Chapter XVIII: Modes of Mammalian Evolution (3)

Plants, distribution, 141;
Florissant, 121, 122;
Green River, 109;
Miocene, 122;
Miocene of Andes, 124;
Mioc. of Europe, 122;
Oligocene of Alaska, 116;
Oligo. of Europe, 116;
Pliocene, 127

Plateau region, 101, 111, 122;
Pleistocene upheaval of, 133

Plateaus as affecting spread of mammals, 142

_†Platygonus_, 33, 202, 222, 361, =364=

Platyrrhina, 578, =583=, 587

Pleistocene epoch, 17, =129=, 130, 172, 229, 239, 245, 246, 263, 264,
299, 324, 332, 335, 336, 350, 351, 354, 364, 365, 386, 391,
412, 413, 415, 416-419, 426-429, 436, 438, 439, 448, 485, 499,
518, 524, 530, 531, 545, 549, 551, 552, 586, 588, 614, 631, 632;
climate, 25;
effects of climate on animal distribution, 192;
glaciation, 25;
European, 661;
lowest, 127;
mammals, 195 (restorations);
South American, 19, 20, 133, 296, 465, 476, 479

_†Pleurocœlodon_, 462

_†Pliauchenia_, 362

PLINY, letter on eruption of Vesuvius, 30

Pliocene epoch, 17, 112, =125=;
North American, 126 (map), 199, 201, 202, 229, 233, 238, 242, 245,
246, 248, 258, 263, 282, 295, 298, 299, 324, 327, 333-336, 340,
353, 354, 356, 357, 364, 365, 370, 372, 373, 386, 388, 390,
391, 413, 414, 416, 417, 421, 427, 429, 430, 435, 436, 485,
486, 493, 499, 507, 508, 524, 527, 530, 531, 534, 536, 545,
546, 547, 549-552, 554, 598, 612, 614, 632;
South American, 20, =128=, 466, 467, 479

_†Pliohippus_, 291, =296=, 307

Pocket-gophers, 163, 164, 182;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Pliocene, 222;
Uinta, 265

Pocket-mice, 191

_†Poëbrotherium_, 252 (restoration), 257, 362, =394= (restor.), 397,
399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)

_†Pogonodon_, 535, =541=

†Polydolopidæ, 627, =642=

_†Polydolops_, 627

_†Polymastodon_, 286 (head restored), 627

Polyprotodonta, 59, 627, =630=, 640, 641

Pompeii, 30

Poplars, 102

Porcupine, Brazilian Tree, 182 (fig.);
Canada, 5, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 205;
Short-tailed, 150, 182, 205

Porcupine group, 182, 262;
suborder, 245

Porcupines, 59, 184;
short-tailed, 141;
tree, Pleistocene, 218;
tree, Santa Cruz, 245

Porpoises, 3, 37, 45, 60, 94, 442, 656

Port Kennedy Cave, 30, 210

Port St. Julian, 489

Portugal, caverns, 40

_Potos_, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552, 558

Pouched mammals, 57, 59.
(_See also_ Marsupialia)

_†Prœuphractus_, 592

Prairie-Dog, 169 (fig.)

Prairie-dogs, 164, 181

_Praopus_, 611

Pre-Cambrian eras, 15

Premolars, 93

Pre-occupation, 142

_†Prepotherium_, 591, 607, 608

_†Preptoceras_, 202, 203 (restoration), 362, =418=

Primates, 60, =577=;
Bridger, 270;
Eocene, 577;
Santa Cruz, 587;
South American, 587;
Wasatch, 281, 580

_Priodontes_, 190, 592, 610, 612, 614, 616

_†Proadinotherium_, 262, 462

_†Proasmodeus_, 462

_†Proborhyæna_, 627, =638=

Proboscidea, 60, 230, 254, 264, 269, =422=, 442, 446, 448, 449, 454,
455, 469, 487, 488, 514;
African origin of, 234;
American, 485;
Eocene, 434;
Miocene, 234, 238, 430;
Oligocene, 432, 441;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 436.
(_See also_ Elephants _and_ †Mastodons)

Proboscis, 65

_†Procamelus_, 232 (restoration), 362, =391=, 399 (skull and tooth
fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)

_†Procladosictis_, 627

_†Procynodictis_, 517, 529, 530

_Procyon_, 163, 175, 213, 517, =546=, 547;
_P. cancrivorus_, 552;
_P. lotor_, 153, 166 (fig.), 547 (dentition fig.), 552;
_P. †ursinus_, 552

Procyonidæ, 517, 518, =546=;
Miocene, 238, 547;
South American, 552

_†Prodasypus_, 592

_†Proectocion_, 489

_†Proeutatus_, 592, =614=, 615 (skull fig.)

_†Proglires_, 59

_†Promerycochœrus_, 235, 251, 361, =375=, 376 (restoration)

_†Pronesodon_, 262, 462

Prong Buck, 202, 225, 416, 417, 420. (_See_ Antelope, Prong-horned)

_†Pronomotherium_, 231, 361, =374=, 375 (head restored), 376, 381

_†Propalæohoplophorus_, 243 (restoration), 592, 606 (restor.), =623=

_†Propolymastodon_, 627

_†Propyrotherium_, 462, =487=

_†Prosthennops_, 361

_†Protagriochœrus_, 267, 361, 383, =385=

_†Protapirus_, 257, 291, =323= (skull fig.), 324 (head restored), 325
(teeth fig.)

_†Proteodidelphys_, 627

†Proterothere, single-toed, 506 (restoration);
three-toed, 502 (restor.)

†Proterotheres, _see_ †Proterotheriidæ

†Proterotheriidæ, 227, 248, 489, =499=, 507, 653;
Araucanian, 227, 508;
Deseado, 264, 489;
Paraná, 228, 499;
Santa Cruz, 248, =501=

_†Proterotherium_, 248, 489, =504=

_†Protheosodon_, 489, =499=

_†Prothoatherium_, 489

_†Prothylacynus_, 243 (restoration), 244, 627, =635=, 636 (restor.),
637

_†Protitanotherium_, 266, 313

_†Protobradys_, 592, 595

_†Protoceras_, 252 (restoration), 258, 362, 405 (restor.), =406=
(skull fig.), 407, 445

†Protodonta, 59

_†Protogonodon_, 457

_†Protohippus_, 291, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus and pes fig.)

_†Protolabis_, 362, =391=

_†Protomeryx_, 241, 251, 362, 391

_†Protopithecus_, 218

_†Protoreodon_, 267, 361, =380= (skull fig.), 381

Prototheria, =57=, 59, 76

_†Protylopus_, 267, 362, =397=, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400
(manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)

_†Protypotherium_, 243 (restoration), 462, =479=, 480 (restor.)

Province, zoölogical, 145

_†Prozaëdius_, 592

_†Pseudælurus_, 517, =545=

_†Pseudocladosictis_, 627

_†Pseudolabis_, 362

_†Pseudolestodon_, 592

_†Pterodon_, 253, 555, =565= (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 567, 576

_†Ptilodus_, 627, 642 (skull fig.), 643 (head restored)

Pudu, 180

_Pudua_, 180

Puerco age and stage, 17, 99, 101, 454, 460, 561

Puma, 168 (fig.), 212, 544 (dentition fig.), 545 (skull fig.);
South American, 552

Pumas, 153, 163, 176;
Pleistocene, 204

Pyramidal, 83

Pyrenees, 104

†Pyrotheres, _see_ †Pyrotheria

†Pyrotheria, 60, 462, =485=, 500;
Casa Mayor, 283, 488;
Deseado, 262, 485

_†Pyrotherium_, 264, 462, =485=, 486 (head restored)

Pyrotherium Beds, 20, 117, 261, 486

Quadrumana, 582

Quadruped, 1

Quaggas, 292

Quaternary period, 15, 17, 61, 100, =129=, 267, 319;
South America, 19

Quicksands, burial of mammals in, 37

Rabbit, 218

Rabbits, 59, 141, 142, 164, 245;
White River, 254

Raccoon, 153, 162, 163, 166 (fig.), 175, 547 (dentition fig.), 553;
Crab-eating, 552

Raccoon-family, Miocene, 238;
Pliocene, S. Amer., 226

Raccoons, 5, 90, 213, 517, 518, 519, =546=, 553;
Miocene, 229, 547;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 204;
Tertiary, 547

Race, geographical, 52

Radius, 80

Raised beaches, 113, 134

Rancho La Brea, 31

_Rangifer_, 70, 152, 157 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 412

Ratel, 551

Rats, 60, 245;
fish-eating, 182;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;
spiny, 184

Rattlesnake stage, 127

RAY. J., 51

Realm, zoölogical, 145

Recent epoch, 17, 132, 335, 336;
South American, 19

Reduction of parts, 656

Region, zoölogical, 145

Reindeer, 70, 141, 412;
Lapland, 152;
Pleistocene, 27

Reptiles, _see_ Reptilia

Reptilia, 55;
as ancestral to mammals, 643;
distribution, 141;
Mesozoic, 284;
Oligocene, 117;
Paleocene, 284;
Santa Cruz, 244;
teeth of, 92;
Triassic of S. Africa, 644

Republican River age, 17, =127=

Restorations, how made, 42

_Rheithrodon_, 182

Rhinoceros, 350, 490, 492;
African, =327=, 328, 329, 337;
†aquatic, 347 (restoration);
Bornean, 44;
Broad-lipped, =329=, 351, 448;
†cursorial, 252 (restor.), 341 (do.), 343 (manus fig.), 344
(restor.);
†hornless, 252 (restor.), 256 (do.), 335 (skull fig.);
Indian, 44, 327, 328, 329;
Javan, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;
†paired-horned, 239 (restor.);
†primitive, 271 (restor.);
†small-horned, 230 (restor.);
Sumatran, 327, 329;
White, 329;
†Woolly, 332

_Rhinoceros_, 327;
_R. sondaicus_, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;
_R. unicornis_, 329

Rhinoceroses, 45, 56, 60, 63, 91, 289, 312, 382, 461, 510, 654, 655,
661;
African, 346;
†aquatic, 291, =340=;
†aquatic, Bridger, 272;
†aquatic, Uinta, 348;
†aquatic, White River, 346;
bones of, 35;
†cursorial, 291, =340=;
†cursorial, Bridger, 272, 343;
†cursorial, Uinta, 266;
†cursorial, White River, 255, =340=;
†cursorial, Wind River, 275;
Eocene, 338, 339;
hairy, 448;
John Day, 250, 256, 333;
Miocene, 230, 234, 238, 256, 332, 333;
North American, 39, 199;
Oligocene, 333;
Pliocene, 224, 331;
†paired-horned, 256, 444;
phyla of, 289, 650;
Siberian, 39;
true, 291, =326=, 340, 346, 350, 351;
true, Uinta, 266;
true, White River, 255, 333;
White River, 255, 333

Rhinocerotidæ, 291, =326=, 340, 350

_†Rhynchippus_, 462

Ribs, 74 (fig.);
sternal, 74

Rio de La Plata, 128

River deposits, 36

Robin, 50

Rocky Mts., 101, 150, 153;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131

Rodent, †primitive, 271 (restoration);
Santa Cruz, 243 (do.)

Rodentia, 5, 59, 282, 283, 284, 459, 629;
Araucanian, 226;
Boreal, 153;
Bridger, 270;
Deseado, 587;
distribution, 138;
John Day, 249;
jumping, 90;
Miocene, 229, 233, 237;
Neotropical, 183 (figs.);
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 134, 205;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;
Pliocene, 222;
Santa Cruz, 245;
simplicidentate, 628;
Sonoran, 163;
South American, 181;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 280;
White River, 254;
Wind River, 275;
West Indian, 191

Rodents, _see_ Rodentia

Roots of teeth, 95

Rootless teeth, 96

Rosebud stage, 120, 235

Ruminants, 81, 84, 87, 281, 373, 651;
hollow-horned, 328;
Miocene, 232;
true, 54, 201, 362, 387, 402, =409=, 446

RUSSELL, I. C., 589

Sables, 141

†Sabre-tooth, 32;
cat, 252 (restoration);
cats, 659;
false, 542 (skull fig.);
primitive, 539 (restor.);
Tiger, frontispiece (restor.), 195 (restor.), 517, 531 (skull
fig.), 534 (do.), 536 (restor.);
tigers, 54, 210, =530=, 552;
Miocene, 229, 234, 534;
Oligocene, 535;
Pleistocene, 204;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 211;
Pliocene, 223

†Sabre-tooths, 265, 650;
false, 249, 541;
John Day, 249, 535, 541, 542;
Miocene, 238;
White River, 254.
(_See also_ †Machairodontinæ)

Sacramento Valley, Miocene, 118

Sacrum, 73 (fig.)

_†Sadypus_, 592

Sagittal crest, 63

_Saiga_, 65

Saiga Antelope, 65

St. Elias Alps, 101

St. Lawrence Valley, invasion of, by sea, 133

Sakis, 578, =585=

Saline water, 34

SALISBURY, R. D., 130

Salt Lake, Utah, 131

Salt lakes, 24

Sand, wind-blown, 33

Santa Cruz age and stage, 20, 30, =124=, 262, 263, 264, 282, 283,
467, 470, 473, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481, 482, 485, 493, 499,
500, 501, 504, 508-512, 586, 587;
mammals, 243 (restorations)

Santa Cruz Mts., Calif., 118

Santa Cruz River, as barrier to armadillos, 139

Sapajou, 584 (fig.)

_Sarcophilus_, 634

SARMIENTO, 143

_†Scalibrinitherium_, 489, =493=, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.)

_Scalops_, 163

Scalpriform teeth, 96 (fig.)

_Scapanus_, 163

Scaphoid, 83

Scapho-lunar, 83

Scapula, 76 (fig.)

_†Scelidotherium_, 592, 601, =602=, 604

_†Schismotherium_, 592

_†Schizotherium_, 291, 357

SCHLOSSER, M., 262, 380, 514, 555, 583, 625, 661

SCHUCHERT, C., 105, 114, 119, 126

_†Sciuravus_, 280

Sciuromorpha, 270

_Sciuropterus_, 164

_Sciurus_, 164 (fig.)

_†Sclerocalyptus_, 219, 592, =618=, 620

_Scleropleura_, 592, =611=

SCOTT, D. H., 288

Sea-Cow, 60, 207, 442

Sea-Otter, 517, 518

Seals, 1, 2, 3, 37, 56, 59;
Pleistocene, 132

Seas, barriers to land mammals, 139

Section, geological, 7, 9 (diagram)

Sedimentary rocks, 6

Sediments, 6

Selenodont tooth, 360 (fig.);
origin of, 651

Sewellel, 153, 233

Sewellels, 249;
Miocene, 238

Shales, Florissant, 129;
Green River, 109

Sheep, 54, 60, 93, 362, 409, 416, 418, =419=, 420;
Rocky Mt., 152, 419

Shells, fossil, 662

Sheridan stage, 33, =131=, 133, 200

Shrews, 59, 141, 173, 191;
American, 163;
jumping, 59;
Old World, 152;
tree, 59

Siberia, 197, 207, 332, 350, 426;
frozen carcasses in, 39

Sierra Nevada, 101, 122, 150, 153;
Miocene, 118;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131

_Sigmodon_, 163

Silurian period, 15

Simiidæ, 583

Simplicidentata, 60

SINCLAIR, W. J., 107, 437

_†Sinopa_, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 633

Sirenia, 60, =442=

_Sitomys_, 153, 164, 182

Skeleton, 61;
significance of, 42

Skull, 61

Skunk, 163, 167 (fig.), 213, 517;
Argentine, 174 (fig.);
Little, 174 (fig.);
Spotted, 517

Skunks, 153, 163, 174, 210, 518, 550, 551;
Pleistocene, 204;
South American, 552

Sloth, Three-toed, 186 (fig.), 591;
Two-toed, 74, 187 (fig.), 591

Sloths, 2, 60, 97, 186, 189, 592;
Araucanian, 226;
Pleistocene, 218;
Santa Cruz, 245

_†Smilodon_, frontispiece (restoration), 195 (do.), 204, 211, 517,
=531= (skull fig.), 532 (teeth fig.), 535, 536, 537, 544, 553,
622

SMITH, PERRIN, 23

SMITH, WILLIAM, 7, 9

Smith River stage, 121

Snake Creek age and stage, 17, =127=, 222, 388

Snakes, 244;
Paleocene, 284

_Solenodon_, 173 (fig.)

Solitary species, 38

Sonoran region, 146, 147 (map), 152, 153, 161, 176, 178, 191, 363

_Sorex_, 152

South Africa, 14;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Triassic reptiles, 644

South America, Eocene separation from N. Amer., 104;
Miocene junction with N. Amer., 120;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Pleistocene Man, 589;
zoölogical divisions, 173 (map);
zoölogy, 146

South Australia, dry lakes of, 34

South Shetland Islands, 124

Sparnacian stage, 108

Species, definition, 51;
distribution, 136;
origin, 20

Specific area, 136

_Spermophilus_, 163 (fig.), 164

_†Sphenophalus_, 362

_Spilogale_, 174 (fig.), 517, 552

Spiny rats, Pleistocene, 218

Sports, 660

Squirrel, Grey, 164 (fig.);
suborder, 270

Squirrels, 2, 60, 245;
flying, 164;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
true, 164, 181;
White River, 254

Stag, 358;
European, 151;
Thian Shan, 151

†Stag-Moose, 195 (restoration), 208, 209 (restor.), =413=

Stage, geological, 15

Stalagmite, 30

Stations, 136

_†Stegodon_, 430, 439

†Stegodonts, 438

_†Stegotherium_, 243 (restoration), 480 (do.), 592, =614=, 615 (skull
fig.)

_†Stenomylus_, 241, 242 (restoration), 362, =393=, 408

_Sternum_, 75 (fig.)

_†Stibarus_, 361

STIRLING, E. C., 34, 35

Straits, of Lombok, 135;
of Magellan, 143

Stratified rocks, 6

Stream-channels, White River, 113

_†Stylinodon_, 274

_†Stypolophus_, 555

Subregion, zoölogical, 145

Subsidences, Pleistocene, 132

Subungulata, 514

Suillines, 661

Suina, 54, 60, 361, =362=

Sumatra, 21, 140, 327

Superposition of beds, 7, 8 (diagram)

_Sus_, 359 (fore-arm bones fig.), 363

Swamps, burial of mammals in, 33

Swan, 70

Swine, 54, 60;
American, 363;
Old World, 363, 364;
Pleistocene, 201;
true, 364, 365.
(_See also_ Peccaries)

Swine-like animals, 361, =362=

Sycamores, 102

_†Symbos_, 208, 362, =418=

_Synaptomys_, 153

_†Syndyoceras_, 241, 258, 362, 403 (restoration), =404=, 406, 407

Syria, 481

_†Systemodon_, 280, 291, =324=

_†Tæniodontia_, 60, 276, =625=;
Bridger, 267;
Puerco, 286;
Wind River, 274

_Tagassu_, 161, 177 (fig.), 178, 360 (tooth fig.), 361, 363
(dentition fig.), 364

Tagassuidæ, 361, =363=

Takin, 418

†Taligrada, 443

_Tamandua_, 187, 188 (fig.), 591

_Tamias_, 153

Tapir, 47 (fig. of young), 81 (fore-arm bones fig.), 87 (leg-bones
fig.), 289 (manus fig.), 290 (pes fig.), 320 (adult fig.),
=321= (skull fig.), 471, 490, 492;
Asiatic, 321;
Pinchaque, 322;
White River, 323 (skull fig.), 324 (head restored)

_†Tapiravus_, 291

Tapiridæ, 60, 65, 89, 141, 176, 289, 291, 312, 315, =319=, 330, 341,
348, 359, 461, 651, 653;
American, 322;
Bridger, 272;
distribution, 137;
Eocene, 323;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 231, 234, 322;
North American, 39;
Oligocene, 323, 339;
Pleistocene, 199, 201, 208, 210, 322;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 223, 322;
South American, 324;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 280, 324;
White River, 257, 322

Tapiroid, 272, 315

Tapiroids, 321

Tapirs, _see_ Tapiridæ

_Tapirus_, 176, 291;
_T. †haysii_, 201, 322;
_T. roulini_, 322;
_T. terrestris_, 47 (young fig.), 87, 201, 289 (manus fig.), 290
(pes fig.), 320 (adult fig.), =321= (skull fig.), 322, 325
(upper teeth fig.)

Tardigrada, 186, 591, 592, 610;
Araucanian, 226.
(_See also_ Sloths)

Tarija Valley, Pliocene, 129, 225

Tar-pools, 31;
Pleistocene, 32

Tarsier, 281, =580=

Tarsiids, 583

_Tarsius_, 281, =580=

Tarsus, 88

Tasmania, 138, 632, 634

Tasmanian Devil, 627, =634=;
Wolf, 43, 226, 244, 626, =632=, 633 (fig.)

_Tatu_, 160, 190 (fig.), 592, 593, 612

_Taurotragus_, 202

_Taxidea_, 153, 162, 168 (fig.), 517

_Tayra_, 175 (fig.), 213, 517, 552

Teeth, 92;
importance of fossil, 38

_†Teleoceras_, 291, =331=, 332, 333, 350

_†Telmatherium_, 291

_†Temnocyon_, 517, =528=, 530

Temperature as a barrier to species, 140, 141

Tenrecs, 173

_†Tephrocyon_, 517, 522, =527=, 530

Tertiary period, 15, 17, 19, =99=, 267, 319, 369, 413, 460, 531;
Central America, 22;
Culebra, 22;
Great Plains, 36;
Patagonia, 20;
South America, 20, 248, 461, 463;
Tierra del Fuego, 20

Terrestrial habit, 2

_†Tetrabelodon_, 430, 437

_Thalarctus_, 148 (fig.)

_†Theosodon_, 243 (restoration), 248, 489, =493=, 494 (restor.), 496
(skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498 (manus fig.)

Thian Shan, 419

_†Thinohyus_, 361

_†Thoatherium_, 243 (restoration), 248, 489, 500, 501, =504=, 505
(skull fig.), 506 (restor.), 507 (pes fig.)

_†Thomashuxleya_, 462, 485

_Thomomys_, 164

Thorax, 74

Thousand Creek age and stage, 17, 127

Thylacine, 43, =632=, 633 (fig.), 634, 635.
(_See also_ Tasmanian Wolf)

Thylacynidæ, 627, =632=

_Thylacynus_, 43, 226, 244, =632=, 633 (fig.)

Tibet, 224, 418

Tibia, 86, 87 (fig.)

Tierra del Fuego, 20, 178

Tiger, 45

†Tillodontia, 59, 276;
Bridger, 267;
Wasatch, 276;
Wind River, 274

Time, geological, 16

†Titanothere, 253 (restoration), 271 (do.), 309 (do.), 314 (restor.
and fig. of molar)

†Titanotheriidæ, 291, =308=, 317 (heads restored), 334, 352, 353,
357, 366, 445, 446, 458, 465, 654, 661;
Bridger, 270, =313=;
Oligocene, =310=, 314, 315, 339;
Uinta, 266, 313;
White River, 255, =310=, 313, 315;
Wind River, 275, 276, 315

_†Titanotherium_, 253 (restoration), 291, 309 (restor.), 310 (molar
fig.), 311 (skull fig.), 317 (head restored), 318 (fig. of
manus)

_Tolypeutes_, 189, 592, 611, 616

Toronto, interglacial beds near, 130

Torrejon age and stage, 17, 99, =101=, 286, 453, 561

Tortoises, 244;
Paleocene, 244

_†Toxodon_, 212 (restoration), 215, 217 (restor.), 462, =463=, 466
(skull fig.), 467, 468, 469, 471, 472 (pes fig.), 473, 477, 487

†Toxodont, 498;
horned, 228 (head restored), 263 (do.);
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 217 (do.);
Santa Cruz, 243 (restor.), 467 (skull fig.);
Santa Cruz horned, 474 (restor.)

†Toxodonta, 60, 282, 462, =463=, 477, 482, 483, 487, 500, 509, 511,
652;
Araucanian, 227;
Deseado, 262, 264, =474=;
Paraná, 228;
Santa Cruz, 246, =467=

†Toxodontia, 60, 355, =461=, 478, 485, 489, 492, 500, 514;
Pleistocene, 215, 221

†Toxodontidæ, 462, 474

†Toxodonts, _see_ †Toxodonta

Tragulina, 54, 60, 408, 409, 410. (_See_ Mouse-Deer)

Transition zone, 147 (map), 153

Trapezium, 83

Trapezoid, 83

Tree-sloths, 591, 593, 594, 595, 596, 609;
Pleistocene, 596;
Santa Cruz, 596.
(_See also_ Sloths)

_Tremarctos_, 172, 176 (fig.), 517, 548, 552

Trèves, 10

Triassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643;
climate, 24

†Triconodonta, 59

Trier, cathedral of, 10

_†Trigodon_, 227, 228 (head restored), 462, =466=, 473, 474

_†Trigonias_, 256, 291, =336=, 337 (skull and front teeth fig.), 338,
339 (manus fig.), 351

_†Trigonolestes_, 281, 361, =398=

†Trigonolestidæ, 361

†Trigonostylopidæ, 509, 512

_†Trigonostylops_, 509

_†Triisodon_, 554, =561=

_†Trilophodon_, 229

Trinidad, 170

Trinomial system of nomenclature, 52

_†Triplopus_, 266, 272, =343= (manus fig.), 345

_†Tritemnodon_, 271 (restoration), 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.),
=567= (restor.), 576, 633

†Trituberculata, 59

Tropical species, distribution, 141

Tse-tse Fly, 142

Tuatara, 284

Tubulidentata, 60

Tuco-tuco, 184

Tuff, Miocene, 112, 122;
Santa Cruz, 124

Turkestan, 419

Turtles, 102

Tusks, 92

Tylopoda, 54, 60, 362, =386=, 409, 410;
Pleistocene, 202

†Typothere, 243 (restoration), 480 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)

†Typotheres, _see_ †Typotheria

†Typotheria, 60, 215, 372, 462, =476=;
Araucanian, 227;
Casa Mayor, 282, 479;
Deseado, 263, 264;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 215, 221, 476;
Santa Cruz, 246, =479=;
Tertiary, 215

†Typotheriidæ, 462, =476=

_†Typotherium_, 215, 217, 263, 462, =476=, 477

Uakaris, 578, =585=

Uinta age and stage, 11, 17, =110=, 270, 271, 272, 301, 339, 345,
349, 365, 369, 370, 380, 383, 385, 386, 397-400, 409, 443, 519,
527, 529, 557, 559, 573, 579

Uinta Mts., 106, 108;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131

_†Uintacyon_, 555, 558

†Uintatheres, _see_ †Uintatheriidæ

†Uintatheriidæ, 285, =443=, 444, 445 (skull fig.), 451, 452, 454,
465, 509, 532;
Bridger, 269, 443;
Wasatch, 279, 451;
Wind River, 274, 450

_†Uintatherium_, 51, 271 (restoration), 443, =444=, 445 (skull fig.),
447 (restoration)

Ulna, 80

Unciform, 83

Unconformity, 312

Ungual phalanx, 84

Ungulata, 60, =513=, =516=;
primitive, 460;
Santa Cruz, 481, 511;
†short-footed, 443;
South American indigenous, 461, 466, 469, 486, 489, 490, 500, 509,
511, 513, 514;
White River, 258

Ungulates, _see_ Ungulata

Unguligrade, 91

University of California, 31, 32

Upheavals, Pleistocene, 132, 133;
Pliocene, 132

Upper Sonoran zone, 148, 164

Ural, Mts., 106;
Sea, 106, 108

_Urocyon_, 162, 165 (fig.), 517

_†Urotrichus_, 153

Ursidæ, 517, 518, =548=

_Ursus_, 90 (pes fig.), 156 (fig.), 163, 517, 549

Uruguay, 585

Variant, 53

Varieties, 52, =662=

Vegetation, Eocene, 111;
Paleocene, 283.
(_See also_ Flora _and_ Plants)

Vermilingua, 187, 591

Vertebra, 68;
caudal, 73 (fig.);
cervical, 70 (fig.);
dorsal, 69 (fig.), 72 (fig.);
lumbar, 72, 73 (fig.);
sacral, 73 (fig.);
thoracic, 69

Vertebral column, 67

Vertebrata, 55

Vesuvius, 30

Vicuña, 178 (fig.)

Virgin Valley stage, 127

_Viscaccia_, 183 (fig.), 185

_†Viverravus_, 555, =558=

Viverridæ, 518, 553, 554, 558

Viverrines, _see_ Viverridæ

Viviparous mammals, 59

Vizcacha, 183 (fig.), 185

Vizcachas, Pleistocene, 218

Volcanic ash, 29;
Bridger, 110, 115;
John Day, 116;
Santa Cruz, 124;
White River, 115

Volcanic dust, 29

Volcanic material, 6;
Florissant, 121;
Miocene, 118;
Pliocene, 125

Volcanoes, 133

Voles, 182

VOLTAIRE, 646

Vulcanism, Miocene, 118, 121;
Pliocene, 127

_†Vulpavus_, 555, 558

_Vulpes_, 149 (fig.), 150 (fig.), 158 (fig.), 517

WAAGEN, W., 662

WALLACE, A. R., 136, 139, 150, 170, 171

Walnuts, 102

Walruses, 1, 45, 207, 210, 516;
Pleistocene, 27, 132

Wapiti, 50, 151, 155 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413

Warm Temperate region, 161

Wart Hog, 363

Wasatch age and stage, 17, =106=, 273, 274, 275, 285, 316, 325, 370,
398, 400, 451, 452, 453, 455, 457, 459, 560, 561, 566, 568,
571, 572, 580, 581

Wasatch Mts., Pleistocene glaciers, 131

Wasatch-Sparnacian stage, 115

Water Hog, 183 (fig.), 185, 205, 211.
(_See also_ Capybara _and_ Carpincho)

Weasel, 551;
family, 174;
Miocene, 238;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
tribe, 518

Weasels, 59, 152, 517;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Pleistocene, 204, 205

WEBER, M., 426

Western Hemisphere, marsupials, 626

West Indian, islands, 164, 191;
shells on N. J. coast, 113;
subregion, 170 (map)

West Indies, 583;
Eocene, 112;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 103;
Pleistocene, 134;
zoölogy, 146

Whale, Right, 48

Whales, 1, 2, 3, 37, 45, 60, 74, 442;
Miocene, 123;
Pleistocene, 132;
toothed, 60;
whalebone, 60, 94

White Mts., Labrador plants of, 193

White River age and stage, 11, 12, 17, =113=, 250, 266, 267, 270,
271, 272, 312, 325, 326, 340, 341, 346, 350, 357, 365-371, 375,
377-380, 382-385, 394-396, 399, 405, 407, 408, 523, 528-530,
535, 538-541, 546, 557, 562, 563, 565, 566, 631;
mammals, 252 (restorations)

Wild-cats, 141

Willamette Valley, Miocene, 115

WILLISTON, S. W., 33, 589

Willows, 102

Wind River age and stage, 17, =109=, 273, 315, 316, 326, 339, 350,
400, 450, 452, 456, 457, 460, 568, 571

Windward Islands, Pleistocene, 134

Winter, destruction of mammals by, 36

Wisent, 152

Wolf, 32, 62 (skull fig.), 64 (do.), 69 (dorsal vertebra fig.), 70
(atlas fig.), 71 (axis fig.), 72 (cervical and dorsal vertebræ
fig.), 73 (lumbar and caudal fig.), 74 (ribs fig.), 75 (ribs
and sternum fig.), 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (hip-bone fig.), 78
(humerus fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 85
(femur fig.), 86 (femur and patella fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.),
88 (pes fig.), 92, 93 (dentition fig.);
Fox-like, 171 (fig.);
Grey, 152, 159 (fig.);
Large-eared, 656;
Miocene, 522 (skull fig.);
Timber, 159 (fig.), 162

Wolverene, 141, 152, 155 (fig.), 213, 238, 517, 551;
Pleistocene, 204

Wolves, 59, 164, 173, 249, 517, 518, 520, 523, 525, 530;
fox-like, 173, 212, 552;
Pleistocene, 204;
Pliocene, 222;
White River, 254

Wombats, 640

Woodchuck, 152 (fig.), 153

Wood-rats, 141, 153, 164

WORTMAN, J. L., 383, 385, 399, 570, 571

_†Xotodon_, 462

Yapock, 631

Yellowstone Park, petrified forests, 122;
Miocene lava, 122;
Pliocene lava, 127

Young animals, colour pattern of, 46

Yucatan, 128

Yukon Valley, Miocene, 118

_Zaëdyus_, 190, 592

_Zapus_, 153, 160 (fig.)

Zebra, 44;
bones of, 35;
Burchell’s, 200

Zebras, 213, 292, 308

†Zeuglodontia, 60

ZITTEL, K. VON, 601

Zoölogy, Experimental, 648, 663

_†Zygolestes_, 627, 641

Zygomatic arch, 65

The following pages contain advertisements of books by the same author or on kindred subjects.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York

_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_

An Introduction to Geology

BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT, PH.D., LL.D.

Blair Professor of Geology and Palæontology in Princeton University

=New York, 1907= =New Edition, completely revised, 1907= =Latest Reprint, 1909=

_Illustrated_ _12mo_ _$2.60_

Intended to serve as an introduction to the science of Geology, both for students who desire to pursue the subject exhaustively and also for those who wish merely to obtain an outline of the methods and principal results of the science. To the future specialist such a preliminary survey of the whole field will afford the necessary orientation. To the non-specialist the graphic presentation of the outlines of the subject cannot fail to prove both interesting and informing. The book aims to cultivate a proper scientific attitude by training the student to carefully distinguish between fact and inference and between observation and hypothesis. He is taught to weigh his evidences carefully, and while balancing probabilities suspend judgment where the data for decision are insufficient.

The new edition incorporates the results of all the important advances made in geological knowledge in recent years. The number of illustrations has been greatly increased, thus adding to the admirable clearness of the text.

Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology

BY CHARLES C. ADAMS

Associate in Animal Ecology in the University of Illinois

_Cloth, 12mo_ _183 pp._ _$1.25 net_

This work is the outgrowth of the author’s efforts during the last ten years to find some consistent and satisfactory working plan for handling the almost bewildering number of facts of ecological significance which have been accumulating in the literature of zoölogy, biology, and the allied sciences. An ecological point of view is described more fully than other subjects, so that the student may see the need of familiarity with those tests or criteria by means of which he may be able to determine for himself ecological relations and the validity of ecological studies. The other phases are treated less fully in the discussions and with more detail bibliographically, so that this may be a useful source-book. In fact, the very extensive and up-to-date bibliography is one of the important features of the entire book.

The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America

BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN

A.B., SC.D. PRINCETON, HON. LL.D. TRINITY, PRINCETON, COLUMBIA, HON. D.SC. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, HON. PH.D. UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA, PRESIDENT AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, PRESIDENT NEW YORK ZOÖLOGICAL SOCIETY

=ILLUSTRATED BY 232 HALF-TONE AND OTHER FIGURES, INCLUDING NUMEROUS MAPS, GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS, FIELD VIEWS, AND REPRODUCTIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF MOUNTED FOSSIL SKELETONS AND OF THE FAMOUS RESTORATIONS BY CHARLES R. KNIGHT.=

_Royal 8vo_ _$4.50 net_ _Carriage extra_

“The Age of Mammals” is not written for the palæontologist only. No zoölogist interested in mammals, birds, fishes, or reptiles can fail to find it of value. The geologist finds here the clearest exposition that has been given of the succession of geological events in the mammal-bearing continental formations of the Tertiary and Quaternary of the Western States. The anthropologist finds in the closing chapter on the Pleistocene a key to most of the problems which confront him as to the time of man’s first appearance. The botanist may refer to it for the succession and evolution of flora.

To the general reader it offers the first connected account of the history of life on the earth during the later geological epochs, a record embodying the very latest results of the active research going on in this direction at the present time. In so far as science has succeeded in piecing together the fragmentary evidence of the rocks, this volume contains glimpses into the remote past of the continental outlines, the climate, vegetation, and animal life of the epochs preceding the “Age of Man.” The text is supplemented by a very original and suggestive series of illustrations, notable among which are numerous half-tone reproductions from the famous restorations of extinct mammals by Charles R. Knight, many of which are published here for the first time. Moreover, there is appended to the volume an invaluable Classification of the Mammalia, which gives not only the systematic position but also the geologic and geographic distribution and the popular names of all the important genera of mammals, both living and fossil.

Comments on The Age of Mammals

“Students of palæontology have awaited impatiently the past few years a promised work on extinct mammals by Professor Osborn. In his ‘Age of Mammals,’ expectations have been more than realized.”—S. W. WILLISTON, in _Science_, Feb. 17, 1911.

“Dr. H. F. Osborn is a great palæontologist; in this book he has gathered together the work of a life-time, and that work, besides being original and constructive, is also critical and selective. The result is a great book.” “While it is an incomparable text-book, a work of reference to the student, and, no doubt a fruitful field for the controversialist of the future, it is a work which can be read with interest and satisfaction by the ‘genial omnivore,’ as Huxley called him, the general reader.”—_The Field_, Jan. 7, 1911.

“It is in the best sense a source book, for it gives at first hand, from the original material, the ideas of an acknowledged master in mammalian palæontology.” “It has the clarity and directness of style so welcome, and rare, in such a book.”—E. C. CASE, in _Bulletin American Geographical Society_, July, 1911.

“A book of the utmost value to the student and teacher of mammalian life and likewise to the serious reader.”—_American Journal of Science_, Feb., 1911.

“M. Osborn ... devait s’attacher a nous présenter le tableau aussi complet et aussi fidèle que possible des faunes de Mammifères fossiles qui se sont succédé dans l’hémisphère Nord pendant l’ère tertiaire. Et j’ai plaisir à dire tout de suite qu’il y a parfaitement réussi.”—M. BOULE, in _Mouvement Scientifique_, 1911, p. 569.

“Professor Osborn has produced a book which will appeal to the learned specialist and to the thoughtful general reader as well.” “The work is well adapted to school and college use, and is abundantly illustrated.”—_Education_, Boston, Jan., 1911.

“One of the most notable books on evolution since the appearance of Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species.’”—_Forest and Stream_, Dec. 10, 1910.

“Nejlepší současný palæontolog americký, Henry Fairfield Osborn, vydal nedàvno s titulem tuto citovaným znamenitě psanou a pěkně vypravenou knihu o ‘věku ssavců.’”—F. Bayer in _Věstníku Ceské Akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovenost a umení_.—Ročník XX, 1911.

“Written with clearness and vivacity, most admirably illustrated, especially by the ‘restorations’ of Mr. Knight, and illuminated by maps, Professor Osborn builds, page after page, his story-mosaic.... The reader will soon discover that he is a brilliant generalizer, possessed of material gathered from all around the globe, fructifying his knowledge by the exercise of a constructive imagination, and expressing his facts and ideas in a literary style, clear, vigorous, and entertaining.”—_The Literary Digest_, Feb. 4, 1911.

The Cambridge Natural History

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.

Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge; formerly Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoölogy; Keeper of the Department of Zoölogy in the British Museum (Natural History)

AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., HON. Sc.D., Princeton, F.R.S.

Master and Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge; formerly Reader in Zoölogy in the University; Chairman of Council of Marine Biological Association

_In Ten Volumes_ _Fully Illustrated_ _Medium 8vo_ _Gilt Tops_ _Each Volume, $4.75 net_

=CONTENTS=

VOL. I. Protozoa, by M. Hartog; Porifera, by Igerna Sollas;
Coelenterata and Ctenophora, by S. J. Hickson;
Echinodermata, by E. W. MacBride.

VOL. II. Flatworms and Mesozoa, by F. W. Gamble; Nemertines,
by L. Sheldon; Threadworms and Sagitta, by A. E.
Shipley; Rotifers, by M. Hartog; Polychaet Worms,
by W. B. Benham; Earthworms and Leeches, by F. E.
Beddard; Gephyrea, etc., by A. E. Shipley; Polyzoa,
by S. F. Harmer.

VOL. III. Molluscs, by H. A. Cooke; Recent Brachiopods, by A. E.
Shipley; Fossil Brachiopods, by F. R. C. Reed.

VOL. IV. Spiders, Mites, Scorpions, etc., by C. Warburton;
Trilobites, etc., by M. Laurie; Pycnogonids, by
D’Arcy W. Thompson; Lingulatulidæ and Tardigrada,
by A. E. Shipley; Crustacea, by Geoffrey Smith.

VOL. V. Peripatus, by A. Sedgwick; Myriopods, by F. G. Sinclair;
Insects, Part I, by D. Sharp.

VOL. VI. Insects, Part II, by D. Sharp.

VOL. VII. Hemichordata, by S. F. Harmer; Ascidians and Amphioxus,
by W. A. Herdman; Fishes (exclusive of systematic
account of Teleostei), by T. W. Bridge; Fishes
(systematic account of Peleostei), by G. A. Boulanger.

VOL. VIII. Amphibia and Reptiles, by Hans Gadow.

VOL. IX. Birds, by A. H. Evans.

VOL. X. Mammalia, by F. E. Beddard.

WHAT THE CRITICS SAY OF
THE
CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

New York _Evening Post_.

Its editors may well be congratulated upon the completion of
such an undertaking, whose vastness and difficulty can be
adequately appreciated only by the skilled zoölogist. The
student of biology who turns to this volume (Vol. iv) will not
be disappointed in its value as a serviceable handbook. It is
pleasant to observe how numerous, clear, and satisfactory are
the drawings that illustrate the text.

_American Journal of Science._

The most convenient and generally useful work of reference on
the subject that has appeared in the English language in recent
years.

_Book Review Digest._

The zealous student, anxious to bring his knowledge up to date,
will find here a compendium on which he can rely.

_Field._

The Cambridge Natural History series of volumes is one of very
great value to all students of biological science.

_Times._

There are very many, not only among educated people who take
an interest in science, but even among specialists, who will
welcome a work of reasonable compass and handy form containing
a trustworthy treatment of the various departments of Natural
History by men who are familiar with, and competent to deal
with, the latest results of scientific research. Altogether,
to judge from this first volume, the Cambridge Natural History
promises to fulfil all the expectations that its prospectus
holds out.

_Academy._

The editors have aimed very high, and they have succeeded....
Well conceived, carefully coördinated, and executed with the
greatest detail and completeness, the Cambridge Natural History
is certain to rank high amongst those gigantic scientific works
to which, within the last half-century or so, the labours of so
many experts, each without hope of more glory than falls to a
mere assistant, have contributed.

_Athenæum._

The series certainly ought not to be restricted in its
circulation to lecturers and students only; and, if the
forthcoming volumes reach the standard of the one here under
notice, the success of the enterprise should be assured.

_Science Gossip._

Every library, school, and college in the country should
possess this work, which is of the highest educational value.

_Daily News_ in a Review of Vol. X.

A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for its
style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its
predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful
of a brilliant series.

_A GREAT EXPLORER’S STORY_

My Life With the Eskimo

BY VILHJÁLMUR STEFÁNSSON

_ILLUSTRATED WITH HALF-TONE REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BY THE AUTHOR AND OTHERS_

_Decorated cloth, 8vo_

A fascinating book of description and adventure has been written by the famous traveler and explorer, who has passed years of his life within the Arctic Circle. Mr. Stefánsson has had a vast amount of material from which to draw and he has made his selection wisely. He has lived with the Eskimo for long periods; he knows their language; he has subsisted on their food; he has heard their legends; he has seen them in their daily lives as have few explorers. Consequently his remarks about this primitive and matter-of-fact people are shrewd, true, and frequently amusing. The experiences and tales which he recounts, mirroring the hardships and the inspirations of life in a fearful but wonderful country, compose a work quite the most absorbing on it that has ever been published.