Chapter X: Appendix: To Chapter II

LIST OF THE MAHOMEDAN SULTANS OF BRUNI

Taken from the _Selesilah_ (Book of the Descent), preserved in Bruni, by the late Sir Hugh Low, G.C.M.G. Published in the Journal No. 5 of the Straits Branch R.A.S.

1. Sultan Mahomed, who introduced the religion of Islam.

2. Sultan Akhmed, brother of above, married to the daughter of Ong
Sum Ping, Chinese Raja of Kina-batangan. No sons, but one daughter
married to—

3. Sultan Berkat, from Taif in Arabia. A descendant of the prophet
through his grandson Husin. Berkat, the blessed. His real name was
Sherif Ali.

4. Sultan Suleiman, son of above, who was succeeded by his son—

5. Sultan Bulkeiah;[76] towards the end of his reign Pigafetta's
first visit to Bruni in 1521 probably took place.

6. Sultan Abdul Kahar, son of above. Had forty-two sons, of whom—

7. Saif-ul-Rejal succeeded him. During his reign the Spaniards
attacked Bruni in 1576 and 1580, taking it on the second occasion.

8. Sultan Shah Bruni, son of above. Having no children he abdicated
in favour of his brother—

9. Sultan Hasan, succeeded by his son.

10. Sultan Abdul-Jalil-ul-Akbar, succeeded by his son.

11. Sultan Abdul-Jalil-ul-Jehar, who was succeeded by his uncle—

12. Sultan Mahomet Ali, son of Sultan Hasan.

13. Sultan Abdul Mubin. Son of Sultan Mahomet Ali's sister. He
murdered his uncle and usurped the throne. He was worsted in a
revolution that lasted twelve years, and was executed.

14. Sultan Muaddim, fourth son of Sultan Jalil-ul-Akbar, nephew and
son-in-law of Sultan Mahomet Ali. Succeeded by his nephew
(half-brother's son)—

15. Sultan Nasr Addin, grandson of Sultan Jalil-ul-Akbar.

16. Sultan Kemal-Addin, son of Sultan Mahomet Ali, who abdicated in
favour of his son-in-law—

17. Sultan Mahomet Ali-Udin—on his father's side grandson of Sultan
Muaddin, on his mother's side great-great-grandson of Sultan
Jalil-ul-Akbar. He died before his father-in-law and great uncle,
Sultan Kemal-Addin, who again ascended the throne and was
succeeded by his son—

18. Sultan Omar Ali Saif-udin. Died 1795. Succeeded by his son—

19. Sultan Tej-Walden. Died 1807. He abdicated in favour of his son—

20. Sultan Jemal-ul-Alam, who reigned for a few months only, and
died in 1796, when his father reascended the throne and was
succeeded in 1809 by his half-brother—

21. Sultan Khan Zul-Alam, succeeded by his great-nephew and
grandson—

22. Sultan Omar Ali Saif-udin, second son of Sultan Mahomed
Jemal-ul-Alam. Died 1852. He left the throne, by will and general
consent of the people, to

23. Sultan Abdul Mumin, who was descended from Sultan Kemal-Addin.
Died 1885, succeeded by

24. Sultan Hasim-Jalilal Alam Akamaddin, son of Sultan Omar Ali
Saif-udin. Died 1906.

25. Sultan Mahomet Jemal-ul-Alam, son of above.

The above are abridged extracts. The last two sultans were not included in Low's list, which was made in 1893. Low's spelling of the names is followed.

Forrest, _op. cit._, who obtained his information from Mindanau records, states that about 1475 a Sherip Ali and his two brothers came from Mecca. Ali became the first Muhammadan prince in Mindanau; one brother became King of Borneo (Bruni) and the other King of the Moluccas. As regards the date this agrees with the Bruni records, and the brothers might have borne the same name. (See Mahomet Ali, Omar Ali above.)

According to Chinese records, a Chinese is said to have been King of Bruni in the beginning of the 15th century.[77] This would have been in Ong Sum Ping's time, and it probably refers to him.

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Footnote 44:

Named by the Spaniards Mount St. Paul according to Pigafetta. J. Hunt
gives St. Peter's Mount in his _Sketch of Borneo_, 1812, and a map by
Mercator published in about 1595 gives St. Pedro, and old maps of
subsequent dates also give the latter name.

Footnote 45:

But Mr. C. Vernon-Collins, of the Sarawak Civil Service, recently
found a bead which has been pronounced at the British Museum to have
been made in Venice prior to A.D. 1100. A similar one of the same date
was presented by H.H. the Ranee to the British Museum some years ago.
It is a bead highly esteemed by the Kayans.

Footnote 46:

"Book of the Descent," Sir Hugh Low.—_Journal of the Straits Branch of
the R.A.S._, No. 5.

Footnote 47:

Jewata is the Land-Dayak name of a god from the Sanskrit word
_dewata_, divinity, deity, gods. The Sea-Dyaks also have Jewata in
their mythology, likewise Batara, from the Sanskrit _bhatar_, holy;
neither means God, as some writers appear to think. The Dayaks have no
idea of theism.

Footnote 48:

The late Rajah has recorded a tradition of several of the Land-Dayak
tribes that in the old times they were under the government of Java,
and their tribute was regularly sent there.

Footnote 49:

The title assumed by the rulers of Majapahit, from "Bhatara," noted
above.

Footnote 50:

According to Crawfurd. Sir Stamford Raffles gives 1475.

Footnote 51:

Formerly a monarchy whose jurisdiction comprehended all Sumatra, and
whose sovereign was talked of with respect in the farthest parts of
the East.—Marsden's _History of Sumatra_.

Footnote 52:

Lima is a small town on the north coast of Portugal.

Footnote 53:

Sir Hugh Low, _Book of the Descent_, _op. cit._

Footnote 54:

See note 2, p. 45.

Footnote 55:

_A Collection of Voyages_, 1729, Dampier.

Footnote 56:

_Idem._

Footnote 57:

Forrest's _Voyage to New Guinea_, 1779.

Footnote 58:

_Sarawak_, Hugh Low, 1848.

Footnote 59:

Hunt, _op. cit._

Footnote 60:

Dias, in 1487.

Footnote 61:

"Antiquity of Chinese Trade," J. R. Logan in the _Journal of the
Indian Archipelago_, 1848.

Footnote 62:

Forrest, _op. cit._

Footnote 63:

Logan, _op. cit._

Footnote 64:

Mercator's map gives Melano, which confirms this supposition. Other
places on the Sarawak coast mentioned in this map are Tamaio-baio,
Barulo (Bintulu), Puchavarao (Muka), Tamenacrim, and Tamaratos. The
first and two last cannot be identified. Tama is of course for
_tanah_, land, and the last name simply means in Malay, the land of
hundreds—of many people, which the first name may also imply. _Varao_
being man in Spanish and Portuguese, Puchavarao means the place of the
Pucha (Muka) people—Pucha also being a transcriber's error for Puka.
It was near this place that the Portuguese captain, who afterwards
became a Bruni pangiran (p. 42) was wrecked, and also near this place
on Cape Sirik, a point which is continually advancing seaward, that
some forty to fifty years ago the remains of a wreck were discovered a
considerable distance from the sea, and so must have belonged to a
ship wrecked many years before. When Rentap's stronghold in the
Saribas was captured by the present Rajah in 1861, an old iron cannon
dated 1515 was found there. Traditions exist pointing to wrecks and to
the existence of hidden treasure at two or three places along the
coast.

Footnote 65:

Meaning queen-consort.

Footnote 66:

Probably the Kalaka; the Malays in the Rejang came from that river.

Footnote 67:

_A Voyage to and from the Island of Borneo_, 1718.

Footnote 68:

The Dutch confiscated all foreign ships they could seize found trading
in the Archipelago without permission from them to do so.

Footnote 69:

Borneo and Sumatra were then the great pepper producing countries.

Footnote 70:

Forrest, _op. cit._, confirms this, and adds "the Dutch forbid the
natives to manufacture cloth."

Footnote 71:

Sir Hugh Low, _op. cit._

Footnote 72:

Son of the late Sir Hugh Low, G.C.M.G. He served in the Sarawak Civil
Service from 1869 to 1887, in which year he died. His knowledge of the
natives, their languages, and customs, was unsurpassed. The notes he
left formed the basis of Ling Roth's work, _The Natives of Borneo_,
1896.

Footnote 73:

This was the _serah_, or forced trade formerly in force in all Malayan
countries; and it appears to be still so, in a modified form, in
Sumatra.

Footnote 74:

The Sarawak Malays were also so forced to mine by Pangiran Makota, and
this forced labour was one of the principal causes of the rebellion of
1836-40 against the Sultan's Government.

Footnote 75:

This happened after this man had been banished by the late Rajah from
Sarawak. See Chap. III. p. 87, for the fate he met and so richly
merited.

Footnote 76:

Famous in Malay legends throughout the East as Nakoda Ragam, a
renowned sea rover and conqueror.

Footnote 77:

W. P. Groeneveldt, _Essays relating to Indo-China_, 1887.

KUCHING IN 1840.

(The picture at the end of this chapter is taken from exactly the same
point of view.)]