Chapter II: Introduction: BY RAFAEL ALTAMIRA xiii

I. THE INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF SPAIN 1

II. THE EARLY PEOPLES, TO 206 B.C. 6

III. ROMAN SPAIN, 206 B.C.-409 A.D. 15

IV. VISIGOTHIC SPAIN, 409-713 26

V. MOSLEM SPAIN, 711-1031 38

VI. CHRISTIAN SPAIN IN THE MOSLEM PERIOD, 711-1035 53

VII. ERA OF THE SPANISH CRUSADES, 1031-1276 67

VIII. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN, 1031-1276 84

IX. MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS IN SPAIN, 1031-1276 102

X. DEVELOPMENT TOWARD NATIONAL UNITY: CASTILE, 1252-1479 111

XI. DEVELOPMENT TOWARD NATIONAL UNITY: ARAGON, 1276-1479 125

XII. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN, 1252-1479 137

XIII. THE CASTILIAN STATE, 1252-1479 151

XIV. THE ARAGONESE STATE, 1276-1479 166

XV. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN, 1252-1479 174

XVI. INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS IN SPAIN, 1252-1479 180

XVII. INSTITUTIONS OF OUTLYING HISPANIC STATES, 1252-1479 192

XVIII. ERA OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS, 1479-1517 202

XIX. SOCIAL REFORMS, 1479-1517 210

XX. POLITICAL REFORMS, 1479-1517 219

XXI. MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS, 1479-1517 228

XXII. CHARLES I OF SPAIN, 1516-1556 234

XXIII. THE REIGN OF PHILIP II, 1556-1598 246

XXIV. A CENTURY OF DECLINE, 1598-1700 258

XXV. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS, 1516-1700 272

XXVI. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, 1516-1700 287

XXVII. RELIGION AND THE CHURCH, 1516-1700 303

XXVIII. ECONOMIC FACTORS, 1516-1700 324

XXIX. THE GOLDEN AGE: EDUCATION, PHILOSOPHY,
HISTORY, AND SCIENCE, 1516-1700. 338

XXX. THE GOLDEN AGE: LITERATURE AND ART, 1516-1700 351

XXXI. THE EARLY BOURBONS, 1700-1759 368

XXXII. CHARLES III AND ENGLAND, 1759-1788 383

XXXIII. CHARLES IV AND FRANCE, 1788-1808 399

XXXIV. SPANISH SOCIETY, 1700-1808 411

XXXV. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, 1700-1808 425

XXXVI. STATE AND CHURCH, 1700-1808 443

XXXVII. ECONOMIC REFORMS, 1700-1808 458

XXXVIII. INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITIES, 1700-1808 471

XXXIX. THE GROWTH OF LIBERALISM, 1808-1898 488

XL. THE DAWN OF A NEW DAY, 1898-1917 508

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 527

INDEX 541

MAPS

GENERAL REFERENCE MAP _Frontispiece_

DEVELOPMENT TOWARD NATIONAL UNITY, 910-1492 67