of 1563, 304-7,
of 1568-9, 338,
of 1573-4, 339,
of 1577-83, 341-5, 347,
of 1592-93, 351-4, 356,
of 1594, 356,
of 1603, 474-92,
of 1604-1610, 493-4,
of 1625, 507-520,
of 1630, 527
of 1636 529-32,
of 1637-48, 532, 546 (table 533),
of 1665, 644-679
plague-orders, 312-322, 355, 481, 488
population,
end of 12th cent., 34,
in 1258, 44,
in 1349, 128-9,
in 1377, 201,
in 1535, 299,
in 1580, 345,
in 1593, 354,
in 1603 and before and after, 471-4,
in 1665, 660
Richard of Devizes, on wickedness of, 34
sanitary ordinances in 1369 and 1371, 216, 324,
in 1388, 324,
in 1415, 325,
in 1488-9, 325,
in 1543, 314, 315,
in 1568, 319,
in 1582, 330
theatres closed in plague-time, 494-6

Loughborough, sweating sickness at, 259,
plague at, 304, 404, 500, 560

Louth, plague in 1587, 349 (_Notitiae Ludae_),
in 1631, 527

Lowe, Peter, on “Spanish Sickness”, 427

Lowry, Dr J. H., on Pakhoi plague, 169

Lyndsay, Sir D., “grandgore”, 418

Lynn, a physician of, 51,
leper-houses at, 93, 98,
plague at, in 1635-6, 528,
in 1665, 681

Macclesfield, plague, 498

Macgowan, Dr D. J., on rats poisoned by the soil, 169

Magellan, scurvy in his ship, 579

Mahé, on cadaveric theory of plague, 173 _note_

Maidenhead, scene at, 578

Maillet, De, on preservation of corpses in Egypt, 161

Malpas, plague in 1625, 526 _note_

Manardus, origin of syphilis, 434

Manchester, plague in 1608, 499,
in 1631, 527

Mansfeld, his English troops, 522

Margate, sick sailors at after Armada, 350

Marshall, John, on “parish infection”, 396 _note_

Martin, on the illness of Charles VIII., 437

Matilda, Queen, and the lepers 82;
her hospital, 88

Mayerne, Sir Th., on the fevers of 1624, 540

=Measles=, Gaddesden on, 448,
derivation of name, 451,
joined with smallpox, 458-9, 462, 465-6

_Measure for Measure_, reference to “the sweat”, 413 _note_,
the stews suppressed, 420,
doctrine of “obstruction” in, 605 _note_

Meaux, abbey of, Black Death in, 118, 131

Meddus, Rev. Dr, in London during plague of 1625, 514

=Medicine, profession of=, little in evidence, 51, 258, 402

Melcombe, Black Death lands at, 116

Merdjé, modern plague at, 170

Merston Trussell, plague, 498

Milton, John, at Chalfont, in 1665, 665 _note_

=Moles= in plague-time, 173, 364

Molineux on universal fevers and universal colds, 409

=Monasteries=, pestilence in, 5-7, 9-10,
Stubbs on, 50,
found hospitals, 95,
Black Death in, 131

Monkleigh, plague, 499

Monmouthshire, fever and plague in 1638, 541

Montgomeryshire, plague in 1638, 542

Montpellier, case of _lepra_ at, 72,
practice in the plague at, 210

Moorfields, common latrine in, 325

More, Sir Thomas, on relapses, 248,
his plague-orders at Oxford, 291,
as “a parish clerk”, 321,
describes London as the capital of Utopia, 329,
on pauperism and vagrancy, 389

=Morphaea=, a case of, 76

Morton, Richard, on the fever of 1658, 574

“=Mure=,” old name of influenza, 389.
(“Tussis et le Murra.” Canterbury MS. in _Hist. MSS. Com._ IX., pt.
I. p. 127).

=Murrains=, 46 _note_

Mussis, De, on origin of Black Death at Caffa, 144

Namasse, modern plague, 166

Nanking, death of rats at, 169

Nantwich, plague, 498

=Naples sickness of= 419, 430

“=New Acquaintance=”, 260

“=New Disease=”, 401, 403, 404, 534, 536, 541, 543-4, 570, 577

Newark, plague after siege, 560

Newcastle, plague in 1420, 222 _note_,
in 1478, 232,
in 1544, 303,
in 1589, 350,
in 1597, 358,
in 1603, 498,
in 1609, 500,
in 1625, 526,
in 1636, 529,
in 1642 and 1645, 557,
in 1666, 681

New England, voyages to, 612,
epidemics in, 613

Niebuhr, on demoralisation after pestilence, 186

Nöldeke, Th., on legend of smallpox, 442

Normandy, Henry VII.’s troops raised in, 271, 275,
endemic sweat of, 271, 273

Northampton, old hospital at, 90,
plague, 304,
fever and plague in 1638, 542

Northwych, plague, 340, 498

Norwich, hospitals at, 93, 95,
leper-houses at the gates, 98,
the Black Death in, 129,
decline of after ditto, 193-5,
fever in 1382, 218,
plague in 1465, 230 _note_,
in 1479, 232,
in 1578, 348,
in 1603, 498,
in 1609, 500,
in 1625, 525,
in 1630-31, 527,
in 1636 fever or plague, 542,
plague in 1665-6, 681, 688

Nottingham, deaths at in 1518, 291,
plague at in 1593, 357,
in 1604, 499,
in 1667, 691

=Nuisances=, at Castle Combe, 198, 328,
in London, 216, 323-6,
at Stratford-on-Avon, 327,
at Ipswich, 327,
alleged by Erasmus, 329,
in London suburbs, 337,
at Evesham, 501,
at Kilkenny, 502

Odoric, friar, his vision of unburied dead in China, 155

Okehampton, plague at, in 1626, 524

Osiander, on Christian duty in the plague, 310

Ottery St Mary, camp sickness at in 1645, 555, 561

Oundle, plague in 1665, 681

Oxford, leper-hospital, 93,
Black Death at, 125,
law students at after ditto, 189,
sweat of 1485, 243,
sweat (?) of 1508, 245,
sweat of 1517, 247, 248,
sweat of 1551, 260,
plague in the 15th cent., 282-3,
in the 16th cent., 283-4,
houses shut up at in 1518, 291,
plague in 1571, 338,
in 1575, 340,
in 1603-5, 496-7,
in 1625, 525,
in 1645, 559,
gaol-fever in 1577, 376-382,
war-typhus in 1643, 549-51,
fellow expelled for French pox, 421,
unwholesomeness of in 15th cent., 285 _note_,
proposal to remove the university from, 283

Pakhoi, modern plague, 168

Paré, Ambroise, holds cadaveric theory of plague, 156, 162, 658,
on likeness of smallpox to great pox, 468

Paris, “lepers” banished from in 1488, 104, 437

Pariset, Etienne, his theory of plague, 156-161

=Parish Clerks=, company of, 320-322

“=Parish infection=,” a myth, 396 _note_

=Pauperism=, 39, 41, 387-395

Pauw, De, Cornelius, on plague in Egypt, 157,
on sanitary practice in ditto, 158

Paynel, translates book on French pox, 416

Peebles, plague at in 1499, 361

=Pellagra=, akin to leprosy, 108, 110,
causes of, 109

Penrith, plague at in 1598, 359-60

Perth, plague at in 1548, 363,
in 1580, 367,
in 1584-5, 368,
in 1608-9, 503-4,
in 1645, 563

_Pestilentia volatilis_ in Scotland, 398

Peterborough, burials at in 1175, 35,
plague in 1574, 339,
in 1606, 449,
in 1665, 681

Petrarch, on effects of Black Death, 177

Phaer, Th., or Phayre, or Thayre, writer on plague, 210, 489,
on smallpox and measles, 458

=Picardy Sweat=, 271-3

‘Piers the Ploughman,’ quoted on surfeit and want, 65-67,
on moral effects of Black Death, 187-190,
on continuance of pestilence, 205-207,
on London famine of 1371, 215,
on burials by friars, 332,
use of “meseles”, 450,
of “pokkes”, 452-3

Pinctor, Peter, relates cases of French pox in the Vatican, 416

=Plague=, symptoms or characters of, in the Black Death, 120-122,
in medieval manuscripts, 208, 212-214,
in Skene’s treatise, 364-5,
in the plague of 1665 (Boghurst), 674;
cadaveric theory of, 156 _et seq._,
relation of to typhus, 170.
General epidemics of:
Black Death, 116-141,
_pestis secunda_ (1361), 203,
_tertia_ (1368-9), 215,
_quarta_ (1375), 217,
_quinta_ (1382), 218,
of 1390-91, 219,
of 1407, 220,
of 1438-9, 225, 228,
of 1465, 230,
of 1471, 230.
Epidemics of in the Northern Marches, in 1379, 218,
in 1399, 220,
in 1421, 221.
See also under London and other places

Planck, Dr, on causes of plague in Kumaon, 167

Plot, Dr, on Oxford Black Assizes, 382,
on mildness of smallpox, 467

Plymouth, plague in 1579, 348,
in 1590-91, 351,
sickness in the fleet in 1625, 521-2,
plague in 1626, 523

=Poll-tax= of 1377, population reckoned from, 200

=Poor-laws=, origin of, 362-3,
Jones on, 394

=Population= of towns in Domesday, 23-24,
kept small by death of infants, 25,
after the Black Death, 200-204.
See also “London,” “Norwich.”

Portsmouth, plague in Venetian galley 1546, 303,
plague 1625, 524,
1666, 688

=Posting sweat=, 260,
posting fever, 378

=Pox, the French=, in Scotland, 417,
in England, 419,
Erasmus on, 421,
meagre writings on, 415, 422,
Clowes on, 423,
Read on, 425,
Banister on, 427,
Graunt on, 428,
origin of epidemic, 429-438

Presteign, the sweat of 1551, 259,
plague in 1638, 542

Preston, wills proved after Black Death, 138 _note_,
plague at in 1631, 527

Procopius, on a plague-immunity, 675 _note_

=Quarantine=, (forty days) for the Court in 1516, 290, 312,
in 1518, 313,
of persons in 1543, 313,
houses in 1563, 317,
in 1568, 318,
proposed for shipping at Gravesend in 1568, 337,
at Inchkeith in 1475, 235, 360,
details of at Inchcolm in 1564, 363,
case of at ditto, 367,
18th cent. law of, 672

Radnorshire, plague in 1638, 542

=Rats=, death of in plague-time, in Kumaon, 167,
in Yun-nan, 168,
in China, 169,
in Gujerat, 170,
ref. to by Lodge (1603), 173

Read, John, of Gloucester, on pox grown milder, 425,
describes mountebank, 426

Renfrewshire, plague in in 1601, 370

Renny, on plague in Garhwal, 167

Rhazes, “the pills of”, 254,
source of medieval teaching on smallpox, 440

_Richard II._, “infection and the hand of war”, 547

Richard of Devizes, on London in 12th cent., 34,
on dislike of the Franks to soapboilers and scavengers, 329

Richmond, Yorks, reduced by Black Death, 191,
plague in 1597-8, 359

Ripon, corn at in famine, 40,
leper-hospital at, 93

Robert of Brunne, describes effects of famine, 48

Rocher, M., on plague in Yun-nan, 168

Rochester, late leper foundation at, 97,
plague at in 1665, 681

Roger of Wendover, stories of avarice, 39, 40,
on the friars, 41

Rogers, Thorold, on prices of corn 13th century, 37, 43,
on rye in England, 64,
on villenage, 184 _note_,
wages after the Black Death, 185,
on new system of farming after ditto, 192,
paralysis of wool-trade after ditto, 193,
on good diet of the English in 15th cent., 222,
introduction of inferior bread, 224 _note_

Rome, medieval epidemics at, 3, 10

Rouen, siege of, 222

Royston, fevers in 1625, 505,
plague in 1625, 525,
in 1665, 682

=Rye-corn=, spurred, 53,
little grown in England, 64

St Albans, school of annalists, 37,
burials at in 1247, 42,
famine in 1315, 48,
leper-hospitals at, 90,
admission to ditto, 102,
Black Death in the abbey, 131,
pestilence in 1431, 225,
plague in 1578, 347

St Andrews, plague at in 1585, 368,
in 1605, 503,
in 1647, 563

St Christopher, the French in, 618,
yellow fever in 1648, 621, 633

St Domingo, English attempt on, 634-6

St Giles’s, Cripplegate,
churchyard, 334,
modes of burial, 335,
populous parish, 472,
the Great Plague in, 649

St Giles’s-in-the-Fields, leper-hospital of, 83, 88,
Great Plague begins at, 656

St Johnstone, see Perth

St Kilda, boat-cold, 274

St Olave’s parish, plague of 1603, 478,
description of, 479

St Paul’s, churchyard, state of in 1582, 333,
the charnel-house of, 334

St Sepulchre’s parish, plague of 1563 in, 306,
churchyard of, 334

Salvetti, on the plague of 1625, 512, 519,
describes a fast, 513

Sandwich, plague in 1609, 500,
in 1635-37, 528,
in 1665, 681, 688

=Sanitary Act=, the first, 324

Sayer, Dr H., treats plague at Oxford in 1645, 559

=Scavengers=, at Ipswich, 327,
duties of at Exeter, 327,
in London, 328

=Scurvy=, in voyages, 579, 581-5, 594-6, 599-609,
among the French in Canada, 580, 597,
in a coaster, 597,
lime-juice for, 595, 601, 602-3,
pericarditis in, 580 _note_

Scyllatius, Nicolas, on French pox at Barcelona in 1494, 434

=Searchers=, at Shrewsbury in 1539, 320 _note_,
in London, 319, 321,
oath taken by in St Mary-le-Bow, 322,
at Colchester, 689 _note_

Seebohm, F., on mortality of Black Death among clergy, 134,
ditto in manor of Winslow, 136,
on remote effects of Black Death, 196

Shakespeare, John, fined, 327

Shakespeare, Wm., his business interfered with by plague, 495,
dies in a sickly year, 536.
See also titles of plays.

=Shambles=, a nuisance in London, 216, 324, 325, 330, 487

Sheppey, plague, 348

Sherborne, plague in 1611, 501,
in 1665, 681

Sherburn, leper-hospital at, 94

Short, Dr Thomas, his epidemiological works, 57 _note_, 404

Shrewsbury, privilege of lepers at, 99,
new civic class after Black Death, 199,
sweat of 1551, 259,
plague at in 1525, 292,
in 1536-7, 301, 302,
in 1575, 340,
in 1592-3, 357,
in 1604, 499,
in 1630, 527,
in 1650, 564

Simpson, Sir James, on leprosy in Scotland, 106 _note_,
on syphilis in Scotland, 418

Skeat, Dr, on the derivation of “measles”, 451 _note_

Skene, Dr Gilbert, on moles in plague-time, 173 _note_,
on cadaveric cause of plague, 336,
his book on plague (1568), 363-5

“=Slaedan=,” Irish name supposed of influenza, 398 _note_

=Slave-ships=, ordure of, 630

=Slave-trade=, early history of, 614-17,
mortality of, 625-28

=Smallpox=, originally an Arabic subject, 439,
in the Elephant War, 441,
nature and affinities of, 442-4,
in medieval compends, 446 and _note_,
Gaddesden’s alleged case, 447-8,
erroneously chronicled in 1366, 455,
in England 16th cent., 456-62,
case of in 1561, 459,
in 17th cent., 463,
Fracastori on, 467,
among American Indians (immunity of English), 613,
in Hispaniola, 615,
type of in Africans, 627,
in slave-ships 625, 627,
confused with great pox, 436-7, 456, 464, 468

Somersetshire, Black Death in, 117,
spotted fever in, 543

Southampton, plague in Venetian galley in 1519, 292,
plague in 1625, 524,
in 1665, 681

Southwell Abbey, plague in 1471, 230,
in 1478, 232

Spanish Main, sickness of English ships off, 588, 591

Spanish Town, mortality at in 1655, 638-642

Sprat, Bishop, on “remedy” of the sweat, 243

Stamford, plague in 1574, 339,
in 1580, 348,
in 1602-3, 360, 496,
in 1641, 545

Stapleton, Sir Ph., dies of plague at Calais, 546

Stepney, plague begins at in 1603, 477, 480,
plague of 1625 in, 511

=Stews= suppressed, 420

Stirling, grandgore at in 1498, 418,
plague at in 1606, 503

Stockport, plague, 498

Stoke (Newark), plague after siege, 560

Stoke Pogis, plague at in 1625, 520

“=Stop-gallant=,” “=Stop-knave=,” names of the sweat, 260, 262, 263

Stourbridge, leper-hospital, 93

Stratford, bread-carts, 215 _note_

Stratford-on-Avon, plague at, 309,
nuisance at, 327

Swainsthorpe, plague in 1479, 232

=Sweat, the English=, 1st epidemic, 235-243,
2nd epidemic, 243-5,
3rd epidemic, 245-250,
4th epidemic, 250-255,
5th epidemic, 259-263,
the epidemic of 1529 on the Continent, 256-259,
supposed sweats in England after 1551, 264, 280, 403, 413 _note_,
at Tiverton, 554,
supposed sweat in Flanders in 1551, 264 _note_,
supposed sweat in Ireland, 252 _note_, 400 _note_,
antecedents of in 1485, 265, 270, 273,
causes of (supposed) in London, 267,
a disease of the well-to-do, 263, 268,
extinction of, 279,
favouring conditions of the outbreaks, 276-9,
mortality from, 250, 251, 260-262,
abroad, 257,
symptoms of, 241, 246, 251,
theory of, 273,
treatment of, 242

=Sweat of Picardy=, 271

=Sweating= in influenza, 403, 554,
in war-typhus, 554

=Syphilis=, probably included under _lepra_, 72-75, 434, 437.
See also POX, THE FRENCH

Talifoo, modern plague, 168

Tana, 144, 147

Taylor, John, “water-poet”, 512

=Texas fever=, 274

Thame, war-fever at, 548-9

Thayre, Th., see Phaer

Thomson, Dr G., dissection of plague-body, 677

_Timon of Athens_, the pox described (Act IV. sc. 3), 428

Tittenhanger, Henry VIII. at, 254

Tiverton, plague at in 1591, 351,
sickness in 1597, 411,
war-typhus (“sweating sickness”) at in 1644, 552-5

=Tobacco= in plague-time, 674, 682

Torella, on origin of French pox, 434

Totness, plague at in 1590, 351,
in 1647, 561

Tottenham, in plague of 1625, 518, 520

Tregony, plague at in 1595, 357

Tripe, Andrew, his poem on the pox, 432 _note_

Trumpington, plague in 1625, 525

Truro, decayed, 221,
plague in 1578, 347

Tuke, Brian, on the sweat of 1528, 255

Turner, Mrs Anne, 487 _note_

Turner, Dr P., arsenic in plague, 487

Turner, of Boulogne, preaches against burials in the city, 336

Twyford, plague in 1603, 493

Tynemouth, plague during siege, 557

Uffculme, sweat at in 1551, 262

Valencia, cases of French pox at, 434-5

Vasco da Gama, scurvy in his ships, 579

Vatican, the French pox in the, 416

Vetlianka, modern plague at, 172

Vincent, Rev. Thomas, his experiences of the Great Plague, 648, 664, 670

Virgil, Polydore, on the sweat, 237, 240,
on treatment of ditto, 242

Virginia, voyages to, 590, 609-612

Wales, pestilence in the marches of in 1234, 12,
Giraldus on, 21,
famine in 1189, 35,
leper-law of, 106,
Black Death in, 118,
plague and fever in 1638, 541

Wallingford, after Black Death, 195,
small pox, measles and plague, 291,
plague at, 559

“=Wame-ill=,” Scots famine-sickness in 1438-9, 235

=Wands= carried in plague time, 314-5

Wells, Black Death in diocese of, 117,
plague at in 1575, 340

West Indies, colonization of, 617 _et seq._

Whickham, plague, 501

White, Gilbert, on causes of leprosy, 110

Whitmore, H., on fever in 1651, 566,
on fever and influenza in 1658-9, 572-4

=Whooping-cough=, or the kink, 459

Willan, Dr, 4, 440

William of Newburgh, story of plague at Annan, 11,
famine-fever of 1196, 35,
Durham leper-hospital, 94

Willis, Dr T., on the war typhus of 1643, 547, 549,
on plague at Oxford &c., 559,
on the fevers and (or) influenzas of 1657-8, 568-572

=Wills=, in Black Death, in London, 117-18, 186,
in Lancashire, 138 _note_,
in Colchester, 186;
in London in 1361, 203,
in 1368, 216

Wilton, sweat at 252

Winchester, plague at in 1603, 489,
in 1625, 521 _note_,
in 1666, 687, 691

Winslow, manor of, 136

Wisbech, plague at in 1586, 349

Wither, George, on plague of 1625, 512

Woburn, sweat at, 252

Wolsey, the sweat in his household, 247, 252, 253,
letter from Anne Boleyn to, 255,
charged with the great pox, 422

Woodall, John, describes the plague-bubo, 122,
on scurvy, 603-6

Woodstock, sickness near, 291,
plague, 292

Wool trade after Black Death, 179, 193

Wyclif, on decrease of population, 201

Yarmouth, Black Death in, 130,
decline of, 195, 221;
plague in 1579, 348,
in 1625, 525,
in 1635-6, 528,
in 1664-5, 680

=Yellow Fever=, epidemic of at Bridgetown in 1647, 620,
in St Christopher, 621,
case of described, 623,
characters of, 624,
in “Regalia” and “La Pique”, 629,
theory of in slave-ports, 630-31,
as a soil-poison, 632-3,
question of, in Drake’s fleet, 518-9

York, wasting of, 27,
hospital at, 87,
Black Death at, 118, 131,
ditto in diocese of, 134,
size of after ditto, 201,
plague in 1391, 220,
in 1485, 282,
plague or sweat in 1551, 261,
plague in 1604, 489

Yun-nan, modern plague, 168

Yusufzai, bubonic typhus in, 171

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The references to the Justinian plague by contemporary and later historians have been collected, together with partly irrelevant matter about portents and earthquakes, by Val. Seibel, _Die grosse Pest zur Zeit Justinian’s I._ Dillingen, 1857. The author, a layman, throws no light upon its origin.

[2] Beda, _Hist. Eccles._ Eng. Hist. Society’s ed. p. 243: “qui ubi Romam pervenit, cujus sedi apostolicae tempore illo Vitalianus praeerat, postquam itineris sui causam praefato papae apostolico patefecit, non multo post et ipse et omnes pene, qui cum eo advenerant, socii, pestilentia superveniente, deleti sunt.”

[3] _Flores Histor._ by Roger of Wendover. Eng. Hist. Society’s ed. I. 180.

[4] _Ibid._ I. 228.

[5] _Miscellaneous Works of the late Robert Willan, M.D., F.R.S., F.A.S._ Edited by Ashby Smith, M.D. London, 1831. ‘An Enquiry into the Antiquity of the Smallpox etc.’ p. 108.

[6] _Annals of the Four Masters_, ed. O’Donovan, Dublin, 1851, I. 183. “A.D. 543. There was an extraordinary universal plague through the world, which swept away the noblest third part of the human race.”

p. 187. “A.D. 548. Of the mortality which was called Cron Chonaill--and that was the first Buide Chonaill [_flava ictericia_],--these saints died,” several names following. The entries of that plague are under different years in the various original Annals.

[7] “Eodem anno dominicae incarnationis sexcentesimo sexagesimo quarto, facta erat eclipsis solis die tertio mensis Maii, hora circiter decima diei; quo etiam anno subita pestilentiae lues, depopulatis prius australibus Brittaniae plagis, Nordanhymbrorum quoque provinciam corripiens, atque acerba clade diutius longe lateque desaeviens, magnam hominum multitudinem stravit. Qua plaga praefatus Domini sacerdos Tuda raptus est de mundo, et in monasterio, quod dicitur Paegnalaech, honorifice sepultus. Haec autem plaga Hiberniam quoque insulam pari clade premebat. Erant ibidem eo tempore multi nobilium simul et mediocrium de gente Anglorum, qui tempore Finani et Colmani episcoporum, relicta insula patria, vel divinae lectionis, vel continentioris vitae gratia, illo secesserant.... Erant inter hos duo juvenes magnae indolis, de nobilibus Anglorum, Aedilhun et Ecgberct,” etc. Beda’s _Hist. Eccles._ ed. Stevenson. Engl. Hist. Soc. I. p. 231.

[8] _Ibid._ p. 240.

[9] _Annals of the Four Masters_, I. 275.

[10] Thorpe, in his edition of Florence of Worcester, for the Eng. Hist. Society, I. 25.

[11] The first of Beda’s incidents of the Barking monastery relates to a miraculous sign in the heavens showing where the cemetery was to be. It begins: “Cum tempestas saepe dictae cladis, late cuncta depopulans, etiam partem monasterii hujus illam qua viri tenebantur, invasisset, et passim quotidie raperentur ad Dominum.”

[12] “Erat in eodem monasterio [Barking] puer trium circiter, non amplius annorum, Æsica nomine, qui propter infantilem adhuc aetatem in virginum Deo dedicatarum solebat cella nutriri, ibique medicari. Hic praefata pestilentia tactus ubi ad extrema pervenit clamavit tertio unam de consecratis Christo virginibus, proprio eam nomine quasi praesentem alloquens ‘Eadgyd, Eadgyd, Eadgyd’; et sic terminans temporalem vitam intravit aeternam. At virgo illa, quam moriens vocabat, ipso quo vocata est die de hac luce subtracta, et ilium qui se vocavit ad regnum coeleste secuta est.” Beda, p. 265. Then follows the story of a nun dying of the pestilence in the same monastery.

[13] Beda, Lib. IV. cap. 14. In addition to the instances in the text, which I have collected from Beda’s _Ecclesiastical History_, I find two mentioned by Willan in his “Inquiry into the Antiquity of the Smallpox,” (_Miscell. Works_, London, 1821, pp. 109, 110): “About the year 672, St Cedda, Bishop of the East Saxons, being on a visitation to the monastery of Lestingham, was infected with a contagious distemper, and died on the seventh day. Thirty monks, who came to visit the tomb of their bishop, were likewise infected, and most of them died” (_Vita S. Ceddae_, VII. Jan. p. 375. Cf. Beda, IV. 3). Again: “In the course of the year 685, the disease re-appeared at Lindisfarne, (Holy Island), St Cuthbert’s abbacy, and in 686 spread through the adjoining district, where it particularly affected children” (_Vita S. Cuthberti_, cap. 33). Willan’s erudition has been used in support of a most improbable hypothesis, that the pestilence of those years, in monasteries and elsewhere, was smallpox.

[14] _Historia Abbatum Gyrvensium, auctore anonymo_, §§ 13 and 14. (App. to vol. II. of Beda’s works. Eng. Hist. Society’s edition, p. 323.)

§ 13. Qui dum transmarinis moraretur in locis [Benedict] ecce subita pestilentiae procella Brittaniam corripiens lata nece vastavit, in qua plurimi de utroque ejus monasterio, et ipse venerabilis ac Deo dilectus abbas Eosterwini raptus est ad Dominum, quarto ex quo abbas esse coeperat anno.

§ 14. Porro in monasterio cui Ceolfridus praeerat omnes qui legere, vel praedicare, vel antiphonas ac responsoria dicere possent ablati sunt excepto ipso abbate et uno puerulo, qui ab ipso nutritus et eruditus.

In the Article “Baeda,” _Dict. Nat. Biog._, the Rev. W. Hunt points out that the boy referred to in the above passage would have been Beda himself.

[15] The history of the name _pestis flava ictericia_ is given by O’Donovan in a note to the passage in the _Annals of the Four Masters_, I. 275: “Icteritia vel aurigo, id est abundantia flavae bilis, per corpus effusae, hominemque pallidum reddentis,” is the explanation of P. O’S. Beare. The earliest mention of “yellow plague” appears to have been in an ancient life of St Gerald of Mayo, in Colgan’s _Acta Sanctorum_, at the calendar date of 13th March.

[16] _Polychronicon_, Rolls edition, V. 250.

[17] _The Story of England_, Rolls series, ed. Furnivall, II. 569.

[18] Rolls series, ed. Thorpe, I. 136, 137 (Transl. II. 60). Also in Gervase of Canterbury, Rolls series, ed. Stubbs, II. 348.

[19] _Chronicon Abbatiae Ramesiensis_, Rolls ed. 1886, p. 397.

[20] According to an inquisition of 2 Edward III., the abbey of Croyland contained in 1328, forty-one monks, besides fifteen “corrodiarii” and thirty-six servitors. _Chronicle of Croyland_ in Gale, I. 482.

[21] _Epistolae Cantuarienses_, Rolls series, No. 38, ed. Stubbs, Epist. CCLXXII. p. 254, and Introduction, p. lxvii.

[22] William of Newburgh, Rolls ed. p. 481.

[23] Ralph of Coggeshall, Rolls series, No. 66, p. 112.

[24] Roger of Wendover, III. 72.

[25] In the Life of St Hugh of Lincoln, who died in 1200, or eight years before the Papal Interdict, there is a clear reference to difficulties thrown by the priests in the way of burial, especially for the poor, and perhaps in a time of epidemic sickness such as the years 1194-6. See _Vita S. Hugonis Lincolnensis_, Rolls series, No. 37, pp. 228-233.

[26] Eadmer, _l. c._

[27] _Polychronicon_, Rolls ed. VII. 90.

[28] _Gesta Pontificum_, Rolls ed. p. 171. Another narrator of the story of St Elphege and the Danes is Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls ed. p. 179); he says nothing of the pestilence, but describes the sack of Canterbury. Eadmer also (_Historia Novorum in Anglia_, Rolls ser. 81, p. 4) omits the pestilence.

[29] Quoted by Higden, _Polychronicon_, Rolls ed. II. 18. This may have been one of Henry of Huntingdon’s poems which were extant in Leland’s time, but are now lost.

[30] _Polychronicon_, II. 166.

[31] Marchand, _Étude sur quelques épidémies et endémies du moyen âge_ (Thèse), Paris, 1873, p. 49, with a reference to Fuchs, “Das heilige Feuer im Mittelalter” in Hecker’s _Annalen_, vol. 28, p. 1, which journal I have been unable to consult.

[32] Giraldus Cambrensis, _Topographia Hiberniae_, in Rolls edition of his works, No. 21, vol. V.

[33] “Itinerarium Walliae” and “Descriptio Kambriae,” _Opera_, vol. VI.

[34] _Polychronicon_, I. 410.

[35] William of Newburgh, _sub anno_ 1157, I. 107.

[36] _Europe during the Middle Ages_, chap. IX.

[37] I have used for this purpose Merewether and Stephens’ _History of Boroughs_, 3 vols. 1835.

[38] _Leechdoms, Wort-cunning and Starcraft of Early England._ Edited by Cockayne for the Rolls Series, 3 vols. 1864-66.

[39] It is illustrative of the confusion which arises from careless copying by later compilers of history that Roger of Wendover, in his _Flores Historiarum_ (Eng. Hist. Society’s edition I. 159), takes Beda’s Sussex reference to famine and makes it do duty, under the year 665, for the great general plague of 664, having apparently overlooked Beda’s entirely distinct account of the latter.

[40] _Hist. Eccles._ § 290:--“Siquidem tribus annis ante adventum ejus in provinciam, nulla illis in locis pluvia ceciderat, unde et fames acerbissima plebem invadens inopia nece prostravit. Denique ferunt quia saepe quadraginta simul aut quinquaginta homines inedia macerati procederent ad praecipitium aliquod sive ripam maris, et junctis misere manibus pariter omnes aut ruina perituri, aut fluctibus absorbendi deciderent. Verum ipso die, quo baptisma fidei gens suscepit illa, descendit pluvia serena sed copiosa, refloruit terra, rediit viridantibus arvis annus laetus et frugifer.”

[41] Green _Short History of the English People_, p. 39: “The very fields lay waste, and the land was scourged by famine and plague.” I have missed this reference to plague in the original authorities. A passage in Higden’s _Polychronicon_ (V. 258) may relate to that period, although it is referred to the mythical time of Vortigern.

[42] Stow, in enumerating the instances of public charity in his _Survey of London_, ascribes the melting of the church plate to Ethelwald, bishop of Winchester in the reign of King Edgar, about the year 963.

[43] The murrain was a flux, _anglicé_ “scitha” (Roger of Howden) or “schitta” (Bromton).

[44] Simeon of Durham, in Rolls series, II. 188. As to fugitives, see Chr. Evesham, p. 91.

[45] _Gesta Pontif. Angl._ p. 208.

[46] Simeon of Durham, “On the Miracles of St Cuthbert,” _Works_, II. 338-40.

[47] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Malmesbury adds “a mortality of men.”

[48] William of Malmesbury, _Gest. Reg._ Eng. Hist. Soc. II. 452.

[49] Malmesbury’s construction is repeated by Henry of Huntingdon, Rolls ed. p. 209. Florence of Worcester merely says: “primo febribus, deinde fame.”

[50] Henry of Huntingdon, p. 232.

[51] Annals of Winchester, _sub anno_ 1096.

[52] “Septimo anno propter tributa quae rex in Normannia positus edixerat, agricultura defecit; qua fatiscente fames e vestigio; ea quoque invalescente mortalitas hominum subsecuta, adeo crebra ut deesset morituris cura, mortuis sepultura.” _Gest. Reg._ II. 506. Copied in the Annals of Margan, Rolls ed. II. 506.

[53] _Râs Mâlâ_, by A. Kinloch Forbes, 2nd ed. p. 543.

[54] _Ibid._

[55] Thomas Whyte, “Report on the disease which prevailed in Kattywar in 1819-20.” _Trans. Med. Phys. Soc. Bombay_, I. (1838), p. 169. See also Gilder, _ibid._ p. 192; Frederick Forbes _ibid._ II. 1, and Thesis on Plague, Edin. 1840.

[56] In 1110 the tax was for the dower of the king’s daughter on her marriage. That also was parallel with a feudal right in Gujerat: “When a chief has to portion a daughter, or to incur other similar necessary expense, he has the right of imposing a levy upon the cultivators to meet it.” A. Kinloch Forbes, _Râs Mâlâ_, 2nd ed. p. 546. Refusal to plough, _temp._ Henry I. is stated by Pearson, I. 442.

[57] Malmesbury, _Gest. Pont._ p. 442; H. of Huntingdon; Annals of Margan; Roger of Howden.

[58] Also in the Annals of Osney: “Mortalitas maxima hominum in Anglia.”

[59] “Attenuata est Anglia, ut ex regno florentissimo infelicissimum videretur.” William of Newburgh, Rolls ed. p. 39.

[60] Henry of Huntingdon, _sub anno_ 1138.

[61] _Gesta Stephani_, Rolls series, No. 82, vol. III. p. 99. The author is conjectured to have been a foreigner in the service of the bishop of Winchester, brother of the king.

[62]

“Affluit ergo fames; consumpta carne gementes
Exhalant animas ossa cutisque vagas.
Quis tantos sepelire queat coetus morientium?
Ecce Stigis facies, consimilisque lues.”

[63] William of Newburgh, _sub anno_ 1149.

[64] Stow’s _Survey of London_, Popular ed. (1890) p. 116.

[65] “Recentium esus carnium et haustus aquae, tam insolitus quam incognitus, plures de regis exercitu panis inedia laborantes, fluxu ventris afflixit in Hybernia.” Radulphus de Diceto, _Imagines Historiar._ I. 350.

[66] Benedict of Peterborough, I. 104, and, in identical terms, in Roger of Howden.

[67] The speaker is represented as a Jew in France. It is significant that the massacre of the Jews at Lynn in 1190 is stated by William of Newburgh to have been instigated by the _foreign_ traders.

[68] Ricardus Divisiensis. Eng. Hist. Society’s ed. p. 60.

[69] Description of London, prefixed to Fitzstephen’s Life of Becket. Reproduced in Stow’s _Survey of London_.

[70] _Petri Blesensis omnia opera_, ed. Giles, Epist. CLI. The number of churches may seem large for the population; but it should be kept in mind that these city parish churches were mere chapels or oratories, like the side-chapels of a great church. Indeed, at Yarmouth, they were actually built along the sides of the single great parish church; whereas, at Norwich, there were sixty of them standing each in its own small parish area, the Cathedral, as well as the other conventual churches, being the greater places of worship. Lincoln is said to have had 49 of these small churches, and York 40. An example of them remains in St Peter’s at Cambridge.

[71] William of Newburgh, p. 431.

[72] _Ibid._

[73] “His quoque nostris diebus, ingruente famis inedia, et maxima pauperum turba quotidie ad januam jacente, de communi patrum consilio, ad caritatis explendae sufficientiam, propter bladum in Angliam navis Bristollum missa est.” _Itiner. Walliae_, Rolls ed. VI. 68. The itinerary of Bishop Baldwin, which the author follows, was in 1188; but the “his quoque nostris diebus” clearly refers to a later date, which may have been the year after, or may have been the more severe famine of 1195-7 or of 1203.

[74] _Histor. Rer. Angl._, Rolls series, No. 82, vol. I. pp. 460, 484.

[75] Ralph of Coggeshall, _sub anno_.

[76] “Variis infirmitatibus homines per Angliam vexantur et quamplures moriuntur,” Annals of Margan, Rolls series, No. 36.

[77] Roger of Wendover, _Fl. Hist._ Rolls ed.

[78] Matthew Paris, _Chronica Majora_, Rolls series, No. 57, ed. Luard, vol. V.

[79] Rishanger in _Chron. Monast. S. Albani_, Rolls series, No. 28.

[80] John Trokelowe, _ibid._

[81] Wendover, II. 162, 171, 190, 205.

[82] Wendover, III. 95, 98.

[83] “Qui ex avaritia inopiam semper habent suspectam.”

[84] Alboldslea, or Abbotsley, was the parish of which the famous Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln, was rector (perhaps non-resident) down to 1231, or to within three years of the date of the above anecdote. The existing church is of great age, and may well have been the actual edifice in which the scene was enacted.

[85] Wendover, III. 96.

[86] _Ibid._ III. 19, 27.

[87] Wendover, III. 381.

[88] William of Newburgh, _sub anno_ 1196.

[89] On the other hand John Stow seems to have acquired, from some unstated source, an extraordinary prejudice against him.

[90] Matthew Paris, _Chron. Maj._ ed. Luard, V. 663, 675.

[91] Annals of Tewkesbury in _Annales Monastici_, Rolls series, No. 36.

[92] _Chronica Majora_, IV. 647; Stow, _Survey of London_.

[93] _Chron. Maj._ IV. 654.

[94] _Chr. Maj._ V. 660. Other details occur here and there to the end of the chronicle.

[95] This is the number given by Matthew Paris. It suggests a larger population in the capital than we might have been disposed to credit. The same writer says that London was so full of people when the parliament was sitting the year before (1257) that the city could hardly hold them all in her ample bosom. The Annals of Tewkesbury put the whole mortality from famine and fever in London in 1258 at 20,000. But the whole population did not probably exceed 40,000.

[96] The year 1274 was the beginning of so exceptional a murrain of sheep that it deserves mention here, although murrains do not come within the scope of the work. It is recorded by more than one contemporary. Rishanger (p. 84) says: “In that year a disastrous plague of sheep seized upon England, so that the sheep-folds were everywhere emptied through the spreading of it. It lasted for twenty-eight years following, so that no farm of the whole kingdom was without the infliction of that misery. Many attributed the cause of this disease, which the inhabitants had not been acquainted with before, to a certain rich man of the Frankish nation, who settled in Northumberland, having brought with him a certain sheep of Spanish breed, the size of a small two year old ox, which was ailing and contaminated all the flocks of England by handing on its disease to them.” Under the year following, 1275, he enters it again, using the term “scabies.” Thorold Rogers (_Hist. of Agric. and Prices_, I. 31) has found “scab” of sheep often mentioned in the bailiffs’ accounts from about 1288; it is assumed to have become permanent from the item of tar occurring regularly in the accounts; but tar was used ordinarily for marking. It may have been sheep-pox, which Fitzherbert, in his _Book of Husbandry_ (edition of 1598), describes under the name of “the Poxe,” giving a clear account of the way to deal with it by isolation. For murrains in general, the reader may consult Fleming’s _Animal Plagues_, 2 vols. 1871--1884, a work which is mostly compiled (with meagre acknowledgment for “bibliography” only) from the truly learned work of Heusinger, _Recherches de Pathologie Comparée_, Cassel, 1844. Fleming has used only the “pièces justificatives,” and has not carried the history beyond the point where Heusinger left it.

[97] Continuation of Wm. of Newburgh, Rolls series No. 82, vol. II. p. 560: “Facta est magna fames per universam Angliam et maxime partibus occidentalibus. In Hibernia vero tres pestes invaluerunt, sc. mortalitas, fames, et gladius: per guerram mortalem praevalentibus Hybernicis et Anglicis succumbentibus. Qui vero gladium et famem evadere potuerunt, peste mortalitatis praeventi sunt, ita ut vivi mortuis sepeliendis vix sufficere valerent.”

[98] See also the continuation of the chronicle of Florence of Worcester, Bohn’s series, p. 405.

[99] Rishanger’s annals, 1259-1305, and Trokelowe’s, 1307-1323, are printed in the volumes of _Chronica Monast. S. Albani_, No. 28 of the Rolls series.

[100] Furnivall’s ed. Rolls series, No. 87, vol. II. 569, 573.

[101] Chronicle of William Gregory, Camden Society, ed. Gairdner, 1876.

[102] _Annales Londonienses_, Rolls series, No. 76, ed. Stubbs. Introduction, p. lxxvi.

[103] _Ibid._ (_Annales Paulini_), p. 238.

[104] _Ibid._ p. 304.

[105] _Epistolae Cantuarienses_, Rolls series, No. 38, II. Introduction by Stubbs, p. xxxii.

[106] _Epistolae Cantuarienses_, Rolls series, No. 38, II. Introduction by Stubbs, p. cxix.

[107] Ralph of Coggeshall, Rolls series, No. 66, p. 156.

[108] He might have been, and probably was, the prototype of the physician Nathan Ben Israel, in the 35th Chapter of _Ivanhoe_.

[109] Adam de Marisco to Grosseteste, _Mon. Francisc._ ed. Brewer, I. 113.

[110] I have not succeeded in finding this in the author’s writings, and quote it at second hand.

[111] Quoted, without date, by Marchand, _Étude historique et nosographique sur quelques épidémies et endémies du moyen âge_. Paris, 1873.