Chapter LXII: Section 2: That if any person shall hereafter sell, barter, give, or

trade any ardent spirits of any kind whatever, directly or indirectly, to any person within the Territory of Oregon, he shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty dollars for each and every such sale, trade, barter, or gift, to be recovered by indictment in the County Court, or before a justice of the peace, without the form of pleading.

SEC. 3. That if any person shall hereafter establish or carry on any manufactory or distillery of ardent spirits in Oregon, he shall be subject to indictment before the County Court, as for a nuisance, and if convicted, he shall be fined the sum of one hundred dollars, and the court shall issue an order to the sheriff, directing him to seize and destroy the distilling apparatus, which order the sheriff shall execute.

SEC. 4. Whenever it shall come to the knowledge of any officer of this government, or any private citizen, that any kind of spirituous liquors are being distilled or manufactured in Oregon, they are hereby authorized and required to proceed to the place where such illicit manufacture is known to exist, and seize the distilling apparatus, and deliver the same to the nearest district judge or justice of the peace, whose duty it shall be immediately to issue his warrant and cause the house and premises of the person against whom such warrant shall be issued to be further searched, and in case any kind of spirituous liquors are found in or about said premises, or any implements or apparatus that have the appearance of having been used, or constructed for the purpose of manufacturing any kind of spirituous liquors, the officer who shall have been duly authorized to execute such warrant shall seize all such apparatus, implements, and spirituous liquors, and deliver the same to the judge or justice of the peace who issued the said warrant. Said officer shall also arrest the person or persons in or about whose premises such apparatus, implements, or spirituous liquors are found, and conduct him or them to said judge or justice of the peace, whose duty it shall be to proceed against such criminal or criminals, and dispose of the articles seized according to law.

SEC. 5. All the fines or penalties recovered under this act shall go, one-half to the informant and witnesses, and the other half to the officers engaged in arresting and trying the criminal or criminals, and it shall be the duty of all officers into whose hands such fines and penalties may come, to pay over as directed in this section.

SEC. 6. This act shall not be so construed as to prevent any practicing physician from selling such liquors for medicines, not to exceed half a pint at one time.

SEC. 7. That it shall be the duty of the secretary to publish this act in the first newspaper published in Oregon.

I, John E. Long, secretary of Oregon, do hereby certify that the foregoing act on ardent spirits is truly and correctly revised by me.

JOHN E. LONG, Secretary.

It will be seen in the final vote, that Foisy at first voted against this bill; but Hendricks and B. Lee changed their vote and Foisy changed his; thus the liquor law remained as it was, and was published February 5, 1846, and remained in force till Saturday, December 19, 1846. On December 4 of that year, the governor called the attention of the Legislature to this law, in the following language:--

"The act passed at the last session of the Legislature, entitled 'An
Act to prevent the introduction, sale, and distillation of ardent
spirits in Oregon,' is one I should recommend for revision; there
are several points that are thought to be defective. The organic law
provides that the Legislature shall have power to pass laws to
regulate the introduction, manufacture, or sale of ardent spirits.
It is held that the power to prohibit the introduction, manufacture,
or sale is not granted by the organic law. Another objection is that
the fines collected under the act shall go, one-half to the
informant and witnesses, and the other half to the officers engaged
in arresting and trying: in fact, making the witnesses and judges
interested in the case. The fourth section makes it the duty of any
officer, or any private citizen, to act whenever it shall come to
their knowledge that any kind of spirituous liquors are being
distilled or manufactured in Oregon. It would be much better if it
were made the duty of the sheriff of each county to act, whenever he
should be informed that any liquor was being made or sold in his
county, and authorize him to raise a sufficient _posse_ to aid and
assist him in enforcing the law. We have, as a community, taken a
high stand in the cause of temperance; among our earliest efforts
may be found the abolishing of ardent spirits from our land, and to
this, in a great measure, may be attributed our peace and
prosperity. No new country can be pointed out where so much harmony
prevailed in its first settlement as in this: laws, we had none, yet
all things went on quietly and prosperously. I have no doubt if
ardent spirits are kept within their proper bounds, we shall
continue prosperous.

"It is said by some we have no right to say what a man shall make or
what he shall not make; yet, we find, in all large cities, certain
manufactories are forbidden to be carried on within the limits of
the city, because they annoy the inhabitants, and hence are declared
to be public nuisances, and by law are compelled to be removed; and,
if the city increase and extend to the place where they are
relocated, they are removed again. Intoxicating drink is an enormous
public injury and private wrong; its effects, in every way, shape,
and form, are evil, and therefore should be restrained within proper
limits by law. It deprives the wife and children of the inebriate of
the support and protection they have a right to expect from him; it
deprives the community of the labor which constitutes a nation's
wealth, for it is a well-known fact that a nation's wealth is made
up of individual labor, and every day, therefore, lost by the
laborer, caused by the effects of alcoholic drink, is a loss to the
community at large. Persons who have become habitually addicted to
ardent spirits, hearing that we had excluded the poison from our
land, and, believing they never could be free if they remained near
its influence, have left their homes and crossed the Rocky Mountains
to escape the ruin that threatened them. Shall _they_ be
disappointed? During the last year, persons taking advantage of the
defect in our law, have manufactured and sold ardent spirits. We
have seen the effects (although the manufacture was on a small
scale) in the midnight carousals among the Indians in our
neighborhood, during their fishing season, and while they had
property to dispose of; and, let me ask, what would be the
consequences if the use of it should be general in the country and
among the different tribes of Indians in the Territory? History may,
hereafter, write the page in letters of blood! And what are the
consequences, as presented to us in the history of older countries,
of an indiscriminate use of ardent spirits? Almshouses, hospitals,
prisons, and the gallows. I would, therefore, recommend that but one
person, and that person a physician, be authorized to import or
manufacture a sufficient quantity to supply the wants of the
community for medicinal purposes; to dispose of no liquor except
when he knows it to be necessary, or on an order from a regular
physician, stating that the person applying stands in need of it for
medicinal purposes; and to physicians to be used in their practice;
the person so empowered to import, manufacture, and sell, to keep a
record of the quantity manufactured or imported; also, a record of
the quantity sold, or disposed of, and to whom, and name of
physician on whose certificate given. This would be attended with
but little trouble, and might be required to be given under oath.
Many articles require alcohol to dissolve them; this could be done
by taking the article to the person appointed and having the alcohol
put into the ingredients in his presence. Section fifth I would
recommend to be altered, so that the fines should go one-half to the
informer, and the other half into the treasury. I would recommend
that the penalties be increased. If the indiscriminate sale of
liquor be admitted an evil, no good citizen can wish to be engaged
in it. Why should the majority suffer to benefit a few individuals?

"I have said more on this subject than I should have done, did I not
fear an attempt will be made to break down the barriers raised by
the early settlers of this land. Much of our prosperity and
happiness as a community depends upon your action in this matter."

I am inclined to think that the governor was misinformed or mistaken in the statement that liquor had been manufactured in the settlement otherwise than by drugs and a composition called _rot-gut_, which there were men in the country base enough to produce. Had the governor been more energetic and taken the matter in hand, no manufacturing of liquors would have been allowed. He seems to have thrown himself back upon the faults of the law as an excuse for not seeing that it was executed as it should have been, and as it was executed in other places. Some of this drugged liquor was brought to Astoria by one George Geere, of Dr. White notoriety, and the citizens of Clatsop Plains being notified of the fact, came over prepared for a fight, and found Geere, with his liquors, his pistols, and a seven-shooter rifle. They took him and his pistols and rifle, also his two kegs, and several bottles of liquor. The liquor they turned out on the ground,--took Geere before Esquire Tibbetts, and gave him a jury trial before six men of his own choice, who found him guilty. He was fined one hundred dollars and costs of suit, which was all given, by unanimous consent, to the county. When such a man as Governor Abernethy could excuse himself from acting and enforcing a law, because he thought the distribution of the fines imposed made the officers and witnesses interested persons, it is not surprising that men of no principle should engage in destroying their fellow-men. The fact is, that the men whom the people had honored and trusted with their legal and executive duties were destitute of the firmness requisite to the position they occupied, with some few honorable exceptions. The people generally were in advance of their leaders in sustaining good and wholesome laws, hence but few cases of lawsuits or quarrels occurred.

We will now give what we conceive to be the cause of the failure of the law.

By a reference to the organization of the house in December, 1845, it will be seen that the Hudson's Bay Company was represented by Messrs. Dr. W. F. Tolmie, Chamberlain, McDonald, Newell, and Peers. The liquor interest was represented by Messrs. Boon, Hall, Hembree, Looney, Meek, Summers, Straight, T. Vault, Williams, and the Speaker. Six of the last-named representatives should have been fined for violations of the law on a small scale, and all of the first on a large scale, as connected more or less with the Hudson's Bay Company, and selling and giving to their men and Indians.

While the Hudson's Bay Company yielded a _quasi_ assent to the organization, and had their representatives in the Legislature, they were using their influence to curtail the privileges of American citizens. They were ready to vote against the manufacture and sale of liquors, while they were constantly bringing it to the country in their ships, and distributing it to suit their trade.

The composition of the house was peculiarly American and antagonistic to the Hudson's Bay Company. Any measure that gave to the company any advantage, such as it was urged the prohibitory law did, could not stand. Hence the friends of prohibition had to yield the point, on the ground of self-defense for national rights, and not from a disposition to consider the law unjust or improper. In other words, they licensed and sustained a great evil, to combat a privilege of equal evil, claimed and used by a foreign monopoly in our midst.

When we take into account the facts as stated by the governor in his message, the actual condition of the country, the temporary nature of our government, and all the combinations that were forming at the time the license law was passed, I think all will join with me in condemning the course of the men who cursed the country with such a law. It is asserted that the organic law provided that the Legislature should _regulate_ this traffic. Very true; which they did by placing it in the hands of the practicing physician, where it belongs, and nowhere else. But these wise Solons of 1846 came to the conclusion that three, two, or one hundred dollars was ample pay to the country for the loss of any man in it. That for three hundred dollars the whole country might be filled with poisonous _rot-gut_, and for two hundred the wholesale business might go on, while for one hundred the miserable victims of the business could be turned loose to degrade themselves and blight the hopes of kindred and friends. I can count a hundred victims who have lost one hundred dollars' worth of property for every dollar received by the Territory, besides their own lives, in consequence of this traffic. I can count five hundred families that have suffered poverty and want, insult and abuse, purely chargeable to this _regulating_ law of these men.

We read in histories of the church, that the pope of Rome sold indulgences to commit certain sins which by the common law would be considered crimes, such as adultery, theft, and even murder. The price of the indulgence was according to the crime to be committed. This law proceeds upon the principle of the amount of profits in the business, while its nature and effect upon the community is lost sight of. Or, in other words, the government sells the indulgence to commit the crime proposed by the manufacturer or wholesale and retail dealer. While the former law admitted that liquor as a medicine might be useful, and placed it in the hands of the practicing physician, the license law puts each seller under a one thousand dollar bond to keep a quiet house. They were ready to license _hells_ all over the land, provided the keepers would bind themselves not to violate the sanctity of the Sabbath. The morality and political economy of the business is forced to be satisfied with the amount paid as per law provided.

This act, as a matter of course, opened all the liquor shops of the Hudson's Bay Company and of all the unprincipled men in the country. To give a better idea of this liquor question, a letter of James Douglas, found in No. 10, volume 1, of the _Oregon Spectator_, June 11, 1846, is given. Mr. Parker, in his stump speech, alluded to the liquor law, and asserted that it was daily violated by the Hudson's Bay Company. Mr. Douglas attempts to refuse the charge and sustain the law. The italics in the following letter are the author's:--

"MR. EDITOR,--In Mr. Parker's address to the electors of Clackamas
County, delivered at the meeting lately held in Oregon City, as
reported in the _Spectator_ of the 28th of May, I observe that he
is pleased to point out Mr. Douglas, a judge of the County Court,
who, he understood, was in the habit of selling ardent spirits.
This may have suited Mr. Parker's purpose, while attempting to
establish a position which appears to be a favorite with him, 'that
the oath of office binds a man to do just as he pleases!' As it can
not, however, be supposed that I admire the mode of illustration he
has chosen, and as I also happen to entertain a _very different
opinion_ touching the force and propriety of that oath, I hope it
will not be considered a breach of courtesy on my part, to offer,
through the medium of your respectable paper, a direct and
_unqualified denial of this charge of rum-selling_, in the only
sense it is plainly meant to be received, and can be considered at
all applicable to the subject in question. As a particular favor, I
ask Mr. Parker to bring forward a single proof in support of the
assertion he has so wantonly advanced. I refer him to all his
fellow-citizens. I ask him to search the country from one extremity
to another, and to put the question to each individual member of
the community with the absolute certainty that not one person will
be found who ever purchased ardent spirits from Mr. Douglas. A
stranger in the country, evidently unacquainted with its early
history, Mr. Parker may not have been informed that the members of
the Hudson's Bay Company have for many years past uniformly
discouraged intemperance" (by a regular daily allowance of liquor
to their men, as we shall see Mr. Douglas says) "by every means in
their power, and have also made great and repeated pecuniary
sacrifices to prevent the sale of ardent spirits in the country: an
article, moreover, which forms no part of their trade, either with
the white man or the Indian." (See Mr. Dunn's book, in which it is
asserted the company sells to Indians, and Fitzgerald, page 162).
"Mr. Parker does not indeed pretend to speak from his own personal
experience of the fact, but on the authority of others; and should
any doubt still linger in his mind with respect to the correctness
of what I have just said, he may perhaps have no objection to seek
other means of arriving at the truth; suppose, for instance, he was
to try the experiment of negotiating a purchase, I venture to
predict he would soon be convinced that Mr. Douglas is not in the
habit of selling ardent spirits.

"But let us inquire a little further into this matter. What could
have induced a person of character to hazard an observation in
public, which, he must know, would, if false, be as openly exposed.
Mr. Parker must have had some grounds for his assertion; he may
possibly have heard, or he may have supposed that her Majesty's
ship _Modeste_ was daily receiving supplies at Fort Vancouver. If,
with reference to these supplies, he had told his hearers that her
Majesty's ship _Modeste_, now stationed at Fort Vancouver, had,
with other supplies for ship use from the stores of the Hudson's
Bay Company, received several casks of rum; or if, referring to the
company's own ships, he had stated that a _small allowance of
spirits is daily served out to the crews_ of the company's vessels;
and that other classes of the company's servants, according to
long-accustomed usage, receive, on certain _rare occasions_, a
similar indulgence, he would have told the _plain and simple
truth_, and his statement would not this day have been called in
question by me.

"These acts, which I fully admit, and would on no account attempt
to conceal, can not by the fair rules of construction be considered
as infringing upon any law recognized by the _compact which we have
agreed to support_, in common with the other inhabitants of Oregon.
[The same argument is used to justify Mr. Ogden in furnishing
powder and arms to the Indians at the commencement of the Cayuse
war.]

"The framers of these laws, with a decree of wisdom and foresight
which does them honor, never entertained the idea that a person, in
becoming a member of the compact, thereby relinquished his
_distinctive national character_.

"On the contrary, _British subjects_ and citizens of the United
States, casting aside every shadow of illiberal prejudice, extended
to each other the right hand of good-fellowship, for the purpose of
mutual protection, to secure the peace and promote the prosperity
of the country, until protected by their respective governments.
The compact was formed and perfected upon that principle, and can
rest with security upon no other foundation.

"We are pledged, and do faithfully intend to support the organic
laws. They do not bind us to violate pre-existing engagements with
our servants, nor to withhold from the officers of our government
supplies of whatsoever kind the company's stores can provide. _In
the high character of the latter we enjoy the fullest security
against abuse to the detriment of the country._ With all other
parties we have most rigidly, and shall continue to enforce the
prohibitory statutes of Oregon. My wish in addressing you, Mr.
Editor, is to set Mr. Parker right in respect to this matter of
rum-selling, and the people may rest assured that if my wishes
could influence the community, there would never be a drunkard in
Oregon.

"JAMES DOUGLAS."

Mr. Parker's answer, which, like the letter of Mr. Douglas, is addressed to the _Spectator_, says:--

"MR. EDITOR,--Our friend Mr. Douglas, in the _Spectator_ of the 11th
instant, denies, in the most unqualified terms, the charge of
rum-selling at Vancouver, and challenges me to the proof of the
assertion, by calling individually on all of our fellow-citizens for
testimony; and no other alternative is left me but to proceed in
accordance with his request; he will, I am sure, pardon me if I seek
this among the highest authorities, and I will produce one at least
whose veracity will not, I am sure, be called in question by our
friend.

"When I, in my speech, adverted to the fact that rum was sold at
Vancouver, contrary to law, the statement was based on the
thousand-tongued rumor, and I so qualified my remarks. But in Mr.
Douglas's confession, found in the paper alluded to, the matter of
doubt is settled, and we are now furnished with the authority of no
less a personage than Mr. Douglas himself. Hear his testimony. 'If,'
says he, 'with reference to these supplies, he had told his hearers
that her Majesty's ship _Modeste_, now stationed at Fort Vancouver,
had, with other supplies for ship use from the stores of the
Hudson's Buy Company, received _several casks_ of rum; or if,
referring to the company's own ships, he had stated that a _small
allowance of spirits is daily served out to the crews_ of the
company's vessels; and that other classes of the company's servants,
according to long-accustomed usage, receive, on certain rare
occasions, a similar indulgence, he would have told the plain and
simple truth,' etc.

"These facts, Mr. Douglas, who has charge of the trading-post at
Vancouver, fully admits, and upon his testimony in the matter I
place the most implicit confidence. It was not my intention to
charge our friend with having kept a tippling-shop at Vancouver, and
I wish to correct such, if any there are, who may have come to such
a conclusion; but I confess, I had not supposed that the law in
relation to ardent spirits (and which may be found in the first
number of the _Spectator_) had been so wantonly disregarded. We
know, from personal observation, that rum in considerable quantities
had found its way among our citizens from some quarter, and the
disclosure here made furnishes a key to the mystery, and we are now
broadly told that _casks of this article_ have been furnished to her
Majesty's officers stationed in Oregon, but that _in their high
character we enjoy the fullest security against its abuse, etc._

"And now, my dear sir, having heard much of the hollow and
ceremonious professions and hypocritical grimaces of courts, and men
in high places, and disgusted with every thing that savors of
aristocratical or monarchical parade, and smitten with the love of
republican simplicity and honesty, I can not admit that rank or men
in high places are guaranteed against our laws, nor are they so
framed as to justify such a conclusion. Raised as I was under these
simple institutions, which tend to bring all on an equality, I can
not perceive those _high guaranties_ or _pledges_ which are said to
emanate from rank or station in high places in society. With us, men
give pledges of honor and character, alone from their moral conduct;
and the bacchanalian carousals (one was a most disgraceful drunken
row kept up for several days by the officers of the _Modeste_, in
honor of the Queen's birthday) which came off in the Tualatin Plains
on Vancouver rum, last winter and spring, at the expense of the good
morals of our farming community, gave me abundant and additional
evidence to admire our simple and republican usages, while it serves
as a moral worthy the consideration of a prince, or the strongest
appendage of nobility. Our laws make no distinction in favor of the
officers on board of her Majesty's ship _Modeste_, nor of the
Hudson's Bay Company's servants. If their ships visit our ports, our
laws will protect them, and, according to the usages of all nations,
we expect them to submit to their provisions; but should these
officers, through the plenitude of their power, determine to
disregard our laws, it certainly could find no justification with
one filling the high judicial station which Mr. Douglas occupies. He
has sanctioned our law-making authority by accepting one of the
highest judicial offices under our organization. According to his
own confession, he has disregarded the law, not only by giving in
small quantities, but by selling ardent spirits by the cask; nor can
he find justification by dealing it out under pre-existing contracts
to the servants of the company. To admit that principle, dealers in
this article would only be required, when the prohibitory law was
about being passed, to contract for the supply of all their old
customers, and thus defeat the object and intention of the law by a
pre-existing contract. And as for the argument of long-existing
usages, that pays the poorest tribute of all. Why, the very toper
may plead his long indulgence in the use of this article, with as
much propriety. I should not have noticed the subject again, but for
my anxious desire that the matter should be fairly placed before the
public.

"SAMUEL PARKER."

These two laws, and the two communications we have given, place the temperance question fully before the reader. The communication of Mr. Douglas shows the position and feelings of the English and the Hudson's Bay Company in relation to our laws, as also the liberty they claimed to violate them whenever it suited their interest or their convenience. Mr. Douglas says, "_with all other parties we have most rigidly, and shall continue to enforce the prohibitory statutes of Oregon._" It also shows another fact. _"The Modeste, now stationed at Fort Vancouver," is our_ (the company's) protection, and you must not attempt to enforce a law upon English subjects, or English ships that enter the rivers or ports of the country. To say that many of us did not feel keenly this _taunt_, and almost despair of securing this vast country from the rapacious mouth of the crouching lion, whose drunken, beastly representatives were distributing their rum to every family that would receive them, would not be true.

When their representatives entered our legislative councils, the most stupid of its members understood their object. They wished to make laws for Americans. Their own people needed no laws, and no other government than such as was provided for them by the Hudson's Bay Company. The reader is already informed how those laws were enforced.

Dr. Tolmie, who at the present time (1870) stands at the head of the company in Vancouver Island and British Columbia, presented the following resolution to the house on the sixth day of the session, showing the true position of the English element:--

"_Resolved_, That the judiciary committee be discharged from further
duty, as the present Legislature deems it inexpedient to organize
the judiciary at the present time, in any manner different from the
present organization."

By a reference to the journal of the house, we find Dr. Tolmie to be a member of the judiciary committee. Four days after, we find this same gentleman presenting another resolution:--

"That the Legislature deems it inexpedient, at the present time, to
legalize the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits."

_Yeas_--_Chamberlain_, _McDonald_, and _Tolmie_--3. _Nays_--Boon, HALL, Hembree, LOUNSDALE, LOONEY, Meek, _Newell_, _Peers_, Summers, Straight, T. Vault, Williams and the Speaker--13. Hudson's Bay Company men in _italics_; doubtful, in SMALL CAPITALS.

On the motion of Newell to lay the bill to regulate the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits on the table, it stood: _Yeas_--Chamberlain, Hall, Lounsdale, Looney, McDonald, Newell, and Tolmie--7. _Nays_--Boon, Hembree, Meek, Summers, Straight, T. Vault, Williams, and the Speaker--8. Peers absent.

On the final vote to carry this bill over the veto of the governor, we find Hall, Lounsdale, and Looney changing their votes in favor of passing the bill over the veto, which is as follows:--

OREGON CITY, Dec. 17, 1846.

GENTLEMEN,--I return to your honorable body the act entitled "An
Act to regulate the manufacture and sale of wine and distilled
spirituous liquors," with my objections to the same.

Previous to our organization as a provisional government, public
sentiment kept liquor from being manufactured or sold in this
Territory. Heretofore, every act of the Legislature has been, as
far as ardent spirits were concerned, prohibitory in character. The
act lying before me is the first act that has in any manner
attempted to legalize the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits.
At the session of the Legislature in June, 1844, an act was passed
entitled "An Act to prevent the introduction, sale, and
distillation of ardent spirits in Oregon," and, as far as my
knowledge extends, the passage of that act gave satisfaction to the
great majority of the people throughout the Territory. At the
session of December, 1845, several amendments were proposed to the
old law, and passed. The new features given to the bill by those
amendments did not accord with the views of the people; the
insertion of the words "give" and "gift," in the first and second
sections of the bill, they thought was taking away their rights, as
it was considered that a man had a right to give away his property
if he chose. There were several other objections to the bill, which
I set forth to your honorable body in my message. I would therefore
recommend that the amendments passed at the December session of
1845 be repealed; and that the law passed on the 24th of June,
1844, with such alterations as will make it agree with the organic
law, if it does not agree with it, be again made the law of the
land. It is said by many that the Legislature has no right to
prohibit the introduction or sale of liquor, and this is probably
the strongest argument used in defense of your bill. But do you not
as effectually prohibit every person who has not the sum of one,
two, three hundred dollars to pay for his license, as does the law
now on the statute-book? Are not your proposed fines and penalties
as great or greater than those of the old law? Where, then, is the
benefit to the people? There is no doubt in my mind, but that the
law will be evaded as easily, and as often, under the new law, as
it was under the old, and, in addition to this, there will be the
legal manufacturers, importers, and sellers, who will be able,
under the sanction of law, to scatter all the evils attendant upon
the use of alcoholic drinks. We are in an Indian country; men will
be found who will supply them with liquor as long as they have
beaver, blankets, and horses to pay for it. If a quantity should be
introduced among the Wallawallas, and other tribes in the upper
country, who can foretell the consequences; there we have families
exposed out, off from the protection of the settlements, and
perhaps, at the first drunken frolic of the Indians in that region,
they may be cut off from the face of the earth. But we need not go
so far; we are exposed in every part of our frontier, and when
difficulties once commence, we can not tell where they will cease.

It has been proved before the House of Commons that one-half of the
insanity, two-thirds of the pauperism, and three-fourths of the
crimes of Great Britain may be directly traced to the use of
alcoholic drink. The testimony of our most eminent judges in the
United States shows that the same proportion of crime is
attributable to ardent spirits in that country. Statistics might be
produced, showing the enormous evil and expense of an
indiscriminate use of liquor.

As to revenue, the small amount received for licenses, instead of
being a revenue, would be swallowed up in the expenses attending
trials for crimes, etc., caused by the crime of these licenses.

But, leaving all other countries out of view, let us consider our
own state. Surrounded by Indians, no military force to aid the
executive and other officers in the discharge of their duties, not
a solitary prison in the land, in which to confine offenders
against the laws, and consequently no way of enforcing the
penalties of the law, I think these things should call for calm and
serious reflection, before passing your final vote on this bill. My
opinion is, the people are opposed to legalizing the introduction
and sale of liquor in this land. I may be mistaken, and therefore
should be in favor of the old law, or something similar should be
adopted, of referring the whole matter to the polls at the next
general election. If the people say "No liquor," continue to
prohibit; if they say, through the ballot-box, "We wish liquor,"
then let it come free, the same as dry-goods, or any other article
imported or manufactured; but, until the people say they want it, I
hope you will use your influence to keep it out of the Territory.

It is with regret that I return any bill unsigned, but I feel that
we both have duties to perform, and when we think duty points out
the way, I trust we may always be found willing to follow it.

GEO. ABERNETHY.

To the Hon. the Legislature of Oregon Territory.

On motion of Mr. Hall, the communication was laid on the table.

AFTERNOON SESSION.--At two o'clock the house met. A call of the house was made, and the sergeant-at-arms dispatched for the absent members, who, after a short absence, returned, and reported that the absentees had been notified, and were now present. Thereupon, the further call of the house was dispensed with.

The house then reconsidered the bill to regulate the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits, and, after some deliberation, the question being put upon the passage of the bill, it was decided affirmatively, by the following vote:--

_Yeas_--Messrs. Boon, Hall, Hembree, Lounsdale, Looney, Meek, Summers, Straight, T. Vault, Williams, and the Speaker--11.

_Nays_--Messrs. Chamberlain, McDonald, Newell, Peers, and Dr. W. F. Tolmie--5.

* * * * *

At St. Josephs, Elizabethtown, Iowa Point, Council Bluffs, and the Nishnabatona, were 271 wagons for Oregon and California. Allowing five to the wagon gives us about 1,355 souls that crossed the Missouri at these points. The quantity of loose stock was estimated at 5,000 head. From Independence, Missouri, for Oregon, 141 men, 71 women, 109 children, and 128 wagons. From Independence, for California, 98 men, 40 women, 57 children, 320 oxen, and 46 wagons. Total, 1,841 souls, as stated in Mr. Saxton's pamphlet, 1846. The larger portion of this immigration found their way into Oregon, notwithstanding the Hudson's Bay Company and Mr. Hastings did all they could to turn them to California. A statement by Mr. S. K. Barlow shows that 141 wagons, 1,559 head of horses, mules, and horned cattle, and some 15 head of sheep passed on his road; seven more teams passed after this report was made. Besides the number that came over the Mount Hood or Barlow road, there were some persons, with wagons, who attempted to come in on the Applegate route, and a number came down the Columbia River.

This year, on the 21st of February, the brig _Henry_, Captain Kilborn, started from Newburyport for Oregon, with eight passengers, including women and children; also the _Angelo_, Captain Hastings, from Boston, made the attempt, but failed. The brig _Henry_ arrived late in 1846.

On Thursday, February 5, 1846, the first newspaper published on the Pacific coast was issued from the press of the Oregon Printing Association, at Oregon City. The originators of the Printing-Press Association were the same that started the Multnomah Circulating Library, the Wolf Association, and the provisional government, in 1842-3.

_Constitution of the Oregon Printing Association._

PREAMBLE.--In order to promote science, temperance, morality, and general intelligence,--to establish a printing-press to publish a monthly, semi-monthly, or weekly paper in Oregon,--the undersigned do hereby associate ourselves into a body, to be governed by such rules and regulations as shall from time to time be adopted by a majority of the stockholders of this compact, in a regularly called and properly notified meeting.

_Articles of Compact._

ARTICLE 1. This association shall be known by the name of the "Oregon Printing Association," and shall hold an annual meeting at Oregon City, on the first Tuesday of December of each year.

ART. 2. Its officers shall be a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and a Board of three directors, who shall be elected annually by ballot, and shall hold their offices until their successors are elected.

ART. 3. It shall be the duty of the president to preside at all the meetings of the association, to sign all certificates of stock, and drafts upon the treasurer for the payment of funds, and to preside at the meetings of the Board of Directors.

ART. 4. It shall be the duty of the vice-president to perform the duties of the president in case of his absence, by death, or by removal from office.

ART. 5.----The secretary to attend, and keep a record of all the meetings of the association, and of the Board of Directors, and to publish the proceedings of the annual and special meetings of the association, and such portions of the proceedings of the Board of Directors as the Board shall direct from time to time; to give one month's notice of all special meetings of the association.

ART. 6. It shall be the duty of the treasurer to take charge of the funds of the association, and keep an account of all moneys received and disbursed, and pay out the same in accordance with drafts drawn on him by the president, and signed as per third article of this compact; to give such security to the president as shall be deemed sufficient by the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of his trust; to report the state of the treasury to the Board of Directors quarterly, and to pay over to his successor in office all funds of the association.

ART. 7.----The officers and Board of Directors to manage and superintend, or procure a suitable person to do so, the entire printing and publishing association; to employ all persons required in the printing or editorial departments of the press; to publish a full statement of their proceedings semi-annually; to draft and adopt such by-laws as may be deemed proper for their government, provided no by-law contravenes the spirit of these articles of compact; to declare a dividend of any profits arising from the printing establishment as often as they shall deem it expedient; to fill any vacancy that may occur in their number; three of whom shall constitute a quorum, and be competent to transact business.

ART. 8. _The press owned by or in connection with this association shall never be used by any party for the purpose of propagating sectarian principles or doctrines_, nor for the discussion of exclusive party politics.

ART. 9. The stock of this association shall consist of shares, of ten dollars each, payable in cash or its equivalent.

ART. 10. For every ten dollars paid to the treasurer of the association, the payer thereof shall receive a certificate for the same, signed by the president and countersigned by the secretary; and for every such certificate, the holder thereof, or his agent, on presenting to the Board of Directors satisfactory evidence that he is such, shall be entitled to one vote in all the annual and special meetings of this association; shall receive _pro rata_ of all moneys that may accrue from the profits of the printing establishment, and be allowed to transfer his stock to any one, by certifying and indorsing his name upon the back of his certificate.

ART. 11. These articles, _except the 8th_, may be altered or amended at any annual or special meeting of the association, provided that the proposed amendment shall have been published in at least two numbers of the paper published by order of the association.

_Officers of the Association_,

W. G. T. VAULT, President.
J. W. NESMITH, Vice-President.
JOHN P. BROOKS, Secretary.
GEORGE ABERNETHY, Treasurer.
JOHN H. COUCH, }
JOHN E. LONG, } Directors.
R. NEWELL, }

The first editor of this paper was W. G. T. Vault. A man more unfit for the position could scarcely have been found in the country. He professed to have been an editor of a paper in Arkansas, and blew and swelled like the toad in the fable, and whined like a puppy when he gave his valedictory, in the fifth number of the _Spectator_. He says: "We have among us a class of _mongrels_, neither American nor anti-American, a kind of foreign, hypocritical go-betweens,--as we would say in the States, _fence men_,--whose public declarations are, 'All for the good of the public, and not a cent for self.' The political sentiments of the conductors were at variance with his." Mr. T. Vault was led to believe that Mr. Newell was his only friend, from the fact that he was absent from the meeting of the Board when his successor was appointed; and complains of Dr. Long and J. W. Nesmith. Newell and Long acted together. H. A. G. Lee, who succeeded T. Vault as editor, was far better qualified for the position, though he did not suit this same Board of Directors, as Newell was the maneuvering spirit. Lee was too strongly American in his sentiments, and too intelligent to be a dupe of the influence of which T. Vault complained.

Mr. Douglas declares the position of the English element in the tenth number of the _Spectator_. Mr. S. Parker answers him in the eleventh number; and Mr. Lee, in the fourteenth number, tenders his thanks to the Board for relieving him. The fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth numbers, each "run itself," as the expression is.

On the eighteenth number, G. L. Curry, Esq., took charge, to the twenty-sixth number, which completed the first volume of the paper. He continued his editorial position till the twenty-fourth number of the second volume, when he brought his duties to a close by publishing a set of resolutions calculated to injure J. Q. Thornton, who had gone on to Washington to have a history of the country published, and, as was supposed, to secure the best federal appointments for himself and his friends. One-half of the legislators believing that unfair and improper means had been used by Mr. Thornton and his friends, the other half not caring to vote against Mr. Thornton's proceedings, being, perhaps, his real friends, the resolutions were lost by a tie vote. Mr. Curry, as editor of the _Spectator_, took sides against Mr. Thornton, and in favor of the objectionable resolutions, and published them under an editorial article, notwithstanding he had been requested, as he admits, not to publish them.

Judge A. E. Wait succeeded Mr. Curry in the editorial department of the paper, and, by a foolish, vacillating course, continued to hold his position so as to please the Hudson's Bay Company and the Roman Catholic and Methodist influences in the country. The paper, by this means, became of little value to its patrons and the country, and soon getting involved in its financial affairs, it was sold and lost financially to the original proprietors.