Chapter XXV (2)

Q. = Quintus.
Quadi, the, 242;
defeated by M. Aurelius, 250, 251.
_ Quæstio rerum repetundarum_, _see_ Court of Extortion.
Quæstorship, the,
(1) Roman magistracy, 50;
plebeians eligible to, 55;
in provinces, 112;
number increased by Sulla, 148;
by Julius Cæsar, 181;
in senatorial career, 209;
of late Empire, 341;
(2) in the provinces, 278;
(3) in municipalities, 284;
(4) at court of later Emperors, 340.
P. Quinctilius Varus, defeat of, 220.
_ Quinquennales_, 284.
_ Quinquennium Neronis_, the, 232.
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintillianus), writer, 299.
_ Quirites_, 29.

Ræti, the, 217.
Rætia,
Roman province of, 218;
abandoned, 361.
_ Rationalis_,
secretary of the treasury, 272;
superseded by count of the sacred largesses, 340.
Ravenna,
naval station, 212;
Ostrogothic capital, 371;
capture of, by Belisarius, 377.
Recruitment, of legions,
territorial, 272, 273;
of army under late Empire, 336, 337.
Religion,
of early Rome, _chap._ VII, 61_f_;
importance of ritual in, 61;
foreign influences in, 63, 64;
and morality, 64;
adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, 122;
increasing skepticism in, 123;
in last century of Republic, 197, 198;
revival under Augustus, 213–215;
under the Principate, 304–313;
oriental cults, 305–307;
Judaism and Christianity, 303, 313;
of the Germanic tribes, 371, 372.
_ Res privata_, 272;
of late Empire, 341.
Rhegium, 20.
Rhodes,
island republic, 70;
appeals to Rome against Philip V, 90;
joins Rome against Antiochus, 93;
territory enlarged, 94;
punished by Rome, 96.
Ricimer, master of the soldiers, career of, 360.
Road system,
of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, 128.
_ See also_ _Via Appia_, _etc._
Roma, worship of, 214.
Roman confederacy in Italy, the, 42–46;
military strength of, 77.
Roman foreign policy, 42, 43;
new field for, 67;
towards the Greek states, 94;
toward Macedonia, 95;
in eastern Mediterranean, 96, 97;
from 167–133 B. C., 99.
Romans, the,
a Latin people, 27, 29;
name of, 29;
under the Visigoths, 369;
under the Vandals, 370;
under the Ostrogoths, 370, 371;
under the Burgundians and the Franks, 371.
Romanus, poet, 401.
Rome, the city of,
site, 26;
growth of, 26, 27;
Etruscan influences, 28, 29;
of the Four Regions, 26;
sacked by Gauls, 35;
Servian wall of, 35;
change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C.,
123, 124;
administration of, under Augustus, 232;
devastated by fire, 233;
receives title of _sacra_, 253;
similarity to provincial city, 283;
under the Principate, 293;
ceases to be capital, 319;
plundered by Alaric, 353;
by Vandals, 356;
Belisarius besieged in, 377.
Romulus Augustulus, western emperor, 361.
_ Rorarii_, light troops, 59.
Rufinus, master of the soldiers, 362.
Rutilius Namatianus, poet, 398.
P. Rutilius Rufus, ex-quæstor, trial of, 139.

S. = Sextus.
St. Anthony, founds monastic colony, 395.
St. Sophia, building of, 383.
Sabellians, the, 15.
Sabines, the, 15, 39.
_ Sacrosanctitas_,
of tribune, 179;
granted to Octavian, 193.
Saducees, the, 238.
Saguntum,
allied with Rome, 79;
taken by Hannibal, 79;
by Romans, 83.
Salassi, the, 217.
C. Sallustius Crispus, historical writer, 200.
Salvius, leader of slave rebellion, 137.
Salvius Julianus, jurist, 248.
Salyes, the, tribe of Liguria, conquered by Rome, 132.
Samnites, the, 15;
wars of, with Rome, 37–39;
Roman allies, 39;
join Tarentum, 40;
reconquered, 41.
Sapor I, king of the Persians, 259, 260.
Sapor II, king of Persia, war with Constantius II and Julian,
326–328.
Saracens, the, invasion of, 404.
Sardinia,
geography of, 4;
inhabitants of, 15;
ceded to Rome by Carthage, 75;
a Roman province, 111;
placed under imperial procurator, 216.
Satire, origin of name and form, 121.
Satricum, 34.
Saturninus and Glaucia, leaders of the Populares, 138.
Saxons, the, 259;
invade Britain, 357.
Scævola, see Q. Mucius Scævola.
Scholarians, the, 335, 336.
Scipio, _see_ P. Cornelius Scipio.
Scipionic circle, the, 120, 121.
Scribonia, wife of Octavian, 191.
_ Scutum_, shield, 59.
Secretaryships, the Imperial, 269–270.
Sectarianism,
of the eastern church, 391;
sectarian strife, 391–394.
Secular Games, the, 216.
Seianus (Sejanus), _see_ L. Ælius Seianus.
Seleucia, 246, 250;
sacked, 253.
Sempronia, wife of Scipio Æmilianus, 127, 128.
Ti. Sempronius, consul,
in Sicily, 79;
defeated at Trebia, 81.
C. Sempronius Gracchus,
land commissioner, 127;
tribunate and legislation of, 128–130;
overthrow, 130;
oratory of, 200.
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, consul, killed by Hannibal, 82.
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, 126, 127.
Senate, the Roman,
in regal period, 28;
limited to patricians, 29;
directs foreign policy, 43, 45;
represents wealthy proprietors, 45;
supports propertied elements in Italy, 45;
of early Republic, 47;
appoints promagistrates, 51;
plebeians admitted to, 56;
revised by Appius Claudius, 56;
supports Greeks against Philip V, 90;
supports Greek aristocracies, 95;
control of public policy, 105–107;
dissolves Bacchanalian associations, 106;
failure of foreign policy of, 108;
and provincial government, 110–114;
prerogatives attacked by Gracchi, 127–131;
control over consuls restricted, 129;
weakened as result of Gracchan disorders, 133;
intrigues with Jugurtha, 133;
alteration proposed by Drusus, 139;
veto revived, 144;
restoration of power of, by Sulla, 148, 149;
membership increased, 149;
and extraordinary commands, 151, 160;
passes “last decree” against Cæsar, 174;
membership and composition of, altered by Julius Cæsar, 181;
treatment of, by Cæsar, 182;
purged and restored by Augustus, 209, 210;
takes over election of magistrates, 227;
opposes Vespasian, 240, 241;
strained relations with Domitian, 243;
era of amiable relations with princeps begins, 244, 245;
restored to influence by Severus Alexander, 257;
loss of powers under Principate, résumé, 264–267;
friction with Princeps, 267, 268;
chief services, 268;
of late Empire, 344;
influence of under Theodoric, 371.
Senatorial order, the,
(1) an office-holding aristocracy, 107, 196;
under Augustus, 209–210;
expansion of, 268;
burden of public spectacles on, 294.
—— (2) new, of late Empire, 342–343;
power and exemptions of, 349.
_ See also_ Senators.
Senators,
appointed by consul, 47;
by censors, 50;
largely ex-magistrates and magistrates, 105;
deprived of right to act as judges in courts, 129;
right restored, 148;
property qualifications of, under Augustus, 209;
freedom from imperial jurisdiction, 244;
exclusion of, from military commands, etc., 267;
exemption from municipal control, 344;
taxes on, 345.
_ Senatus consultum ultimum_,
defined, 106;
passed against Cataline, 163;
against Cæsar, 174.
Seneca, _see_ L. Annæus Seneca.
Senones, the, 39, 44.
Sentinum, 39.
L. Septimius Severus,
saluted Imperator, 252;
wars with rivals, 252, 253;
principate of, 253–255;
reforms civil service, 270, 272;
fortification of frontiers by, 275, 276.
Septimontium, festival of, 26.
Serfdom,
rise of, in Egypt and Asia Minor, 288, 289;
in Africa, 289, 290;
in Italy, 291;
causes and results of, 291, 292;
under late Empire, 348, 349.
L. Sergius Catilina, 162;
conspiracy of, 163, 164.
Q. Sertorius, governor of Spain, 152–153.
Q. Servilius Cæpio, consul, recovers Tolosa, tried by Senate, 135.
C. Servilius Glaucia,
prætor, leads populares, 138;
overthrown, 139.
Q. Servilius Rullus, tribune, proposes land bill, 163.
Severus (Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, 321.
Severus (Libius ——), western emperor, 360.
Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius ——),
adopted by Elagabalus, 256;
principate of, 257, 258;
grants lands to frontier forces, 276.
Sexagenarii, 270.
Sibylline Books, the, 122.
Sicans, the, 15.
Sicels, the, 15.
Sicily,
geography of, 4;
peoples of, 15;
Roman possession, 74;
province, 111;
rebellion of slaves in, 137;
misgovernment of Verres in, 157, 158.
Signia, 34.
Silkworms, introduction of, into west, 384.
Slaves,
enrolled in Roman army, 87;
rebellion of, in Sicily, 137;
many freed by Sulla, 147;
revolt of, under Spartacus, 155, 156;
decrease of, under the Principate, 295;
admitted to army, 336.
Society,
of early Rome, _chap._ VII, 61;
of the third and second centuries B. C., 114–119;
of the last century of the Republic, 196, 197;
at beginning of Principate, 208–211;
of the Principate, _chap._ XX, 293_f_;
of the late Empire, 341–350.
_ Socii_, federate allies, 45, 90.
_ Socii Italici_, _see_ Italian allies.
_ Socii navales_, 45.
Sosigenes, astronomer, 180.
Spain,
coast of, controlled by Carthage, 72;
Carthaginian expansion, 78;
invaded by Romans, 80, 83, 84;
Romans conquer Carthaginian territory in, 85;
divided into provinces of Hither and Farther, 97;
revolts in, 98;
Latin colonies in, 98;
further wars in, 99, 100;
revolts in, 137;
Sertorian rebellion, 152, 153;
Cæsar reduces Pompeians in, 174, 181, 182;
Hither, an imperial province, 206;
Latin right extended to communities of, 240;
occupied by Vandals, 355;
Justinian’s intervention in, 378, 379.
Sparta,
appeals to Rome against Achæans, 95;
hostilities with Achæans, 103;
Roman ally, 103.
Spartacus, rebellion of, 155–156.
Spectacles, lavishness of, under the Principate, 294.
Stilicho, master of the soldiers, 351, 352–353.
_ Stipendium_, _see_ Taxes.
Stoicism, in Rome, 123, 198.
Stone Age,
the new, 8;
the old, 7.
Suetonius (C. Suetonius Tranquillius), historical writer and
biographer, 300.
Suevi, the, invade Spain with Vandals, 355.
Sugambri, the, 218.
Sulla, _see_ L. Cornelius Sulla.
Sulpician laws, the, 144, 146.
P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, legislation and reign of terror, 143,
144.
S. Sulpicius Rufus, legal writer, 201.
Sun worship, introduced into Rome, 256, 262, 306, 307.
Survey of empire, 216.
Sutrium, 36.
Symmachus (Quintus Aurelius ——), writings of, 398.
Syphax, Numidian chief, 85.
Syracuse,
tyrants of, 18, 19, 20;
kingdom of, 70;
wars with Mamertini, 72;
alliance with Rome, 73;
goes over to Carthage, 82;
taken by Romans, 82.
Syria,
Seleucid kingdom of, 69;
conquered by Tigranes, 153;
made Roman province, 161;
Crassus in, 172;
an imperial province, 206.
Syrians, traders, 297.

T. = Titus.
Tacitus (Marcus Claudius ——), princeps, 262.
Tacitus (P. Cornelius ——),
historical writer, 243;
works of, 300.
Tarentum, 20, 37;
wars with Italians, 39–40;
with Rome, 40, 41;
Roman ally, 42;
occupied by Hannibal, 82;
treaty of, between Antony and Octavian, 192.
Taxation, system of, under late Empire, 344–346.
Taxes,
(1) affecting Roman citizens,
tax of 5% on emancipated slaves, 87, 279, 280;
inheritance tax, 212, 279, 280;
tax on sales, 212, 279;
land tax of late Empire, 345;
(2) provincial,
_ decuma_, 113, 239;
_ stipendium_, 112, 279;
direct collection of, 270;
_ tributa_, 279;
_ vectigalia_, 279;
(3) special,
of Second Triumvirate, 189;
head-tax on Jews, 239;
of late Empire, 345.
Telamon, 77.
_ Tercenarii_, 270.
Terence (P. Terentius), dramatic poet, 121.
C. Terentius Varro, consul, at Cannæ, 82.
M. Terentius Varro, writer and antiquarian, 200–201.
_ Terramare_, 10–11.
Tertullian (Q. Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Christian writer,
301.
Teutoberg Forest, Roman disaster in the, 220.
Teutons, the, _see_ Cimbri and Teutons.
Thapsus, battle of, 177.
Theodora, empress, 381, 382.
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths,
invades Italy, 361, 362;
receives imperial symbols, 370, 371;
conflict with Arianism, 372;
foreign alliances of, 372, 373.
Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, 354.
Theodoric, the Amal, conflict with Zeno, 365.
Theodosian code, the, 364.
Theodosius I, the Great,
co-emperor, 330, 331;
conflict with Ambrose, 330, 331;
sole emperor, 381;
suppression of paganism by, 387.
Theodosius II, eastern emperor, 363–364.
Theodosius, general of Valentinian I, campaign of, 328, 329.
Thrace, made Roman province, 231.
Thurii, 20, 40, 82.
Ti. = Tiberius.
Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), stepson of Augustus,
campaigns of, 217, 219, 220;
designated successor of Augustus, 223, 224;
principate of, 226, 229;
estimate of, 226, 228.
Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius Cæsar, 229.
Tibullus (Albius ——), poet, 299.
Tibur, 37.
Ticinus, battle of the, 81.
Tigellinus Ofonius, prætorian prefect, 233.
Tigranes, king of Armenia, 153;
ally of Rome, 161.
Tigurini, the, Gallic tribe, 135, 136.
Tiridates, king of Armenia, Roman vassal, 234.
Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus),
besieges and destroys Jerusalem, 239;
principate of, 241.
Totila, leader of the Ostrogoths, 378.
Toulouse, Gothic capital at, 370.
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus),
adopted by Nerva, 244;
principate of, 245–247;
column of, 246;
attitude toward the Christians, 310, 311.
Trasimene Lake, 81.
Trebia, 81.
Trebonian, jurist, 382.
Trebonian law (_lex Trebonia_), the, 170.
C. Trebonius, tribune, 170, 183.
Treviri, the, 171;
rebellion of, 237.
Tribes, the Roman, 36, 43, 44;
voting units in _comitia tributa_, 53;
final number of, 109;
enrollment of Italians in, 141, 142.
Tribunate, the,
(1) military, with consular powers, 50, 51;
first plebeian elected to, 55; _and note_;
(2) military, in legions, 60;
in senatorial career, 209;
in equestrian career, 210;
(3) plebeian,
origin and character of, 53;
increased to ten members, 54;
effect of Hortensian law on, 57;
powers of, increased, 57, 58;
interference of, with levy, 100;
controlled by Senate, 105, 106;
Ti. Gracchus attempts reëlection to, 127;
reëlection to, legalized, 127;
of C. Gracchus, 128, 130;
weakened by reforms of Sulla, 148;
privileges restored, 156.
_ Tribuni ærarii_,
share in jury service, 156;
removed, 181.
_ Tribunicia potestas_,
granted to Julius Cæsar, 178, 179;
to Augustus, 207.
_ Tributum_,
Roman citizens, 50;
burden of, on plebeians, 53, 54;
ceases to be levied, 97;
_ capitis_, 279;
_ soli_, 279.
Triumvirate,
(1) the First, 165.
—— (2) the Second (43 B. C.), 188–192;
renewed, 192;
terminated, 194.
_ Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis_, the Gracchan land
commission, 126.
_ Triumviri rei publicæ constituendæ_, _see_ Triumvirate, (2) the
Second.
M. Tullius Cicero,
ædile, prosecution of Verres, 156–159;
prætor, supports Manilian law, 160;
consul, 162;
thwarts Cataline’s conspiracy, 163, 164;
banished, 167;
returns, 169;
hostility to Antony, 187, 188;
death, 189;
oratory and writings of, 200.
Tusculum, 34.
Twelve Tables, Law of the, 54.

Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist, 301.
Umbrians, the,
location of, 13;
migration of, 11;
Roman allies, 39.
Upper Germany, administration district, 227.
Urban cohorts, the, _see_ _cohortes_.
_ Urbs_, Rome, an, 27.

Vaballathus, king of Palmyra, 261.
Vadimonian Lake, battle at the, 39.
Valens (Flavius ——), co-emperor, 328–329.
Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), emperor, 328, 329.
Valentinian II (Flavius Valentinianus), co-emperor, 329–331.
Valentinian III (Flavius Valentinianus), western emperor, 358–360.
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus),
principate and campaigns of, 259;
persecution of the Christians, 312.
L. Valerius Flaccus, consul, in Mithridatic war, 144, 145, 146.
Vandals, the,
invade Gaul and Spain, 354, 355;
kingdom of, in Africa, 355, 356, 370;
relations between Romans and, 370;
conquered by Eastern Empire, 375–377.
Varro, _see_ C. Terentius Varro, _and_ M. Terentius Varro.
Vatinian law (_lex Vatinia_), the, 166.
Veii, capture of, 34.
Veneti, the,
(1) of Italy, 13, 35;
Roman allies, 77;
(2) of Gaul, 173.
Vercellæ, Marius destroys the Cimbri near, 136.
Vercingetorix, Gallic leader, 171.
C. Verres, ex-proprætor of Sicily, trial of, 156, 159.
Verus (Lucius Aurelius ——), principate of, 249, 250.
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus),
proclaimed Imperator, 236;
principate of, 237–241;
campaign against the Jews, 239.
Vesuvius, eruption of, 241.
_ Via Æmilia_, 97;
_ Appia_, 38;
constructed, 56;
_ Cassia_, 97;
_ Domitia_, 132;
_ Flaminia_, 97;
_ see also_, Road system.
Vicars (_vicarii_), governors of dioceses, 320.
_ Vigiles_, 222.
_ Viginti-virate_, in senatorial career, 209.
Villa, change in meaning of word, 196.
Villanova, 11.
Villian Law (_lex Villia annalis_), the, 108.
Vindelici, the, 217.
Vindex, _see_ C. Julius Vindex.
Vindobona, legionary camp, 239.
Vindonissa, 218.
M. Vipsanius Agrippa,
general of Octavian, 192;
conducts survey of empire, 216;
in Spain, 217;
as successor to Augustus, 223.
Virgil (P. Virgilius Maro), poet, 190, 298.
Viriathus, Spanish chief, at war with Rome, 100.
Visigoths, the,
invasions of, under Alaric and Ataulf, 353–354;
kingdom of, in Gaul, 354, 369, 370;
treatment of Roman subjects, 369, 370;
religion of, 371, 372.
Vitalian, master of the soldiers, 374.
Vitellius (Aulus ——), principate of, 236–237.
Vologases I, king of the Parthians, war with Rome, 234.
Vologases IV, king of the Parthians, 253.
Vologases V, king of the Parthians, 256.
Volsci, the, 15;
wars with Rome, 33–34, 36.

Wallia, leader of the Visigoths, 354, 355.
War of the Legions,
(1) First, 235–237.
—— (2) Second, 252–253.
Women,
position of, in Rome, 196, 197;
in _collegia_, 286.

Zama, 86.
Zealots, the, in Judæa, 238.
Zeno,
master of the soldiers, 364;
eastern emperor, 361, 364, 365.
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 261–262.

FOOTNOTES

1 The several elements in the Roman military federation may be seen at
a glance from the following scheme:

I. Roman citizens—
(a) with full civic rights (_optimo iure_).
(b) with private rights only (_sine suffragio_).
II. Roman allies—
(a) Latins.
(b) Federate peoples of Italy.

2 Another, but apparently later, Roman tradition placed the
establishment of the tribunate in 494, when two tribunes were
elected, and merely attributes an increase in their number to 466.

3 One explanation of the origin of this tribunate offered in antiquity
and still held in some quarters is that it was created to take the
place of the consulship as an office to which plebeians might be
admitted while they were still excluded from the regular presidency.
Against this view, besides the existence of another explanation
equally old which has been adopted above, it may be urged that
although the military tribunate first appeared in 436 B. C. it was
not until 40 years later that plebeians were elected to it. And
further, plebeians only appear in six of the fifty-one colleges of
military tribunes elected between 436 and 362.

4 To the Romans the Carthaginians were known as _Poeni_, _i. e._,
Phoenicians, whence comes the adjective “Punic,” used in such
phrases as the “Punic Wars.”

5 This alliance was renewed in 248 B. C.

6 See W. W. Tarn, “The Fleets of the First Punic War,” _Journal of
Hellenic Studies_, 1907, p. 51, n. 19.

7 Authorities differ as to the pass which Hannibal used in crossing
the Alps, arguing variously for the Little St. Bernard, Mont Genèvre
or Mont Cenis. Polybius, our best authority, seems to indicate the
Little St. Bernard. A recent discussion of the problem is Spencer
Wilkinson’s _Hannibal’s March across the Alps_, London, 1917.

8 See Kromeyer und Veith, _Antike Schlachtfelder_, iii. 2.

9 The details of this re-organization are uncertain. From our sources
it is clear that each of the first two classes had 70 centuries, one
of seniors and one of juniors from each of the 35 tribes. But we are
left in the dark with regard to the other classes. Botsford, in his
_Roman Assemblies_, would assign 70 centuries to each class; making
a total of 350, plus the 18 equestrian and 5 supernumerary
centuries, in all 373. Cavaignac, _Histoire dé l’Antiquité_, vol.
III, gives 10 centuries to each of the three lower classes, thus
keeping the old number of 193 centuries in all.

10 Seymour, P. A., _English Historical Review_, 1914, pp. 417 ff.

11 The details of this arrangement have not been preserved; for a
suggestion see Heitland, _Roman Republic_, II, pp. 447 ff.

12 On the much disputed date of the end of Caesar’s second term, see
Hardy, E. G., _Journal of Philology_, 1918, pp. 161 ff.

13 After the adoption his full name was Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus.
Although he was known as Caesar by his contemporaries, it is more
convenient to refer to him henceforth as Octavian, to distinguish
him from his adoptive father.

_ 14 Laudandum adulescentem, ornandum, tolendum_, Cicero, _Fam._, xi,
20, 1.

15 In this I follow Dio. xlix, 15, 6; li, 19, 6 and liii, 32, 5 and 6.

_ 16 Provinces of the Roman Empire_, I, 5, trans. Dickson, Scribner’s,
1906.

17 The distribution of the dioceses among the prefectures was as
follows:

Prefecture of Gaul—dioceses of Britain, Gaul, Spain;
Prefecture of Italy—suburban diocese of the city of Rome, and
the dioceses of Italy, Africa, Illyricum;
Prefecture of Illyricum—dioceses of Eastern Illyricum, Thrace,
Macedonia;
Prefecture of the Orient—dioceses of Asia, Pontus, the Orient
and Egypt.

_ 18 ἀρχίερευς βασιλεύς_. The title Basileus (King) was in common use in
the eastern part of the empire from the fourth century, but was not
assumed officially by the emperors till 629 A. D.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The following changes have been made to the text:

page 9, “terramara” changed to “terramare”
page 21, “ascendency” changed to “ascendancy”
page 49, period added after “units”
page 54, “plebians” changed to “plebeians”
page 55, “wthout” changed to “without”
page 60, comma added after “attacks”
page 71, “militry” changed to “military”
page 85, “Cathaginians” changed to “Carthaginians”
page 89, “sieze” changed to “seize”
page 94, “forcd” changed to “forced”, “B. C.” added in heading
page 97, “Perma” changed to “Parma”
page 104, period added after “129”
page 114, comma changed to period after “plantations”
page 131, “Balaeric” changed to “Balearic”
page 134, “Arpimum” changed to “Arpinum”
page 137, “Aequilius” changed to “Aquillius”
page 138, period removed after heading “V. Saturninus and Glaucia”
page 163, period changed to comma after “Optimates”, “Pontifix”
chanted to “Pontifex” (twice)
page 167, “Narbonesis” changed to “Narbonensis”
page 169, “preconsular” changed to “proconsular”
page 176, “beseiged” changed to “besieged”
page 177, “Pharanaces” changed to “Pharnaces”
page 188, “constituandae” changed to “constituendae”
page 213, “dieties” changed to “deities”
page 215, “freedom” changed to “freedmen”
page 217, “harrassed” changed to “harassed”
page 228, “Marcomani” changed to “Marcomanni”, comma removed after
“now”
page 231, comma added after “Plautius”
page 234, “Seutonius” changed to “Suetonius”
page 237, period added after “princeps”
page 242, “dominius” changed to “dominus”
page 253, “victorius” changed to “victorious”, “beleagured” changed
to “beleaguered”
page 256, “Carcalla” changed to “Caracalla”
page 263, “advancd” changed to “advanced”
page 266, “superceded” changed to “superseded”
page 269, “cognitionibius” changed to “cognitionibus” (twice)
page 289, “argricultural” changed to “agricultural”
page 299, “elegaic” changed to “elegiac”
page 302, period added after heading “Plutarch (c. 50–120 A. D.) and
Lucian (c. 125–200 A. D.)”
page 325, period added after “(350 A. D.)”, “th” changed to “the”
page 329, “o” changed to “or”
page 330, “Aequileia” changed to “Aquileia”
page 343, “prefectissimate” changed to “perfectissimate”
page 344, period changed to comma after “coin”
page 346, “civatatium” changed to “civitatium”
page 360, “Valetinian” changed to “Valentinian”
page 366, comma changed to period after “_status quo ante_”
page 376, “Tignitana” changed to “Tingitana”
page 387, “Chistianity” changed to “Christianity”
page 389, “of” added after “embodiment”
page 392, “Theododius” changed to “Theodosius”
page 402, “represenation” changed to “representation”
page 406, “Trasemene” changed to “Trasimene”, “Flaminius” changed to
“Flamininus”
page 409, period removed after “March” and “79”
page 410, period removed after “June”, smallcaps added to “Gallus”
and “Volusianus”
page 416, italics added to “Hermes”
page 417, comma added after “Mommsen”
page 418, comma added after “1” and “_Religion und Kultur_”
page 419, italics added to “Bonner Jahrbücher”
page 424, “Selucid” changed to “Seleucid”, “M.” changed to “M’.”
page 430, “Ptolemic” changed to “Ptolemaic”
page 431, “Contantius” changed to “Constantius”
page 432, “Catigula” changed to “Caligula”, “Elogabalus” changed to
“Elagabalus”
page 435, “Majoriamus” changed to “Majorianus”, “Numentines” changed
to “Numantines”
page 437, “excuted” changed to “executed”, “Antoninus” changed to
“Antonius”
page 438, “peregrinius” changed to “peregrinus” (twice)
page 439, “Proprietorship” changed to “Propraetorship”, “231”
changed to “213”
page 441, “Achæns” changed to “Achæans”
page 442, “P” changed to “P.”
page 443, “Q.” changed to “L.”

The capitalization of headings has been normalized on page 4, 5, 57, 129, 138, 139 (twice), 142, 182, 192, 245, 251, 252, 253, 384. The formatting of the index has been normalized in several places.

Variations in hyphenation (e. g. “body-guard” and “bodyguard”; “taxgatherers” and “tax gatherers”; “re-establish” and “reëstablish”), capitalization (“Senate” and “senate”) and the spelling of names (“Cataline” and “Catiline”: “Gaius” and “Caius”; “Mithridates” and “Mithradates”; “Perpena”, “Perperna” and “Perpenna”; “Theoderic” and “Theodoric”) and some other words (e. g. “centurion” and “centurian”; “dispatch” and “despatch”; “manœuver” and “maneuver”; “praetor(ian)” and “pretorian”) have not been changed. Both “ae” (predominantly in the main text) and the ligature “æ” (mostly in the index) are used. Errors in quotations from foreign languages and names have not been corrected.