Chapter XVII: Education—religion—missions (1)

Many changes of opinion must take place upon the subject of the
education of natives before it is exhausted and the best way of
teaching found, and such changes of opinion and the improvements in
methods which follow in their train can only be the result of
experience, or of conclusions drawn from successful or unsuccessful
experiments.

So the Rajah wrote thirty years ago, but hitherto experience has taught little that gives any encouragement to the expectation that the present condition of the natives will be improved by any form of education based upon accepted ideals. Though the difficulty lies perhaps not so much in knowing what or how to teach the natives, but in getting them to come to be taught; especially is this the case with the dominant Sea-Dayak race, a fact which should not be lost sight of in considering how missionary efforts in this direction have met with such small success.

If he _would_ learn, a Sea-Dayak could be taught almost anything; but what should we teach him? A common school board education is of no value to him. He may learn to read and write, and gain a little rudimentary knowledge utterly useless to him after leaving school, and therefore soon to be forgotten. If he is placed in one of the larger schools in Kuching he will there receive impressions and imbibe ideas which may render a return to his old surroundings distasteful to him, and unfit him for the ordinary life and occupations of his people. He will be left with one opportunity of gaining a living—he may become a clerk, though the demand for clerks is limited; but if he is successful in obtaining a clerkship he will be beset with temptations which he will be unable to resist, and which will soon prove his ruin; and unfortunately this has been the rule and not the exception. There are some who advocate technical education, and who rightly point out that the Sea-Dayak would make an excellent artisan, though the same argument applies equally against the utility of such a training. He may become a clever carpenter or smith, but there would be few opportunities for him to benefit himself by his skill, for he could never compete with the Chinese artisan, into whose hands all the skilled labour has fallen.

But if elementary and technical education were to meet with all the success one could desire, that success would needs be exceedingly limited, for, though some good would be done, only a few could be benefited. A broader view must be taken, a view that has regard not to the improvement of a few only, but of the people generally, and how this can best be done is a question that has brought forth many and various opinions, all more or less impracticable.

The Sea-Dayak has all he wants. He is well off, contented, and happy. He is a sober man, and indulges in but few luxuries. He is hard-working and he is honest, but he lacks strength of mind, and is easily led astray. Therefore, the longer he is kept from the influences of civilisation the better it will be for him, for the good cannot be introduced without the bad. Perhaps the problem of his future will work out better by a natural process. When his present sources of supply fail him and necessity forces him into other grooves, then, and not before, will he take up other industries, which his natural adaptability will soon enable him to learn.

To learn how to read and write and a little simple arithmetic is as far on the path of education as the average Malay boy can reach; and perhaps it is far enough. There are two Government Schools in Kuching for Malays, which are fairly well attended, though attendance is not compulsory. For those who may desire an education of a higher class than can be obtained in these schools, those of the S.P.G. and the R.C. Missions are always open; and Malays, though Muhammadans, do not hesitate to attend these schools, and even to be taught by the priests, for they know that no attempt will be made to proselytise them. They are encouraged to attend for their own good; they would be kept away if there was the faintest suspicion that it was for the sake of converting them. In Kuching, the Government has a third and larger school, the High School, entirely secular in character, which is open to boys of all races, who are taught by Chinese, Malay, and Indian schoolmasters, and this school is well attended.

S.P.G. BOYS' SCHOOL.]

The large S.P.G. Boys' School is under the management of an English headmaster, and the boys are well educated. The pupils are chiefly local Chinese, and there are a few natives from the out-station missions. Old boys from this school are to be met with throughout the Malay Peninsula as well as in Sarawak, maintaining in positions of trust the credit their school has so justly gained. The S.P.G. Mission has also a Girls' School, conducted by two English Sisters, and here good work is also done.

S.P.G. GIRLS' SCHOOL.]

Perhaps the largest school in Kuching is that belonging to the R.C. Mission, which is very ably conducted by the priests. As in the S.P.G. School, the pupils are chiefly Chinese boys. Attached to the Convent is a Girls' School under the control of the Mother Superior and four Sisters.

In the provinces, the S.P.G. Mission has schools at five different places, but only two are now under the control of priests: the R.C. Mission has the same number of Boys' Schools, all under the control of priests, besides three convents where girls are taught. The Methodist Episcopal Mission has a school at Sibu. All these schools receive State aid. Chinese have their own little schools scattered about, for which they receive small grants, and in Upper Sarawak there are two Government Chinese Schools. Efforts to start schools amongst the provincial Malays have not met with success; they have their own little village schools conducted by hajis, in which the teaching of the Koran is the main curriculum.

R.C. BOYS' SCHOOL.]

Writing in 1866, the present Rajah says:—

Twenty years ago, the Sarawak population had little religion of any
sort, and the first step towards bringing it to notice was when the
English mission was established. The Christian Church gave rise to a
Muhammadan mosque. Subsequent years of prosperity have enabled the
Malays to receive instruction from the Mecca School. Those who are
too old, or too much involved in the business of the country to go
on the haj, send annual sums to the religious authorities there; but
at the present time I feel sure there is no fanaticism among the
inhabitants, and, excepting some doubtful points instilled into them
in their education at Mecca, their religion is wholesome and happy.
To the building of the mosque very few would come forward to
subscribe.[360]

Forty years ago the pilgrimage to Mecca was a costly and a hazardous venture. The sufferings that pilgrims for months had to undergo on ill-found, overcrowded, and insanitary sailing ships, and the dangers to which they were exposed on the overland journey from Jedah to Mecca and back, were such that only fervent Muhammadans would face, and few Malays are such. Not many had the means to undertake a journey which would take the best part of a year to perform, as well as to satisfy the insatiable extortions to which they were subjected from the moment they set their feet in Arabia. Now, the welfare of the Muhammadan pilgrim is so well safeguarded by Christian ordinances, that his voyage to Jedah and back to Singapore presents to him but a pleasurable and interesting trip, on which his wife and daughters may accompany him with safety and moderate comfort. Steamers have taken the place of sailing ships, and competition has made the fares cheap. At Jedah the Malay pilgrim is under the protection of his Consul, and, beyond, the influence of a Great Power will protect him at least as far as his life and liberty are concerned, but he will suffer the common lot of all pilgrims, and be subjected to exactions of every kind, returning to Jedah with empty pockets.

Though, owing to the facility with which the pilgrimage can now be made, hundreds yearly go to Mecca and are brought into close contact with the bigotry of western Muhammadans, yet the Malay remains as he was, with an almost total absence of religious fervour. A sure sign of indifference to their religion in the majority of Malays and Melanaus is found in the mean, dilapidated buildings which are dignified by the name of mosques, to be seen in most of the towns and villages along the coast. Kuching practically owes its fine mosque to the benevolence of one man, the late Datu Bandar. There are some devout Muhammadans amongst the Malays, though not many, but there are no bigots. Some content themselves with a loose adherence to outward observances; many do not even do this, and not many attend the mosques for worship, but, however, all would be united in bitter opposition to any intermeddling with their religion.

The remnants of a former paganism still cling to the Malay, who is certainly more superstitious than he is religious. He still strongly believes in spirits, witchcraft, and magic—a belief his religion condemns; he will practise sorcery, and will use spells and charms to propitiate, or to ward off the evil influence of spirits—practices which his religion forbids.[361]

Toleration and a deficiency of zeal have made the Malays indifferent propagators of their faith amongst the pagan tribes around them; and the field has been left open to Christian missionaries, whose work of conversion they look upon with unconcern, so long as no attempt is made to convert a Muhammadan, and to do that is not allowed by the law of Sarawak. Their feeling towards the Christian religion is one of respect. They admit Christians readily to their mosques, and will attend church on the occasion of a marriage or a funeral in which they may be interested, and they will converse freely with Christians upon religious subjects, without assuming or pretending to any superiority in their own religion.

Mischievous and clever Arab impostors, usually good-looking men with a dignified bearing, meet with short shrift in Sarawak, and such holy men are very promptly moved on. The heads of the Muhammadan religion will have none of them. Their ostensible object is to teach, but their sole one is to make what they can by trading upon the superstition of the simple-minded. In these men the Dutch see fanatical emissaries sent from Mecca to preach a jihad or holy war, and have more than once warned the Government that such men had gone to Sarawak for this purpose. They may be right, but these pseudo Sherifs and Sayids[362] have never attempted to do so in Sarawak, it would be a waste of their time, and be the ruin of their business.

The Sea-Dayaks, as well as the Land-Dayaks, and those tribes inhabiting the interior are alike pagans, and possess but a dim and vague belief in certain mythical beings who, between them, made man and gave him life. These gods are styled Batara or Patara and Jewata—Sanskrit names introduced by the Hindus.[363] With them mythical legends, which vary greatly, take the place of religion. They have no priests, no temples, and no worship. They believe in spirits with controlling power over the air, the earth, and the water, and they place implicit reliance on omens as given by birds, animals, and reptiles, and in dreams, through which the spirits convey warnings or encouragement in respect to the affairs they may be engaged upon, or contemplate undertaking. They have a belief in a future life, which will differ in little respect from their life on this earth. These people are not idolaters; their religion is animistic.

The project of the establishment of a Church of England Mission in Sarawak was started by the late Rajah in 1847. The Earl of Ellesmere and others interested themselves in the project, and, sufficient funds having been subscribed, the Rev. F. T. McDougall and two other missionaries were sent out, and arrived in Sarawak in June, 1848. The Church of St. Thomas, now the Diocesan Church, was completed and consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta in 1851. Two years later the Mission was transferred to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel; and, in 1855, to complete the organisation of the Church in Borneo, Mr. McDougall was consecrated Bishop of Labuan and Sarawak. He resigned in 1867, and died in 1886. Mr. Chambers, who had for many years been a missionary in Sarawak, succeeded him, and on his resignation[364] the Venerable G. F. Hose, Archdeacon of Singapore, was consecrated Bishop in 1881, and the full designation of the diocese then became Singapore, Labuan, and Sarawak, by the inclusion of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States.

The headquarters of the Mission is at Kuching, where the Bishop and the Archdeacon reside, the latter being also the Vicar of Kuching. The Mission Stations are at Lundu, Kuap, Banting, Sabu in the Undup, and Sebetan in the Kalaka, and at these places there are churches and schools. Hitherto all these stations, which were established many years ago, have been under the care of resident clergymen, but at present there are four vacancies. Attached to these principal Stations, and under the supervision of the missionary in charge, are many scattered chapels with native catechists and teachers.

In Kuching the work of the Mission lies chiefly amongst the Chinese. Kuap, which is within a day's journey of the capital, is a Land-Dayak village; the other Mission Stations are in districts populated by Sea-Dayaks, and the labours of the S.P.G. are chiefly confined to these people.

During the first six and a half years of Bishop Hose's episcopate, 1714 persons were baptized, and the number of native Christians had risen to 3480 in 1887.

For a full and interesting account of the work done by the Mission the reader is referred to _Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G._ (1701-1900).

That the Church in Borneo has done, and is still doing good, no one will dispute. It has not, however, extended its sphere of influence beyond its original limits, and within those limits, from Lundu to Kalaka, there is not only room, but the necessity for many more missionaries to labour than the Church is at present provided with. Missionary enterprise has not kept pace with the advance of civilisation. The large districts that since 1861 have reverted to the raj have been totally neglected by the S.P.G., and these districts, both in respect to area and population, constitute by far the greater part of Sarawak. But the Church in Sarawak is entirely dependent upon extraneous support, and when funds appear to be wanting, even to maintain the former efficient state of the Mission, and indications of retrogression are only too evident, there can be little hope for progression. A bishop cannot find missionaries, they must be sent to him, and he must be provided with the means to support them and their missions, and unless he is so far assisted he cannot be blamed for any shortcomings. To succeed, a mission, like other undertakings, must be based upon sound business principles. The isolated efforts of even the best men, men like Gomes,[365] Chambers,[366] Chalmers,[367] and Perham,[368] who have left their personal stamp upon the Mission, can be of little avail without continuity of effort and purpose, and to insure this a system is necessary, a system of trained missionaries, training others to take their places in due time, and for want of such a system the S.P.G. is now left with but two English missionaries in Sarawak.

To the deep regret of all in his diocese, failing health and advancing years necessitated the retirement of Bishop Hose at the end of 1907, after having spent the best years of his life in faithful service to the Church in the East. As far back as 1868 he was appointed Colonial Chaplain at Malacca. He was transferred to Singapore in 1872, and was appointed Archdeacon in 1874. For a little over twenty-six years he had been Bishop of a diocese of unwieldy size, over 120,000 square miles, containing a population of about two and a quarter millions, the supervision of which, with the two Archdeaconries separated by 450 miles of sea, necessarily entails a great deal of hard work and a considerable amount of travelling, and by reason of this it is proposed shortly to subdivide the diocese.[369]

The great Spanish Jesuit, one of the founders of the Jesuit Society, St. Francisco Xavier, the Apostle of India and the Far East, in 1542 laid the foundations of a missionary enterprise that scarcely has a parallel. Earnest and self-denying priests followed in his footsteps, and eventually some reached Borneo. Of the work of the earlier missionaries in Borneo we know hardly anything, but, as with Xavier at Malacca, they probably met with little success. They wandered away into the jungles, there to end their days amongst savage and barbarous people, at whose hands we know some met with martyrdom. They have left no traces and no records behind them, even their names are perhaps forgotten.

Fr. Antonio Vintimiglia, already mentioned in chapter ii. established a Roman Catholic Mission at Bruni, where he died in 1691; there may have been others there before him, but evidently he was the last Roman Catholic priest for many years in that part of Borneo with which this history deals.

In 1857, a Roman Catholic Mission was again established at Bruni, Labuan, and Gaya Bay, under a Spaniard named Cuateron, as Prefect Apostolic, who was assisted by two worthy Italian Priests. The romantic story of how Senor Cuateron became a priest, how he established the Mission, and how he obtained the means to do so, will be found in Sir Spenser St. John's _Life in the Forests of the Far East_. St. John tells us that the funds entrusted by Fr. Cuateron to the Papal Government as a permanent support for his Mission were diverted to other purposes, and the money he retained himself was dissipated in unsuccessful speculations. In 1861, nothing remained but closed churches and Fr. Cuateron. He remained for over fifteen years longer, and then he too disappeared.

In July, 1881, a Roman Catholic Mission to Borneo was founded in England, and attached to the foundation of this Mission there is also some romance, but of a different character to that which centred upon Fr. Cuateron. The Very Rev. Thomas Jackson, the first Vicar Apostolic, had so distinguished himself in the field in succouring the wounded during the last Afghan war as an acting Army chaplain, that he won a practical and well-deserved recognition from officers and men in the shape of a substantial testimonial, and this he devoted to the promotion of missionary work in Borneo. After travelling through North Borneo and Sarawak he selected Kuching as his headquarters. Supported by liberal aid from home, and well aided by zealous and self-devoted priests and sisters, before his retirement he had laid the foundations of a most flourishing mission. The Vicar Apostolic is now the Very Rev. E. Dunn, one of the first missionaries to join Mr. Jackson, and he, by his earnestness and kindliness, has won the respect of all. In Sarawak there are eleven European priests, two brothers, and eleven nuns and Sisters of Charity.

At Sibu, in the Rejang, there is an American Methodist Episcopal Mission under the charge of an American missionary. It was established in 1900, to look after the welfare of a number of Foo Chow Chinese agriculturists, who had been introduced from China and settled near Sibu, and who are all members of the American Methodist Church.

From every point of view, few countries offer such facilities and advantages for missionary work than are found in Sarawak. There is no spirit of antagonism to Christianity. Converts are exposed to no persecution, scorn, or even annoyance. By becoming Christians they do not lose caste, or the respect of their people. The lives and property of missionaries are absolutely safe wherever they may choose to settle, and, more, their coming will be welcomed. A man gifted with good sense and firmness, kindness of heart and courtesy, will soon make his influence felt, and gain, what is of paramount importance to the success of his undertaking, the respect of the people around him. Such a man will not fail to do a great deal of good, as such men have done before, but his labours will have been in vain unless there be another gifted with the same good qualities ready to take his place in due course.

CHINESE TEMPLE, KUCHING.]

-----

Footnote 360:

_Ten Years in Sarawak._

Footnote 361:

At Sibu, a few years ago, during an epidemic of cholera, medicines
given to the Malays were smeared on the posts of their houses to
hinder the evil spirits, that were supposed to be spreading the
disease, gaining access to the houses by climbing up the posts; and
windows were rigidly closed to prevent their entry.

Footnote 362:

Two such impostors, who had commenced to reap a rich harvest at
Bintulu, when pulled up short by the Resident, inadvertently answered
a question put to them in English, and subsequently admitted that they
had served as stokers on English steamers.

Footnote 363:

Chap. II. p. 38, footnote 2.

Footnote 364:

Bishop Chambers died in 1893.

Footnote 365:

The Rev. W. H. Gomes, B.D. In Sarawak from 1853-68. Afterwards in
Singapore to the time of his death in 1902.

Footnote 366:

Who succeeded Bishop M^cDougall.

Footnote 367:

Afterwards Bishop of Goulburn, N.S.W. He died November 1901.

Footnote 368:

He became Archdeacon of Singapore, and retired some years ago. He is
well known for his scholarly articles on the folk and mythical lore of
the Sea-Dayaks.

Footnote 369:

This has since been done.

INDEX

Aban Jau, a troublesome Kayan chief, 342

Abdul Gani, Abang, 159

Abdul Gapur, Haji, becomes Datu Patinggi, 77, 78;
his exactions, 208;
intrigues with S. Masahor, _ib._;
his oppression and disloyalty, 209;
is disgraced, _ib._;
his plot to murder the Rajah and his officers, 210;
his open contempt, 211;
is publicly degraded, _ib._;
is sent out of the country, 212;
and banished, _ib._;
pardoned, 220;
he intrigues again, _ib._;
the murder of Steele and Fox, 223;
he dissembles, and is taken into confidence, 227;
a deep plot, 231;
his plan to seize Kuching, 232;
the plot revealed, 233;
he is again banished, _ib._;
his part in the plot, 235;
is arrested by the Dutch, 237;
his end, 242

Abdul Karim, Haji, becomes Datu Imaum, 77

Abdul Mumin, Sultan, _see_ Mumin

Abdul Rahman, the Datu Patinggi of Serikei, 117, 208

Abi, the murderer of Steele, 225;
his death, 226

Aborigines Protection Society take up the cause of pirates, 140

Abu Bakar, Juwatan, 364

Abu Bakar, Sherip, 117

Agriculture, 7;
early efforts to promote, 320;
present thriving condition, 429

Ahmit, Sherip, 117, 130

Aing, Abang, a distinguished native chief, 155;
his wife, 156;
is wounded, 176;
the Chinese insurrection, 190

Ajar, Dang, 158;
and Akam Nipa, 159

Akam Nipa, a famous Kayan chief, drives the Malays out of the Rejang,
16, 159;
in revolt, 282, 289

Alderson, Baron, his speech at the London Tavern, 146

Alderson, Mr., 234

Ali, Abang, a Malay chief, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231

Ali, Datu Patinggi, the descendant of Rajah Jarom, 45;
reinstated as Datu, 77;
kills a Lanun Penglima, 80;
his skirmish with the Saribas Dayaks, 100;
his gallantry, 107;
his death, 108;
the champion of his people, 420

Amal, Sherip, 117

Ambong, destroyed by pirates, 95

American Methodist Episcopal Mission, 449

_Amok_ by the Sea-Dayaks, 25;
a bad case, _ib._;
by Malays, 30

Amzah, Nakoda, his account of the pirates, 275

Antu-Jalan, The, a myth, 15

Api, Rajah, usurps the throne of Bruni, 53;
his execution, 54

Astana, The, 396

Atoh (Haji Abdul Rahman) outwits the pirates, 274

Bailey, D. J. S., 388, 389

Bain, Mr., murdered at Muka, 322

Bajau pirates, 92;
associate with the Lanuns, 94. _See_ also under Piracy

Bakar, _see_ Abu Bakar

Balambangan, Island, Hon. East India Company's settlement, 43;
destroyed by Datu Teting, _ib._;
re-established and abandoned, _ib._

Balang, Sea-Dayak chief, 287;
his execution, 320

Balenini pirates, 92;
in league with Lanuns and the Sultan of Sulu, 95;
their methods, _ib._;
cruising grounds, 96;
strongholds, _ib._;
haunts, _ib._ _See_ also under Piracy

Bampfylde, C. A., 388

Bandahara, Pangiran, heir to the Sultanate of Bruni, 347;
loses his rights in the Limbang, 353;
appointed regent, 367

Banjermasin, English and Dutch alternately at, 47, 48;
the English driven out, 48;
reverts to the Dutch, _ib._

Bantam, 42, 47

Bantin, a rebel Sea-Dayak chief, 387, 388, 389, 390

Banyoks, The, origin, 15;
supporters of S. Masahor, 223

Baram, in revolt against Bruni, 332, 335;
relations with Bruni, 333;
ceded to Sarawak, 335, 336, 339, 340, 341;
order established, 341;
Aban Jau, 342

Baring-Gould, J., 389

Bayang conspires with Datu Haji Abdul Gapur, 234

Beach, Sir M., and the cession of Baram, 340

Beads, old, 37

Beccari, Signor Odoardo, on the Bornean forests, 7;
on the natives, 14;
the _Rafflesia Tuan Mudæ_, 21;
old beads, 37;
a levée at the Astana, 415;
his appreciation of the first Rajah, 417

Beeckman, Capt., his account of Banjermasin, 48, 431

Bedrudin, Pangiran, his family, 53;
meets James Brooke, 70;
at Bruni, 84;
his character, 112;
his return to Bruni, 113;
his life in danger, 114;
he defeats P. Usup, 116;
his death, 119

Belait, _see_ Tutong

Belcher, Capt. Sir Edward, R.N., sent to report on affairs in N.W.
Borneo, 102;
his ship ashore, _ib._;
proceeds to Bruni, _ib._;
his report, _ib._;
at Patusan, 108;
takes R. M. Hasim and his family to Bruni, 113

Bencoolen, 46, 47

Bethune, Capt., R.N., commissioned to select a site for a British
settlement, 113

Beting Maru, battle of, 136

Betong fort built, 178;
attacked, 179

Bisayas, The, 20

Bliuns, The, 12

Bondriot, J., 148

Borneo, description, 1-5;
origin of name, 1;
its jungles, 8;
known to the Arabs in ancient days, 36;
early Chinese settlements, 36, 37, 38;
early Hindu settlements, 21, 38;
the Empire of Majapahit, 21, 38, 39, 40;
Sultanates established by Malays, 40;
the Insula Bonæ Fortunæ of Ptolemy, 40;
the Spanish and Portuguese, 40;
the Dutch and English, 42;
ancient Chinese trade, 44;
the English and Dutch in the south, 47

Borneo Co., Ltd., their steamer disperses the Chinese rebels, 198;
early difficulties, 243;
its history, 426;
ultimate success, 437

Brassey, Lord, in favour of the transfer of N. Borneo to Sarawak, 412

Brereton, W., at Sekrang, 139, 155, 156;
his fight with Rentap, 157, 163;
his death, 166

British North Borneo Company, established, 411;
transfer Lawas to Sarawak, 362;
proposed transfer of N. Borneo to Sarawak, 412

Brooke, Bertram W. D., the Tuan Muda, 405

Brooke, Charles (child of the second Rajah), his birth, 400;
his death, 401

Brooke, Charles Anthoni, second Rajah of Sarawak. Tuan Muda, 1852-1868.
On the Chinese, 31;
first visit to Sarawak, 104;
on the Batang Lupar expedition, _ib._;
at the attack on S. Usman's stronghold, 116;
on board the _Mæander_, 130;
joins the Rajah, 153;
birthplace and parents, 154;
retires from the Navy—his naval services, 154;
becomes Tuan Muda, _ib._;
is appointed to Lundu, 155;
at Lingga, 158;
the Dandi expedition, 161;
the Lang expedition, 163;
in charge of the Batang Lupar district, 166;
his position and difficulties, _ib._;
his expedition against the Kajulau Dayaks, 167;
receives news of the Chinese rebellion, 171;
goes to the Rajah's assistance, _ib._;
after Saji, 172;
first expedition against Sadok, 173;
a failure, 176;
the return, 177;
attacks Saji, 178;
builds a fort in the Saribas, _ib._;
second Sadok expedition, 179;
another failure, 182;
third Sadok expedition, 183;
success, 184;
the Chinese troublesome, 190;
to Kuching to suppress the Chinese rebellion, 198;
the rebels driven over the border, 199;
is sent to Muka, 214;
saves the survivors of S. Masahor's massacre, 215;
S. Masahor fined and deposed, _ib._;
fort built at Serikei, 218;
left in charge of the country at a critical time, 220;
makes a tour through the country, _ib._;
is uneasy about Kanowit, 221;
more troubles at Muka, _ib._;
the Sarawak flag fired upon, 222;
he arranges matters there, _ib._;
enforces payment of a fine for insulting the flag, _ib._;
the Sultan irritated by his conduct, 223;
the Consul-General supports the Sultan, _ib._;
he receives news of the murder of Steele and Fox, _ib._;
the situation and disposition of the people, _ib._;
he assembles the chiefs at Kuching, 225;
his resolution, _ib._;
punishment of the murderers at Serikei, 226;
he meets the S. Masahor, 227;
the attack on Kabah, 228;
the stockade taken, 230;
an intricate plot, 235;
he takes action, 236;
advances against Sadong, 237;
his encounter with S. Masahor, _ib._;
he attacks the Sherip, 238;
Bandar Kasim punished, 239;
he proceeds to Sekrang, 240;
further action against S. Masahor—Igan burnt, _ib._;
repression of the plots—thanks of the Rajah, 241;
is opposed to foreign protection, 243;
his actions criticised by Gov. Edwardes, 247;
the attack on Muka, 250;
Gov. Edwardes' interference, 256;
he removes the coast people to Lingga, 259;
builds a new fort at Kanowit, 260;
is thanked by the Rajah for his success at Sadok, 265;
his overland journey, _ib._;
he visits England, _ib._;
he returns to Sarawak, 281;
assumes the name of Brooke, _ib._;
the Kayan expedition, _ib._;
the start, 284;
his boat swamped, 288;
the return, 292;
installed as Administrator in 1863, 294, 296;
the commencement of his rule, 301;
the Rajah's trust in him, 304;
the task before him, _ib._;
his main principle of government, 305

Rajah from 1868

His accession, 307;
his pledges to the people, _ib._;
his administration, 308;
the Datu Bandar's testimony, _ib._;
his opinions on governing natives, and his policy, 313, 315, 418-420;
the success of his policy, 315;
how the abolition of slavery was effected, 315-318;
his conduct of business, 319;
liquidation of the public debt, 319;
his efforts to promote agriculture, 320;
punitive expeditions, 1862-1870, 320;
he leaves for England, 325;
his marriage, _ib._;
his letter to Lord Clarendon on Bruni, 329;
he visits Bruni and concludes a treaty, 331;
he visits Baram, 332;
his letter to the Foreign Office on Bruni, 335;
his recommendations to the Foreign Office—adopted too late, 337;
negotiations for the acquisition of the Baram, 339;
false accusation of intimidating the Sultan, 340;
the cession of the Baram sanctioned by the Foreign Office, _ib._;
he visits Bruni—Baram ceded to Sarawak, 341;
Trusan ceded, 344;
the Sultan appeals to him (the Rajah) for help against the Limbangs,
348;
he declines to interfere, 348, 410;
the Sultan resents his refusal, 349;
he is asked to take over the Limbang, 350;
the murder of P. Japar, _ib._;
he annexes the Limbang—his reasons for doing so, 352;
the Sultan admits he has no real grievance against him, 354;
Sir Spencer St. John's opinion of the annexation of the Limbang, 354,
355;
he acquires the coal mines and certain rights in the Muara district,
357;
his improvements at Brooketon, 358;
the expedition against O. K. Lawai, 359;
a design to hand Bruni over to him, _ib._;
he is begged by the chiefs to annex Tutong and Belait, 361;
he is reconciled to the Sultan, 364;
the Sultan willing to accept his offer to take over Bruni, 364;
his influence at Bruni, 366, 367;
his rights in Brooketon infringed, 368, 369, 370;
the four periods of his labours, 373;
punitive expeditions, 378, 381, 383, 384, 387;
is complimented by the Resident of Netherlands, Borneo, 384;
his last expedition, 389;
his return with the Ranee to Sarawak, 393;
their reception, 394; the Astana, 396;
their first children, 400;
they visit Pontianak and Batavia, _ib._;
they leave for England—death of their children, 401;
he is created a Commander of the Crown of Italy—Grand Officer, 401;
birth of the Rajah Muda, _ib._;
Lord Derby's compliment, _ib._;
Lord Grey's interest in Sarawak, 402;
he returns to Sarawak, _ib._;
difficulties presented by intertribal feuds, 401-404;
birth of the Tuan Muda, 405;
his narrow escape from drowning, _ib._;
birth of the Tuan Bongsu, _ib._;
visits England to confer with the Foreign Office with regard to
Limbang and Bruni, 406;
British protection granted—terms of the agreement, _ib._;
the advance of the State without extraneous aid, 407-409;
he is created a G.C.M.G., 410;
the salute to be accorded him by H.M.'s ships, _ib._;
he annexes the Limbang, _ib._;
he proclaims the Rajah Muda as his successor, 411;
his offer to take over British North Borneo, 412;
Keppel's opinion of him, 413;
he entrusts the Rajah Muda with a share of his duties, 415;
Consul Keyser's and Signor Beccari's testimony, 417;
Sir W. G. Palgrave's and Alleyne Ireland's testimony, 418;
what the people owe to the Brookes, 423;
the Rajah as a despotic Ruler, 424;
his reputed adverseness to the introduction of European enterprise
denied, 433;
the Rajah on education, 439;
on the Muhammadan religion, 443

Brooke, Charles Vyner, Rajah Muda, his birth, 401;
with the expedition against the Muruts, 359;
leads an expedition against Bantin, 389;
is proclaimed the Rajah's successor, 411;
joins the Rajah's staff, 415;
is given a share in the Rajah's powers, _ib._;
administers the Govt. in the Rajah's absence, 416

Brooke, Ghita, her birth, 400;
death, 401

Brooke, Harry Keppel, 405

Brooke, James, Rajah of Sarawak, his description of a Dayak village,
27;
on the character of the Malay, 28;
on the decadence of Malayan States, 44;
on the policy of the Dutch, 51;
his birth, and early life, 61;
death of his father, 62;
he purchases the _Royalist_, and sails for the East, _ib._;
first visit to Sarawak, 63;
first meeting with Rajah Muda Hasim, 65;
he warns P. Makota against the Dutch, 66;
leaves Kuching and visits Sadong, _ib._;
a brush with the Saribas Dayaks, 67;
sails for Singapore, _ib._;
receives an address of thanks at Singapore—the Governor's coolness,
_ib._;
he visits the Celebes, 68;
his second visit to Sarawak, _ib._;
is pressed by R. M. Hasim to remain there, _ib._;
he consents to assist against the rebels, 69;
is offered the raj, _ib._;
his first meeting with P. Bedrudin, 70;
he suppresses the rebellion, _ib._;
his investiture as Rajah delayed, 71;
he accepts an equivocal arrangement, _ib._;
purchases the _Swift_, _ib._;
R. M. Hasim's dishonesty and coolness, _ib._;
an attempt to involve him with the Dutch, _ib._;
P. Makota's plot, _ib._;
he frustrates it, 72;
R. M. Hasim's procrastination, _ib._;
the people offer him their allegiance, 73;
P. Makota resorts to poison, _ib._;
the downfall of Makota, _ib._;
he becomes Rajah, _ib._;
the condition of the country, 73-77;
he releases the Siniawan hostages—recalls the Sarawak Malays—
reinstates the Datus, 77;
he institutes a Court of Justice and promulgates a code, 78;
his first year's work, 79;
steps to safeguard the country, _ib._;
the Saribas Dayaks and S. Sahap receive lessons, 80;
execution of pirates and head-hunters, _ib._;
his first visit to Bruni, _ib._;
grant of Sarawak confirmed, 85;
shipwrecked sailors released, _ib._;
his return and public installment, _ib._;
he banishes P. Makota, 86;
he reforms the govt., 87;
his policy, _ib._;
his three great objects, 88;
Keppel's testimony, 89;
his meeting with Capt. Keppel, 90;
with the _Dido_, 97;
action off Sirhasan, 98;
his welcome at Kuching, _ib._;
with Keppel against the Saribas, 100;
the Padi chiefs admonished, 101;
submission of the Dayaks and the Sherips, _ib._;
Sir Edward Belcher arrives to report, 102;
with Belcher to Bruni—Sarawak granted in perpetuity, _ib._;
he goes to Singapore—his mother's death, 103;
joins an expedition against Sumatran pirates—is wounded, _ib._;
purchases the _Julia_, _ib._;
S. Sahap's depredations _ib._;
arrival of the _Dido_—the expedition against the Batang Lupar,
104-109;
submission of the Saribas and Sekrang, 109;
lack of support of the British Govt.—the revival of piracy, _ib._;
he offers Sarawak to the Crown—his precarious position, 110;
R. M. Hasim in the way, 112;
he goes to Bruni, 113;
is appointed H.M.'s confidential agent, _ib._;
a letter from the Foreign Office a surprise to the Bruni Court,
_ib._;
he interests Sir Thomas Cochrane in Bornean affairs, 114;
R. M. Hasim and his brothers in danger, _ib._;
his determination to support them, 115;
the Admiral's action at Bruni—P. Usup's discomfiture, _ib._;
S. Usman's stronghold destroyed, 116;
P. Usup's death, _ib._;
prosperity of Sarawak—his desire for protection, _ib._;
a rising of the Sekrangs incited by the Sherips suppressed, 117;
Rejang affairs, _ib._;
intrigues at Bruni against the Sultan Muda Hasim, _ib._;
the murders of Hasim and his brothers, 119;
P. Bedrudin's farewell message to the Rajah, _ib._;
his opinion of Bedrudin, 121;
with the fleet off Bruni, _ib._;
Bruni attacked—the Sultan a fugitive, 122;
the Rajah forms a provisional govt. at Bruni—Admiral Cochrane's
regret, 123;
with Cochrane and Mundy against the pirates, _ib._;
his return to Bruni—the Sultan's submission, 124;
Sarawak granted unconditionally, _ib._, 125;
he returns to Kuching with the survivors of Hasim's family, 124;
his independent position as Rajah, 125;
the occupation of Labuan, 126;
the jealousy of the Dutch, _ib._;
Dutch pretensions, 127;
at Penang, 128;
he concludes a treaty with Bruni, _ib._;
action with Balenini pirates, _ib._;
he visits England, 129;
honours bestowed on him, _ib._;
becomes Governor of Labuan, Commissioner, and Consul-General, and is
created a K.C.B., 130;
his return to Sarawak, _ib._;
is joined by Capt. James Brooke-Johnson, _ib._;
he gives a flag to his country, 131;
establishes Labuan, and visits Sulu, _ib._;
is left with inadequate means to face the pirates, _ib._;
is defied by the Saribas and Sekrangs, 132;
they ravage the coast, _ib._;
he attacks the Saribas, 134;
he visits Labuan and Sulu, and concludes a commercial treaty with
Sulu, 135;
the great expedition, _ib._;
the battle of Beting Maru, 136;
his life attempted by Linggir, 137;
the Dayaks of the Saribas and Rejang attacked, 138;
a fort built at Sekrang, _ib._;
submission of the Dayaks, 139;
he is persecuted in England, _ib._;
the action of his discarded agent, Wise, _ib._;
the malignity of his accusers, 140;
Hume moves an address to her Majesty—supported by Cobden, _ib._;
the motion opposed by Henry Drummond and lost, 141;
Cobden's speech, _ib._;
Hume's motion for a Royal Commission negatived, _ib._;
Gladstone's attitude, 140, 141;
Lord Palmerston denounces the charges, 141;
his actions approved by the British Govt., 142;
a commentary on Cobden's assertions, _ib._;
the Rajah removes Bandar Kasim, 143;
he proceeds to Siam on a diplomatic mission, _ib._, 296;
recognition by the United States, and complimentary letter from the
President, 144;
the Rajah leaves for England, _ib._;
the bitter hostility of the Radicals, _ib._;
a commission of inquiry granted, _ib._;
the great dinner at the London Tavern—the Rajah's speech, 145;
he returns to Sarawak—is attacked by small-pox, 147;
the Commission sits in Singapore, _ib._;
the findings of the Commissioners, 148;
further assistance refused the Rajah, 149;
Gladstone's later attack, 150;
Earl Grey's reply, _ib._;
England the worst opponent of Sarawak, 152;
the Rajah is joined by his nephew, C. A. Johnson, 153;
he visits Bruni—a further cession of territory, 159;
the Dandi expedition, 161;
the Sungei Lang expedition, 163;
the Rajah's advice to the Tuan Muda, 166;
he disregards warnings, 191;
his house attacked by the Chinese—his escape, _ib._;
he endeavours to organise a force—he retires to Samarahan, 195;
his return, 197;
he is again forced to retire, 198;
he returns in the _Sir James Brooke_, and drives out the rebels,
_ib._;
he pursues them, 199;
English indifference—Dutch assistance, 201;
the country impoverished—devotion of the natives, 202;
the difficulties faced, 203;
the Datu Patinggi Gapur gives trouble, and plots with S. Masahor,
208;
Gapur reprimanded, 209;
the Rajah is menaced by Gapur, 210;
he disgraces him, 211;
he visits Bruni—the government placed in his hands, 216;
he restores the old executive system—and is pressed to reside at
Bruni, 217;
the Sultan fails him, _ib._;
he governs the Rejang for the Sultan, 218;
his intervention at Muka, 219;
he visits England, _ib._;
his opinion of P. Makota, _ib._;
he commends the Tuan Muda, 241;
his opinion of England's attitude, _ib._;
in England, 242;
is stricken with paralysis, _ib._;
his efforts to obtain protection from England, _ib._;
from Holland, _ib._;
from France, 243;
he is opposed by his nephews, and gives way, _ib._;
pecuniary troubles, _ib._;
Miss Burdett-Coutts' assistance, _ib._;
a public testimonial—he purchases Burrator, 244;
is obliged to return to Sarawak, 245, 261;
he visits Bruni, 261;
he goes to Oya, _ib._;
prepares to assume the offensive against Muka, 262;
establishes order at Muka, 263;
his last visit to Bruni, _ib._;
obtains a further acquisition of territory, _ib._;
he retires to Burrator, 265;
receives the news of the fall of Sadok—his warm thanks to the Tuan
Muda, _ib._;
his opinion of Admiralty orders in respect to pirates, 269;
his last visit to Sarawak, 279;
the defection of the Rajah Muda, _ib._;
negotiations for transfer of Sarawak to Belgium fall through, 280;
Sarawak recognised by Great Britain as an independent State, _ib._;
his farewell to Sarawak, 294;
his hopes fulfilled—his last years clouded, 295;
his policy and its effects, 296;
a parallel case—Sir S. Raffles, 297;
the Rajah's larger policy abandoned, _ib._;
his dreams of extended usefulness, 298;
his anxiety that England should adopt Sarawak, _ib._;
is worried as to the future, 301;
his life at Burrator, 302;
his death, 303;
his will, _ib._;
Dr. A. R. Wallace's tribute to his memory, _ib._;
the Rajah's trust in his successor, 304;
his main principles of government, 305;
a noble record, _ib._;
the policy he advocated in regard to Malayan States, 338;
Beccari's appreciation, 417

Brooke, James (child of the present Rajah), his birth, 400;
his death, 401

Brooke, James Brooke, Rajah Muda, joins his uncle, the Rajah, 130;
becomes the Tuan Besar, 131;
left in charge of the raj, 144;
on the Lang-river expedition, 163;
leads an expedition up the Saribas, and against Sadok, 179;
in charge of the government, 219;
loses his wife, and goes to England, 220;
returns to Sarawak, 241;
is opposed to foreign protection, 243;
attempts peaceful measures at Muka, 249;
he attacks Muka, 250;
Governor Edwardes' unwarrantable interference, 256;
he is forced to withdraw, 257;
he receives the thanks of Lord John Russell, 257;
is made Rajah Muda, 265;
death of his second wife, 269;
his action with the pirates, _ib._;
his retirement, 279;
his death, 281

Brooke, Thomas, father of the first Rajah, 61, 62

Brooketon, the coal mines—the Rajah's rights, 357;
development of the mines, 358;
the Rajah's losses, 368;
an oppressive tax, _ib._;
an infringement of rights, 369;
comments by the _Straits Budget_, 370

Bruni, its name, 1;
early Chinese intercourse, 36;
its Sultan's Chinese ancestress, 38;
formerly a powerful kingdom—becomes a dependency of Majapahit, 39;
the Spanish and Portuguese arrive, 40;
trade with the latter, 41;
a Roman Catholic mission established, _ib._;
the Portuguese factory, _ib._;
Spanish interference, _ib._;
the Dutch visit Bruni, 42;
and the English, _ib._;
the English factory, 43;
decadence, _ib._;
territory ceded to Sulu transferred to the East India Co., 53;
Rajah Api, _ib._;
Rajah Muda Hasim becomes Regent, 54;
the Limbang oppressed, 57;
list of the Sultans, 59;
crews of English ships detained, 80, 81, 82;
Bruni and its Court, 82;
in sympathy with the pirates, 93;
Rajah Muda Hasim reinstated, 113;
P. Usup's intrigues, 114;
Sir T. Cochrane deals with Usup, 115;
murder of the princes, 119;
Cochrane attacks Bruni, 122;
the provisional govt., 123;
submission of the Sultan, 124;
his successors, _ib._;
Labuan ceded to Great Britain, 126;
dissensions—the Rajah establishes order, 216;
P. Makota in power, _ib._;
offices of the four wazirs revived, 217;
the councils of Bruni, _ib._;
the "Haven of Peace," 326;
apathy of the British Govt., 327, 329, 330;
Sultan Mumin, 327;
hereditary rights, 327, 349;
the people oppressed, 327;
trade restriction, 329;
the Sultan helpless, _ib._;
treaty with Sarawak, 331;
is worse than useless, 332;
the Kayans revolt, 332, 335;
relations with the Baram, 333;
the cession of Baram to Sarawak—impeded by the British Govt., 335,
336, 339, 340, 341;
the Rajah's advice to the Foreign Office,—adopted too late, 337;
massacre of Dusuns, 342;
Limbang in rebellion, 343, 344, 346, 348;
Trusan ceded to Sarawak, 344;
murder of P. Japar, 350;
Bruni becomes a British Protectorate, 351;
Limbang annexed by the Rajah, 352;
a design to depose the Sultan in favour of the Rajah, 359;
comments by the _Singapore Free Press_, 359;
Consul Keyser on Bruni, 360;
policy of the British Govt., 360;
Tutong and Belait in revolt, 361;
the Kadayans revolt, _ib._;
a British resident appointed, 362;
a peculiar policy, 336, 337, 363, 365, 366, 371, 372;
the Sultan prepared to transfer Bruni to Sarawak, 364;
tardy action of the Foreign Office, 365;
the _Straits Budget_ on Bruni affairs, 370

Bua Hasan, Haji, becomes Datu Imaum—then Datu Bandar, 77, 193, 212,
224, 232, 234, 308, 396, 420

Buck, Q. A., 25

Bujang, Sherip, 208

Buju, Banyok chief, 227, 285

Bukitans, the, 12, 13, 33

Bulan, Sea Dayak chief, 160

Bulwer, Sir Henry, Governor of Labuan—inimical to Sarawak, 339

Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, assists the late Rajah, 243;
her experimental gardens, 319

Buyong, Abang, 195, 199

Census, 32

Chalmers, Bishop, 448

Chambers, Bishop, 446, 448

Channon, John, 178, 181, 253

Chinese, The, their characteristics, 31;
their early connection with Borneo, 36;
traces of early settlers, 37;
the Chinese ancestress of the Sultans of Bruni, 38;
ancient trade with Borneo, 44;
merchants in Sarawak, 426

Chinese Rebellion, The Chinese colony, 185, 188;
the Secret Society—its origin and objects, 186;
it becomes arrogant, 187;
and is punished, 188;
fined for smuggling, _ib._;
encouraged by the Sultan of Sambas, 189;
the Chinese emboldened by false rumours, _ib._;
precautions taken, 190;
rumours disregarded, 191;
the Chinese advance on Kuching, _ib._;
Kuching attacked, 192;
the Rajah's escape, _ib._;
Nicholetts killed, _ib._;
other English killed and wounded—the stockades taken, 193;
the survivors gather at the mission-house, 195;
the Chinese form a government, 196;
they retire up river, 197;
attacked by Abang Pata, they return, _ib._;
the Malays under the Datu Bandar resist them, _ib._;
escape of the English survivors, 198;
return of the Rajah in the _Sir James Brooke_, _ib._;
the flight of the Chinese, _ib._;
brave stand made by the Datu Bandar, _ib._;
loss sustained by the rebels, _ib._;
arrival of the Tuan Muda, _ib._;
the retreat of the rebels, 199;
the survivors escape over the borders, 200;
quarrel amongst themselves, and are arrested by the Dutch, _ib._;
their total losses, 201;
action of the English and Dutch authorities, _ib._;
the rebellion a direct outcome of the Commission, 202;
comments of the _Times_ and the _Daily News_, _ib._;
the Government impoverished, _ib._;
fidelity of the natives, _ib._;
difficulties faced, 203;
return of the Chinese, _ib._;
further account of the Secret Societies, 203-206

Clarendon, Lord, 329, 402

Clarke, Sir Andrew, his policy and the late Rajah's, 338

Cobden, Joseph, supports Hume against the Rajah, 140;
his speech at Birmingham, 141;
comments on his assertions, 142

Cochrane, Mr. Bailie, takes Mr. Gladstone to task, 150

Cochrane, Admiral Sir Thomas, interested in Bornean affairs, 114;
punishes P. Usup, 115;
destroys S. Usman's stronghold, 116;
sails for Borneo to support the Rajah, 121;
he attacks Bruni, 122;
his wish to place the Rajah on the Bruni throne, 123;
his cruise against the pirates on the N.W. coast, _ib._

Collier, Vice-Admiral Sir Francis, 135

Commission to inquire into the Rajah's proceedings, Hume's motion
negatived, 141, 144;
a Commission granted, 144;
it sits in Singapore, 147;
proceedings and findings, 148;
its evil effects upon Sarawak, 151, 189, 202, 210, 224, 231, 268

Cotteau, Edmond, on Sarawak, 409

Cox, E. A. W., 20

Crookshank, A. C., 129, 139, 163, 190, 192, 193, 195, 204, 234, 262

Cruickshank, J. B., 178, 180, 234, 260, 282, 285, 288, 320, 324

Crymble, Mr., 193, 194

Cuateron. Fr., 449

Cunynghame, Sir Percy, Bt., 388

Dagang, 254

_Daily News, The_, assails the Rajah, 140;
commends him, 202

Dallas, F. H., 426

Dampier, on piracy and its cause, 50;
on the Lanuns, 93

Dandi, expedition against, 161

Datus, The, the _serah_ or forced trade, 55;
the Sarawak datus reinstated, 77;
their duties, 207;
their loyalty, 224;
their faithful services, 420

Dayak, meaning of the word, 33

de Crespigny, C. A. C., 328, 341

Derby, Earl of, 144;
refuses protection, 242;
his successor's compliment, 401

Deshon, H. F., 388, 405

Devereaux, Hon. H. R., 147

de Windt, Margaret Alice Lili, _see_ the Ranee

de Windt, H., 325

Dias, 44

Drummond, Henry, defends the Rajah, 141, 142

Dulah, Nakoda, 233

Dunn, The Very Rev. E., 449

Dutch, at Bruni, 42;
they replace the Portuguese at Sambas, 42;
at Pontianak and other places in Borneo, _ib._;
they found Batavia, 47;
paramount in the Archipelago, _ib._;
are checked by the English, _ib._;
in Southern Borneo, _ib._;
their oppressive policy induces piracy, 49;
their aims in regard to Sarawak, 66;
unjust trade regulation, 67;
their jealousy of the Rajah, 126;
their pretensions to N.W. Borneo, 128;
their friendly offer of help, 201;
warn the Sarawak Govt., 231;
troubles with the Dayaks, 377;
the border question, 379;
the Dayaks receive a lesson, 381;
they co-operate with the Sarawak Govt., 384;
friendly relations, 318, 385

Earl, G. W., on the Sherips, 74;
on the Sambas pirates, 92;
on piracy, 92

Education, 439. _See_ under Schools

Edwardes, Hon. G. W., Governor of Labuan—inimical to Sarawak, 246;
he supports S. Masahor, _ib._, 247, 256;
he blames the Tuan Muda, 247;
his unwarrantable intervention at Muka, 256;
his interview with P. Matusin, 257;
his pledges, _ib._;
he breaks his pledges, 258;
he leaves the Muka people to the mercy of their oppressors, _ib._;
the evil effects of his actions, 259;
which are disavowed by the British Govt., 261

Egerton, Commander, R.N., a plot to take his life, 120, 122

English, The, the first in Borneo, 42;
at Bantam, _ib._, 46, 47;
at Balambangan, 43;
at Bruni, _ib._;
at Bencoolen, 46, 47;
at Pulo Penang, 47;
Java taken, _ib._;
Singapore founded, _ib._;
at Banjermasin, 47, 48;
they seize Manila, 53;
they destroy Sambas, 92

Ersat, Pangiran, the Sultan's deputy at Muka, 213;
is killed by P. Matusin, 214;
S. Masahor avenges his death, _ib._;
his son, P. Nipa, succeeds him, 219

Everest, Lieut., R. N., 135

Everett, A. H., 6

Expenditure of the raj, 426

Farquhar, Admiral Sir Arthur, K.C.B., at the battle of Beting Maru,
135;
his defence of the late Rajah, 150

Fox, C., at Serikei, 218, 220;
is murdered, 223, 225;
his murder avenged, 294

Gadong, Orang Kaya di, 258, 364

Gadong, Pangiran di, claimant to the sultanate, 347;
loses his rights in the Limbang, 353

Gani, _see_ Abdul Gani

Gapur, _see_ Abdul Gapur

Genghis Khan, 36

Geology of Sarawak, 4

Gibbard, Lieut., R.N., killed in Marudu Bay, 116

Gladstone, W. E., and the little England party, 111;
his attitude towards the late Rajah, 140, 141;
in 1877, 150, 202, 281

Gomes, Rev. W. H., B.D., 448

Grant, Charles, 158, 234, 237

Granville, Earl, jurisdiction over British subjects granted, 342

Gray, A. H., _Wanderings in Borneo_, 404

Grey, Earl, 144;
his reply to Gladstone, 150;
his testimony, 402

Grey, Sir George, 281

Gueritz, M. G., 405

Harvey, J., 427

Hasim, Rajah Muda, Regent of Bruni, 54;
sent to govern Sarawak, _ib._;
his kindness to shipwrecked sailors, 62;
his character and position, 65;
offers Mr. Brooke the raj, 69;
his procrastination and ingratitude, 71;
he installs Mr. Brooke as Rajah, 73;
his correct title and position, 74;
he returns to Bruni, and is reinstated there, 113;
his life menaced, 114;
is threatened by S. Usman, 115;
he becomes Sultan Muda, 118;
his end, 120

Hasim Jalil, Sultan of Bruni. His doubtful parentage, 69;
in opposition to Sultan Mumin, 216;
becomes Pangiran Temanggong, 217;
he repudiates the action of P. Nipa at Muka, 249;
oppresses the Limbang, 343;
is caught in a trap, _ib._;
agrees to the cession of Trusan to Sarawak, 344;
in favour of ceding Limbang, 345;
his accession, 346;
his awkward position, 347;
the nominee of the British Govt., _ib._;
is unable to act against the Limbang—he seeks the Rajah's aid, 348;
the Rajah refuses to help, 348, 410;
his resentment, 349;
the murder of P. Japar, 350;
he opposes the cession of Limbang, 350;
his true motive, 353;
refuses compensation for the Limbang, _ib._;
he encourages O. K. Lawai, 359;
is reconciled to the Rajah—is prepared to transfer Bruni to Sarawak,
364;
is forced to accept a British Resident, 367;
his death, _ib._

Hay, Mr., 234, 236, 264

Head-hunting, its origin, 25

Helms, L. V., 6, 195, 262, 269, 410

Henderson, R., 427

Hennessy, Sir J. Pope, Governor of Labuan—his policy in regard to
Bruni, 330;
false representations, 331;
mistaken views, 339

Herbert, Sydney, supports Hume, 140, 281

Hertslet, Sir Edward, 336

Hewitt, J., 9, 34

Hindu vestiges, 17, 21, 39

Horsburgh, Rev. A., 147

Horton, Lieut. Wilmot, R.N., 98, 100, 101

Hose, Bishop, 446-448

Hose, Charles, D.Sc., 341

Hoste, Capt. Sir William, R.N., 201

Hume, J., his proceedings against the late Rajah, 140, 141, 142, 144,
148

Hunt, on Bruni, 44;
at Bruni, 82

Hunt, Lieut., R.N., 98

Illanun, _see_ Lanun

Indra Lila, The, expelled from Ngmah, 16;
at Lingga, 158

Ireland, Alleyne, on Sarawak, 418

Isa, Dang, 158

Jackson, Very Rev. T., 449

Japar, Pangiran, murder of, 350

Japar, Sherip, with the expedition against the Saribas, 100;
his services at Rembas, 101;
is deposed from his governorship, 108;
deported to Sadong, 109

Jarom, Rajah, the founder of Sarawak, 45;
his descendants, 78, 421

Jars, Old, 26

Johnson, Rev. F. C., 130, 154

Johnson, Henry Stuart, 261, 284, 288, 291, 303