Chapter XI (1)

A. CORNELIUS CELSUS—HIS MERITS—CICERO MEDICORUM—SCRIBONIUS LARGUS
DESIGNATIANUS—POMPONIUS MELA—L. JUNIUS MODERATUS COLUMELLA—S. JULIUS
FRONTINUS—DECLINE OF TASTE IN THE SILVER AGE—FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON ROMAN
LITERATURE—CONCLUSION.

Such were the principal writers who adorned and illustrated the literature of the silver age: it remains only to speak briefly of those whose works, although of minor interest, must not be passed over without notice.

AURELIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS.

Celsus was the author of many works on various subjects, of which one, in eight books, on Medicine, is now extant. The place of his birth and the age at which he flourished are unknown, but he probably lived in the reign of Tiberius. He was a man of comprehensive, almost encyclopædic knowledge, and wrote on philosophy, rhetoric, agriculture, and even strategy. It has been doubted whether he ever practised medicine, or was only theoretically acquainted with the subject; but the independence of his views, the practical as well as the scientific nature of his instructions, are inconsistent with any hypothesis except that he had himself patiently watched the phenomena of morbid action and experimented upon its treatment. Above all, his knowledge of surgery, and his clear exposition of surgical operations, necessarily imply that practical experience and reality of knowledge which never could have been acquired from books.

If we compare the masterly handling of the subject by Celsus with the history of medicine by Pliny,[1368] it is easy to distinguish the man of practical and experimental science from the collector and transcriber of others’ views. His manual of medicine embraces the following subjects: Diet,[1369] Pathology,[1370] Therapeutics,[1371] Surgery;[1372] and without entering into its peculiar merits, a task which could only be performed satisfactorily by a professional writer, the highest testimony is borne to its merits by the fact of its being used as a text-book even in the present advanced state of medical science.

The study of medicine has a tendency to predispose the mind for general scientific investigations in other departments not immediately connected with it. Hence the medical profession has numbered amongst its members many men of general scientific attainments; and Celsus was an example of this versatility. The taste of the age in which he lived turned his attention also to polite literature; and to this may be ascribed the Augustan purity of his style, which gained for him the appellation of “Cicero Medicorum.”

SCRIBONIUS LARGUS DESIGNATIANUS.

The “Cicero of physicians” was followed by Scribonius, an obsequious court physician, in the reign of Claudius. He was the author of several works, one of which, a large collection of prescriptions, is extant. In the language of impious flattery, he calls the imbecile emperor a god. He is said to have accompanied him in his expedition to Britain.

POMPONIUS MELA.

Pomponius Mela may be considered as the representative of the Roman geographers. He was a native of Tingentera, a town in Spain, and lived in the reign of Claudius. His treatise is entitled, “De Situ Orbis, Libri iii.” It is systematic and learned. The stores of information derived from the Greek geographers are interspersed with entertaining myths and lively descriptions. The knowledge, however, contained in it is all taken from books: it is an epitome of former treatises, and is not enriched by the discoveries of more recent travellers. The simplicity of the style, and the almost Augustan purity of the Latinity, prevent even so bare a skeleton and list of facts from being dry and uninteresting.

L. JUNIUS MODERATUS COLUMELLA.

The didactic work of Columella gives, in smooth and fluent, though somewhat too diffuse, a style, the fullest and completest information on practical agriculture amongst the Romans, in the first century of the Christian era. Pliny is the only classical author who mentions him; but he refers to him as a competent authority. Columella himself informs us that he was born at Gades (Cadiz,[1373]) and resided at Rome,[1374] but had travelled in Syria and Cilicia.[1375] It is generally supposed that he died and was buried at Tarentum.

His work, “_De Re Rusticâ_,” is divided into twelve books. It treats of all subjects connected with the choice and management of a farm,[1376] the arrangement of farm buildings,[1377] the propagation and rearing of stock,[1378] the cultivation of fruit trees,[1379] and household economy.[1380] A calendar is attached to the eleventh book, pointing out the cosmical risings and settings of the constellations, which marked the successive seasons for various labours and other practical points of rustic astronomy. The tenth book, the subject of which is horticulture, is in hexameters. It never rises quite to the height of poetry: it is rather metrical prose, characterized, like the rest of his work, by fluency, and also expressed in correct versification. The reason which he gives for this variation from his plan is, that it is intended as supplementary to the Georgics of Virgil, and that in so doing he is following the great poet’s own recommendations. In his preface to his friend Silvinus he thus expresses his intention:—“Postulatio tua pervicit ut poeticis numeris explerem Georgici carminis omissas partes, quas tamen et ipse Virgilius significaverat posteris se memorandas relinquere.”

SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS.

Sex. Jul. Frontinus deserves a place amongst Roman classical writers as the author of two works, both of which are still extant. The first, entitled, “Stratagematicon, Libri iv.,” was a treatise on military tactics. The form in which he has enunciated his doctrines is that of precepts and anecdotes of celebrated military commanders. In this way the necessary preparations for a battle, the stratagems resorted to in fighting, the rules for conducting sieges, and the means of maintaining discipline in an army, are explained and illustrated in a straight-forward and soldier-like style.

As the object which he had in view in adducing his anecdotes is scientific illustration rather than historic truth, he is not very particular as to the sources from which his examples are derived. It is interesting, however, to the antiquarian, if not of practical utility to the tactician, as displaying the theory and practice of ancient warfare. This subject had in early times been treated of by Cato and Cincius, and afterwards by Hyginus in a treatise on Field Fortification (_de Castrametatione_,) and also in the epitome of Vegetius.

His other work, which has descended to modern times in a perfect state, is a descriptive architectural treatise, in two books, on those wonderful monuments of Roman art, the aqueducts. But besides these, fragments remain of other works, which assign Frontinus an important place in the estimation of the student of Roman history. These are treatises on surveying, and the laws and customs relating to landed property. They were partly of a scientific, partly of a jurisprudential character, and are to be found amongst the works of the _Agri-mensores_, or _Rei Agrariæ Scriptores_. The difficulty and obscurity of everything connected with Roman agrarian institutions is well known; and every fragment relating to them is valuable, because of the probability of its throwing light upon so important a subject. Niebuhr[1381] saw their value, and pronounced that “the fragments of Frontinus were the only work amongst the _Agri-mensores_ which can be counted a part of classical literature, or which was composed with any legal knowledge.” These fragments, therefore, may be taken as a favourable specimen of this class of writers, amongst whom were Siculus Flaccus, Argenius Urbicus, and Hyginus (Grammaticus.)

Of the life of Frontinus himself very few facts are known. He was city prætor in the reign of Vespasian,[1382] and succeeded Cerealis as governor of Britain. He made a successful campaign against the Silures[1383] (S. Wales,) and was succeeded by Agricola, A. D. 78. He was subsequently _curator aquarum_,[1384] an office which probably suggested the composition of his practical manual on aqueducts. He also had a seat in the college of augurs, in which, after his death,[1385] he was succeeded by the younger Pliny.

With this third epoch a history of Roman classical literature comes to a close. In the silver age taste had gradually but surely declined; and although the Roman language and literature shone forth for a time with classic radiance in the writings of Persius, Juvenal, Quintilian, Tacitus, and the Plinies, nothing could arrest its fall. In vain emperors endeavoured to encourage learning by pecuniary rewards and salaried professorships: it languished together with the death of constitutional freedom, the extinction of patriotism, and the decay of the national spirit. Poetry had become declamation. History had degenerated either into fulsome panegyric, or the fleshless skeletons of epitomes; and at length Romans seemed to disdain the use of their native tongue—that tongue which laborious pains had brought to such a height of polish and perfection, and wrote in Greek, as they had in the infancy of the national literature, when Latin was too rude and imperfect to imbody the ideas which they had derived from their Greek instructors.

The Emperor Hadrian resided long at Athens, and became imbued with a taste and admiration for Greek; and thus the literature of Rome became Hellenized. From this epoch the term Classical can no longer be applied to it, for it did not retain its purity. To Greek influence succeeded the still more corrupting one of foreign nations. Even with the death of Nerva the uninterrupted succession of emperors of Roman or Italian birth ceased. Trajan himself was a Spaniard; and after him not only barbarians of every European race, but even Orientals and Africans were invested with the imperial purple. The empire also over which they ruled was an unwieldy mass of heterogeneous materials. The literary influence of the capital was not felt in the distant portions of the Roman dominions. Schools were established in the very heart of nations just emerging from barbarism—at Burdegala (Bourdeaux,) Lugdunum (Lyons,) and Augusta Trevirorum (Treves;) and, although the blessings of civilization and intellectual culture were thus distributed far and wide, still literary taste, as it filtered through the minds of foreigners, became corrupted, and the language of the imperial city, exposed to the infectious contact of barbarous idioms, lost its purity.[1386]

The Latin authors of this period were numerous, and many of them were Christians; but few had taste to appreciate and imitate the literature of the Augustan age. The brightest stars which illuminated the darkness were A. Gellius, L. Apuleius, T. Petronius Arbiter, the learned author of the Saturnalia; the Christian ethical philosopher, L. Cœlius Lactantius; and that poet, in whom the graceful imagination of classical antiquity seems to have revived, the flattering and courtly Claudian.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

────────┬────────┬──────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────
B. C. │A. U. C.│ LITERARY CHRONOLOGY. │ CIVIL CHRONOLOGY.
────────┼────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ FIRST ERA. │
│ │ │
753–510│ 1–244│Chant of the Arvalian │Regal period.
│ │ Brotherhood; Saturnian │
│ │ measure; Salian hymn; │
│ │ Pontifical annals; Libri│
│ │ Lintei. │
449│ 305│Laws of the Twelve Tables;│The Decemvirs deposed.
│ │ the so-called Leges │
│ │ Regiæ. │
390│ 364│ - - - │Rome taken by Gauls.
364│ 390│Stage-players sent for │The year following the
│ │ from Etruria. │ death of Camillus.
326–304│ 428–450│The Tiburtine inscription │Second Samnite War.
│ │ - │
280│ 474│Appius Claudius Cæcus; Ti.│The year following the
│ │ Coruncanius. │ arrival of Pyrrhus.
264│ 490│ - - - │Commencement of first
│ │ │ Punic war.
260│ 494│The Columna Rostrata; │Fifth year of the first
│ │ epitaphs on the Scipios.│ Punic war.
241│ 513│ - - - │CONCLUSION OF THE FIRST
│ │ │ PUNIC WAR.
240│ 514│Livius Andronicus. │
239│ 515│Birth of Ennius. │
235│ 519│Cnæus Nævius flourished. │The Temple of Janus closed
│ │ │ for the second time.
227│ 527│Birth of Plautus; funeral │
│ │ oration of Q. Metellus. │
219│ 535│Q. Fabius Pictor; L. │
│ │ Cincius Alimentus; birth│
│ │ of Pacuvius │
204│ 550│Ennius brought to Rome; │
│ │ Corn. Cethegus; P. │
│ │ Licinius Crassus. │
201│ 553│Speech of Fabius │Conclusion of second Punic
│ │ Cunctator; Sextus Ælius │ war.
│ │ Catus. │
195│ 559│M. Porcius Cato consul; │
│ │ Licinius Tegula. │
186│ 568│Senatus-consultum │The year following the
│ │ respecting the │ condemnation of L.
│ │ Bacchanals. │ Scipio.
184│ 570│Cæcilius Statius │Censorship of M. Porcius
│ │ flourished; he died │ Cato.
│ │ A. U. C. 586; death of │
│ │ Plautus. │
183│ 571│ - - - │Deaths of Hannibal and
│ │ │ Scipio Africanus.
181│ 573│The (so-called) books of │
│ │ Numa found. │
179│ 575│ - - - │Accession of Perseus.
170│ 584│Attius born. │
168│ 586│ - - - │Defeat of Perseus at
│ │ │ Pydna.
166│ 588│Terence exhibits the │
│ │ Andrian; Sp. Carvilius; │
│ │ C. Sulpicius Gallus; │
│ │ Lavinius Luscius; T. │
│ │ Manlius Torquatus. │
155│ 599│The three Attic │
│ │ philosophers visit Rome;│
│ │ C. Acilius Glabrio; │
│ │ Crates Mallotes. │
154│ 600│M. Pacuvius; Scipio │
│ │ Æmilianus; Lælius. │
150│ 604│L. Afranius; S. Sulpicius │
│ │ Galba. │
148│ 606│Birth of C. Lucilius; │Second year of the third
│ │ Cassius Hemina; A. │ Punic war.
│ │ Postumius Albinus │
146│ 608│ - - - │End of third Punic war;
│ │ │ Carthage and Corinth
│ │ │ taken.
138│ 616│L. Attius flourished; Q. │Dec. Jun. Brutus consul.
│ │ F. M. Servilianus; C. │
│ │ Fannius; Vennonius; C. │
│ │ Sempronius │
133│ 621│M. Junius Brutus; P. │Murder of Tib. Gracchus;
│ │ Mucius Scævola; L. │ Numantia taken.
│ │ Cælius Antipater; Cn. S.│
│ │ and A. Gellii; L. │
│ │ Calpurnius Piso Frugi; │
│ │ Papirius Carbo; Lepidus │
│ │ Porcina; Ælius Tubero. │
129│ 625│ - - - │Death of Scipio Æmilianus;
│ │ │ æt. 56.
123│ 631│C. Sempronius Gracchus; │
│ │ Sextus Turpilius; C. │
│ │ Lucilius flourished; │
│ │ Lævius; (?) C. Junius │
│ │ Gracchanus; M. Julius │
│ │ Pennus. │
119│ 635│L. Licinius Crassus │
│ │ accuses Carbo; M. │
│ │ Antonius (born B. C. │
│ │ 144.) │
113│ 641│ - - - │War begun with the Cimbri.
111│ 643│ - - - │First year of Jugurthine
│ │ │ war.
109│ 645│Publius Sempronius │
│ │ Asellio; M. Æmilius │
│ │ Scaurus; P. Rutilius │
│ │ Rufus; Q. Lutatius │
│ │ Catulus. │
106│ 648│Birth of Cicero │Birth of Cn. Pompeius.
100│ 654│L. Ælius Stilo │Birth of Julius Cæsar.
95│ 659│Cotta; the Sulpicii; │
│ │ Hortensius; Q. Mucius │
│ │ Scævola; Lucretius born.│
91│ 663│Death of the orator │
│ │ Crassus. │
90│ 664│C. Licinius Macer; Q. │Commencement of the Social
│ │ Claudius Quadrigarius; │ war.
│ │ Q. Valerius Antias; L. │
│ │ Lucullus; Sulla; Plotius│
│ │ Gallus. │
87│ 667│M. Antonius killed; │Massacres by Cinna and
│ │ Catullus born. │ Marius.
86│ 668│Birth of Sallust │Death of Marius.
84│ 670│Attius probably died about│
│ │ this time, and Latin │
│ │ acting tragedy │
│ │ disappeared; L. │
│ │ Cornelius Sisenna. │
82│ 672│Births of Varro Atacinus │Sulla’s proscription.
│ │ and Licinius Calvus │
│ │ Valerius Cato. │
78│ 676│Commencement of Sallust’s │Death of Sulla.
│ │ history. │
76│ 678│Birth of Asinius Pollio. │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ SECOND ERA. │
│ │ │
74│ 680│Roman prose literature │Third Mithridatic war
│ │ arrived at its greatest │ began.
│ │ perfection; Cicero │
│ │ twenty-two years of age.│
72│ 682│ - - - │Murder of Sertorius.
71│ 683│ - - - │Defeat of Spartacus.
70│ 684│Cicero accuses Verres; │
│ │ Virgil born. │
67│ 687│C. Aquilius Gallus; C. │Pompey, entrusted with the
│ │ Juventius; Sext. │ war against the Pirates.
│ │ Papirius; L. Lucilius │
│ │ Balbus. │
65│ 689│Birth of Horace │First Catilinarian
│ │ │ conspiracy.
63│ 691│Pomponius Atticus; M. │Consulship of Cicero;
│ │ Terentius Varro │ birth of Augustus;
│ │ Reatinus; L. Lueceius; │ Jerusalem taken by
│ │ Nigidius Figulus; │ Pompey.
│ │ Orbilius came to Rome in│
│ │ the fiftieth year of his│
│ │ age (Suet. de Ill. Gram.│
│ │ 9;) Q. Cornificius. │
61│ 693│Oration for Archias │Acquittal of Clodius.
60│ 694│ - - - │First triumvirate.
59│ 695│Birth of T. Livius. │
55│ 699│ - - - │Cæsar’s first invasion of
│ │ │ Britain.
54│ 700│Julius Cæsar; Lucretius │Cæsar’s second invasion of
│ │ Carus; C. Val. Catullus;│ Britain.
│ │ Æsopus; Q. Roscius; │
│ │ Licinius Calvus; Helvius│
│ │ Cinna; Ticida; │
│ │ Bibaculus; Varro │
│ │ Atacinus; Cornelius │
│ │ Nepos; A. Hirtius; C. │
│ │ Oppius; S. Sulpicius │
│ │ Rufus. │
52│ 702│Death of Lucretius. │
49│ 705│D. Laberius; C. Matius; P.│J. Cæsar appointed
│ │ Syrus. │ Dictator.
48│ 706│ - - - │Battle of Pharsalia;
│ │ │ murder of Pompey.
46│ 708│ - - - │Cæsar reforms the
│ │ │ calendar.
44│ 710│C. Sallustius Crispus; │Murder of Julius Cæsar.
│ │ Atteius Philologus; │
│ │ Asinius Pollio. │
43│ 711│Death of Cicero; Valgius │Second triumvirate formed.
│ │ Rufus; birth of Ovid; │
│ │ death of Laberius. │
42│ 712│Horace at Philippi. │
40│ 714│ - - - │Treaty of Brundisium.
34│ 720│Death of Sallust. │
32│ 722│Death of Atticus. │War declared against
│ │ │ Antony.
31│ 723│Virgilius Maro (born B. C.│Battle of Actium.
│ │ 70;) Mæcenas; Horatius │
│ │ Flaccus; L. Varius; │
│ │ Albius Tibullus; │
│ │ Cornelius Gallus; │
│ │ Plotius Tucca; │
│ │ Bathyllus; Pylades; │
│ │ Trogus Pompeius. │
29│ 725│ - - - │The three triumphs of
│ │ │ Octavius; temple of
│ │ │ Janus closed.
28│ 726│Palatine library founded; │
│ │ death of Varro. │
27│ 727│ - - - │Octavius receives the
│ │ │ title of Augustus.
25│ 729│J. Hyginus; S. Aurelius │
│ │ Propertius; Æmilius │
│ │ Macer; Ovidius Naso; │
│ │ Gratius Faliscus; Pedo │
│ │ Albinovanus; A. Sabinus;│
│ │ T. Livius; Ateius │
│ │ Capito; Vitruvius; Q. │
│ │ Cæcilius Epirota. │
19│ 735│Death of Virgil. │
18│ 734│Death of Tibullus. │
17│ 737│Carmen seculare of │Ludi sæculares. Porcius
│ │ Horatius; │ Latro.
15│ 739│ - - - │Tiberius and Drusus
│ │ │ conquer the Vindelici.
9│ 745│History of Livy │
│ │ terminates. │
8│ 746│Death of Horace │The month Sextilis named
│ │ │ Augustus.
4│ 750│ - - - │BIRTH OF OUR LORD JESUS
│ │ │ CHRIST.
│ │ │
A. D.│ │ │
4│ 758│Death of Asinius Pollio. │
9│ 763│Exile of Ovid │Defeat of Quintilius
│ │ │ Varus.
14│ 767│ - - - │Death of Augustus.
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │THIRD ERA. │
│ │ │
16│ 769│T. Phædrus │Sejanus the imperial
│ │ │ favourite.
18│ 771│C. Asinius Gallus; deaths │
│ │ of Ovid and Livy; │
│ │ Valerius Maximus. │
23│ 776│Birth of C. Plinius │Murder of Drusus.
│ │ Secundus. │
25│ 778│Birth of Silius Italicus; │
│ │ death of Cremutius │
│ │ Cordus; M. Annæus │
│ │ Seneca; A. Cornelius │
│ │ Celsus; Arellius Fuscus;│
│ │ Valerius Maximus. │
30│ 783│Velleius Paterculus writes│
│ │ his history. │
31│ 784│ - - - │Fall of Sejanus.
34│ 787│A. Persius Flaccus born. │
37│ 790│ - - - │Death of Tiberius.
40│ 793│Lucan brought to Rome. │
41│ 794│Exile of Seneca │Caligula assassinated;
│ │ │ Claudius emperor.
43│ 796│Birth of Martial; │Expedition of Claudius to
│ │ Pomponius Mela; L. │ Britain.
│ │ Junius Columella; │
│ │ Remmius Fannius Palæmon.│
49│ 802│Recall of Seneca. │
54│ 807│L. Annæus Seneca; M. │Accession of Nero.
│ │ Annæus Lucanus; │
│ │ Cornutus; Persius; │
│ │ Cæsius Bassus; C. Silius│
│ │ Italicus; Q. Curtius │
│ │ Rufus. │
59│ 812│ - - - │Murder of Agrippina.
61│ 814│Pliny the Younger born │Boadicea conquered by
│ │ │ Suetonius Paullinus.
62│ 815│Death of Persius. │
65│ 818│Deaths of Seneca and │
│ │ Lucan. │
66│ 819│Martial came to Rome. │
69│ 822│ - - - │Accession of Vespasian.
70│ 823│Saleius Bassus; C. │Jerusalem taken by Titus.
│ │ Valerius Flaccus. │
74│ 827│The dialogue _De │
│ │ Oratoribus_ supposed to │
│ │ have been written. │
77│ 830│C. Plinius Secundus Major │
│ │ flourished. │
78│ 831│ - - - │Agricola Governor of
│ │ │ Britain.
79│ 832│Death of Pliny the Elder │Destruction of Herculaneum
│ │ │ and Pompeii.
80│ 833│ - - - │The Coliseum built.
81│ 834│ - - - │Accession of Domitian.
90│ 843│M. F. Quintilianus; the │
│ │ Philosophers expelled by│
│ │ Domitian; Papinius │
│ │ Statius; Martialis. │
93│ 846│ - - - │Death of Agricola.
96│ 849│ - - - │Assassination of Domitian.
98│ 851│C. Cornelius Tacitus; C. │Accession of Trajan.
│ │ Plinius Minor; Julius │
│ │ Frontinus; Suetonius │
│ │ Tranquillus; Annæus │
│ │ Florus; Julius │
│ │ Obsequens; D. Junius │
│ │ Juvenalis. │
104│ 857│Pliny’s letter respecting │
│ │ the Christians. │
117│ 870│ - - - │Accession of Hadrian.
138│ 891│S. Pomponius; Gaius │Accession of Antoninus
│ │ │ Pius.
161│ 914│L. Appuleius; Minucius │Accession of M. Aurelius.
│ │ Felix; Tertullian. │
────────┴────────┴──────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────

THE END.

-----

Footnote 1:

B. C. 210; A. U. C. 514.

Footnote 2:

A. D. 138; A. U. C. 891.

Footnote 3:

See Forster’s Essay on Greek Quantity, c. vi.

Footnote 4:

Pol. Hist. iii. 22; see Donaldson’s Varron.

Footnote 5:

Plin. N. H. iii. 14.

Footnote 6:

See Thucyd. ii. 6.

Footnote 7:

Lib. v. 33.

Footnote 8:

Müller, Etrusk. iv. 7, 8.

Footnote 9:

See authorities quoted by Dennis, Cities of Etruria, i. xxiv.

Footnote 10:

Lib. i. 94.

Footnote 11:

Tac. Ann. iv. 55.

Footnote 12:

Lib. i. p. 22, 24.

Footnote 13:

Lib. i. 93.

Footnote 14:

Cistell. II. iii. 20.

Footnote 15:

A Cyclopean or Pelasgian wall, built of polygonal stones, without
mortar, exists so far north as Düsternbrook, near Kiel, in
Schleswig-Holstein.

Footnote 16:

Ueber die Tyr. Pel. in Etr. Leips. 1842.

Footnote 17:

Varronianus, i. sec. 10.

Footnote 18:

Heyne, Exc. Virg. Æn. iii.

Footnote 19:

The religion of Rome furnishes many other traces of Etruscan
influence:—_ex. gr._, the ceremonies of the augurs and haruspices were
Etruscan, and the lituus, or augur’s staff, may be seen on old
Etruscan monuments. The Tuscan Fortune, Nortia, the etymology of whose
name (ne-verto) coincides with that of the Greek Ἀτροπος (the
unchangeable,) had the nails, the emblem of necessity, as her device;
and hence the consul marked the commencement of the year by driving a
nail.

The Roman Hymen, the god of marriage, was Talassius; a fact which
illustrates one of the incidents in the tradition which Livy (book i.
c. ix.) adopts respecting the rape of the Sabine virgins.

The name Talassius was evidently derived from the Tuscan name Thalna,
or Talana, by which was designated the Juno Pronuba of the Romans, and
the Ἡρη τελειά of the Greeks.

Footnote 20:

Owing to the existence of the Pelasgian element in Latin, as well as
in Greek, an affinity can be traced between these languages and the
Sanscrit in no fewer than 339 Greek and 319 Latin words.

Footnote 21:

See Donaldson’s Varron., c. iii.

Footnote 22:

Leps. de Tab. Eug., p. 86.

Footnote 23:

B. C. 354.

Footnote 24:

Varronianus, c. iii.

Footnote 25:

See Grotefend, Rud. Ling. Umbr. Hanov. 1835; and Lassen. Beitrage zur
Eug. Tafeln. Rhein. Mus. 1833.

Footnote 26:

Liv. vii. 11.

Footnote 27:

A. U. C. 361; B. C. 393.

Footnote 28:

Liv. x. 20.

Footnote 29:

Lect. on Rom. Hist. l. xxxiii.

Footnote 30:

A. U. C. 664; B. C. 90.

Footnote 31:

Pp. 86–89.

Footnote 32:

Micali, Tav. cxx.

Footnote 33:

Orellii Inscr. 1384.

Footnote 34:

Cities of Etruria, i. p. 225.

Footnote 35:

See Etrusc. Alphabet. Lanzi, Saggio di L. E. i. 208.

Footnote 36:

Herod. i. 167.

Footnote 37:

Virg. Æn. viii. 597.

Footnote 38:

Dennis, ii. 44.

Footnote 39:

Ibid. ii. 53.

Footnote 40:

Ibid. ii. 55.

Footnote 41:

Varron., p. 127.

Footnote 42:

Etrusk. i. p. 451.

Footnote 43:

Schoell. Hist. de Lit. Rom. i. p. 42; Orell. Insc. 2270.

Footnote 44:

Circ. A. D. 218.

Footnote 45:

De L. L. vii. 26, 27, or vi. 1–3.

Footnote 46:

Varronianus, vi. 4.

Footnote 47:

See _ex. gr._ Liv. i. 26.

Footnote 48:

S. V. V. Plorare, Occisum, Pellices, Parricidi, Quæstores, &c.

Footnote 49:

Lib. i. 26

Footnote 50:

H. N. xxxii. 2.

Footnote 51:

Ch. vi.

Footnote 52:

Dionys. x. 57.

Footnote 53:

Liv. iii. 54, A. D.

Footnote 54:

Nieb. R. H. iii. 264.

Footnote 55:

A. U. C. 428–50, Arnold; 423–44, Niebuhr.

Footnote 56:

Page 499.

Footnote 57:

Rom. Hist.

Footnote 58:

Varron. vi. 20.

Footnote 59:

Orell. No. 550.

Footnote 60:

Ibid. No. 552. Meyer’s Anth. Nos. 1, 2; where see also No. 5.

Footnote 61:

B. C. 259.

Footnote 62:

Orellius, No. 549.

Footnote 63:

Liv. xlii. 20.

Footnote 64:

Tac. Ann. ii. 49.

Footnote 65:

A. U. C. 568; B. C. 186.

Footnote 66:

Livy, xxxix. 18.

Footnote 67:

Schoell, i. 52.

Footnote 68:

Ver. 276.

Footnote 69:

Lib. vi. 3, 47.

Footnote 70:

See Bythner’s Lyra Prophet.

Footnote 71:

See epitaph on L. C. Scipio.

Footnote 72:

See Bant. Table.

Footnote 73:

Elem. Doc. Met. iii. 9.

Footnote 74:

P. 212.

Footnote 75:

Ep. Phal. xi.

Footnote 76:

The term _axamenta_ is derived from the old Latin word _axo_, to name.

Footnote 77:

Lib. i. 26.

Footnote 78:

Pro Rab. 4, 13.

Footnote 79:

Brutus, xix.

Footnote 80:

Liv. xxv. 12.

Footnote 81:

Liv. v. 16.

Footnote 82:

Elem. Doc. Metr. iii. 9.

Footnote 83:

Lays of Rome, Preface, p. 19.

Footnote 84:

Alterno terram quatiunt pede.—_Hor. Od._

Footnote 85:

See Meyer, Anthol. Lat. 207, 212.

Footnote 86:

Gray’s Works, ii. 30–54.

Footnote 87:

A. U. C. 513; B. C. 241.

Footnote 88:

B. C. 240; A. U. C. 514.

Footnote 89:

B. C. 81; A. U. C. 673.

Footnote 90:

A. D. 14.

Footnote 91:

A. D. 138.

Footnote 92:

Brut. 19; Tusc. Dis. i. 2; iv. 2.

Footnote 93:

Lib. ix. 36.

Footnote 94:

De Rep. i. 20.

Footnote 95:

Lib. iv. 7, 13, 20.

Footnote 96:

In Virg. Æn. i. 372. See also Cic. Or. ii. 12; and Quinct, Ins. Or. x.
2, 7.

Footnote 97:

Cic. Brut. 16.

Footnote 98:

Hor. Ep. II. i. 139, &c.

Footnote 99:

Sermon. i. 4, 6.

Footnote 100:

Virg. Georg. II. 385; Tibull. II. i. 55; Catull. 61, 27.

Footnote 101:

Sub voc.

Footnote 102:

Bernhardy’s Grundriss, 379; Diomedes, Gr. iii. 487; Val. Max. ii. 4;
Festus v. person. fab.

Footnote 103:

Now St. Arpino.

Footnote 104:

Cic. Ep. ad Pap.

Footnote 105:

Juv. Sat. iii. 172.

Footnote 106:

V. Schlegel, lect. viii.

Footnote 107:

B. C. 364; A. U. C. 390.

Footnote 108:

Livy, vii. 2.

Footnote 109:

Lect. R. H. lxx.

Footnote 110:

Lib. xxvii. 34: xxiv. 20.

Footnote 111:

Liv. i. 9, 35.

Footnote 112:

Ibid. i. 35.

Footnote 113:

Elem. Doctr. Metr. iii. 9.

Footnote 114:

71.

Footnote 115:

Ep. II. i. 69.

Footnote 116:

Liv. vii. 2.

Footnote 117:

Brut. 72.

Footnote 118:

B. C. 240.

Footnote 119:

Noct. Att. See also Quinct. I. O. x. 2, 7.

Footnote 120:

See Bothe, Poetæ Scen. Roman. Trag.

Footnote 121:

For the slight differences between a Greek and Roman theatre, the
reader is referred to Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, _sub voce_.

Footnote 122:

Ep. ad Fam. vii. 1.

Footnote 123:

Roman critics divide comedy into _Comœdia Palliata_, in which the
characters, and therefore the costume, were Greek; and _Togata_, in
which they were Roman. Comœdia Togata was again subdivided into
Trabeata, or genteel comedy, and Tabernaria, or low comedy. The Fabulæ
Prætextatæ were historical plays, like those of Shakspeare.

Footnote 124:

Klussman, Frag. Næv.

Footnote 125:

Cic. Cat. 14.

Footnote 126:

Noct. Att. i. 24; xvii. 21.

Footnote 127:

A. U. C. 519.

Footnote 128:

A. U. C. 550; B. C. 204.

Footnote 129:

B. C. 367.

Footnote 130:

B. C. 300.

Footnote 131:

B. C. 312.

Footnote 132:

Cic. Verres, i. 10.

Footnote 133:

See Arnold’s Rome, l. 289.

Footnote 134:

Miles Glorios. II., ii. 56.

Footnote 135:

A. Gell. iii. 3.

Footnote 136:

B. C. 204. See Cic. Brut. 15.

Footnote 137:

Ep. ii. 153; Brutus, 19.

Footnote 138:

Pierron, Hist. de la R. 42.

Footnote 139:

Lib. i. 198.

Footnote 140:

Cic. Brut. 19; Macr. vi. 2.

Footnote 141:

Brutus, 76.

Footnote 142:

Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

Footnote 143:

Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

Footnote 144:

II. Epist. i. 49.

Footnote 145:

Horace, 1 Serm. iv. 10.

Footnote 146:

A. U. C. 515.

Footnote 147:

Claudian, xxiii. 7.

Footnote 148:

Silius It.

Footnote 149:

B. C. 204.

Footnote 150:

B. C. 198.

Footnote 151:

B. C. 189.

Footnote 152:

Meyer, Anthol. Vet. Rom. No. 19.

Footnote 153:

Meyer, No. 16.

Footnote 154:

Smith’s Dict. of Biograph. s. v. Ennius.

Footnote 155:

Ep. ii. 50.

Footnote 156:

Meyer, Anthol. 515–585.

Footnote 157:

Cic. Brut. 76.

Footnote 158:

Andromache.

Footnote 159:

A. Gellius.

Footnote 160:

Pierron, Rom. Lit. p. 74.

Footnote 161:

B. C. 280.

Footnote 162:

B. C. 214.

Footnote 163:

De Nat. Deor. i. 42.

Footnote 164:

See Lecture vii. of A. W. V. Schlegel.

Footnote 165:

Ep. ad Pison. 202.

Footnote 166:

From Tzur, צוֹר.

Footnote 167:

Colman illustrates the preface to his translation of Terence with an
engraving from a bas-relief in the Farnese Palace, in which these
flutes are introduced. The original represents a scene in the Andria,
and contains Simo, Davus, Chremes, and Dromo, with a knotted cord.

Footnote 168:

I. O. ii. 10.

Footnote 169:

Donatus says, “Diverbia (_the dialogues_) histriones pronuntiabant;
cantica (_the soliloquies_) vero temperabantur modis non a poetâ sed a
perito artis musicæ factis.”

Footnote 170:

Cic. de Orat. iii. 45.

Footnote 171:

Ibid. 41.

Footnote 172:

Phorm. Prol. 18; Ecl. iii. 96.

Footnote 173:

A. U. C. 527; B. C. 227.

Footnote 174:

A. U. C. 570; B. C. 184. See Cic. Brut. 15.

Footnote 175:

Lect. lxx.

Footnote 176:

A. Gell. iii. 3.

Footnote 177:

See Smith’s Biog. Dict. s. v.

Footnote 178:

Lect. on Rom. Hist. lxx.

Footnote 179:

Quint. x. 1, 99.

Footnote 180:

De Off. i. 29.

Footnote 181:

Lib. i. 24.

Footnote 182:

Quint. x. 1, 90.

Footnote 183:

Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 58.

Footnote 184:

Bacch. ii. 2.

Footnote 185:

The plot of the Phasma of Menander is as follows:—A woman who has
married a second husband has a daughter concealed in the next house,
with whom she has secret interviews by means of a communication
through the party-wall. In order the better to carry on her
clandestine plan, she pretends that she has intercourse with a
supernatural being, who visits her in answer to her invocations. Her
step-son by accident sees the maiden, and is at first awe-struck,
thinking that he had beheld a goddess; but, discovering the truth, he
is captivated with her beauty. A happy marriage, with the consent of
all parties, concludes the play.

Footnote 186:

De Sen. 50.

Footnote 187:

Act v. scene i.

Footnote 188:

See Plaut. Ed. Var. pp. 1320 and 2095.

Footnote 189:

See Prol. 18.

Footnote 190:

See act iv. scene ii.

Footnote 191:

De Opt. Gen. Dic. i.

Footnote 192:

Noct. Att. ii. 33.

Footnote 193:

Varro.

Footnote 194:

Horace.

Footnote 195:

Varro.

Footnote 196:

De Opt. Gen. Orat. i.

Footnote 197:

Brut. 258.

Footnote 198:

Lib. vii. 3.

Footnote 199:

Ep. ii. 1.

Footnote 200:

B. C. 193.

Footnote 201:

See Life of Ter. in Ed. Varior.

Footnote 202:

See Smith’s Dict. of Ant. s. v.

Footnote 203:

B. C. 166; A. U. C. 588.

Footnote 204:

Valerius Paterc.

Footnote 205:

Phorm. v. viii.

Footnote 206:

Andr. v. ii.

Footnote 207:

Eunuchus, v. iv.

Footnote 208:

Fr. Incert. 6.

Footnote 209:

Satis pol, &c., iv. 4, 1.

Footnote 210:

Hier. Chron. Ol. clv. 3.

Footnote 211:

B. C. 166.

Footnote 212:

De Orat. ii. 81.

Footnote 213:

Act i. scene i.

Footnote 214:

Act v. scene iii. 25.

Footnote 215:

A. U. C. 592; B. C. 167.

Footnote 216:

In Vita Ter.

Footnote 217:

Act v. scene ix.

Footnote 218:

Act ii. scene iii.

Footnote 219:

A. U. C. 590; B. C. 163.

Footnote 220:

Spect. No. 502.

Footnote 221:

Prol. 46.

Footnote 222:

Prol. 27.

Footnote 223:

A. U. C. 592; B. C. 161.

Footnote 224:

See Prol. i.

Footnote 225:

B. C. 165; A. U. C. 588.

Footnote 226:

See Prol. ii.

Footnote 227:

A. U. C. 593; B. C. 161.

Footnote 228:

Warton, in the Adventurer.

Footnote 229:

Cic. Brut. 167.

Footnote 230:

Quint. x. i. 100

Footnote 231:

Lib. xiv. 20.

Footnote 232:

Lib. i. 2.

Footnote 233:

Lib. iv. ii.

Footnote 234:

De Fin. ii. 4; Tusc. Dis. iv. 31.

Footnote 235:

Dict. Univ. s. v.

Footnote 236:

See Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. s. v.

Footnote 237:

See on this subject Lange, Vind. Trag. Rom. Leips. 1823.

Footnote 238:

Hor. Serm. i. 9, 23; Ep. Pis. 55; Mart. Ep. viii. 18.

Footnote 239:

Juv. Sat. x. 80.

Footnote 240:

Liv. xxii. 49.

Footnote 241:

Cic. Att. xvi. 2, 5.

Footnote 242:

Cic. Fam. x. 32.

Footnote 243:

See Cic. de Off. ii. 16; Plin. H. N. 36, 3, &c.

Footnote 244:

Arist. Poet.

Footnote 245:

Epist. II. i. 182.

Footnote 246:

Asinius Pollio is said by Seneca (Controv. iv. Præf.) to have
introduced the practice of poets reading their works to a circle of
friends.

Footnote 247:

Ecl. iii. 86.

Footnote 248:

Math. Hist. of Class. Lit.; Bernhardy, Grund. 366.

Footnote 249:

Hier. in Eus. Chron. Ol. 156, 3.

Footnote 250:

Cic. Brut. 64.

Footnote 251:

Plin. N. H. xxxv. 1, 4.

Footnote 252:

N. A. i. 24; Meyer, Anth. xxiv.

Footnote 253:

Cic. de Am. 7.

Footnote 254:

Pers. Sat. i. 77.

Footnote 255:

Hor. Ep. II. i. 55.

Footnote 256:

Ad Heren. iv. 4 and 11, 23.

Footnote 257:

Varro ap. Gel. vii. 14.

Footnote 258:

Cic. de Div. i. 14; Orat. iii. 39.

Footnote 259:

See Smith’s Dict.

Footnote 260:

De Pac. Dul. A. Steigl. Leips. 1826.

Footnote 261:

Pierron, p. 162.

Footnote 262:

Cic. de Am. vii.

Footnote 263:

Diom. iii.

Footnote 264:

Cic. Brut. 64.

Footnote 265:

Lib. iii. 7, 11.

Footnote 266:

Cic. Brut. 64; Gell. xiii. 2; Brut. 28.

Footnote 267:

Cic. de Leg. ii. 21; Pro Arch. ii.

Footnote 268:

Bernhardy, 367; Hor. Ep. II. i. 56; Quint, x. i. 97.

Footnote 269:

De Divin. i. 22; Bothe, Poet. Scen. fr. p. 191.

Footnote 270:

Bothe, p. 246.

Footnote 271:

Tusc. Disp. ii. 10; Bothe, p. 239.

Footnote 272:

Bothe, p. 238.

Footnote 273:

Ibid. p. 231.

Footnote 274:

Hor. Ep. II. i. 55.

Footnote 275:

See Nieb. Lect. 88.

Footnote 276:

B. C. 279.

Footnote 277:

The etymology of σίλλοι is unknown. Casaubon derived the word from
σιλλαίνειν, to scoff. The probability, however, is that the
substantive is the root of the verb. The invention of the _Silli_ has
been ascribed by some to Xenophanes, the philosopher of Colophon. He
was the author of a didactic poem, and his invectives were directed
against the absurd and erroneous doctrines of his predecessors. Timon,
a skeptical philosopher, who lived in the reign of Ptolemy
Philadelphus, was undoubtedly the author of Silli. Some of these are
dialogues, in which one of the persons is Xenophanes, whence perhaps
he was erroneously considered the inventor of this kind of poetry. All
the Silli of Timon are epic parodies, and their subject a ludicrous
and skeptical attack on philosophy of every kind. Fragments of Silli
are preserved by Diogenes, Lucilius, and Chrysostom.—Ad. Alex. Orat.
See also Brunck’s Analecta, and Suidas _s. vv._ σιλλαίνειν, Τίμων.

Footnote 278:

Hor. Sat. i. 4, 10.

Footnote 279:

Cic. Tusc. i. 2.

Footnote 280:

Aurelius Victor states (De Vit. Illust. xlvii.) that Cato took lessons
in Greek from Ennius.

Footnote 281:

Juv. Sat. i. 20.

Footnote 282:

Hieron. Chron. Euseb.

Footnote 283:

In defence of the chronology of Lucilius’ life, see Smith’s Dictionary
of Biography, _s. v._ Lucilius.

Footnote 284:

Vell. Paterc. ii. 9.

Footnote 285:

See Sat. I. iv.; I. x.; I. i. 29, &c.

Footnote 286:

De Orat. ii. 6; De Fin. i. 3.

Footnote 287:

Inst. Or. x. i.

Footnote 288:

Inst. Div. vi. 5.

Footnote 289:

Hor. Sat. I. x. 46.

Footnote 290:

Nieb. Lect. lxxxviii.

Footnote 291:

Lib. ii. 24; xix. 9.

Footnote 292:

See Nieb. Lect. lxxix. and Schol. in Cic. Orell. ii. p. 283.

Footnote 293:

Suet. de Clar. Rhet. iii.

Footnote 294:

The fragments of the ancient Roman historians have been collected by
Augustus Krause, and published at Berlin in 1833.

Footnote 295:

De Orat. ii. 12.

Footnote 296:

Pro Arch. x.

Footnote 297:

Dion. xvi. 6; Nieb. H. R. iii. 356.

Footnote 298:

Lib. i. 44, 45; ii. 40; viii. 30, &c.

Footnote 299:

Lib. xxii. 7.

Footnote 300:

Pol. i. 14.

Footnote 301:

Lect. R. H. iii. xxvi.

Footnote 302:

Lib. ii. 12.

Footnote 303:

Liv. xxii. 7.

Footnote 304:

Lib. xxiii. ii.; B. C. 216; A. U. C. 538.

Footnote 305:

A. U. C. 544; B. C. 210.

Footnote 306:

Liv. xxvi. 23.

Footnote 307:

Ibid. 28.

Footnote 308:

Ibid. xxvii. 29.

Footnote 309:

Ibid. xxi. 31.

Footnote 310:

Dionys. i. 6.

Footnote 311:

Liv. vii. 3.

Footnote 312:

See, on this subject, Lachmann de Font. Hist. Ti. Liv.

Footnote 313:

See Dr. Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. _s. v._

Footnote 314:

N. A. vii. 14.

Footnote 315:

Lib. xxv. 39; xxxv. 14.

Footnote 316:

A. U. C. 586; B. C. 168.

Footnote 317:

A. U. C. 599; B. C. 155.

Footnote 318:

Cic. de Orat. ii. 37; Quint. xii. 1.

Footnote 319:

Suet. de Gram. Ill. 2.

Footnote 320:

De Senec. 4.

Footnote 321:

Liv. xxxiv.

Footnote 322:

B. C. 171.

Footnote 323:

Plin. H. N. vii. 31.

Footnote 324:

A. U. C. 605.

Footnote 325:

Livy (xxxix. 40) and Niebuhr (Lect. lxix.) state that Cato died at the
age of ninety; Cicero (Brut. 15, 20, 23) and Pliny, at the age of
eighty-five.

Footnote 326:

Valerius Maximus relates the following anecdote of the respect in
which this virtuous Roman was held by his countrymen:—At the Floralia,
the people were accustomed to call for the exhibition of dances,
accompanied with acts of great indecency. Cato on one of these
occasions happened to be present, and the spectators were ashamed to
make their usual demand until he had left the theatre. Martial also
alludes to this anecdote in one of his epigrams.

Footnote 327:

Hor. Od. ii. i.

Footnote 328:

Plut. Life of Cato.

Footnote 329:

Cicero tells us (De Orat. ii. 64) that, when censor, he degraded L.
Nasica for an unseasonable jest.

Footnote 330:

Lib. xxxix. 40.

Footnote 331:

About A. U. C. 600.

Footnote 332:

Cato, iii.

Footnote 333:

See frag. of book iv. Krause.

Footnote 334:

C. Nepos in Vita.

Footnote 335:

Lib. v. Krause, p. 114.

Footnote 336:

Lib. i. 12.

Footnote 337:

The hocus-pocus of Cato resembles Latin about as nearly as did the
gibberish of the Spanish witches in the days of witch-finding. “In
nomine Patricâ Aragueaco Petrica agora agora valentia jouando goure
gaito goustra.”

Footnote 338:

Meyer, Frag. Rom. Orat.

Footnote 339:

See, _ex. gr._ Liv. xxxix. 40.

Footnote 340:

Brutus.

Footnote 341:

Lect. R. H. lxix.

Footnote 342:

Brut.

Footnote 343:

Gell. xi. 8.

Footnote 344:

Serv. Æn. ix. 70.

Footnote 345:

Macrob. ii. 16.

Footnote 346:

A. U. C. 608.

Footnote 347:

A. U. C. 608.

Footnote 348:

Cic. de Leg. ii. 2; Brut. 26.

Footnote 349:

Cic. Brut. 25.

Footnote 350:

Ibid. 26.

Footnote 351:

Gell. ii. 13.

Footnote 352:

See Nieb. Lect. V. on Rom. Lit.

Footnote 353:

Brut. 21.

Footnote 354:

B. C. 133.

Footnote 355:

Liv. i. 55.

Footnote 356:

Lib. xi. 14.

Footnote 357:

Athenæus, iv. 168.

Footnote 358:

Brut. 35.

Footnote 359:

See Cic. de Leg. i. 2; Brut. 67.

Footnote 360:

Lect. iii. xliv.

Footnote 361:

Numa, c. i. See Niebuhr, Lect. III. xli.

Footnote 362:

A. U. C. 678.

Footnote 363:

A. U. C. 691.

Footnote 364:

Lib. xxx. 19.

Footnote 365:

There is one instance to the contrary, (Liv. xxxviii. 23,) in which
Quadrigarius makes the number of the slain 40,000, Antias only 10,000.

Footnote 366:

Plut. Romulus, 14.

Footnote 367:

Liv. xxvi. 49.

Footnote 368:

Lib. xxxii. 6.

Footnote 369:

Lib. xxxiii. 10.

Footnote 370:

Lib. xxxiii. 30.

Footnote 371:

De Clar. Rhet. 3.

Footnote 372:

Brut. 64 and 88.

Footnote 373:

Jug. 95.

Footnote 374:

Gell. vi. 3, 4.

Footnote 375:

Appius Claudius Cæcus was also author of a moral poem on Pythagorean
principles, which was extant in the time of Cicero, (Brutus, 16.)

Footnote 376:

B. C. 280.

Footnote 377:

About B. C. 221.

Footnote 378:

Lib. xxxv. 8; xl. 46.

Footnote 379:

H. N. vii. 43, 44.

Footnote 380:

Brut. 14, 19, de Sen.

Footnote 381:

Cic. Cat. 4, 12; de Sen. 4; Brut. 14, 18.

Footnote 382:

Noct. Attic. iv. 18.

Footnote 383:

Brut. 21.

Footnote 384:

Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fragm.

Footnote 385:

B. C. 149; A. U. C. 605.

Footnote 386:

A. U. C. 580.

Footnote 387:

A. U. C. 622.

Footnote 388:

De Orat. 153.

Footnote 389:

Sallust. Cat. 25.

Footnote 390:

Orat. iii. 56.

Footnote 391:

Brut. 33.

Footnote 392:

Ibid. 36.

Footnote 393:

Pro Rosc. 25; pro Arch. 60; in. Verr. iv. 59.

Footnote 394:

Orat. II. i.

Footnote 395:

Pro Cluent. 50.

Footnote 396:

De Orat. ii. 48.

Footnote 397:

B. C. 122.

Footnote 398:

De Orat. i. 52; Brut. 43.

Footnote 399:

B. C. 95.

Footnote 400:

B. C. 92.

Footnote 401:

B. C. 161; A. U. C. 593.

Footnote 402:

A. Gell. xv. ii.

Footnote 403:

De Cl. Or. 143, 145.

Footnote 404:

Pro Cluent. 51.

Footnote 405:

De Orat. ii. 54.

Footnote 406:

Cic. de Or. ii. 65; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4.

Footnote 407:

Macrobius, Sat.

Footnote 408:

See Brutus, _passim_.

Footnote 409:

Brutus, 158.

Footnote 410:

De Fam. iv. 5.

Footnote 411:

Cic. Philip. ix. 5.

Footnote 412:

Brut. xcii.

Footnote 413:

Ad Att. vi. 6.

Footnote 414:

Ad Fam. viii. 2.

Footnote 415:

Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. _s. v._

Footnote 416:

Brut. 95.

Footnote 417:

Quint. xii.; ch. x.; Brut. Orat. ad Br. in many places.

Footnote 418:

A. Gell. i. 5.

Footnote 419:

A. Gell. i. 5.

Footnote 420:

Cic. Muræn. 8, 19; Off. ii. 19, 65.

Footnote 421:

Hor. Od. II. i. 13.

Footnote 422:

Cic. pro Muræn.

Footnote 423:

Inst. Or. xii. 7.

Footnote 424:

De Orat. 44.

Footnote 425:

De Leg. ii. 23.

Footnote 426:

A. U. C. 552.

Footnote 427:

Lib. xxx. 1.

Footnote 428:

De Or. i. 45.

Footnote 429:

Dig. I. ii. 39.

Footnote 430:

De Or. ii. 55.

Footnote 431:

Lib. xvi. 5; Dig. L. 16, 157.

Footnote 432:

B. C. 24, 25.

Footnote 433:

De Lat. Lin. iv. 2; iv. 10; v. 7.

Footnote 434:

H. N. vii. 1.

Footnote 435:

De Orat. iii. 21.

Footnote 436:

Cornelius Nepos ait litteratos quidem vulgo appellari eos qui aliquid
diligenter et acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere.

Footnote 437:

Sueton. de Illust. Gram.

Footnote 438:

Lect. R. H. cvi.

Footnote 439:

Plin. H. N. v. 72.

Footnote 440:

Cic. pro Sen.

Footnote 441:

Schlegel Lect. viii.; Müller’s Dor. iv. 7, 5.

Footnote 442:

Diog. Laert. iii. 18.

Footnote 443:

Xen. Hell. i. 23.

Footnote 444:

Müller’s Dorians, Trans. ii. 374.

Footnote 445:

Or. Tr. ii. 515.

Footnote 446:

Cic. pro Rab. 12; de Orat. ii. 59. See also fragm. of Syrus’ Mimes.

Footnote 447:

Bothe, Po. Sc. Lat. fragm. vol. v.

Footnote 448:

Sat. i. x. 6. See also Sen. Controv., and Nieb. H. R. ii. p. 169.

Footnote 449:

Hieron. Eus. Chron.

Footnote 450:

Pl. Ep. vi. 21.

Footnote 451:

A. Gell. xv. 25.

Footnote 452:

Suet. Cæs. 52.

Footnote 453:

Cic. ad Fam. x. 28.

Footnote 454:

Pl. H. N. xii. 2, 6.

Footnote 455:

Tac. An. xii. 60.

Footnote 456:

Ad Fam. vii. 15.

Footnote 457:

Ibid. xi. 28.

Footnote 458:

Ad Fam. xii. 18.

Footnote 459:

Sen. Controv. vii. 3; Ep. 8, 94, 108.

Footnote 460:

Pl. H. N. viii. 51.

Footnote 461:

_S. v._ Ὀρχησίς.

Footnote 462:

Hist. Rom. i.

Footnote 463:

Pl. Ep. vii. 24.

Footnote 464:

Juv. vi. 65.

Footnote 465:

Tac. Ann. i. 77.

Footnote 466:

Suet. Ner. 16, 26.

Footnote 467:

Juv. i. 35; vi. 44.

Footnote 468:

Lib. ix. 29; xi. 13.

Footnote 469:

Suet. Ner. 54.

Footnote 470:

Lib. i. 925; iv. 1.

Footnote 471:

Lib. i. 831; iii. 261.

Footnote 472:

Clint. F. H.

Footnote 473:

Hier. Chron.

Footnote 474:

The criticism of Cicero is unjust:—“Lucretii poemata ita sunt non
multis luminibus ingenii multæ tamen artis.”—Ep. ad Qu. fratr. ii. 11.

Footnote 475:

See A. Gell. Noct. Att. i. 21.

Footnote 476:

Lib. ii. 352.

Footnote 477:

Lib. v. 166.

Footnote 478:

Lib. vi. 378.

Footnote 479:

Lib. v. 1197.

Footnote 480:

Lib. vi. 75.

Footnote 481:

Lib. v. 83, 1163.

Footnote 482:

Lib. v. 1202.

Footnote 483:

Lib. i. 81.

Footnote 484:

Lib. i. 71, 147.

Footnote 485:

See Ritter, iv. p. 89.

Footnote 486:

Lib. v. 525.

Footnote 487:

Lib. iii. 265, 413.

Footnote 488:

Lib. iii. 302.

Footnote 489:

Lib. iv. 1072.

Footnote 490:

Lib. v. 1012.

Footnote 491:

De Fin. ii. 22.

Footnote 492:

Lib. v. 1152.

Footnote 493:

Lib. iii. 988.

Footnote 494:

Lib. ii. 7.

Footnote 495:

Diog. La. x. 3.

Footnote 496:

Sen. de Benef. iv. 19.

Footnote 497:

Diog. La. x.

Footnote 498:

Georg. ii. 490.

Footnote 499:

Georg. iii. 478.

Footnote 500:

Plin. xxxvii. 6.

Footnote 501:

Suet. v. Jul. 73.

Footnote 502:

See Carm. cxvi.

Footnote 503:

Anthol. 208.

Footnote 504:

Apuleius.

Footnote 505:

Carm. li.

Footnote 506:

Od. IV. iii. 23.

Footnote 507:

Od. III. xx. 13.

Footnote 508:

Lect. cvi.

Footnote 509:

Lib. v. 132, 166.

Footnote 510:

Cic. Brut. 82; ad Fam. xv. 21; Dial. de Or. 18; Quint. xi. 115.

Footnote 511:

Cat. liv.

Footnote 512:

Sat. I. x. 16.

Footnote 513:

Cat. Carm. X. xcv.

Footnote 514:

Ecl. 9.

Footnote 515:

Suet. de Ill. Gram. 2–9.

Footnote 516:

Wernsdorf, Po. Lat. Mi.

Footnote 517:

H. N. xxv. 2.

Footnote 518:

Od. ii. 9; Sat. I. x.

Footnote 519:

Wernsdorf.

Footnote 520:

Sat. II. v. 41.

Footnote 521:

Hieron. in Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 522:

See Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

Footnote 523:

Ibid. 77, 78.

Footnote 524:

Lib. x. i. 87.

Footnote 525:

Hor. Sat. I. x. 46.

Footnote 526:

Anthol. 77, 78.

Footnote 527:

See, on this subject, Niebuhr’s Lectures on Roman History, cvi.

Footnote 528:

Mart. Ep. xii. 68.

Footnote 529:

See Quint. de Inst. Or.

Footnote 530:

Servius.

Footnote 531:

Scalig. in Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 532:

B. C. 55.

Footnote 533:

See v. 7.

Footnote 534:

Ecl. ix. 18.

Footnote 535:

B. C. 40.

Footnote 536:

B. C. 38.

Footnote 537:

Alexander, an Italian abbot, states, on the evidence of two spurious
verses, that he was governor of Naples and Calabria.

Footnote 538:

Ep. viii. 56.

Footnote 539:

Carm. xv. 12.

Footnote 540:

Hor. Sat. I. v. 49.

Footnote 541:

Carm. i. 3.

Footnote 542:

There has been much discussion respecting the precise place of his
burial. (See Cramer’s Anc. It. ii. 174.) Addison, in opposition to the
popular belief, thought it almost certain that it stood on that side
of the town which looks towards Vesuvius. (Remarks on Italy, p. 164;
sec. ed.)

Footnote 543:

Meyer, Anthol. 95.

Footnote 544:

Dial. de Caus. Corrup. El. 13.

Footnote 545:

Hor. Sat. I. v. 41.

Footnote 546:

Macrob. Saturn. I. _sub fine_.

Footnote 547:

Plin. N. H. vii. 30.

Footnote 548:

See Meyer’s Anthol. 85–111.

Footnote 549:

A litle noursling of the humid ayre,
A gnat unto the sleepie shepheard went;
And, marking where his ey-lids twinckling rare
Shewd the two pearles, which sight unto him lent,
Through their thin coverings appearing fayre,
His litle needle there infixing deep,
Warnd him awake, from death himselfe to keep.
_Spenser._

Footnote 550:

Faery Queene, book iii. c. ii. 3. See Dunlop, iii.

Footnote 551:

Spenser, adopting the incorrect orthography and etymology of Petrarch,
writes the word Æglogue, and derives it from αἴγων λόγοι—tales of
goats or goatherds.

Footnote 552:

Sat. I. x. 44.

Footnote 553:

Id. x. and xxi.

Footnote 554:

In Euseb. Chron.

Footnote 555:

B. C. 39.

Footnote 556:

Præl. de Sacr. Po. He. xxi. p. 289.

Footnote 557:

Orat. ad Sanctos, 19, 20; apud Euseb.

Footnote 558:

In 1 Cor. ii.

Footnote 559:

Adv. Jor. lib. i.

Footnote 560:

Contra Faust, i. 13, 2.

Footnote 561:

Orat. Paræn.

Footnote 562:

See notes to Pope’s Messiah.

Footnote 563:

Decl. and Fall. c. xx. vol. iii. p. 269.

Footnote 564:

A. Gell. N. A. xvii. 10.

Footnote 565:

Misc. Works, vol. i.

Footnote 566:

G. iv. 560–564.

Footnote 567:

G. ii. 171.

Footnote 568:

See Dunlop, H. of R. L. iii. _s. v._ Virg.

Footnote 569:

B. C. 27.

Footnote 570:

Æn. ii. 567–589.

Footnote 571:

Ibid. vi. 511.

Footnote 572:

Æn. viii. 626.

Footnote 573:

Ibid. i.

Footnote 574:

Book v.

Footnote 575:

Macrob. Saturn. v. 13.

Footnote 576:

Saturn. vi. 1, 2, 3.

Footnote 577:

Compare De Nat. Rer. ii. 24; vi. 136, 1143–1224; with Georg. ii. 461,
467, &c.; iii. 478, 505, 509, &c.

Footnote 578:

Iliad, Ζ. 506; Æn. xi. 492.

Footnote 579:

Spence’s Anecdotes.

Footnote 580:

See, on this subject, Dunlop’s Hist. iii. 151.

Footnote 581:

See Clarke’s Homer, Il. iii. 363, note.

Footnote 582:

H. N. xxxv. 10.

Footnote 583:

Lect. cvi. on R. H.

Footnote 584:

Introd. Lect. iv.

Footnote 585:

Serv. ad Æn. i. 98; ii. 797; iii. 10.

Footnote 586:

Meyer, Anthol. 85, 93, &c.

Footnote 587:

Od. IV. iii. 23.

Footnote 588:

De Off. i. 42.

Footnote 589:

Sat. I. vi. 86.

Footnote 590:

Ibid. I. vi. 71.

Footnote 591:

Od. III. xxx. 10.

Footnote 592:

Ibid. IV. ix. 2.

Footnote 593:

Od. III. iv. 9.

Footnote 594:

Sat. I. vi. 71.

Footnote 595:

See _ex. gr._ Ep. II. 41; Od. III. vi. 37; Sat. II. ii. 112.

Footnote 596:

Ep. II. i. 70.

Footnote 597:

Ibid. ii. 41.

Footnote 598:

Sat. I. vi. 76.

Footnote 599:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 600:

Ibid. vi.

Footnote 601:

Ibid. iv. 103.

Footnote 602:

Ep. II. ii. 43.

Footnote 603:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 604:

Od. II. vii.

Footnote 605:

Ep. II. ii. 49.

Footnote 606:

Suet. in Vita.

Footnote 607:

Ep. II. xiv. 17.

Footnote 608:

Sat. I. vi. 114.

Footnote 609:

Ep. II. ii. 51.

Footnote 610:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 611:

B. C. 41.

Footnote 612:

Sat. I. v. 39.

Footnote 613:

Ibid. vi. 55.

Footnote 614:

Sat. I. v.

Footnote 615:

According to Bentley, he composed them in the twenty-sixth,
twenty-seventh, and twenty-eighth years of his age; according to
Clinton, in the twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, and twenty-seventh.

Footnote 616:

_Ex. gr._ viii. xi. xii.

Footnote 617:

See Od. I. 16, 22.

Footnote 618:

Sat. II. vi. 1.

Footnote 619:

Ibid. 8.

Footnote 620:

Ibid. 10.

Footnote 621:

Ibid. vi. 33.

Footnote 622:

Ibid. 38.

Footnote 623:

Ibid. 47.

Footnote 624:

Ep. I. 18.

Footnote 625:

Sat. II. vi. 62.

Footnote 626:

Ibid. vi. 61.

Footnote 627:

Ibid. iii. 11.

Footnote 628:

Ep. I. iv. 15; xx. 24; Suet. V. H.

Footnote 629:

Ep. I. xiv.; Od. I. xvii.

Footnote 630:

Sat. II. vi. 65.

Footnote 631:

Od. III. 4.

Footnote 632:

Sat. II. i. 45.

Footnote 633:

Clinton, Fasti: B. C. 35, 34, 33.

Footnote 634:

Sat. II. vi.

Footnote 635:

B. C. 31.

Footnote 636:

_Ex. gr._ ix. xvi.

Footnote 637:

See Ep. VII. ix.

Footnote 638:

B. C. 29.

Footnote 639:

Clinton, F. H.

Footnote 640:

Lib. iii. 30.

Footnote 641:

Lib. iii. 29.

Footnote 642:

Ep. I. i. 1–10.

Footnote 643:

See Vit. Hor. Suet.

Footnote 644:

Ep. I. xx.

Footnote 645:

Suet. Ep. Aug. in Vita.

Footnote 646:

Ep. I. vii. 26; 3.

Footnote 647:

Ep. I. xx.

Footnote 648:

Od. II. iv. 22.

Footnote 649:

This feud continued until the time of Persius. (See Sat I. 141, and
Gifford’s note.)

Footnote 650:

See De Chaupy, Eustace, Milman, &c.

Footnote 651:

Od. III. 13.

Footnote 652:

Découverte de la Maison d’Horace, tom. iii. p. 364.

Footnote 653:

Illust. to Childe Harold, p. 42.

Footnote 654:

Hist. of Rom. Lit. iii. 213.

Footnote 655:

Od. I. vii. 29.

Footnote 656:

See Milman’s Hor. p. 97.

Footnote 657:

Ep. I. xvi. 5. See also Eustace’s Class. Tour.

Footnote 658:

Ep. I. xviii. 105.

Footnote 659:

Ep. I. xiv. 2.

Footnote 660:

Ep. I. xiv. 23.

Footnote 661:

See also Pope’s imitation of this passage, Essay on Satire, part iii.

Footnote 662:

See Persius, Sat. I. 114.

Footnote 663:

Sat. I. 8.

Footnote 664:

Ibid. 9.

Footnote 665:

Ibid. v.

Footnote 666:

Sat. II. vi.

Footnote 667:

Sat. I. vi.

Footnote 668:

Ibid. vii.

Footnote 669:

Sat. II. iv.

Footnote 670:

Sat. I. 1.

Footnote 671:

Ibid. 2.

Footnote 672:

Ibid. 3.

Footnote 673:

See Prof. Anthon’s Horace, Donaldson’s Pindar, &c.

Footnote 674:

Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 114, 115.

Footnote 675:

Hom. Od. I. i.

Footnote 676:

Od. IV. ii.

Footnote 677:

Lib. lii. 14, &c.

Footnote 678:

B. C. 40

Footnote 679:

Tac. Ann. vi. ii.

Footnote 680:

B. C. 31.

Footnote 681:

Annal. iii. 30.