Chapter XV: Greece and Eastern Affairs

Condition of Greece: its Races and Institutions--The Greek Church --Communal System--The Ægæan Islands--The Phanariots--Greek intellectual revival: Koraes--Beginning of Greek National Movement; Contact of Greece with the French Revolution and Napoleon--The Hetæria Philike--Hypsilanti's Attempt in the Danubian Provinces: its failure--Revolt of the Morea: Massacres: Execution of Gregorius, and Terrorism at Constantinople --Attitude of Russia, Austria, and England--Extension of the Revolt: Affairs at Hydra--The Greek Leaders--Fall of Tripolitza--The Massacre of Chios--Failure of the Turks in the Campaign of 1822--Dissensions of the Greeks--Mahmud calls upon Mehemet Ali for Aid--Ibrahim conquers Crete and invades the Morea--Siege of Missolonghi--Philhellenism in Europe--Russian proposal for Intervention--Conspiracies in Russia: Death of Alexander: Accession of Nicholas--Military Insurrection at St. Petersburg-- Anglo-Russian Protocol--Treaty between England, Russia, and France--Death of Canning--Navarino--War between Russia and Turkey--Campaigns of 1828 and 1829--Treaty of Adrianople--Capodistrias President of Greece--Leopold accepts and then declines the Greek Crown--Murder of Capodistrias--Otho, King of Greece

CHAPTER XVI.

THE MOVEMENTS OF 1830.

France before 1830--Reign of Charles X.--Ministry of Martignac--Ministry of Polignac--The Duke of Orleans--War in Algiers--The July Ordinances-- Revolution of July--Louis Philippe King--Nature and effects of the July Revolution--Affairs in Belgium--The Belgian Revolution--The Great Powers--Intervention, and establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium--Affairs of Poland--Insurrection at Warsaw--War between Russia and Poland--Overthrow of the Poles: End of the Polish Constitution--Affairs of Italy-- Insurrection in the Papal States--France and Austria--Austrian Intervention--Ancona occupied by the French--Affairs of Germany--Prussia; the Zollverein--Brunswick, Hanover, Saxony--The Palatinate--Reaction in Germany--The exiles in Switzerland: Incursion into Savoy--Dispersion of the Exiles--France under Louis Philippe: Successive risings--Period of Parliamentary activity--England after 1830: The Reform Bill

CHAPTER XVII.

SPANISH AND EASTERN AFFAIRS.

France and England after 1830--Affairs of Portugal--Don Miguel--Don Pedro invades Portugal--Ferdinand of Spain--The Pragmatic Sanction--Death of Ferdinand: Regency of Christina--The Constitution--Quadruple Alliance--Miguel and Carlos expelled from Portugal--Carlos enters Spain--The Basque Provinces--Carlist War: Zumalacarregui--The Spanish Government seeks French assistance, which is refused--Constitution of 1837--End of the War--Regency of Espartero--Isabella Queen--Affairs of the Ottoman Empire--Ibrahim invades Syria; his victories--Rivalry of France and Russia at Constantinople--Peace of Kutaya and Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi--Effect of this Treaty--France and Mehemet Ali--Commerce of the Levant--Second War between Mehemet and the Porte--Ottoman disasters--The Policy of the Great Powers--Quadruple Treaty without France--Ibrahim expelled from Syria--Final Settlement--Turkey after 1840--Attempted reforms of Reschid Pasha

CHAPTER XVIII.

EUROPE BEFORE 1848.

Europe during the Thirty-years' Peace--Italy and Austria--Mazzini--The House of Savoy--Gioberti--Election of Pius IX.--Reforms expected-- Revolution at Palermo--Agitation in Northern Italy--Lombardy--State of the Austrian Empire--Growth of Hungarian national spirit--The Magyars and Slavs--Transylvania--Parties among the Magyars--Kossuth--The Slavic national movements in Austria--The government enters on reforms in Hungary--Policy of the Opposition--The Rural system of Austria-- Insurrection in Galicia: the nobles and the peasants--Agrarian edict--Public opinion in Vienna--Prussia--Accession and character of King Frederick William IV.--Convocation of the United Diet--Its debates and dissolution--France--The Spanish Marriages--Reform movement--Socialism--Revolution of February--End of the Orleanist Monarchy

END OF VOL. II. (ORIGINAL EDITION).