Chapter XVIII: Modes of Mammalian Evolution (2)

=Tuberosities= (of the humerus), heavy projections from the upper end
of the bone, in front of the head.

=Tubulidentata=, the Aard Vark; an order of placental mammals.

=Tylopoda=, Camels and Llamas; suborder of Artiodactyla.

=Tympanic=, a bone forming the support of the ear-drum and usually
inflated into a hollow capsule.

=†Typotheres=, _see_ †Typotheria.

=†Typotheria=, an extinct suborder of the †Toxodontia.

=Ulna=, the external bone of the fore-arm.

=Unciform=, the external bone in the lower row of the carpus;
supports the fourth and fifth digits, or ring and little
fingers.

=Unconformity=, the relation between two groups of strata, one of
which was deposited upon the worn surface or upturned edges of
the other.

=Ungual phalanx=, the terminal joint of a digit, which supports the
claw, nail or hoof.

=Unguiculata=, clawed mammals; cohort of Monodelphia.

=Ungulata=, hoofed mammals; cohort of Monodelphia.

=Ungulates=, _see_ Ungulata.

=Uterus=, the womb.

=Vagina=, the genital canal of the female.

=Variety=, a more or less constant group within a species.

=Vertebra=, a joint of the backbone.

=Vertebral column=, the backbone.

=Viviparous=, producing living young.

=†Zeuglodontia=, an extinct order of Cetacea.

=Zygapophyses=, the projecting processes, by means of which
successive vertebræ are articulated together.

=Zygomatic arch=, a bony bridge from the eye-socket to the hinder
part of the cranium.

INDEX

N. B.—The most important references are in =heavy-faced type=; technical names of genera and species are italicized, though most of the specific names are omitted as unnecessary. Extinct groups are indicated by a dagger (†).

Aard Vark, 60

_†Abderites_, 627, =641= (jaw fig.)

_†Achænodon_, 273, 361, 369 (skull fig.), =370=

†Achænodonts, Bridger, 369;
Uinta, 369;
Wasatch, 370

†Acœlodidæ, 477

Adaptive radiation, 655

_†Adinotherium_, 462, =473=, 474 (restoration)

_†Adpithecus_, 462

_†Ælurocyon_, 517, 551

_†Ælurodon_, 517, =527=

_Ælurus_, 546

Africa, 184, 245, 328, 332, 417, 419, 421, 422, 426, 442, 458, 481,
551, 579, 642, 656;
elephants of, 138;
mammals of, 145;
zoölogy of, 146

AGASSIZ, L., 129

Age, geological, 15

Agouti, 185 (fig.)

_Agouti_, 183 (fig.), 185

Agoutis, Pleistocene, 218

†Agriochœridæ, 247, 250, 361, =383=, 484, 652;
Eocene, 383;
John Day, 250, 383;
Oligocene, 383;
Uinta, 267, 385;
White River, 268, 383

†Agriochœrids, _see_ †Agriochœridæ

_†Agriochœrus_, 252 (restoration), 361, =383= (skull fig.), 384
(restoration), 385 (manus fig.)

Alachua stage, 127, 225

Alaska, 103, 106, 197, 199, 202, 203, 332, 418, 419, 420, 427, 433;
†Mammoth in, 40;
Miocene of, 118;
Oligocene of, 113;
Pleistocene glaciation in, 131;
volcanoes, 133;
Pliocene of, 125

_†Albertogaudrya_, 509, =512=

_Alce_, 65, 151, 156 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 411, 412

ALLEN, J. A., 141, 161

Alligators, 102

†Allothere, Paleocene., 642 (skull fig.)

†Allotheria, 59, 627, =642=

_Alouatta_, 578, =585=

Alps, Arctic animals and plants of, 193;
Eocene, 104

_†Alticamelus_, 224, 362, 388, =391=;
restoration, 236

Amazon, 585;
as barrier to species, 137

†Amblypoda, 60, =443=, 508;
Bridger, 269, 445;
Eocene, 443;
Puerco, 286, 454;
Torrejon, 285, 453;
Wasatch, 277, 452;
Wind River, 274, 450, 452

_†Amblytatus_, 592

AMEGHINO, F., 228, 263, 467, 471, 476, 496, 497, 613

America, connections of North and South, 123

American †Mastodon, 196;
restoration, 195

Americas, marsupials of, 138

Amherst expedition, 487

Amphibia, 55;
as ancestral to mammals, 643

_†Amphicyon_, 517, 524, =525=, 530

†Amphicyons, 558

_†Amphidolops_, 627

_†Amphiproviverra_, 627, =637=;
skull fig., 637

_†Amynodon_, 272, 291, 340, =348=, 349

†Amynodontinæ, 291, 340, 341, =346=, 350, 351, 353;
Bridger, 272, 350;
Oligocene, 339;
Uinta, 266, 348;
White River, 255, 346.

†Amynodonts, _see_ †Amynodontinæ

_†Anacodon_, 277, 554, =561=

_†Analcitherium_, 592

†Anaptomorphidæ, 578, 583

_†Anaptomorphus_, 281, 578, =581=;
head restored, 581

_†Anchitherium_, 290, 299

Ancon sheep, 660

†Ancylopoda, 60, 291, =353=;
Bridger, 357;
Miocene, 238, 355;
Pliocene, 224, 355

Andes, 178, 179, 180, 185, 189, 211, 213, 322, 548;
Eocene, 112;
Miocene, 124;
Pleist. glaciation, 133, 134;
Plioc. 128, 129

ANDREWS, C. W., 422, 435

Antarctic continent, 103, 123, 638

Ant-Bear, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 591, 355, 600, 601, 615

Anteater, Collared, 187, 188 (fig.);
Lesser, 591;
tree, 591;
Two-toed, 188

Anteaters, 60, 75, 94, 187, 189, 591, 593, 596;
Pleistocene, 218, 596;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596;
scaly, 60, 353;
spiny, 57, 59

Antelope, 202;
bones of, 35;
Mioc. restored, 237;
Prong-horned, 5, 162 (fig.)

Antelopes, 54, 60, 222, 312, 362, 409, =416=, 418;
flat-horned, 417;
goat-horned, 417;
Miocene, 235, 417;
Old World, 202;
Pleistocene, 202;
Pliocene, 224;
S. Amer., 213, 215, 221, 418, 466;
strepsicerine, 225, 417;
Tertiary, 419;
twisted-horned, 417

†Anthracotheres, _see_ †Anthracotheriidæ

†Anthracotheriidæ, 259, 266, 361, =370=, 381, 384, 386

_†Anthracotherium_, 259, 361, 371

Anthropoidea, 60, 578, 579, 580, =582=

Anthropoids, _see_ Anthropoidea

Antigua, 134

Antilles, Eocene, 112;
Miocene, 123;
Oligocene, 117;
Pliocene, 128

Antillia, 112;
Oligocene, 117

_Antilocapra_, 162 (fig.), 202, 225, 362, =416=, 417

Antilocapridæ, 362, =416=

Antilopidæ, 416

Antler, 411

Antwerp, 37

Apar, 592

Apes, 60, 577, 578, 582, 583;
night, 585

_†Aphelops_, 291

_Aplodontia_, 153, 233 (_see_ Sewellel)

Aplodontiidæ, 249

Appalachian Mts., 101, 150, 153

Aquatic habits, 2

Araucanian stage, 128

Arboreal animals, 2, 77, 84

Archæan period, 15

_†Archælurus_, 249, 517, 541, 543

†Archæohyracidæ, 462

_†Archæohyrax_, 462

†Archæopithecidæ, 462, 477

_†Archæotherium_, 259, 361, =367=;
manus fig., 367;
restoration, 252, =260=;
skull fig., 367;
teeth fig., 368

Arctic, archipelago, 125;
islands, 210;
fauna in Pleisto., 128;
mammals, 109;
regions, 128;
Cretac. climate of, 26;
Sea, 106;
shells, Pleisto., 27;
species, distribution of, 141;
zone, 147 (map), 148

†Arctocyonidæ, 554, 557, =561=, 575;
Torrejon, 285;
Wasatch, 561

_†Arctotherium_, 211, 517, =549=, 553;
head restor., 549

Argentina, 180, 185, 211, 213, 215, 218, 219, 245, 324, 391, 418,
436, 463, 466, 531, 586, 596, 597;
drought in, 33;
plains of, 133;
Pliocene of, 20, 128;
spread of horses and cattle in, 142

_†Argyrohippus_, 476

Arid province, 164

Aridity, evidences of, 24

Arikaree age, or stage, 17, =120=, 235, 259, 356

Armadillo, 5, 162, 591;
6-Banded, 189 (fig.), 592;
7-Banded, 592;
9-Banded, 190 (fig.), 592, 593;
11-Banded, 592;
Bridger, 268, =616=;
Giant, 190, 592, 612, 656;
Pygmy, 592;
restoration of Santa Cruz, 243, =480=

Armadillos, 60, 97, 141, 185, 189, 592, 593, 594, 595, =610=, 623,
624, 625;
Araucanian, 226;
Casa Mayor, 282, 595;
Deseado, 262, 595, 616;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 218, 596, 612, 613;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596, 612.
(_See also_ Dasypoda _and_ Dasypodidæ)

Artiodactyl, †primitive, restoration, 252

Artiodactyla, 54, 55, 60, 69, 247, 284, 310, 355, =358=, 402, 459,
460, 491, 507, 514;
Araucanian, 226, 227;
Blanco, 222;
Bridger, 273;
classification, 361;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 231, 235, 239;
Neotropical, 176;
North American, 176;
Old World, 176, 362;
Pleisto. N. Amer., 201;
S. Amer., 213;
Pliocene, 224;
†Primitiva, 60, 361, =370=;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 281;
White River, 255, 257;
Wind River, 275

Ash, volcanic, 29

Asia, 106, 239, 254, 258, 280, 317, 321, 328, 332, 352, 355, 369,
386, 390, 408, 413, 414, 417, 418, 419, 422, 426, 546, 550,
552, 579, 644;
circumpolar area, 148;
elephants of, 138;
hyracoids of, 138;
Minor, 458;
Pleisto. glaciation of, 130;
zoölogy of, 146

_†Asmodeus_, 462

Asphalt, 31

Ass, 52

Asses, 213, 292, 308

_†Asterostemma_, 592, 623

Astragalus, 88

_†Astraponotus_, 509, 512;
Beds, 20, =281=, 282, 476, 479, 487

†Astrapothere, Santa Cruz, restoration of head, 243

†Astrapotheres, _see_ †Astrapotheria

†Astrapotheria, 60, 489, =508=, 514;
of _†Astraponotus_ Beds, 282;
Casa Mayor, 283, 512;
Deseado, 264, 512;
Patagonian, 512;
Santa Cruz, 247, 508

_†Astrapothericulus_, 509, =512=

†Astrapotheriidæ, 509

_†Astrapotherium_, 243 (restor. of head), =509=, 510 (restor. of head)

_Ateles_, 578, =584=

Atlantic coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;
Miocene, 117, 120;
Oligocene, 113, 116;
Paleocene, 101;
Pliocene, 125;
Tertiary mammals of, 369

Atlantic Ocean, 106, 109;
connection with Pacific, 104

Atlas, 70 (fig.)

Auditory bulla, 66

Australia, 14, 21, 57, 58, 138, 140, 307, 340, 426, 461, 520, 550,
634;
marsupials of, 626;
Miocene, 123;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Pleistocene, 632, 634;
rabbits introduced, 142;
zoölogical peculiarity of, 145

Australian region, 640

Axis, 71 (fig.)

_Axis_, 46, 412

AZARA, 34

Baboons, 577, 582

Bad Lands, 107 (fig.)

Badger, 153, 162, 163, 168 (fig.), 517

Badgers, 174, 213, 518, 550, 551, 552;
Pleistocene, 203, 204, 205

Bahia Blanca, 129

Bandicoots, 626

Barriers to spread of mammals, 139

†Barytheria, 60

Basal Eocene, 99

_Bassariscus_, 517, 546, 547

Bat, 89

BATES, H. W., 585

_†Bathyopsis_, 275, 443, =450=, 451, 455

Bats, 59;
absence from Amer. Tertiary, 39;
in European Tertiary, 39;
West Indian, 191

Bear, Alaska Brown, 156 (fig.);
African, 548;
Black, 90 (pes fig.), 548 (teeth fig.);
Pampean, 622;
Polar, 148 (fig.), 548;
†Short-faced, 549 (restor. of head);
South American, 552;
Spectacled, 172 (fig.), 176, 517, 548

†Bear-dog, 222;
Miocene, 525 (restoration);
primitive, 523 (skull fig.)

†Bear-dogs, 523, =524=, 530, 554, 558;
John Day, 249;
Oligocene, 526;
Pliocene, 222;
Pleistocene, 524

Bears, 4, 59, 90, 152, 163, 517, 518, 519, =548=, 553, 554;
Old World, 204;
Old World origin of, 518, 549;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 203, 204, 549;
Pliocene, 223;
polar, 141;
†Short-faced, 210, 211, 517, =549=;
true, 211, 527, 549.
(_See also_ Ursidæ)

Beast, 1

Beasts of prey, 59, 92

Beaver, 2, 44, 157 (fig.);
dentition, 96 (fig.);
†Giant, 195 (restoration), =205=, 311, 222

Beaver Creek, Wyo., 12 (fig.)

Beavers, 60, 95, 153, 182;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 238;
Pliocene, 222;
White River, 254

BEDDARD, F. E., 580, 587

Bedded rocks, 6

Bering, Sea, 100, 101;
Strait, 197, 588;
opening and closing of, 23;
Pliocene, 125

BERRIDGE, W. L., 160, 171, 174, 175, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189, 320,
584, 633

Bicuspids, 93

Big Horn Basin, 107, 108, 109

Bighorn, 419

Binomial system of nomenclature, 42

Biogenetic law, 648

Birds, 655;
distribution of, 141;
migrations of, 143;
Santa Cruz, 244

Bison, 4, 152, 162, 358;
American, 154 (fig.);
entombment of, 36;
European, 152, 154 (fig.);
Wood, 162, 419

_Bison_, 202, 362, =420=;
_B. bison_, 152, 154 (fig.), =419=;
_B. bonasus_, 152, 154 (fig.), 420;
_B. †crassicornis_, 203, 420;
_B. †latifrons_, 203, 420;
_B. †occidentalis_, 589

Bisons, 409, 416, 418, =419=

Blanco age and stage, 17, =127=, 221, 388, 413, 551

_Blarina_, 163, 173

_Blastoceros_, 180 (fig.)

_†Blastomeryx_, 224, 241, 362, =414= (restoration), 657

Boar, Wild, 45 (fig. of sow and young), 46, 363

Bogs, burial of mammals in, 33

Bolivia, 178, 184, 215, 225, 436;
Pleistocene, 20, 211;
Pliocene, 129

Bones, gnawed, 36;
Pleistocene, 40;
preservation of, 36;
Tertiary, 40

_†Boöchœrus_, 361, 367

Boreal, fauna, 178;
region, 150;
subregion, 150;
zone, 147, 148 (map), 162, 164, 551, 588

_†Borhyæna_, 244, 494 (restoration), 627, =635=, 637 (skull fig.)

Borneo, 137, 327

_†Borophagus_, 517, 524, 530

_Bos_, 70

_†Bothriodon_, 252 (restoration), 259, 361, =370=, 371 (restoration)

Bovidæ, 362, =418=

†Bow-Tooth, 463

Brachyodont teeth, 95

_†Brachypsalis_, 517

BRACKETT, C. F., 368

_Bradypus_, 186 (fig.), 187, 591

Brain-casts, fossil, 41

Brazil, 118, 181, 190, 201, 213, 215, 218, 219, 221, 245, 324, 391,
436, 527, 530, 552;
caverns of, 19, 30, 133, 211, 218, 221, 586, 596;
Miocene, 596;
Pleistocene, 20

Brazilian subregion, 164, 170 (map), 191

Bridger age and stage, 17, 30, 109, =110=, 340, 380, 386, 568;
restorations of mammals, 271

British Columbia, Miocene, 118;
Oligocene, 113;
Pleistocene glaciation, 131;
Pliocene, 125

Brocket, Wood, 181 (fig.)

Brockets, 181

BROWN, B., 210

Brown-tailed Moth, 143

_Budorcas_, 418

Buffalo, 36, 152

Buffaloes, 409, 416

Bulgaria, 316

_†Bunælurus_, 517, =551=

Bunodont teeth, 360

_†Bunomeryx_, 361

Buno-selenodont teeth, 371

Buried valleys, 132

BURMEISTER, H., 496, 497

Burrowers, 45, 79

Burrowing mammals, 77

Bush-Dog, 174, 212, 527, 530, 552

_Cabassous_, 592, 614, 616

_Cacajao_, 578, =585=

Cacomistle, 162, 517, 546

_Cænolestes_, 58, 190, 284, 626, =640= (skull fig.), 641, 642

Cænolestidæ, 627

_†Cænopus_, 238, 252 (restoration), 256 (do.), 291, 333, =336= (molar
and skull fig.), 339 (front teeth fig.), 342, 351

_†Calamodon_, 274

Calcaneum, 88

California, Eocene, 104, 111;
marine Pleisto., 132;
Mesozoic, 23;
Miocene, 118, 121, 127;
Pliocene, 125

_Callithrix_, 218

_Caluromys_, 631

Cambrian period, 15;
glaciation in, 25

Camel, 48, 54, 60, 70, 79, 358, 490;
distribution, 138;
family, 178;
Miocene, 232 (restoration);
tribe, 13;
True, 178;
White River, 252 (restor.)

Camelidæ, 362, =386=;
distribution, 138

Camel-like animals, 386

Camels, 56, 81, 84, 87, 90, 257, 258, 312, 362, 373, =386=, 421, 461,
651, 655;
Bridger, 273, 398;
browsing, 388, 393;
Eocene, 397, 398, 402, 659;
grazing, 393;
John Day, 250, 394;
Miocene, 231, 232, 235, 241, 391;
Old World, 231;
Oligocene, 394, 402, 659;
phyla of, 650;
Pleistocene, 196, 202;
Pliocene, 224, 388;
true, 13, 386, 387, 390, 391;
Uinta, 267, 397;
White River, 257, 394

_Camelus_, 70, 138, 362, 387

Canada, 257, 357, 565;
Eocene climate, 111;
Paleocene, 102;
White River, 113;
zoölogy, 146

Canadian fauna, 151;
subregion, 147, =150=

Canidæ, 173, 223, 517, 518, =520=;
fox-like, 529
(_See also_ Dogs)

_†Canimartes_, 517

Canine teeth, 93

_Canis_, 152, 517, 522, 529;
_C. †dirus_, restor., frontispiece, 204, 521;
_C. †indianensis_, 204;
_C. latrans_, 162, 165 (fig.), 632;
_C. nubilis_, 159 (fig.);
_C. occidentalis_, 62 (skull fig.), 64 (skull fig.), 162.
(_See_ Wolves)

Cannon-bone, 84, 91 (fig.), 410 (fig.)

Cape Fairweather stage, 128

_†Capromeryx_, 362, 417

_Capromys_, 184

Capybara, 205.
(_See also_ Carpincho _and_ Water Hog)

Capybaras, Pleistocene, 218

Carboniferous period, 15

Caribbean, region, Miocene, 123;
Sea, Oligocene, 113

Caribou, 4, 181, 202, 207, 208, 210, 412, 413;
Barren-ground, 148;
Pleistocene, 27, 413;
Woodland, 152, 157 (fig.)

Carnivora, 43, 59, 83, 90, 244, 268, 282, 284, 285, 459, =516=, 634;
Araucanian, 226;
Blanco, 222;
Boreal, 152;
distribution, 138;
Eocene, 554;
John Day, 249, 528;
marine, 59;
migration to S. Amer., 508, 518;
Miocene, 229, 233, 238;
Neotropical, 173;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 203, 210;
S. Amer., 211;
Plioc., 222;
Sonoran, 163;
Uinta, 265;
White River, 254, 312

Carnivores, _see_ Carnivora

_†Carolozittellia_, 462, =488=

Carpincho, 183 (fig.), 185.
(_See also_ Capybara _and_ Water Hog)

Carpus, 82

Casa Mayor age and stage, 20, =112=, 281, 488, 499, 512

Cascade Mts., 121;
Oligocene craters of, 116

CASTLE, W. E., 657, 660

_Castor_, 96, 153, 157 (fig.)

_†Castoroides_, 195, =205=

Cat, 222;
Domestic, 546 (manus fig.)

Catamarca age and stage, 20, =129=, 226

Catarrhina, 583, 587, 588

Cats, 54, 59, 90, 176, 517, 518, 519, =530=, 532, 553, 568;
cursorial, 543;
Miocene, 545;
Native, 634, 638, 640;
Oligocene, 530;
Pleistocene, 545;
Pleisto. S. Amer., 211, 212;
Pliocene, 223, 545;
South America, 552;
true, 249, 517, 530, =543=.
(_See_ Felidæ)

Cattle, 95;
spread of, 142

Caves as sources of fossil mammals, 30

_Cavia_, 183 (fig.), 185

Cavicornia, 328, 411, 412, =416=, 421

Cavies, _see_ Caviidæ

Caviidæ, 185, 657;
Araucanian, 226;
Pleistocene, 218;
Santa Cruz, 245

Cavy, Rock, 183 (fig.)

Caxomistle, _see_ Cacomistle

Cebidæ, 172, 578, =584=, 585

_Cebus_, 218, 578, =584= (fig.), 585

Celebes, 579

Cement, 96

Cenozoic era, 15, 16, 17, =18=, 99;
South America, 19

_Centetes_, 173

Central, 83

Central America, 123, 164, 178, 179, 320, 585;
Eocene, 104, 112;
geology, 120;
mammals, 141;
Oligocene, 113, =117=;
Paleocene, 103;
tapirs, 137;
Tertiary, 22;
zoölogy, 146

Central American subregion, 164, 170 (map), =191=

_Cerdocyon_, 171 (fig.), 174, 517, 552

_†Cervalces_, 195 (restoration), 208, 209 (restoration), 362, =413=

Cervicornia, =411=, 421

Cervidæ, 362, =411=, 661;
Neotropical, 179.
(_See also_ Deer)

_Cervulus_, 412

_Cervus_, 208, 362;
_C. canadensis_, 151, 155 (fig.), 202, 208, 411, 412;
_C. elaphus_, 151;
_C. eustephanus_, 151.
(_See_ Deer)

Cetacea, 60, 442;
Miocene, 123, 125

_Chætomys_, 184

†Chalicothere, 240 (restoration), 356 (manus fig.)

†Chalicotheres, _see_ †Chalicotheriidæ

†Chalicotheriidæ, 60, 247, 291, =354=, 383, 385, 458, 484, 651;
Bridger, 357;
John Day, 250, 357;
Miocene, 231, 235, 238, 356;
White River, 257, 357

_†Chalicotherium_, 354

CHAMBERLIN, T. C., 130

Chamois group, 202, 417;
subfamily, 152

_†Champsosaurus_, 102

Cheeta, 542, 543

Chelodactyla, 60, 290

Chevron-bones, 73

Chevrotains, 54, 60, 408
(_see also_ Mouse-Deer _and_ Tragulina)

Chili, 124, 184, 436;
marine rocks, 112;
Pleistocene, 20;
Pleisto. glaciation, 133

Chilian subregion, =164=, 170 (map)

_Chinchilla_, 184 (fig.), 185

Chinchilla-family, Araucanian, 226

Chinchillas, 185;
Santa Cruz, 245

Chipmunks, 141, 153

_Chironectes_, 626, 627

Chiroptera, 59

_Chlamydophorus_, 190, 592

_†Chlamydotherium_, 218, 592, 596, 612, 614

_Cholœpus_, 74, 187 (fig.), 591

Chronology, geological, 10;
of rocks, 6

Civet cats, 518, 558
(_see_ Viverridæ)

_†Cladoclinus_, 627

_†Cladosictis_, 243 (restoration), 627, =638=, 639 (restoration)

_†Clænodon_, 554, =561=

Classification of mammals, 50

Clavicle, 77 (fig.)

Clawed mammals, 59, 74, 456, 459, 460, 492, 514

Climate, as barrier to species, 140;
determining distribution, 24;
Cretaceous, 26;
Eocene, 109, 448;
Miocene, 122;
Mioc. of Patagonia, 124, 244, 586;
Oligocene, 116;
Paleocene, 102;
Pleistocene, 116, 134, 192;
Pliocene, 127;
vicissitudes of, 100

Climatic changes, 14;
affecting distribution, 140;
evidences of, 24;
Pleisto., effects on migrations, 207

Coast Range, elevation, 122;
Miocene, 113, 125

Coati, 162

Coatis, 76, 213, 517, 546, 552

_†Cochlops_, 592

_Coendou_, 182 (fig.), 184

_†Colodon_, 257, 291, =327=

Colombia, 626, 640

_†Colonoceras_, 272, 291, =347=, 350

Colouration, animal, 45

_†Colpodon_, 462

Columbia River valley, Miocene, 118

Comparative Anatomy, 647

Conard Fissure, 30, =210=

†Condylarth, 278 (restoration), 457 (skeleton fig.), 459 (restoration)

†Condylarthra, 60, 443, =456=, 484, 492, 499, 508, 514, 515, 653;
Puerco, 286, 460;
Torrejon, 285, 459;
Wasatch, 277, 457;
Wind River, 274, 456

_Condylura_, 152

_Conepatus_, 174 (fig.), 213, 517, 552

Conies, 60, 458, 481

Conifers, 103

Continental deposits, Eocene, 106, 112;
Miocene, 120;
Oligocene, 113, 117;
Paleocene, 101;
Pliocene, 127, 128

Continental islands, 140

Continuity of development, 660

Convergence, 650, 653, 655, 656

COPE, E. D., 306, 343, 399, 400, 401

Coracoid, 76

_†Coryphodon_, 275, 277, 279 (restoration), 285, 443, =452=, 454, 456

†Coryphodontidæ, 285, 443, 454;
lower Eocene, 456

†Coryphodonts, _see_ †Coryphodontidæ

Costa Rica, 181;
Pliocene, 128

Cotton-rats, 163

Coyote, 162, 165 (fig.)

Coyotes, Pleistocene, 218

_†Cramauchenia_, 489

†Creodont, 252 (restoration), 563 (restoration)

†Creodonta, 59, 516, 519, 527, 529, =554=, 574;
Bridger, 268, 271 (restoration);
Eocene, 633;
Paleocene, 633;
Puerco, 286;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 253;
Wind River, 274.
(_See_ Flesh-eaters)

Cretaceous period, 15, 16, 103, 112, 117, 261, 281, 443, 460, 514,
642, 643;
climate, 26

Crocodiles, 122, 244;
absent from John Day, 116;
Eocene, 111;
Paleocene, 284;
White River, 116

Crown of tooth, 95

Crustal movements, Miocene, 122

_Ctenomys_, 184

Cuba, 173, 185;
junction with Central America, 128, 598;
Miocene, 123;
Pleistocene, 134, 604;
Pliocene, 128, 605

Cuboid, 89

Culebra Cut, Tertiary rocks, 22

Cuneiform, 83, 89

CUVIER, G., 44, 654

_Cyclopes_, 591

_†Cyclopidius_, 361, =376=

_†Cynodesmus_, 517, =522= (skull fig.), 523, 530

_†Cynodictis_, 254, 517, 529 (restoration), =530=, 547

_Cyon_, 213, 517, 527

_†Cyonasua_, 517

_Dama_, 412

_†Daphœnodon_, 517, =525= (restoration), 526, 530

_†Daphœnus_, 254, 517, 523 (skull fig.), 524 (manus and teeth fig.),
=526=, 528, 530, 537, 546

DARWIN, C., 33, 35, 52, 136, 137, 143, 193, 217, 463, 489, 490, 491,
492

Dasypoda, 189, 592, =610=.
(_See also_ Armadillos)

Dasypodidæ, 592

_Dasyprocta_, 185 (fig.)

_Dasypus_, 189 (fig.), 592, 611, 614, 616

Dasyures, Australian, 638

Dasyuridæ, 632, =634=, 640

Deep River age and stage, 17, =121=, 233

Deer, 46, 54, 60, 95 (molar fig.), 222, 312, 319, 360 (molar fig.),
362, 409, =411=, 461;
American, 153, 162, 202, 208, 409, 412, 414, 420, 657;
Axis, 412;
Barking, 412;
Black-tailed, 5, 202;
Chinese Water-, 412;
earliest, 658;
Fallow, 412;
Florida, 179 (fig.);
Hog, 412;
hornless, 414;
Marsh, 179, 180 (fig.);
Miocene, 232, 235, 414 (restoration);
Mule, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);
Musk-, 224, 412, 658;
Neotropical, 179;
North American, 179;
Old World, 151, 179, 181, 202, 412, 415;
Pampas, 180;
Patagonian, 91 (pes fig.), 410 (manus and pes fig.);
Pleistocene, 202, 208, 412;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224, 226;
South American, 415, 418, 466;
southern, 412, 413;
Tertiary, 412, 419;
Virginia, 4, 166 (fig.), 179, 202, 412

†Deer-Antelopes, 202, =224=, 362, 417;
Miocene, 232, 235, 414, 415 (restoration);
Pleistocene, 417

Degu, 184

_†Deltatherium_, 554

Dental formula, 93

Dentine, 96

Deposits, continental (_see_ Continental deposits);
lake, 37;
river, 36

Dermoptera, 59

Deseado age and stage, 20, =117=, 282, 283, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481,
485, 486, 487, 508, 511, 512, 586, 587

Desiccation, Miocene and Pliocene, 128

_†Desmathyus_, 361

_†Desmatippus_, 290

_†Deuterotherium_, 489

Development, convergent, 446, 499;
parallel, 499;
per saltum, 661.
(_See also_ Evolution)

Devonian period, 15;
glaciation in, 25

Dhole, 213, 249, 517, 527, 530

_†Diadiaphorus_, 248, 489, 501 (skull fig.), 502 (restoration), =503=
(pes fig.), 505, 507, 508

†Diceratheres, _see_ _†Diceratherium_

_†Diceratherium_, 238, 239 (restoration), 250, 256, 291, 333, 334,
350, 444

_Dicerorhinus_, 327, 329

†Dichobunidæ, 361, 398

Didelphia, =57=, 59, 626

Didelphiidæ, 627, =630=

_Didelphis_, 161, 626, 627, 631;
_D. marsupialis_, 161 (fig.), 631

†Didolodidæ, 489

_†Didolodus_, 489

_†Didymictis_, 555, 558

Digit, 90

Digital reduction, 658

Digitigrade, 90

_†Dinictis_, 254, 517, =538=, 539 (restoration), 541 (pes fig.), 542,
546

†Dinocerata, 443

_†Dinocynops_, 517

_†Dinocyon_, 524

_†Dinohyus_, 239, 361, =366=

†Dinosaurs, 103, 284

†Dinotheres, _see_ _†Dinotherium_

_†Dinotherium_, 435, 438, 486

_†Diplacodon_, 266, 291, =313=, 317 (head restored)

_Dipodomys_, 163 (fig.)

Diprotodonta, 59, 627, =640=;
Deseado, 642;
Paraná, 641;
Pleistocene, 641;
Pliocene, 641;
Santa Cruz, 640, 641;
South American, 640

Discontinuity of development, 660

Dispersal of species, 143

_†Dissacus_, 554, =560=

Distribution, discontinuous, 127, 138, 193;
geographical, of mammals, 135

Divergence, _see_ Evolution

_†Dœdicurus_, 212 (restoration), 219, =618=, 619 (restoration)

Dog, 90, 553;
family, 558;
fox-like, 529 (restoration)

Dogs, 90, 173, 517, 519, =520=, 548, 553, 554, 558;
Blanco, 522;
early, 550;
John Day, 249, 523, 528, 529;
Miocene, 229, 234, 238, 522, 527, 528, 529;
Oligocene, 523, 547, 553;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 521;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 212;
Pliocene, 522;
Plioc. S. Amer., 226;
†primitive, 537;
†short-faced, 530;
South American, 552;
Uinta, 265;
White River, 254, 529.
(_See also_ Canidæ)

_†Dolichorhinus_, 272, 291

_Dolichotis_, 185

Dolphins, 37, 60, 94, 656;
Miocene, 123

Domesticated plants, history of, 288

Douroucoulis, 578, =585=

Drainage, the Pleistocene changes of, 132

Drift-sheets, 25, 132

_†Dromocyon_, 269 (restoration), 271 (restoration), 554, =559=

_†Dromomeryx_, 235, 237 (restoration), 362, =417=

Drought, effects of on mammals, 33

Duck-billed Mole, 57, 59

Dugong, 60, 442

Duplicidentata, 59

Dust, volcanic, 29;
wind-blown, 33

East Indian Archipelago, 191

_Echidna_, 57

_Echimys_, 184

Ecuador, 178, 284, 391, 548, 626, 640;
Pleistocene, 20, 211;
Pliocene, 129

Edentata, 60, 72, 75, 91, 97, 120, 185, 267, 355, =591=;
Araucanian, 226;
armoured, 60, 592, =610=;
Casa Mayor, 283, 592, 595;
Deseado, 261, 595;
distribution, 138;
Eocene, N. Amer., 597, 616;
hairy, 60, =591=;
Old World, 185, 591;
Paraná, 227;
Pleisto., N. Amer., 205;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 596;
Plioc., N. Amer., 225, 597;
Plioc., S. Amer., 226, 596;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596;
South American, 276, 625

Edentates, _see_ Edentata

_†Edvardocopeia_, 509

Egg-laying mammals, 59

Egypt, 254, 370, 422, 432, 442, 450, 587;
Eocene, 234;
Oligocene, 234, 264, 583

Ei-á, 585

EIGENMANN, C. H., 654

_†Elachoceras_, 443, =449=, (skull fig.), 450, 451, 455

_†Elasmotherium_, 350, 351

Elephant, 590;
African, 423 (molar fig.);
†Columbian, 195 (restoration), =197=, 198 (restoration), =427=, 430;
East African, 425;
†Imperial, 199, =427=, 485;
Indian, 97 (section of tooth fig.), 197, 423, 425 (manus fig.), 426
(section of fore foot fig.);
tribe, 82;
West African, 425

Elephantidæ, 432

Elephants, 45, 60, 73, 91, 92, 95, 97, 215, 264, 312, 436, 446, 448,
465, 487, 654;
American, 430;
cranial bones of, 63;
distribution, 138;
hairy, 448,
proboscis of, 65;
Pleistocene, 196, 211, 426;
Siberian Pleisto., 39;
true, 423, 438, 439;
tusks of, 97

_Elephas_, 436, 437 (head and tooth fig.);
_E. †columbi_, 195 (restoration), =197=, 198 (restoration), =427=;
_E. †imperator_, =199=, =427=, 485;
_E. maximus_, 97 (section of molar fig.), 197, 423, 425 (manus
fig.);
_E. †primigenius_, =196=, 207, 332, =426=

Elk, 50, 141, 151, 155 (fig.);
Scandinavian, 151

Elms, 102

†Embrithopoda, 60

Embryology, 648

Emigrants from N. Amer. to Old World, 255, 256, 456

Enamel, 96

England, early Man in, 588;
Paleocene flora, 103;
Pliocene, 127

_†Enhydrocyon_, 517, =528=, 530

_†Entelodon_, 369

†Entelodontidæ, 250, 361, =366=, 445;
Wasatch, 281

†Entelodonts, _see_ †Entelodontidæ, _also_ †Giant Pigs

†Entelonychia, 60, 247, 462, =482=, 652;
Casa Mayor, 282;
Deseado, 263.
(_See also_ †Homalodotheres)

Entrerios, 128

_†Eoanthropus_, 588

_†Eobasileus_, 443, 449, 451, 455

_†Eocardia_, 243

Eocene epoch, 17, =104=;
climate of, 26;
close of, 111;
Europe, 262, 370, 452, 562, 661;
North America, =104=, 105 (map), 201, 250, 251, 253, 273, 287, 291,
325, 369, 421, 519, 529, 554, 557, 574, 644;
South America, 20, =112=, 261, 281, 477, 481, 482, 485, 487, 488,
508, 509, 512, 514, 625, 642

_†Eodidelphys_, 627

_†Eohippus_, 280, 290, =302=, 303 (restoration), 304, 305 (skull
fig.), 307 (manus and pes fig.), 308

_†Eohyus_, 281

_†Eomoropus_, 291, =357=

_†Eotitanops_, 275, 291, =315=

_†Eotylopus_, 257, 362

_†Epigaulus_, 223 (restoration)

_†Epihippus_, 290, =301=, 302

_†Epithelium_, 227, 489, =508=

Epoch, geological, 15

_†Eporeodon_, 361, 375, 379

Equidæ, 290, =291=.
(_See also_ Horses)

_Equus_, 95, 199, 213, 223, =291=, 295, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus
and pes fig.);
American species, 296;
_E. asinus_, 52;
_E. burchelli_, 200;
_E. caballus_, 52, 199, 213, 295;
_E. †fraternus_, 199;
_E. †giganteus_, 200, 201, 295;
_E. †occidentalis_, 200;
_E. †pacificus_, 201;
_E. †pectinatus_, 200;
_E. przewalskii_, 52, 292 (fig.);
_E. †scotti_, 195 (restoration), =200= (do.);
_E. †semiplicatus_, 200;
South American species, 307;
_E. †tau_, 199, 295

Equus Beds, 33, =131=, 133, 200, 205.
(_See_ Sheridan)

Era, geological, 15

_Erethizon_, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 184, 205

_†Eriodes_, 578

Ermine, 152, 159 (fig.)

Ethiopian region, 146

_†Euceratherium_, 202, 362, 418

_†Eucholœops_, 607

_†Eucinepeltus_, 592, =623=

_†Euprotogonia_, 457, =459=

Eurasia, 110, 548

Europe, 253, 254, 255, 267, 272, 276, 277, 280, 281, 284, 287, 291,
303, 323, 324, 325, 340, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 369, 370,
380, 417, 418, 419, 421, 422, 432, 435, 452, 456, 486, 534,
538, 543, 545, 546, 552, 554, 557, 561, 642, 644;
caverns of, 30;
circumpolar area, 148;
Eocene, 104;
Eoc. separation from Asia, 104;
human habitation of, 588;
loess of, 133;
mammals of, 145;
†Mammoth in, 197;
pre-Eocene immigration into, 108;
Miocene, 235;
Mioc. climate, 122;
Pleisto. glaciation, 133;
tapirs in, 138;
Triassic, 642;
zoölogy of, 146

_†Eusmilus_, 254, 517, =538=

_†Eutatus_, 592, 596, =612=, 613

Eutheria, =57=, 59

_†Eutrachytherus_, 263, 462, =477=

Extinction of species, 13, 211

Evolution, of †Amblypoda, 454;
of camels, 400;
convergent, 649, 650, 655;
of †Creodonta, 574;
divergent, 18, 139, 650, 655;
of Fissipedia, 553;
of horses, 305, 325, 400;
irreversibility of, 541, 656;
modes of Mammalian, 645;
of †oreodonts, 381;
parallel, 393, 649, 655;
of Proboscidea, 436, 437 (diagram);
of rhinoceroses, 351;
of tapirs, 324;
of †titanotheres, =316=, 325

Fallow Deer, 46

Families, distribution of, 138

Fauna, 56;
Araucanian, 226;
Bridger, 265, =267=, 273, 315;
Deseado, =261=, 638;
mid. Eocene, 267;
John Day, 249;
low Miocene, 237;
Neotropical, =283=, 610;
Oligocene, 237;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. America, =193=, 207;
Pleisto., S. Amer., =211=, 226, 597;
Puerco, 285;
Santa Cruz, 26, 124, =242=, 638;
Torrejon, 284;
Uinta, =265=, 273;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, =251=, 265, 266;
Wind River, =274=, 275, 315

Faunas, Casa Mayor, 281, 283;
Eocene, N. Amer., 265;
Eoc., S. Amer., 281;
Miocene, 229;
Oligocene, N. Amer., 249;
Oligo., S. Amer., 261;
Paleocene, =283=, 286, 644;
Pliocene, N. Amer., 221;
Plioc., S. Amer., 225;
Quaternary, N. Amer., 193;
Quat., S. Amer., 211;
successive mammalian, 192;
Tertiary, 221;
Tertiary, S. Amer., 461

Fawns, 46 (fig.)

Fayûm, 432

Felidæ, 54, 517, 518, =530=

Felinæ, 54, 254, 535, 542, =543=, 650;
Miocene, 229, 234, 238, 541, 545;
origin of, 659;
Pleistocene, 204, 545;
Pliocene, 545

_Felis_, 54, 517, =543=, 545, 546;
_F. †atrox_, 204, 545;
_F. concolor_, 168 (fig.), 544 (skull fig.), 545 (dentition fig.);
_F. domestica_, 546 (manus fig.);
_F. †imperialis_, 204;
_F. leo_, 204;
_F. onca_, 176, 177 (fig.), 552;
_F. pardalis_, 176 (fig.), 552

Femur, 84, 85 (fig.)

Ferret, Black-footed, 160 (fig.)

_Fiber_, 153

Fibula, 86, 87 (fig.)

Field-mice, 141

FILHOL, H., 534

Fisher, 152

Fishers, 141, 518

Fishes, Florissant, 121;
Green River, 109;
Panama marine, 23;
South American fresh-water, 652;
teeth of, 92

Fissipedia, 59, 516, =517=, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 563, 576

Flesh-eaters, †primitive, 59, =554=;
Santa Cruz, 637

Florida, island, 122;
Miocene, 117;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 101;
Pliocene, 125, 127

Florissant formation, 121

FLOWER, W. H., 389, 390, 411, 412, 419

Flying Lemur, 59

Forests, Oligocene, 538;
Paleocene, 102;
petrified, 122

Fort Union stage, 17, 99, =102=, 642

Fossils, 7, 29;
classification, 55;
entombment, 29;
evidence of climate, 25;
mammals, 61

Fossorial habits, 2

Fox, 191;
Arctic, 148, 149 (fig.), 150 (fig.);
Grey, 165 (fig.), 517;
Red, 158 (fig.), 517

Foxes, 141, 173, 518, 520, 530, 552;
grey, 162;
Pleistocene, 204;
red, 152;
White River, 254, 529

France, 256, 333, 364, 441, 574;
Eocene, of, 108;
Oligocene, 617

Frankstown Cave, 30

Friasian fauna, 509

FÜRBRINGER, M., 655

Gait, varieties of, 90

Galapagos Archipelago, 136

†Ganodonta, 625

_†Garzonia_, 627, =641= (jaw fig.)

†Garzoniidæ, 627

Gazelle, bones of, 35

†Gazelle-Camel, 241, 242 (restoration), =393=, 394, 408

Genera, origin of, 654

Generic area, 137

Genetic series, 56

Genetics, 648

Genus, 53

Geographical changes affecting distribution, 139

Geology, 5

_Geomys_, 163

Geomyidæ, 265

†Giant Pig, 252 (restoration), 260 (do.)

†Giant Pigs, 250, 259, 266, 361, =366=;
Bridger, 273, 370;
John Day, 259, 367;
Miocene, 239, 366, 369;
Oligocene, 281, 368;
Uinta, 369;
Wasatch, 281, 370;
White River, 259, =367=

GIDLEY, J. W., 33, 202, 642

Giraffe, 70, 79, 358, 389

†Giraffe-Camel, 236 (restoration), =391=, 392 (restor.)

†Giraffe-camels, 235, =388=, 394;
Miocene, 231, 241, 394;
Pliocene, 224, 388

Giraffes, 54, 389, 409, 411

Glacial, accumulations, 25;
climate, 25, 26;
periods, _14_, 25;
stages, 17, 130;
theory, 129

Glaciation, Pleistocene, 25, 130;
causes of, 134

Glaciers, Pleistocene, 131

_†Glossotherium_, 602

_†Glyptodon_, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, =618=, 619 (restor.), 621

†Glyptodont, Santa Cruz, 243 (restoration), 606 (do.)

†Glyptodontia, 60, 245, 246, 592, 593, 594, 595, =617=;
Araucanian, 226;
Astraponotus, 281, 595, 625;
Deseado, 262, 595;
Pampean, 212 (restorations), 619 (restorations), 623;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 597, 598;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 221, 596, 597, 620, 624;
Pliocene, N. Amer., 221, 225, 596;
Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 622, 624;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596, =622=, 623

†Glyptodontidæ, 592

†Glyptodonts, _see_ †Glyptodontia

_†Glyptotherium_, 221, 592

Gnawing mammals, 59

Goat, Rocky Mt., 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416

Goats, 362, 409, 416

_†Gomphotherium_, 229, =430=, 431 (head restored), 434, 436, 437
(head and molar fig.), 438, 439

Gopher, †Horned, 223 (restoration)

Grasses, 273;
Paleocene, 284

Grassy plains, spread of, 233

†Gravigrada, 91, 120, 355, 591, 592, =598=, 612;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 597;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 598;
Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609, 610.
(_See also_ †Ground-Sloths)

Great Basin, 322;
Pleistocene of, 131

Great Britain, 21, 140, 418

Great Plains, 33, 200, 229, 235, 322, 386, 432;
Miocene, 121;
Oligocene climate, 116;
Pleistocene, 131

Greenland, 101, 103, 210;
Pliocene, 125

Green River stage, 109

GREGORY, J. W., 35

GREGORY, W. K., 641

_Grison_, 175 (fig.), 517, 552

†Ground-Sloth, giant, 195 (restoration), 603 (restoration);
Pleistocene of Cuba, 598;
Santa Cruz, 243 (restor.), 606 (restor.);
skin of, 40, 602

†Ground-Sloths, 75, 91, 120, 267, 355, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, =598=;
Araucanian, 226;
Astraponotus, 595;
Casa Mayor, 284, 595;
Deseado, 262, 595;
Miocene, 609;
Mioc., N. Amer., 597;
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 605, 608, 609;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 219, 597;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 219, 221, 596, 598, 604, 605;
Pliocene. N. Amer., 221, 225, 597;
Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 598;
Santa Cruz, 245, 246, 596, 598, 605, 608, 609.
(_See also_ †Gravigrada)

Ground-squirrels, 164, 181

_†Grypotherium_, 592, 602

Guanaco, 60, 139, 178, 389 (fig.), 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400
(manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.), 490, 491;
destruction by cold, 36;
distribution, 138

Guiana, 179

Guianas, Miocene, 596

Guinea-Pig, 185;
four-toed race, 657, 660

Gulf-coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;
Miocene, 117;
Pliocene, 125

Gulf of Mexico, Eocene, 106, 113;
Oligocene, 113, 117;
Paleocene, 101

Gulf Stream, Oligocene, 113

_Gulo_, 152, 155 (fig.), 237, 517

Gypsy Moth, 143

HAECKEL, E., 648

Hairless skin, 45

_Halicore_, 442

_†Halmarhiphus_, 627

Handwriting, development of, 9, 13, 14

_Hapale_, 578

Hapalidæ, 172, 578, 582, 583

_†Hapalops_, 243 (restoration), 592, =605=, 606 (restor.), 609 (pes
fig.)

Hare, Arctic, 150

Hares, 59, 181, 245, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Plioc., N. Amer., 222;
Plioc., S. Amer., 226;
tailless, or whistling, 153

_†Harpagolestes_, 554, =559=, 560, 571

Harrison stage, 120, 235

HATCHER, J. B., 337, 523, 524

Hayti, 173, 185;
junction with Centr. Amer., 128;
Miocene, 123;
Pliocene, 128

Hedgehogs, 59, 276;
White River, 253

†Hegetotheriidæ, 462, 472

_†Hegetotherium_, 462, 479

_†Helaletes_, 272, 291

_†Helohyus_, 273, 361, =365=

_†Hemiacodon_, 578

_†Hemipsalodon_, 253, =565=

_†Henricosbornia_, 462

_†Heptodon_, 275, 291, =327=

Herbivora, 516

Herbivorous mammals, 45;
large, 44

_†Hipparion_, 291

_†Hippidion_, 212 (restoration), 213, 214 (restor.), 291, 296, =307=,
308 (skeleton fig.)

_Hippocamelus_, 91 (pes fig.), 180, 410 (manus and pes fig.)

Hippopotamus, 45, 54, 60, 70, 92, 358, 654

Hogs, ruminating, 372

Holarctic region, =146=, 147, 150, 588

_†Homacodon_, 273, 361, =398=

†Homalodontotheriidæ, 462;
Casa Mayor, 283

_†Homalodontotherium_, 462, =482=

_†Homalodothere_, 482

_†Homalodotheres_, 462, =482=, 509

_†Homo heidelbergensis_, 588;
_H. †neanderthalensis_, 588;
_H. sapiens_, 588

_†Homunculus_, 578, =586=

Hoofed animals, 74, 77, 81, 83, 89, 312, 313, 461;
Araucanian, 227;
Bridger, 269, 273;
Casa Mayor, 282;
clawed, 651;
Deseado, 262, 264;
massive, 654;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
†primitive, 492;
Santa Cruz, 246;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 273;
Wasatch, 277;
Wind River, 274
(_see_ Ungulata)

Hoofed mammal, clawed, 484

Hoofed mammals, 60, 456, 459, 460;
even-toed, 54, 60;
odd-toed, 60;
White River, 255
(_see_ Ungulata)

HOOKER, J., 193

_†Hoplophoneus_, 252 (restoration), 517, =535=, 536 (restoration),
539, 540, 543

Horn-cores, 416

Horse, 44, 48, 52, 62, 76 (scapula fig.), 79 (humerus fig.), 81
(fore-arm bones fig.), 85 (femur fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.), 95
(molar fig.), 294, (manus and pes fig.), 359;
Asiatic Wild, 52, 292 (fig.);
†Dawn, 302, 303 (restoration);
†forest, 200;
†Pampas, 212 (restoration), 214 (restoration), 308 (skeleton fig.);
†Texas, 195 (restoration), 200 (restoration);
†three-toed grazing, 298 (restoration);
True, 199, 213, 295;
†White River, 252 (restoration), 300 (restoration).
(_See also_ _Equus_)

Horses, 56, 60, 81, 95, 97, 289, 290, =291=, 312, 319, 330, 353, 360,
382, 397, 458, 461, 499, 504, 651, 653, 655, 656, 658, 661;
Blanco, 222;
bones of, 33;
Bridger, 272, 302;
browsing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;
Eocene, 304, 307;
grazing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;
John Day, 299;
Miocene, 295, 297, 298, 231, 232, 234, 238, 301;
North American, 39;
Oligocene, 299;
phyla of, 289, 650;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199, 208, 211, 213, 221, 295, 304, 307;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215, 307;
Pliocene, 223, 295, 307, 331;
South American, 307;
spread of, 142, 143;
three-toed, 33, 501;
tridactyl, 658;
true, 292, 308;
Uinta, 301;
Wasatch, 280, 302;
White River, 257, 299, 300;
Wind River, 275, 302, 303, 396.
(_See also_ Equidæ)

HORSFALL, R. B., 42

HRDLIČKA, A., 589

Hudsonian fauna, 151

Hudson’s Bay slope, interglacial forests, 131

Huemul, 180

Humerus, 78 (fig.)

Humid province, 164

Humidity, effect on distribution, 141

Hungary, 316

Hutias, 184

HUXLEY, T. H., 28

Hyænidæ, 518

_†Hyænodon_, 252 (restoration), 253, 555, =562=, 563 (restoration),
564 (skeleton fig.), 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth fig.), 567,
576

†Hyænodont, primitive, 567 (restoration)

†Hyænodontidæ, 253, 555, 557, =562=, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth
fig.), 569, 573, 575;
Bridger, 268;
Eocene, 254, 566, 576;
Wind River, 274

†Hyænodonts, _see_ †Hyænodontidæ

_†Hyænognathus_, 522, 524, 530

_Hydrochærus_, 183 (fig.), 185, 205

_Hydropotes_, 412

Hyena, bones of, 35

†Hyena-dogs, 222, 249, 527, 530

Hyenas, 518, 527, 553, 554

Hyoid arch, 67

†Hyopsodonta, 59

_†Hyperhippidium_, 213, 291, =307=

_†Hyperleptus_, 607

†Hypertragulidæ, 267, 362, 386, =402=, 414;
Eocene, 408;
John Day, 251, 404, 407;
Miocene, 241, 258, 404;
White River, 258, 406, 408

†Hypertragulids, _see_ †Hypertragulidæ

_†Hypertragulus_, 241, 258, 267, 362, =407=, 408

_†Hypisodus_, 258, 362, =408=

_†Hypohippus_, 291, 297, 300

Hypsodont teeth, 95 (fig.);
prevalence of, 232

_†Hyrachyus_, 271 (restoration), 272, 291, 339, =344= (restor.), 345
(skull fig.), 346, 349, 350

_†Hyracodon_, 252 (restoration), 255, 266, 291, =341= (restor.), 343
(manus fig.)

†Hyracodontidæ, 291, =403=

†Hyracodontinæ, 291, 340, =341=, 346, 350, 351, 352;
Bridger, 272, 343;
Eocene, 342;
Uinta, 266, 343;
White River, 255, 256, 341;
Wind River, 275, 276, 344

†Hyracodonts, _see_ Hyracodontinæ

Hyracoidea, 60, 458, 481, 492, 514;
distribution, 138

Hystricomorpha, 245, 262

Ice Age, 25

_Ichthyomys_, 182

_Icticyon_, 174, 212, 517, 527, 552

_†Ideodidelphys_, 627

IHERING, H. VON, 124

_†Ilingoceros_, 362

Ilium, 77

Immigrants from Old World to N. America, 229, 276, 279, 316, 365,
370, 386, 416, 417;
artiodactyls, 201, 202, 259;
bison, 420;
Carnivora, 203;
felines, 258;
†hyænodonts, 254;
insectivores, 253;
mustelines, 238, 254;
otters, 234;
Proboscidea, 422;
rhinoceroses, 234;
sheep, 419;
from North to South America, 171, 211, 226, 227, 242, 461;
from South to North America, 205, 206, 233

Immigration, 266;
Eocene, 324;
Miocene, 233;
Pleistocene, 151;
Pliocene, 151

Incisors, 93

India, 14, 213, 327, 390, 412, 418, 430, 527, 542, 551;
Permian glaciation of, 25

Indian Ocean, 442

Indians, pre-Columbian, 590

_†Indrodon_, 580

Insect-eaters, 92

Insectivora, 59, 191, 249, 459, 580;
Bridger, 268;
Miocene, 238;
Neotropical, 172;
Paleocene, 284;
Puerco, 286;
Santa Cruz, 245, 587;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 253;
Wind River, 274

Insectivores, _see_ Insectivora

Inserts, 141;
Florissant, 121;
Green River, 109

Interglacial stages, 17, 130, 207;
climate of, 134;
mammals of, 131

†Interatheriidæ, 462, 476, =479=

_†Interatherium_, 462, =481=, 636 (restoration)

Irreversibility of evolution, 541, 656

_†Ischyrocyon_, 517

†Ischyromyids, Bridger, 270;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 280

_†Ischyromys_, 254

_†Isectolophus_, 291

†Isotemnidæ, 462, =485=

_†Isotemnus_, 462

Isthmian region, geology, 120;
Pliocene, 128

Isthmus of Panama, 170;
geology, 21, 22;
Miocene, 123;
Oligocene, 117, 123;
Pleistocene, 122, 134

Jackal, bones of, 35

Jaguar, 176, 177 (fig.), 212, 545, 552

Jamaica, Miocene, 123;
mongoose introduced, 142

Japan, 135

Java, 21, 140, 327

JEFFERSON, T., 206, 597

Jerboas, 90

John Day age and stage, 17, 30, =116=, 375, 543

Jumping Mouse, 153, 160 (fig.);
mice, 182;
shrews, 59

Jurassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643

Kangaroo-rats, 163 (fig.), 182;
Miocene, 238

Kangaroos, 59, 626, 640

Kinkajou, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552

Klipdasses, 458, 481

KNIGHT, C. R., 42, 470, 478, 480, 481, 494, 502, 506, 606, 636, 639

KOWALEVSKY, W., 233, 503

Kudu, 225

Labrador, Pliocene, 125

_Lagidium_, 185

Lake, Argentine, 36;
Bonneville, 131;
Callabonna, 34;
Lahontan, 131;
Ontario, invasion by sea, 132

Lakes, relation to glaciation, 132;
sediments of, 37

_Lama_, 138, 362, =388=;
_L. huanacus_, 178, 389 (fig.);
_L. vicunia_, 178 (fig.)

_†Lambdaconus_, 489

_†Lambdotherium_, 275, 291, =315=

Land-bridges, 18

Land-connections, how ascertained, 20;
Cuba and Centr. Amer., 128;
Hayti and Centr. Amer., 128;
N. Amer. and Asia, 18, 125, 588;
N. Amer. and Europe, 18, 106, 108, 109, 118, 120;
N. Amer. and Old World, 21, 23, 109, 115, 249, 251, 267, 276, 287;
N. and S. Amer., 100, 120, 123, 233;
S. Amer. and Africa, 103, 112, 124, 587;
S. Amer. and Antarctica, 112, 124;
S. Amer. and Australia, 103, 123, 638;
S. Amer. and Old World, 262;
West Indies and Mediterranean lands, 120

La Plata, estuary, 34

Last Hope Inlet, 60

_Latax_, 517

Lava-fields, the Columbia River, 121, 127

Lavas, Miocene, 118, 121, 122;
Pleistocene, 133;
Pliocene, 127

LECHE, W., 63

LEIDY, J., 372

Lemming, 148

Lemmings, 141, 153

Lemur, †monkey-like, 581 (head restored)

_Lemur_, 578

Lemuroidea, 60, 284, 459, 577, =578=, 588;
Bridger, 270, 578;
Eocene, 579;
Wasatch, 281, 580;
Wind River, 275

†Leontiniidæ, 462, =475=

_†Leontinia_, 263 (head restored), 462, =475=

Leopard, 45;
Hunting, 543

_†Leptarctus_, 517, 547

_†Leptauchenia_, 258, 361, =377= (skull fig.), 378 (restoration), 381

†Leptochœridæ, 361

_†Leptochœrus_, 361

_†Leptomeryx_, 258, 267, 362, =407= (skull fig.), 409, 563
(restoration), 657

_†Leptoreodon_, 362

_†Leptotragulus_, 267, 362

_Lepus_, 164

_†Lestodon_, 602

_†Limnocyon_, 555, =573=

Linnæan system, 51, 56, 57

LINNÆUS, C., 1, 51, 52, 55, 578

Lion, 45, 48, 92, 204;
cubs, 46

Lions, 210, 212

Lipotyphla, 59

_†Listriodon_, 364

†Litopterna, 60, 469, =489=, 514, 651, 653;
Araucanian, 227;
Casa Mayor, 283;
Deseado, 264;
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 216 (do.);
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 215, 221;
Santa Cruz, 243 (restorations), 247

Lizards, 102;
Santa Cruz, 244

Llama, 54, 60, 490, 491;
distribution, 138

Llama-like animals, 386

Llamas, 13, 90, 241, 257, 362, 386, =388=, 390, 391, 421, 461;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 202;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224;
South American, 231

Loess, 133

_Loncheres_, 184

LOOMIS, F. B., 487

†Lophiodontidæ, 257, 272, 291, 319, 325, =326=, 341, 343, 348;
Eocene, 326;
Oligocene, 339;
Wasatch 280, 326;
White River, 257, 326;
Wind River, 275, 315

†Lophiodonts, _see_ †Lophiodontidæ

Loricata, 592, =610=

Loup Fork age and stage, 17, =121=

Loup River stage, 127

Lower Sonoran zone, 148, 164

Lowest Eocene, 99

_Loxodonta_, 423 (molar fig.)

LUCAS, F. A., 337

LULL, R., 437

Lunar, 83

_Lutra_, 152, 160 (fig.), 164, 175, 213, 517, 551

_Lutreola_, 152 (fig.)

LYDEKKER, R., 150, 181, 389, 390, 411, 412, 419

_Lyncodon_, 175, 552

_Lynx_, 153, 163, 169 (fig.), 517, 544 (dentition fig.)

Lynxes, 141, 176, 543, 544, 552;
Pleistocene, 204

†Machairodontinæ, 54, =530=, 535, 542;
cursorial, 543;
Oligocene, 535

†Machairodonts, _see_ Machairodontinæ, _also see_ †Sabre-tooth tigers

_†Machairodus_, 517, =534= (skull fig.), 536

_†Machairoides_, 555, =573=

_†Macrauchenia_, 212 (restoration), 215, 216 (do.), 217, 227, 248,
=489=, 493, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498

†Macrauchenid, Santa Cruz, 494 (restoration)

†Macrauchenidæ, 248, =489=, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 651;
Deseado, 264, 499;
Eocene, 499;
Paraná, 228, 496;
Pleistocene, 489;
Pliocene, 493;
Santa Cruz, 248, 493

_†Macrotherium_, 354

Madagascar, 173, 530;
Pleistocene, 579;
zoölogy of, 146

Magnum, 83

Malagasy region, 146

Malay Archipelago, 146, 191, 580;
islands, 281, 327, 408;
Peninsula, 137, 281

Malleolar bone, 87

Mammal, defined, 1

Mammalia, classification, 50;
evolution of, 645;
geographical distribution, 135;
skeleton and teeth of, 61

†Mammoth, 39, =196=, 207, 332, =426=, 427, 429;
Siberian, 44

Man, 60, 62, 66, 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (clavicle fig.), 79 (humerus
fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 84, 88 (pes
fig.), 90, 93, 577, 578, 582;
American Pleistocene, 589;
European Palæolithic, 197;
European Pleistocene, 39, 588;
origin of, 588;
in Western Hemisphere, 588

Manatee, 207, 442

_Manatus_, 442

_†Manteoceras_, 272, 317 (head restored)

Manus, 82 (fig.)

Maples, 102

Mara, 185

Marine, fauna, Miocene, 117;
Oligocene, 117;
Pliocene, 127;
habit, 2;
mammals, 37, 45;
rocks, 37;
shells, Pleistocene, 132;
Pliocene of England, 127

_Marmosa_, 632

Marmoset, 584 (fig.)

Marmosets, 172, 578, =582=, 583

Marmot, 150, 152 (fig.)

_Marmota_, 152 (fig.), 153

Marmots, 60, 141, 153, 181, 245;
Miocene, 229;
Pliocene, 222

MARSH, O. C., 318

Marsupial, †allotherian, 286 (head restored), predaceous, Santa Cruz,
243 (restoration), 494 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)

Marsupialia, 43, 57, 59, 459, =626=;
Araucanian, 226, 634;
Australian, 145, 632, 638;
Bridger, 268;
carnivorous, 59;
Casa Mayor, 282, 638, 642;
Deseado, 261, 638, 642;
distribution, 138;
flesh-eating, 553;
herbivorous, 59;
insectivorous, 59;
Miocene, S. Amer., 226;
Paleocene, 284;
Paraná, 227, 634, 641;
predaceous, 627, =632=;
Puerco, 286, 642;
Santa Cruz, 244, 635, 640;
South American, 190, 638;
Torrejon, 285, 642;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 251

Marten, 551

Martens, 152, 231, 517, 550, 551;
Miocene, 229;
Pleistocene, 204

_Martes_, 517

†Mastodon, 207, 426, 590;
American, 195 (restoration), 196, 207, 229 (molar fig.), 428,
(restoration), =429=, 437 (head fig.), 438, 439, 448;
Miocene, 431 (head restored)

_†Mastodon_, =429=, 430, 437 (head and molar fig.);
_†M. americanus_, _see_ †Mastodon, American;
_†M. andium_, 436

†Mastodons, 60, 264, 430, 438;
Blanco, 222;
early, 432;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 211;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 215, 221, 436;
Pliocene, 225;
Tertiary, 429

MATTHEW, W. D., 241, 257, 407, 409, 414, 531, 532, 540, 542, 546,
547, 565, 566, 657, 659

_Mazama_, 180, 181 (fig.), 362

Meadow-mice, 153, 182, 218

Mediterranean, Eocene, 104, 106

_†Megalictis_, 517, =551=

_†Megalocnus_, 592, =604=

†Megalonychidæ, 592, =598=, 610

_†Megalonychotherium_, 592

_†Megalonyx_, 195 (restoration), 206, 219, 221, 592, 597, =604=, 607

_†Megamys_, 226

_†Megatheriidæ_, 591, =598=, 607

_†Megatherium_, 206, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 591, 597, =599=,
602, 604, 608

_Mellivora_, 551

†Meniscotheriidæ, 457, =458=

_†Meniscotherium_, 457, =458=, 459 (restoration)

Menotyphla, 59

_Mephitis_, 153, 167 (fig.), 517, 552

MERRIAM, C. H., 140, 141, 147, 148, 150, 161

MERRIAM, J. C., 31, 32, 538, 543

_†Merychippus_, 291, =297=, 298

_†Merychyus_, 232, 361, 372, =373=, 374, 377, 381, 382

_†Merycochœrus_, 241, 361, 372, =373= (head restored), 374, 376, 381,
382 (manus fig.)

†Merycodontidæ, 362, =414=

_†Merycodus_, 224, 362, =414=, 415 (restoration), 417

_†Merycoidodon_, 252 (restoration), 258, 259 (do.), 361, =379= (skull
fig.), 382 (manus fig.), 536 (restoration)

_†Mesatirhinus_, 271 (restoration), 314 (do.)

Mesaxonic symmetry, 359

_†Mesocyon_, 517, =528=, 530

_†Mesohippus_, 252 (restoration), 290, =300= (restor.), 302, 305
(skull fig.), 308 (manus and pes fig.), 326, 342, 343, 396,
397, 505

†Mesonychid, 269 (restoration), 271 (do.)

†Mesonychidæ, 554, 556, =558=, 574;
Bridger, 268, 559;
Torrejon, 285, 560;
Uinta, 265, 559;
Wasatch, 277, 560;
Wind River, 274

_†Mesonyx_, 554, =559= (teeth fig.), 561

_†Mesoreodon_, 361, 372, =378=

Mesozoic era, 15, 16, 18, 23, 103, 284, 574, 632, 643

Metacarpal, 84

Metacarpus, 83

_†Metacheiromys_, 592, =616=

_†Metamynodon_, 255, 291, =346=, 347 (restoration), 352, 510

Metapodial, 90

Metatarsal, 89

Metatarsus, 89

Metatheria, 626

_†Meteutatus_, 592

Mexico, 33, 179, 181, 199, 200, 207, 229, 419, 427, 585;
Eocene, 104;
lowlands, 142, 146, 164;
mammals, 135, 141, 142;
Miocene, 118, 121;
plateau, 142;
Pliocene, 125

_†Miacidæ_, 527, 530, 554, 555, 556, =557=, 562, 576;
Bridger, 268;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 519, 558;
Wasatch, 277, 279;
Wind River, 274

_†Miacis_, 555, 558

Mice, 60, 244;
groove-toothed, 182;
John Day, 249;
jumping, 182;
Miocene, 229;
Pleistocene, S. Amer., 218;
vesper, 182;
white-footed, 153, 164, 182;
White River, 254

_†Microbiotherium_, 627

_Microtus_, 153, 218

_Midas_, 578

Migration, of birds, 143;
of mammals, 18, 19, 143;
of †hyænodonts, 567;
between N. and S. Amer., 129;
Oligocene, 254;
Pleistocene, 207, 211;
pre-Wasatch, 108;
of Proboscidea, 441;
White River, 116

Milk-dentition, 94

Mink, 152 (fig.)

Minks, 213, 518, 550;
Pleistocene, 204

Miocene epoch, 17, 33, 112;
North America, =117=, 119 (map), 233, 249, 251, 284, 386, 420, 421,
438, 554, 658, 661;
European, 235, 364, 435, 441, 550;
South American, 20, =123=, 242, 261, 553, 640

_†Miohippus_, 290, 299

_†Miolabis_, 362, =391=

Mississippi, Embayment, 104, 117;
Valley, loess of, 133

Missouri River, drowning of bison in, 36

MITCHELL, P. CHALMERS, 52

_†Mœritherium_, =434=, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439, 440, 441,
442, 450

Molars, 93

Mole, 2;
Star-nosed, 152

Moles, 59, 77, 89;
American, 163;
Bridger, 268;
golden, 245;
White River, 253

Mole-shrews, 153

Mongoose, 142

Monkeys, 2, 60, 141, 282, 283, 284, 577, 578, =582=;
Bridger, 270;
eastern hemisphere, 172;
howling, 578, =585=;
Neotropical, 172, =586=;
New World, 583, 587;
Old World, 583, 587;
Pleistocene, 218, 586;
Santa Cruz, 245, 586, 587;
South American, 578, =583=, 587;
spider, 578, =584=;
Wind River, 275

Monodelphia, =58=, 59, 145

Monotremata, 59;
distribution, 138

Monte Hermoso age and stage, 20, =129=, 226, 479, 499, 508, 634

Moose, 4, 65, 141, 151, 156 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413

Moraine, Great Terminal, 131

Moraines, 25

_†Moropus_, 238, 240 (restoration), 291, =356= (manus fig.)

_†Morphippus_, 462

_Moschus_, 412

Mt. Hood, 121;
Kenya, 134;
Tacoma, 121

Mountain Lion, 153, 168 (fig.)

Mountain ranges, as barriers to mammals, 142;
history of, 23

Mouse, Jumping, 153, 160 (fig.)

Mouse-Deer, 54, 60, 358, 408.
(_See also_ Chevrotains _and_ Tragulina)

†Multituberculata, 642

Mummies of Pleistocene rodents, 40

Muntjac, Indian, 412

Muntjacs, 412, 414, 658

Musk-Ox, 148, 149 (fig.), 202, 207, 211, 418

Musk-Oxen, 27, 141, 208, 210

Muskrat, 2, 151, 153, 182

_Mustela_, 159 (fig.), 160 (fig.), 517

Mustelidæ, 174, 222, 265, 517, 518, =550=, 553, 554;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 238, 551;
Old World origin, 550;
Pleistocene, 551;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
Pliocene, 223, 551;
South American, 552;
White River, 254, 551

Mustelines, _see_ Mustelidæ

Mutation, 662

_Mycetes_, 585

†Mylagaulidæ, 222, 229, 233

†Mylagaulids, _see_ †Mylagaulidæ

_†Mylodon_, 206, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, 597, 601, =602=, 603
(restoration), 604, 607, 608 (pes fig.)

†Mylodontidæ, 206, 592, 598, 602;
Deseado, 610;
Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609

†Mylodonts, _see_ †Mylodontidæ

_Myocastor_, 184

_Myodes_, 153

_Myrmecophaga_, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 355, 591, 600

Myrmecophagidæ, 591

Mystacoceti, 60

_Nasua_, 162, 176, 213, 517, 546, 552

Nasuas, 141

Navicular, 88

Navidad formation, 124

†Necrolestidæ, 245

_†Nematherium_, 592, 607

Neogæa, 145

Neogæic realm, 146, 164

_†Neohipparion_, 33, 291, 298 (restoration), 299 (skeleton fig.)

_†Neoplagiaulax_, 627

_Neotoma_, 153, 164

_†Neotragocerus_, 362

Neotropical region, 146, 147, =164=, 170 (map), 322, 363, 418, 436,
461, 552, 583, 591, 630

_†Nesodon_, 243 (restoration), 462, =467= (skull fig.), 470
(restoration), 473 (pes fig.), 474, 475, 478, 482, 483, 498,
510, 511

NEUMAYR, M., 663

New Guinea, 634

New York Zoölogical Society, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154-169,
176-180, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 292, 389, 584

Newfoundland, Pliocene, 125

New Zealand, 284;
Miocene, 123

Nicaragua, 218

_†Nimravus_, 249, 541, =542= (skull fig.), 543

Nomenclature, 50

North America, the circumpolar area, 148;
mammals of, 145;
zoölogical divisions, 146, 147 (map)

†Notharctidæ, 578

_†Notharctus_, 578, =579=

_†Nothocyon_, 530

_†Nothrotherium_, 592

†Notohippidæ, 262, 462, =475=

_Notohippus_, 462, =476=

Notopithecidæ, 462

_†Notopithecus_, 462

†Notostylopidæ, 282, 462, =485=

_†Notostylops_, 462

Notostylops Beds, 20, 281

Notoungulata, 461, =489=

Nova Scotia, Pliocene, 125

_Nyctipithecus_, 578, =585=

Oaks, 102

Ocelot, 176 (fig.), 212, 552

_Ochotona_, 153

_Octodon_, 184

Octodontidæ, 184

_†Octodontherium_, 262

_Odocoileus_, 95 (molar fig.), 153, 162, 202, 208, 360 (molar fig.),
362, 413;
_O. hemionus_, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);
_O. virginianus_, 166 (fig.), 179, 412;
_O. virg. osceola_, 179 (fig.)

Odontoceti, 60

Okapi, 45

Old World, 101, 258, 266, 295, 327, 331, 332, 335, 341, 351, 353,
358, 386, 390, 413, 420, 426, 518, 550, 554, 558, 562, 583;
camels, 138;
horses, 201;
mammals, 120, 121, 142;
separation from N. A., 146

_†Oligobunis_, 517, =551=

Oligocene epoch, 17;
Europe, 324, 352, 370, 543, 552, 661;
North America, =113=, 114 (map), 204, 224, 265, 287, 378, 576, 658;
South America, 20, =117=, 282, 456, 485, 508, 512, 625

_†Omomys_, 578

_†Onohippidium_, 307

Ontogeny, 648

_†Oödectes_, 555, 558

Opossum, 161 (fig.), 627;
Water-, 627, 631

Opossum-like forms, Cretaceous, 638

Opossums, 2, 58, 59, 141, 161, 249, 626, 627, =630=;
Araucanian, 226;
Bridger, 268;
Casa Mayor, 282;
Cretaceous, 631;
Eocene, 631;
European, 631;
North American, 631;
Oligocene, 631;
Paleocene, 631;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 221;
Santa Cruz, 244;
South American, 190, 221, 631;
White River, 251;
Wind River, 274;
woolly, 631

_Opsiceros_, 327, 329, 330, 332, 350, 351

Orders, distribution of, 138

Ordovician period, 15

_Oreamnos_, 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416

_†Oreodon_, 379

†Oreodont, White River, 252 (restoration), 259 (do.), 536 (do.)

†Oreodontidæ, 250, 361, =372=, 383, 384, 385, 404, 436, 652, 661;
Eocene, 372, 381;
grazing, 232;
John Day, 250, 375, 377, 379;
Miocene, 231, 235, 241, 372, 374;
Pliocene, 225, 373;
Uinta, 267, 380;
White River, 258, 377

Oriental region, 146

_Ornithorhynchus_, 57

_†Orohippus_, 272, 290, =302=

OSBORN, H. F., 18, 59, 102, 193, 194, 199, 207, 235, 241, 265, 273,
288, 297, 331, 340, 341, 345, 357, 406, 409, 414, 427, 450,
554, 655

_Otocyon_, 656

Ottawa valley, marine invasion of, 132

Otter, 2, 160 (fig.), 175, 213

Otters, 152, 164, 516, 517, 518, 550, 551;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Pleistocene, 204;
South American, 552

_Ovibos_, 149 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 418

_Ovis_, 152, =419=

Ox, 70

Oxen, 54, 60, 362, 409, 416, 418

_†Oxyæna_, 274, 277, 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), =571=, 572
(restoration), 573

_†Oxyænidæ_, 555, =568=, 575;
Bridger, 268, 568, 573;
Uinta, 265, 573;
Wasatch, 277, 571;
Wind River, 274, 571

_†Oxyænodon_, 555

†Oxyclænidæ, 554, 561, =562=, 568, 574

_†Oxyclænus_, 554

_†Oxydactylus_, 241, 362, =391=, 392 (restoration), 393 (skeleton
fig.)

OWEN, R., 217, 463, 467, 510, 603, 608

Paca, 183 (fig.), 185

_†Pachyæna_, 274, 277, 554, =560=

_†Pachycyon_, 522

Pachydermata, 44, 490, 492, 654

_†Pachyrukhos_, 227, 462, =478=, 479, 639 (restoration)

Pacific Coast, Eocene, 104, 111;
mingling of mammals, 140;
Miocene, 117, 120;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 101;
Pleistocene, 132;
Pleisto. volcanoes, 133

_†Palæarctonyx_, 555

_†Palæomastodon_, =432=, 434, 435, 436, 437 (head and molar fig.),
438, 439, 440, 441, 450

_†Palæonictis_, 277, 555, =574=

Palæontological method, 9, 11, 29

Palæontology, 29, 649, 660, 663

_†Palæosyops_, 272, 291, 314 (molar fig.), 317 (head restored), 318
(manus fig.)

_†Palæothentes_, 627

_†Palæotherium_, 490, 492, 661

Palæozoic era, 15

_†Palæpanorthus_, 627

Paleocene epoch, 17, =99=, 108, 253, 273, 276, 291, 443, 453, 454,
456, 459, 460, 519, 554, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 568, 578,
580, 625, 642

Palms, 103, 111, 116, 122

_†Paloplotherium_, 661

Pamir, 419

Pampas, 133, 142, 211, 213, 218, 219, 596

Pampean Beds, 19, 133, 136, 228, 248, 463, 471, 478, 489, 493, 496,
498, 586;
mammals, =212= (restorations), 489

Panda, 546

Pangolins, 60, 353

_†Panochthus_, 592, =618=, 620

†Pantodonta, 443, =451=

_†Pantolambda_, 285 (restoration), =453=, 454

Paraguay, 164, 178, 189

_†Parahippus_, 290, =297=

_†Parahyus_, 281, 361, =370=

Parallelism, 397, =649=, 652, 653

_†Paramylodon_, 592

_†Paramys_, 270, 271 (restoration), 280

Paraná age and stage, 20, =128=, 242, 493, 499, 507, 635

Paraná River, 34

_†Parapithecus_, =583=, 587

_†Parastrapotherium_, 509, =512=

Paraxonic symmetry, 359

Patagonia, 30, 40, 139, 178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 190, 191, 242, 263,
463, 467, 477, 586, 596;
Cretaceous, 117, 632;
Eocene, 112, 117;
marine rocks, 112;
Miocene, 123, 613;
Oligocene, 117;
Pleistocene glaciation, 133;
Pliocene, 128;
Tertiary, 20

Patagonian age and stage, 20, =123=, 474, 475, 479

Patella, 86 (fig.)

_†Patriofelis_, 271 (restoration), 274, 555, =568=, 569
(restoration), 570 (pes fig.)

_†Paulogervaisia_, 462, =488=

Peace Creek stage, 127, 221, 322

Peccaries, 141, 178, 361, =363=, 461;
Bridger, 273, 365;
John Day, 250, 365;
Miocene, 232, 235, 239, 365;
Oligocene, 365;
Pleistocene, 201;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224, 226, 364;
Uinta, 266, 365

Peccary, 33, 60, 161, 177 (fig.), 222, 360 (molar fig.)

Pecora, 54, 60, 362, 387, 402, =409=, 420, 421;
Neotropical, 179;
Oligocene, 421;
Pleistocene, 201

_†Pelecyodon_, 592

†Peltephilidæ, 592

_†Peltephilus_, 592, =613= (skull fig.), 615

Pelvis, 77

_†Pelycodus_, 578, =580=

PENCK, A., 134

_†Peraceras_, 332

_Perameles_, 58

_Peramys_, 631

_†Peratherium_, 627, 631

_†Perchœrus_, 361, =365=

†Periptychidæ, 443

_†Periptychus_, 443, =454=

Perissodactyla, 60, 247, 248, 284, =288=, 310, 353, 354, 358, 359,
360, 383, 402, 450, 458, 484, 485, 491, 499, 507, 514, 651, 653;
Bridger, 270, 344;
†Clawed, 60, =353=;
Eocene, 289, 338, 339, 352, 354, 359;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 230, 234, 238;
Neotropical, 176;
normal, =291=, 355;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 280;
of western hemisphere, 322;
White River, 255;
Wind River, 275

Perissodactyls, _see_ Perissodactyla

Permian period, 15;
climate of, 24, 25;
glaciation, 25

Peru, 178, 179, 180, 184, 356, 393, 548

Petrifaction, 40

Petrified forests, 122

_Phacochœrus_, 363

Phalangers, Australian, 244, 626, 640, 641, 642

Phalanges, 84

_†Pharsophorus_, 627

†Phenacodontidæ, 457

_†Phenacodus_, 277, 278 (restoration), 285, =457= (skeleton fig.),
458, 459

Philippines, 579

Philology, 646

_†Phlaocyon_, 238, 517, =547=

Pholidota, 60, 353

Phylogeny, 648

Phylum, 56

Pichiciago, 190, 592, 611

Pig, 359 (fore-arm bones and manus fig.), 360 (pes fig.);
Wild Texas, 161

Pigs, 281

Pikas, 59, 153, 181

Pilosa, 60, 591, =592=

Pinnipedia, 59, 516

Pisiform, 83

_Pithecia_, 578, =585=

_Pitheculus_, 578

Placenta, 58

Placental mammals, 58, 59, 145

_†Plagiarthrus_, 481

†Plagiaulacidæ, 627

_Plagiodontia_, 185

_†Planops_, 591

Plant-feeders, 92, 95

Plantigrade, 90