Chapter XL: The Dawn of a New Day, 1898-1917 (2)

74. Teresa, _Saint_. _Saint Theresa. The history of her
foundations._ Tr. [fr. the Sp.] ed. by Sister Agnes Mason.
Cambridge. 1909. Orig. Sp. ed. Antwerp. 1630.

75. Teresa, _Saint_. _The life of St. Teresa of Jesus, of the Order
of Our Lady of Carmel._ Tr. ed. by David Lewis. London. 1870. 1904.
Orig. Sp. ed. Salamanca. 1588.

76. Teresa, _Saint_. _St. Teresa of Jesus of the Order of Our Lady
of Carmel, embracing the life, relations, maxims and foundations
written by the saint, also, a history of St. Teresa’s journeys and
foundations._ Tr. ed. by John J. Burke. New York. 1911. Orig. Sp.
ed. (except the _Foundations_). Salamanca. 1588. Orig. Sp. ed. of
the _Foundations_. Antwerp. 1630.

77. Thompson, Francis. _Saint Ignatius Loyola._ London. 1909. 1910.

78. Watson, Robert, and William Thomson. _The history of the reign
of Philip the Third, king of Spain._ 2v. London. 1783. 1808.

VII. THE HOUSE OF BOURBON, 1700-1808

Items 29 and 32 belong also in this section. Many of the items in section IX are applicable here.

79. Addison, Joseph. _Charles the Third of Spain._ Oxford. 1900.

80. Armstrong, Edward. _Elizabeth Farnese, “the Termagant of
Spain.”_ London. 1892. Bib.

81. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Goya, an account of his life and
works._ London and New York. 1908.

82. Coxe, William. _Memoirs of the kings of Spain of the House of
Bourbon, from the accession of Philip the Fifth to the death of
Charles the Third._ 3v. London. 1813. 5v. 1815.

83. D’Auvergne, Edmund B. _Godoy; the queen’s favorite._ Boston.
[1913].

84. Hill, Constance. _Story of the Princess des Ursins in Spain._
New York. 1899.

85. Parnell, Arthur. _The war of the succession in Spain during the
reign of Queen Anne, 1702-1711._ London. 1888. Bib.

86. Ripperdá, Joan Willem van. _Memoirs of the Duke de Ripperdá:
1st. embassador from the states-general to his most catholick
majesty, then duke and grandee of Spain; afterwards bashaw and
prime minister to Muly Abdalla, emperor of Fez and Morocco, etc.
containing account of the remarkable events ... between 1715 and
1736._ London. 1740.

87. Stokes, Hugh. _Francisco Goya; a study of the work and
personality of the eighteenth century Spanish painter and
satirist._ New York. 1914. Bib.

VIII. THE DAWN OF LIBERALISM, 1808 TO DATE

Item 29 belongs also in this section.

88. Bollaert, William. _Wars of succession of Portugal and Spain,
from 1826 to 1840: with résumé of the political history ... to the
present time._ 2v. London. 1870.

89. Challice, Rachel. _The secret history of the court of Spain
during the last century._ London. 1909. Bib.

90. Clarke, Henry Butler. _Modern Spain, 1815-1898._ Cambridge.
1906. Bib.

91. D’Auvergne, Edmund B. _A queen at bay; the story of Christina
and Don Carlos._ London. 1910. Bib.

92. Hannay, David. _Don Emilio Castelar._ London. 1896.

93. Hume, Martin Andrew Sharp.... _Modern Spain, 1788-1898._ New
York and London. 1900.

94. Latimer, _Mrs._ Elizabeth (Wormeley). _Spain in the nineteenth
century._ Chicago. 1897. 1898.

95. Oman, Charles William Chadwick. _A history of the peninsular
war._ 5v. Oxford. 1902-14. Bib.

96. Oman, Charles William Chadwick. _Wellington’s army, 1809-1814._
London. 1912. Bib.

97. Strobel, Edward Henry. _Spanish revolution, 1868-1876._ Boston.
1898.

98. White, George F. _A century of Spain and Portugal (1788-1898)._
London. [1909]. Bib.

99. Whitehouse, Henry Remsen. _The sacrifice of a throne, being an
account of the life of Amadeus, duke of Aosta, sometime king of
Spain._ New York. 1897.

IX. HISTORICAL WORKS ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS

Many of the items in sections III to VIII might appropriately be entered here. Conversely, as already indicated, the items of this section have a bearing on various or all of the periods of Spanish history, but it has been deemed best to give them separate entry, because of the obviously restricted character of the subject-matter of these volumes.

100. Caffin, Charles Henry. _The story of Spanish painting._ New
York. 1910.

101. Castro y Rossi, Adolfo de. _The history of the Jews in Spain,
from the time of their settlement in that country till the
commencement of the present century._ Tr. ed. by Edward D. G. M.
Kirwan. Cambridge and London. 1851. Orig. Sp. ed. Cádiz. 1847.

102. Clarke, Henry Butler. _Spanish literature; an elementary
handbook._ London. 1893. 1909. Bib.

103. Dieulafoy, Marcel Auguste.... _Art in Spain and Portugal._ New
York. 1913.

104. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James. _Chapters on Spanish literature._
London. 1908.

105. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James. _A history of Spanish literature._
New York. 1898. New York and London. 1915. Bib.

106. Hume, Martin Andrew Sharp. _Spanish influence on English
literature._ London. 1905.

107. Lea, Henry Charles. _Chapters from the religious history of
Spain connected with the Inquisition._ Philadelphia. 1890.

108. Lea, Henry Charles. _A history of the Inquisition of Spain._
4v. New York and London. 1906-7.

109. Lindo, Elias Hiam. _The history of the Jews of Spain and
Portugal, from the earliest times to their final expulsion from
those kingdoms, and their subsequent dispersion._ London. 1848.

110. Markham, Sir Clements Robert. _The story of Majorca and
Minorca._ London. 1908.

111. Sayer, Capt. Frederick. _The history of Gibraltar and of its
political relation to events in Europe._ London. 1862.

112. Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William. _Stories of the Spanish
painters until Goya._ London. 1910.

113. Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William. _Annals of the artists of
Spain._ 3v. London. 1848. Bib.

114. Ticknor, George. _History of Spanish literature._ 3v. New
York. 1849. Boston. [1891].

115. Webster, Wentworth. _Gleanings in church history, chiefly in
Spain and France._ London. 1903. Bib.

116. Williams, Leonard. _The arts and crafts of older Spain._ 3v.
London. 1907. Bib.

X. WORKS OF TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION

Of works published prior to 1900, only those of unusual reputation, whether because of the high station of the men who wrote them or the remarkable character of the books themselves, have been included. No attempt has been made to enter all works published in English since 1900, but the list is long enough and the scope of the material covered sufficiently broad, it is believed, for the purposes of the general reader who wishes to know something about contemporary Spain.

117. Amicis, Edmondo de. _Spain and the Spaniards._ Tr. [fr. 10th
It. ed.] ed. by Stanley Rhoads Yarnall. 2v. Philadelphia. 1895.
Orig. It. ed. Florence. 1873.

118. Andújar, Manuel. _Spain of to-day from within._ New York and
Chicago. [1909].

119. Baedeker, Karl. _Spain and Portugal._ Leipsic. 1898. 1913.
Bib.

120. Bates, Katharine Lee. _Spanish highways and byways._ New York
and London. 1912.

121. Bell, Aubrey F. G. _The magic of Spain._ London and New York.
1912 [1911].

122. Bensusan, Samuel Levy. _Home life in Spain._ New York and
London. 1910.

123. Borrow, George Henry. _The Bible in Spain._ London. 1843. New
York. 1908.

124. Borrow, George Henry. _Zincali; or, An account of the gypsies
of Spain._ 2v. London. 1841. 1v. London and New York. [1914].

125. Boyd, _Mrs._ Mary Stuart. _The fortunate isles; life and
travel in Majorca, Minorca and Iviza._ New York. 1911.

126. Browne, Edith A.... _Spain._ London. 1910.

127. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _The Alhambra, being a brief record
of the Arabian conquest of the peninsula with a particular account
of the Mohammedan architecture and decoration._ London and New
York. 1907.

128. Calvert, Albert Frederick. Catalonia & the Balearic Isles; an
historical and descriptive account. London and New York. 1910.

129. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _The Escorial; a historical and
descriptive account of the Spanish royal palace, monastery and
mausoleum._ London and New York. 1907.

130. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Granada, present and bygone._
London. 1908.

131. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Impressions of Spain._ London.
1903.

132. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Leon, Burgos and Salamanca; a
historical and descriptive account._ London and New York, 1908.

133. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Madrid; an historical description
and handbook of the Spanish capital._ London and New York. 1909.

134. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Moorish remains in Spain; being a
brief record of the Arabian conquest of the peninsula with a
particular account of the Mohammedan architecture and decoration in
Cordova, Seville & Toledo._ London and New York. 1906.

135. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Royal palaces of Spain; a
historical & descriptive account of the seven principal palaces of
the Spanish kings._ London and New York. 1909.

136. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Sculpture in Spain._ London and
New York. 1912.

137. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Seville; an historical and
descriptive account of “the Pearl of Andalusia.”_ London and New
York. 1907.

138. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Southern Spain._ London. 1908.

139. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Spanish arms and armour, being a
historical and descriptive account of the royal armoury of Madrid._
London and New York. 1907.

140. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Toledo, an historical and
descriptive account of the “City of generations.”_ London and New
York. 1907.

141. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Valencia and Murcia, a glance at
African Spain._ London and New York. 1911.

142. Calvert, Albert Frederick. _Valladolid, Oviedo, Segovia,
Zamora, Ávila, & Zaragoza; an historical & descriptive account._
London and New York. 1908.

143. Calvert, Albert Frederick, and _Mrs._ Catherine Gasquoine
(Hartley) Gallichan. _The Prado; a description of the principal
pictures in the Madrid gallery._ London and New York. 1907.

144. Calvert, Albert Frederick, and Walter M. Gallichan. _Cordova,
a city of the Moors._ London and New York. 1907.

145. Chapman, Abel, and Walter J. Buck. _Unexplored Spain._ London.
1910.

146. Chapman, Abel, and Walter J. Buck. _Wild Spain ... Records of
sport with rifle, rod, and gun; natural history and exploration._
London. 1893.

147. Chatfield-Taylor, Hobart Chatfield. _The land of the
castanet._ Chicago. 1896. New York. 1906.

148. Clark, Keith. _The spell of Spain._ Boston. 1914. Bib.

149. Collier, William Miller. _At the court of His Catholic
Majesty._ Chicago. 1912.

150. Collins, W. W. _Cathedral cities of Spain._ London and New
York. 1909.

151. Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. _The adventurer in Spain._
London. 1903.

152. D’Este, Margaret. _With a camera in Majorca._ New York. 1907.

153. Dickinson, Duncan. _Through Spain._ London. [1914].

154. Elliott, _Mrs._ Maud (Howe). _Sun and shadow in Spain._
Boston. 1908. 1911.

155. Ellis, Henry Havelock. _The soul of Spain._ Boston and New
York. [1908].

156. Fitz-Gerald, John Driscoll. _Rambles in Spain._ New York.
[1910].

157. Flitch, John Ernest Crawford. _A little journey in Spain;
notes of a Goya pilgrimage._ London. 1914.

158. Flitch, John Ernest Crawford. _Mediterranean moods, footnotes
of travel in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and
Sardinia._ London. 1911.

159. Ford, Richard. _Gatherings from Spain._ London. 1846. London
and New York. [1906]. Bib. Also issued under the title _The
Spaniards and their country_.

160. Ford, Richard. _Handbook for travellers in Spain._ 2v. London.
1845. 1898.

161. Franck, Harry Alverson. _Four months afoot in Spain._ New
York. 1911.

162. Gade, John Allyne. _Cathedrals of Spain._ Boston and New York.
1911. Bib.

163. Gallichan, _Mrs._ Catherine Gasquoine (Hartley). _The
cathedrals of southern Spain._ London [n.d. Not earlier than 1912].

164. Gallichan, _Mrs._ Catherine Gasquoine (Hartley). _Moorish
cities in Spain._ London. 1906.

165. Gallichan, _Mrs._ Catherine Gasquoine (Hartley). _Spain
revisited, a summer holiday in Galicia._ London. [1911?].

166. Gallichan, _Mrs._ Catherine Gasquoine (Hartley). _The story of
Santiago de Compostela._ London and New York. 1912.

167. Gallichan, Walter M. _The story of Seville._ London. 1903.

168. Gautier, Théophile. _Wanderings in Spain._ London. 1853. Orig.
Fr. ed. (Tra los montes) Paris. 1843. 2d. Fr. ed. (_Voyage en
Espagne_) Paris. 1845.

169. Hart, Jerome A. _Two Argonauts in Spain._ San Francisco. 1904
[1903].

170. Hay, John. _Castilian days._ Boston. 1871. Cambridge. 1903.

171. Higgin, L. _Spanish life in town and country._ London. 1902.
New York and London. [1911].

172. Howells, William Dean. _Familiar Spanish travels._ New York
and London. 1913.

173. Irving, Washington. _The Alhambra._ 2v. Philadelphia. 1832.
1v. Boston and New York, [c 1915].

174. Kennedy, Bart. _A tramp in Spain, from Andalusia to Andorra._
London. 1892. 1904.

175. Llewellyn, Owen, _and_ L. R. Hill. _The south-bound car._
London. 1907.

176. Lomas, John. _In Spain._ London. 1908.

177. Lowell, James Russell. _Impressions of Spain._ Boston and New
York. 1899.

178. Luffmann, Charles Bogue. _Quiet days in Spain._ London. 1910.

179. Luffmann, Charles Bogue. _A vagabond in Spain._ London and New
York. 1895.

180. Lynch, Hannah. _Toledo, the story of an old Spanish capital._
London. 1898. 1910.

181. Marden, Philip Sanford. _Travels in Spain._ Boston and New
York. 1910.

182. Marriott, Charles. _A Spanish holiday._ New York. 1908.

183. Meakin, Annette M. B. _Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain._
London. [1909]. Bib.

184. Nixon-Roulet, Mary F. _The Spaniard at home._ Chicago. 1910.

185. O’Connor, Vincent Clarence Scott. _Travels in the Pyrenees,
including Andorra and the coast from Barcelona to Carcassone._
London. 1913.

186. O’Reilly, Eliza Boyle. _Heroic Spain._ New York. 1910.

187. Penfield, Edward. _Spanish sketches._ New York. 1911.

188. Rudy, Charles. _The cathedrals of northern Spain, their
history and their architecture._ Boston. 1906.

189. Seymour, Frederick H. A. _Saunterings in Spain; Barcelona,
Madrid, Toledo, Cordova, Seville, Granada._ London. 1906.

190. Shaw, Rafael. _Spain from within._ New York. 1910.

191. Slater, Ernest, _pseud._ Paul Gwynne. _The Guadalquivir, its
personality, its people and its associations._ London. 1912.

192. Street, George Edmund.... _Some account of Gothic architecture
in Spain._ 2v. London. 1865. 1914.

193. Tyler, Royall. _Spain, a study of her life and arts._ New
York. 1909. Bib.

194. Villiers-Wardell, _Mrs._ Janie. _Spain of the Spanish._ New
York. 1909. 1914.

195. Ward, G. H. B. _The truth about Spain._ London, New York,
Toronto, and Melbourne. 1911.

196. Wigram, Edgar T. A. _Northern Spain, painted and described._
London. 1906.

197. Williams, Leonard. _Granada, memories, adventures, studies and
impressions._ Philadelphia. 1906.

198. Williams, Leonard. _The land of the Dons._ London. 1902.

199. Williams, Leonard. _Toledo and Madrid, their records and
romances._ London. 1903.

200. Wood, Charles William. _Glories of Spain._ London and New
York. 1901.

201. Wood, Ruth Kedzie. _The tourist’s Spain and Portugal._ New
York. 1913.

202. Wood, Walter. _A corner of Spain._ New York and London. 1910.

203. Zimmerman, Jeremiah. _Spain and her people._ Philadelphia.
1902. London. 1906.

INDEX

Abbasside family, 42, 43.

Abdallah, 45.

Abd-er-Rahman I, 42, 43, 49, 50.

Abd-er-Rahman II, 44.

Abd-er-Rahman III, 45, 47, 49, 50, 54, 57.

Abdul Malik, 46, 58.

Aben-Hayyán, 103.

Abu Abdallah. _See_ Boabdil.

Abul Cassim Mohammed, 69.

Abul Hassan, 204.

Academy, the. _See Real Academia Española._

Academy of Fine Arts. _See Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando._

Academy of History. _See Real Academia de la Historia._

Achila, 32.

Acosta, 347.

Acquaviva, 356.

Acuña, Fernando de, 203.

_Adelantados_, 90, 93, 154-156, 197, 199, 200, 222.

Adrian, Cardinal. _See_ Adrian VI.

Adrian VI, Pope, 238, 239, 317.

Affonso Enríquez of Portugal, 75, 76.

Africa, 6, 8, 10, 17, 19, 28, 32, 39, 40, 42-45, 69-71, 77, 121, 136, 172, 196, 205, 206, 208, 214, 217, 223, 235, 236, 241, 242, 249, 250, 252, 260, 265, 268, 277, 279, 280, 379, 390, 513. _See_ Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis.

Ágreda, María de Jesús, 310.

Agrippa, 18.

Alans, 26-28.

Alarcón, the navigator, 349.

Alarcón, the novelist, 515.

Alarcos, battle of, 71, 76.

Alaric, 27.

Álava, 117, 134, 135, 197-200.

Alba, dukes of, 251, 252, 323, 428.

Albéniz, 516.

Alberoni, 374, 375, 377, 434, 439, 444, 451.

Albigenses, 79, 80.

Alburquerque, 118, 119.

_Alcabala_, the, 157, 175, 216, 225, 227, 237, 278, 295, 297, 336, 453.

Alcalá, ordinance of, 142, 160, 163, 226, 441; university of, 230, 312, 340, 474.

_Alcaldes_, 92, 93, 154, 159, 174, 222, 432, 433, 446, 473.

Alcántara, order of, 94, 219, 220.

Alcaraz, 450.

Alcudia, 430; Duke of: _See_ Godoy.

Alegre, 482.

Alexander III, Pope, 76.

Alexandrian school, 102, 103.

Alfieri, 482.

Alfonso, Prince, 115.

Alfonso (another), Prince, 123, 124.

Alfonso I of Aragon, 74, 75, 78, 79.

Alfonso II of Aragon, 79, 110.

Alfonso III of Aragon, 127, 128.

Alfonso IV of Aragon, 129.

Alfonso V of Aragon, 132, 148, 167, 170, 188-191, 207, 212.

Alfonso I of Asturias and León, 54, 55.

Alfonso II of Asturias and León, 55, 56.

Alfonso III of Asturias and León, 57.

Alfonso IV of Asturias and León (925-930). Omitted.

Alfonso V of Asturias and León, 58.

Alfonso VI of León and Castile, 70-74, 95.

Alfonso VII of León and Castile, 74-76.

Alfonso VIII of Castile, 71, 75-77, 79, 106, 112, 135.

Alfonso IX of León, 76, 77, 106.

Alfonso X of Castile (and León), 112-116, 142, 144, 146, 152, 153, 155, 156, 160-164, 174, 181, 185, 226.

Alfonso XI of Castile (and León), 116-119, 129-131, 135, 138, 153, 156, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 174.

Alfonso XII of Spain, 503, 505, 506, 508.

Alfonso XIII of Spain, 506, 509-511.

Algarve, 113, 407; Prince of: _See_ Godoy.

Algeciras, 10, 32.

Algiers, 242, 356, 390.

Alhambra, the, 201, 205.

Alicante, 450, 468.

Aljubarrota, battle of, 121.

Almansor, 45, 46, 48, 51, 54, 57, 58.

Almería, city and province of, 2, 69, 71.

Almohades, ix, 70, 71, 75-77, 84, 85, 87, 102, 104, 113. _See_ Moslems.

Almoravides, 69, 70, 72, 73, 84, 87, 102, 104. _See_ Moslems.

Alomar, 515.

Altamira, Rafael, 335, 516, 525.

Alvarado, 347.

Álvarez, General, 491.

Álvarez, the sculptor, 485.

Álvarez Quintero, the brothers, 515, 516.

Amadeo, King, of Spain, 503, 504.

_Amadís de Gaula_, 145, 185, 232, 355.

Amalia, Queen, of Spain, 472.

Amelot, 374, 434.

American Revolution, 383, 384, 399.

Americans. _See_ United States.

Americas, the. _See_ Spanish America.

_Amigos del País_, 462, 474.

Andalusia and the Andalusians, 2, 3, 9, 11, 19, 38, 39, 44, 67, 71, 79, 138, 156, 180, 203, 204, 211, 229, 268, 280, 284, 327, 364, 365, 431, 460, 462, 464, 466, 490, 516, 518, 520, 522.

Anglada, 516.

Anian, Strait of, 476.

Anjou, House of, 128, 132, 207. _See_ Charles of Anjou.

Anson, George, 381.

Antonio, Julio, 516.

Antonio, Nicolás, 347.

Antonio of Crato, 251-253.

Arabs, the, 32, 39-52, 59, 71, 84, 107, 108, 182, 183, 185, 188, 200, 248, 277, 278, 309, 363. _See_ Moslems.

Aragón, Alfonso de, 216.

Aragon (kingdom and province of) and the Aragonese, 2, 44, 45, 54, 56, 58, 64-66, 68, 71, 74, 75, 78-82, 96-101, 106, 109-111, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 124-134, 146-150, 155, 166-173, 176-179, 187-193, 195, 203, 206, 208, 209, 211-215, 217, 219, 221-224, 227, 229, 231, 234, 235, 244, 252, 253, 263, 268, 272-277, 280, 288-290, 296, 301, 311, 325, 411, 412, 422, 427, 429, 431, 432, 435, 453, 460, 476.

Aranda, Count of, 389, 393, 394, 402, 420, 423, 428, 435, 436, 451, 472.

Aranjuez, 408, 423, 450, 492.

Archivo General de Indias, 476, 481.

Argentina, 389, 523.

Argote y Góngora. _See_ Góngora.

Arian creed, 27, 30, 31, 36.

Aristotle, 103, 184.

Arjona, 71.

Arlegui, 482.

Armada, the Spanish, 253, 255, 256, 287.

_Armada de Barlovento_, 299.

Armenteira, 164.

Arniches, Carlos, 515.

Arriaga, _Cofradía_ of, 135, 197.

Arriaga, Julián de, 436.

Arricivita, 482.

Arrieta. Bartolomé de, 300, 441.

Arrieta, the composer, 515.

Arteaga, 479.

Arthur, King, of England, 185.

Artois, 235.

Asia, 7, 262. _See_ Asia Minor.

Asia Minor, 8, 129. _See_ Asia.

_Asiento_, the, 370, 371, 380, 381, 385, 456.

Asso, 481.

Assyria and the Assyrians, 7, 10.

Astorga, 20.

Asturias, Princes of, 121, 426.

Asturias and the Asturians, 11, 53-57, 60-64, 135, 180, 327, 431, 434-436, 460.

Ataulf, 27, 28.

Athanagild, 29.

Athens, 129, 131, 190.

Atlantic Ocean, 1, 229, 260, 328, 385.

_Audiencias_, 155, 156, 222, 292, 293, 311, 321, 429-433, 437.

Augsburg, Diets of, 243.

Augustinians, 312, 314.

Augustus, 18, 20.

Austerlitz, battle of, 407.

Austria, House of. _See_ Hapsburg.

Austria and the Austrians, 207, 235, 236, 244, 368, 369, 372, 375-379, 381, 402, 407, 496.

_Autos de fe_, 223, 224.

Avendaño, Francisco de, 353.

Averröes, 103, 110, 188.

Avignon, 120, 131, 168.

Ávila, 23, 239, 464.

Ayacucho, battle of, 488.

Ayala, Pedro Lópes de. _See_ López de Ayala.

Ayala, the dramatist, 515.

Ayala, the navigator, 479.

Ayora, Gonzalo de, 226.

_Ayuntamientos_, 159, 290, 413, 426, 429, 432, 433.

Az-Zahra, palace of, 49.

Azcárate, 525.

Azcoytia, 450.

“Azorín,” 515.

Bacon, Francis, 342.

Badajoz, city and province of, 2, 20, 69-71, 405.

Baegert, 482.

Bahama Islands, 397, 398.

Baja California, 476.

Balearic Islands, 19, 69, 81,100. _See_ Ibiza, Majorca, Minorca.

Baltic Sea, 189.

Barba, Alonso, 350.

Barbarossa, 242.

Barbary Coast. _See_ Africa, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis.

Barca family, 12-14.

Barcelona, city of, 12, 22, 28, 64, 99, 125, 133, 147-149, 168-170, 172, 173, 177-179, 188, 215, 216, 221, 229, 263, 264, 286, 329, 372, 417, 423, 429, 431, 451, 460, 466, 484, 512; counts of, 56, 58, 65, 75, 77, 78, 79, 133; university of, 188, 312,350.

Barlovento. _See_ _Armada de Barlovento_.

Baroja, Pío, 515.

_Barraganía_, 88, 96, 144, 164, 196, 216, 281, 305, 315.

Basle, treaty of, 403.

Basque provinces, the, and the Basques, 8, 43, 55, 58, 134, 135, 175, 192, 196-200, 213, 288, 423, 430, 432-434, 461, 465, 518. _See_ Álava, Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya.

Bavaria, Prince of, 270.

Bayeu, 485.

Baylén, battle of, 490.

Bayonne, 409, 489-491.

Beaumarchais, 483.

Beaumont, 482.

Becquer, 515.

_Behetrías_, 197-199.

Belgium. _See_ Catholic Netherlands, Low Countries.

Benavente, Jacinto, 515, 516.

Benedict XIII, Pope, 131, 168.

Benedict XIV, Pope, 453.

Benedictines, 472.

Benedito, 516.

Beni-Casi family, 44.

Benimerines, 113, 114, 117, 131, 136.

Benlliure, 516.

Berbers, the, 8, 14, 19, 32, 40-43, 45-47, 49, 50, 69-71, 84, 200, 241. _See_ Moslems.

Berenguela, Queen, of Castile, 76, 77, 90.

Berruguete, 362.

Beruete, 516.

Bethencourt, Juan de, 122.

Biblioteca Nacional, 476.

Bilbao, city of, 329, 468.

Bilbao, the painter, 516.

Biron, 388.

Biscay, Bay of, 260.

Black Prince, the, 120.

Black Sea, 27.

Blanche of Bourbon, 118, 119.

Blanche of Navarre, 123, 134.

Blay, 516.

“Blue Lady.” _See_ Ágreda.

Boabdil, 204, 205.

Bobastro, 44, 45.

Boccaccio, 184, 185, 356.

Bodega, 479.

Bogotá, 478.

Bologna, 452.

Bonaparte. _See_ Joseph, Napoleon.

Bonilla, Adolfo, 515.

Borgia, Alfonso. _See_ Calixtus III.

Borja, Cardinal, 318.

Borja, town of, 450.

Boston, 393.

Bougainville, 388.

Bourbon, House of, 118, 270, 284, 370, 384-386, 393, 397, 399, 404, 405, 407, 410, 421, 425, 426, 429, 432, 434, 438, 443, 445, 452, 454, 455, 469, 482, 497, 500, 503.

Bracamonte, Rubín de, 122.

Braciano, Duke of, 373.

Braga, 20.

Braganza, House of, 251, 265, 267.

Bravo Murillo, 500, 501.

Brazil, 252, 392.

Bretón, 515.

Bruges, 176, 326, 337.

Buckingham, Duke of, 284.

Bueno, Manuel, 516.

Buenos Aires, 388.

Burgos, 57, 329, 330, 409; ordinances of, 160.

Burgoyne, 395.

Burgundy, 235, 236, 244, 262.

Burriel, 481, 482.

Byng, 376, 377.

Byzantine Greeks. _See_ Byzantine Romans.

Byzantine Romans, 29-31, 33, 36-38, 50, 52, 129, 190.

_Caballeros_, 85, 86, 97, 137, 138, 141, 148, 159, 166, 170, 185, 192, 194, 211, 273, 433.

Cabezón, 366.

Cáceres, 2, 244.

Cádiz, city and province of, 2, 10, 32, 38, 255, 328, 392, 423, 468-470, 484, 492, 493, 496.

Cæpio, 17.

Cæsar, 18, 185.

Calatrava, order of, 75, 94, 139, 219, 220.

Calderón, Alfredo, 515.

Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, 355.

California, 156, 232, 349, 361, 481; Gulf of, 349.

Calixtus III, Pope, 190, 191.

_Cámara de Castilla_, 292, 321, 412, 431, 433.

_Camarilla_, the, 495, 501.

Campillo, 434, 480.

Campoamor, 515.

Campomanes, 415, 418, 435, 450, 459, 461, 480, 481.

Canalejas, 509.

Canary Islands, 6, 122, 206, 293, 431, 453.

Canellas, 97.

Cangas de Onís, 53.

Cano, Alonso, 362, 366.

Cano, Melchor, 314, 316.

Cánovas del Castillo, 516.

Canstadt man, 6.

Cantabrian Mountains, 2, 491.

Cantabrians, 8.

Capmany, 481.

Caribbean Sea, 253, 385, 387.

Carlism, 497-501, 503-505, 511.

Carlos, Don, 497, 498, 503.

Carmona, 69.

Carpetana Mountains. _See_ Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains.

Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains, 2, 3, 54.

Carpio, Bernardo del, 55.

Carranza, Bartolomé, 307.

_Carreratge_, 168, 169, 173, 199.

Carrillo, Alonso de, 183.

Cartagena in America, 380.

Cartagena in Spain, 12, 13, 23, 27.

Carthage and the Carthaginians, 7, 10-15.

Carvajal, 224.

_Casa de Contratación_, 231, 328, 341, 348, 349, 468.

Castaños, 490.

Castelar, 505.

Castellanos, Juan de, 347.

Castellón de Ampurias, 11.

Castile and the Castilians, 1-5, 38, 57, 58, 60-64, 66, 68, 69, 71-78, 81, 82, 84-99, 104-125, 129, 131-147, 149, 151-167, 169-176, 180-190, 192, 197-199, 203-206, 209-221, 223, 224, 226-231, 235, 237-240, 242, 249-253, 262-266, 274-277, 280, 288-290, 292, 296, 301, 311, 325, 327, 346, 364, 369, 372, 426, 427, 429-432, 441, 453, 460, 464; language of, 106, 184, 185, 189, 190, 197, 231, 308, 341, 346, 351-353, 357, 358, 476, 481, 518. _See_ New Castile, Old Castile.

Castro, Américo, 515.

Castro, Juana de, 119.

Castro, Rosalía de, 515.

“Catalan vengeance,” the, 129.

Catalonia and the Catalans, 2, 11, 13, 56, 58, 59, 64-66, 77-82, 96-100, 109, 110, 125, 127, 129-134, 146-150, 168-173, 176-179, 184, 187, 189, 190, 192, 203, 206, 210-212, 221, 227, 231, 258, 262-265, 267, 272, 275, 276, 280, 288-290, 296, 299, 301, 311, 328, 359, 370-374, 379, 380, 422, 426, 427, 429-431, 432, 441, 453, 460, 466, 511, 512, 518; language of, 110, 189, 190, 231, 429, 511, 518.

Catherine of Aragon, 207.

Catholic Kings. _See_ Ferdinand II of Aragon, Isabella I of Castile.

Catholic Netherlands, 250, 262, 372, 378. _See_ Low Countries.

Catholic Reaction. _See_ Counter-Reformation.

Catholicism, 22, 27, 29-31, 36, 80, 216, 243, 246-248, 250, 251, 253-255, 261, 264, 281, 288, 302-304, 306, 308, 313, 315, 316, 319, 343, 355, 359, 443, 445, 448, 455-457, 494, 501, 502, 512, 514, 521. _See_ Arian creed, Church.

Cavanilles, 478.

Cavo, 482.

Cejador, 515.

Celtiberian Mountains, 2.

Celtiberians, the, 8, 9.

Celts, the, 8, 9.

_Censos_, 281, 416, 452.

Cerda, Fernando de la. _See_ Fernando.

Cerdagne, 134, 206, 207, 235, 262.

Cervantes de Salazar, 347.

Cervantes y Saavedra, Miguel de, 334, 353, 355-357, 359, 483.

Ceuta, 268, 513.

Chaldea and the Chaldeans, 7,10; language of, 230.

Champagne, Count of, 82.

_Chancillerías._ _See Audiencias._

_Chanson de Roland_, 43.

Chapí, 515.

Chappe d’Autereche, 476.

Charlemagne, 43, 55, 185.

Charles, Prince, 247, 256.

Charles, the Archduke. _See_ Charles VI (the Emperor).

Charles V, the Emperor. _See_ Charles I of Spain.

Charles VI, the Emperor, 270, 369-372, 376-381, 444.

Charles of Anjou, 126.

Charles of Valois, 127.

Charles of Viana, 132-134.

Charles I of England, 284.

Charles IV of France, 134.

Charles VIII of France, 206, 207.

Charles I of Spain, 209, 216, 219, 234-250, 256-258, 263, 275-277, 283-287, 289, 293, 296, 298, 300, 306-308, 311, 314, 316-320, 322, 326, 335, 339, 345, 346, 352, 353, 363.

Charles II of Spain, 258, 268-271, 285, 288, 289, 333, 369, 384.

Charles III of Spain, 376-380, 382-386, 389-392, 394-399, 403, 411, 412, 414, 415, 419, 420, 422-424, 427, 431-433, 435, 436, 438, 439, 445, 447, 449-454, 456, 461-465, 467, 472-475, 478, 479, 481, 485, 486, 495.

Charles IV of Spain, 384, 399-404, 407-409, 412, 415, 419, 422, 423, 425, 427, 435, 436, 439, 446, 447, 456, 463, 469, 473, 477, 486, 488, 498.

Charolais, 235.

Charron, 343.

Chatham, Lord. _See_ Pitt.

Chicharro, 516.

Chièvres, 237.

Chile, 478.

Chindaswinth, 31, 35.

Chinese, the, 353.

Choiseul, 389.

Christians, 22, 23, 39-41, 43-47, 49, 53-60, 67-73, 75-77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 97, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 124, 135, 136, 142, 143, 147, 150, 172, 180, 182, 192, 193, 195, 200, 201, 205, 213, 214, 236, 248, 249, 266, 274-278, 280, 307, 338, 342, 362, 421. _See_ Church.

Chueca, 515.

Church, the, 22, 23, 26, 27, 35-37, 41, 42, 47, 49, 53-55, 60-63, 65, 66, 85-88, 90, 91, 93-98, 100, 105, 111, 114, 117, 123, 124, 127, 131, 137-141, 143, 144, 146, 155-160, 163-165, 169, 172, 173, 182-184, 188, 197, 210, 212, 216, 217, 222, 225, 227, 237, 239, 248, 249, 252, 266, 273-278, 283, 289, 293, 295, 297, 303-323, 325, 334, 340-343, 347, 351-353, 365, 366, 401, 412, 415, 416, 418, 422, 426-428, 430, 437, 441, 443-460, 462, 464, 472, 473, 476, 477, 479, 480, 485, 493, 494, 496, 500, 501, 504, 505, 511-513, 522. _See_ Albigenses, Alcántara, Augustinians, Benedictines, Calatrava, Catholicism, Christians, Cistercians, Cluny, Counter-Reformation, Dominicans, Franciscans, Illuminism, Inquisition, Jesuits, _Limpieza de sangre_, Mozárabes, Mysticism, Nobles, Papal States, Priscillianism, Protestantism, Quietism, Reformation, Santiago, Templars.

Churriguera, 362.

Cicero, 184.

Cid, the, 72-74, 106.

Cieza de León, 347.

Cistercians, 75, 164.

Cities. _See_ Towns.

Ciudad Real, town and province of, 2, 450.

Ciudadela, 195.

Civita Vecchia, 452.

Clará, 516.

“Clarín,” 515.

Clavigero, 482.

Clement V, Pope, 167.

Clement VII, Pope, 167, 168.

Clergy. _See_ Church.

Clovis, 29.

Cluny, monks of, 65, 66, 72, 86, 95, 96, 98, 106. _See_ Church.

Cobos, Bernabé, 347.

Coello, 366.

_Cofradías_, 144, 145, 182, 281, 417. _See_ Arriaga.

Coimbra, 54.

Colmeiro, 516.

Colonna, 184.

Columbus, Christopher, 232, 522.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 347.

Comenius, 343.

Commons, House of, 493.

_Compilación de Canellas_, 97.

Compostela, Santiago de, 55, 63, 74, 75, 93, 95, 105, 106, 165, 174, 238, 263.

_Comunales_, 93.

_Comunidades_, the, 239, 248, 250.

_Concejo._ _See_ Towns, Villa.

Condé, 261.

_Consejo de Castilla._ _See Consejo Real._

_Consejo Real_, 154, 203, 221, 264, 290-293, 311, 317, 320, 321, 329, 331, 418, 425, 426, 428, 431, 433, 435, 445, 450, 468, 475.

_Consejos_, the, 292, 297, 430, 431, 433, 441, 468. _See Cámara, Consejo Real._

_Consell_, the. _See_ Barcelona.

Conservatives, the, 506, 509, 512. _See_ Moderates.

Constance of Aragon, 130.

Constance of Sicily, 126.

Constantinople, 129, 132, 195, 249.

Constanza, Princess, 121.

Constitutions, 493, 494, 496, 498-502, 504-506, 509, 510.

_Consulados_, 109, 177, 178, 328, 329, 331, 468, 469.

_Consumo_, the, 157.

Convention, the French, 403.

_Conversos_, the. _See_ Marranos.

Copernicus, 349.

Córdoba, Gonzalo de, 208, 226.

Cordova, 24, 43-45, 47, 49, 50, 53, 68, 69, 77, 103, 224.

Coria, 54.

Corneille, 482.

Cornejo, 481.

Cornwall, Earl of, 112.

_Corregidores_, 90, 159, 198, 199, 220, 238, 290, 329, 429, 432, 466, 473.

Corsica, 8, 128, 171, 452.

_Cort_, the, 93, 154, 155.

_Cortes_, the, 85, 89-93, 97, 99-101, 114, 117, 123, 128, 133, 140, 141, 147, 148, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165-168, 170, 171, 173, 178, 209, 217, 220, 221, 226, 237-239, 252, 263, 277, 288, 289, 294, 297, 299, 301, 302, 305, 311, 320, 321, 413, 425-429, 473, 492-498, 501-505, 509.

Cortés, Hernando, 296, 347, 350.

Coruña, 238, 255, 263, 450.

Cossío, 516.

Costa, 525.

Counter-Reformation, 306, 312, 342. _See_ Church, Protestantism, Reformation.

Counts, 61, 62, 65, 90, 211, 221, 273.

Covadonga, battle of, 53, 54.

Cowley, 388.

Cristina, Queen, of Spain, 497-500.

Cromagnon man, 6, 7.

Cromwell, 262, 393.

Cruz, Juan de la, Saint, 310.

Cruz, Ramón de la, 484, 487.

_Cruzada_, the, 225, 292, 295, 444, 445.

Cuba, 488, 500, 506.

Cuenca, town and province of, 2, 450, 460.

Cueva, Beltrán de la, 123.

Dante, 185.

Danube River, 27.

Danvila y Collado, 516.

Daoiz, Luis, 410.

Darío, Rubén, 515.

Daroca, 450.

Daza, Juan de, 224.

Denia, 69.

Denmark, 189, 308, 330, 379.

Depósito Hidrográfico, 479.

Deputation of the _Cortes_. _See Generalitat._

Descartes, 343.

Díaz, Juan, 308.

Díaz, Rodrigo, or Ruy. _See_ Cid.

Díaz de Montalvo, Alfonso, 226, 300, 301, 441.

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 347.

Dicenta, 515.

Diderot, 428.

Diez Canedo, 515.

_Diezmos_, 140, 225, 295, 452.

Diocletian, 19, 22.

Directory, the French, 404.

Dominic, Saint, 80, 96.

Dominicans, 80, 96, 173, 304, 314, 316, 358. _See_ Church.

_Don Quixote_, 355-357.

_Donativos_, 295.

Dorantes de Carranza, 347.

_Dos de Mayo_, the, 399, 410, 486, 489, 513.

_Dos novenas_, 140.

Douro River, 2, 17, 54, 58.

Doz, 476.

Drake, Francis, 253, 255.

Dukes, 211, 221, 273.

Dupont, 490.

Dutch, the. _See_ Protestant Netherlands.

East Indies, 262.

Ebro River, 2, 3, 7, 408, 490.

Echegaray, 515.

Edward, Prince. _See_ Black Prince.

Edward I of England, 112.

Edward III of England, 120, 121.

Egmont, Port, 388, 389.

Egypt and the Egyptians, 8, 39, 42, 43. _See_ Gypsies.

El Greco, 364, 366, 485, 516.

El Zagal, 204.

Elche, 169.

Elhuyar brothers, 478.

Elisa, 479.

Elizabeth, Queen, of England, 253-255.

Elvira, 22, 45.

Emporium, 11.

_Encomienda_, 60, 138.

Encyclopedia, the, 428.

England and the English, 92, 105, 112, 113, 120, 121, 134, 158, 175, 176, 203, 207, 209, 235, 236, 241, 244, 246, 247, 253-256, 259, 260, 262, 267, 269, 270, 299, 330, 337, 342, 346, 359, 368-372, 376, 377, 379-401, 403-407, 425, 429, 435, 440, 450, 451, 456, 458, 459, 469-471, 483, 489, 491, 499, 508, 514, 518, 519.

Engracia, Saint, 22.

Ensenada, Marquis of, 434-436, 439, 440, 480.

Enzina, Juan del, 232, 353.

Épila, battle of, 130.

Erasmus, 342.

Escarano, 393, 396.

Escoiquiz, 406, 409.

Escorial, the, 255, 362.

Espagnoletto. _See_ Ribera (the painter).

Espartero, 499, 502.

_Espéculo_, the, 162.

Espinosa, 482.

Esquivel, 350.

Estudios Reales de San Isidro, 341.

Etruria, 405, 407, 410.

Etruscans, the ancient, 24.

Eulalia, Saint, 22.

Euric, 28, 29, 34.

Europe and Europeans, 1, 3, 6, 21, 28, 38, 44, 45, 49-51, 60-62, 64, 67, 86, 91, 94, 102, 103, 105-108, 110, 112, 139, 148, 165, 181, 182, 186, 188, 195, 202, 203, 206, 209, 219, 230, 234, 236, 240-246, 248-251, 254, 257-262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 284, 286, 298, 300, 303, 306, 315, 324, 328, 330, 334, 336-338, 350, 352, 355, 356, 358-360, 368-370, 376, 380-384, 391, 392, 394, 401-403, 407, 415, 419, 426, 449, 466, 471, 478, 480-482, 492, 495, 496, 500, 513, 520.

Évora, 266.

Evreux, House of, 134.

_Expolios_, 319, 321.

Extremadura, 1, 2, 44, 45, 212, 228, 280, 431, 460, 464.

Fachenetti concordat, 320.

Fadrique of Sicily, 128, 129.

Falkland Islands, 388, 389, 400.

Falla, 516.

Family Compact, the, 379, 383, 386, 389, 390, 395, 400.

Far East, the, 265, 353, 488.

Farnese, Alexander, 251.

Farnesio, Isabel, 374-382, 404, 418, 445, 449, 451.

Ferdinand I, the Emperor, 235, 244.

Ferdinand II, the Emperor, 260.

Ferdinand of Antequera. _See_ Ferdinand I of Aragon.

Ferdinand of Aragon. _See_ Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Ferdinand I of Aragon, 122, 131, 132, 168, 170, 189.

Ferdinand II of Aragon, 111, 124, 133, 134, 148, 154, 191, 202-215, 217-230, 234, 235, 272, 276, 277, 287, 290, 292-294, 300, 306, 316, 325, 332, 335, 350.

Ferdinand of Bourbon, Prince, 382.

Ferdinand I of Castile, 71, 73, 75.

Ferdinand II of León (1157-1188). Omitted.

Ferdinand III of Castile (and León), 68, 76, 77, 80, 81, 91, 95, 111, 158, 162.

Ferdinand IV of Castile (and León), 115-117.

Ferdinand V of Spain. _See_ Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Ferdinand VI of Spain, 378, 381, 382, 391, 412, 418, 422, 431, 435, 439, 445, 449, 474, 478, 484.

Ferdinand VII of Spain, 406-409, 477, 486, 488, 492-498.

Ferdinand of Naples, 132.

Fernán González, 57.

Fernán-Núñez, Count of, 472, 481.

Fernández. _See_ Moratín.

Fernández Caballero, 515.

Fernández de Oviedo, 347.

Fernández Duro, 516.

Fernández Guerra, 516.

Fernando de la Cerda, 113, 115.

Ferrán, 515.

Ferrara, 452.

Ferrer, Francisco, 511, 512.

Ferrer, Jaime, 189.

Feudalism. _See_ Church, Nobles, Towns.

Feyjóo, 472, 483.

Fidalgo, 479.

Figueras, President, 504.

_Fiscal_, the, 156.

Fita, Fidel, 516.

Flanders, the Flemings, and Flemish influences, 105, 176, 187, 190, 195, 209, 233, 235, 237, 239, 247, 250, 270, 286, 294, 297, 323, 328, 342, 462.

Flor, Roger de, 129.

Florence, 209, 363.

Florencia, 347.

Flórez, 476.

Florida, 387, 395, 397, 398, 488.

Floridablanca, Count of, 395, 396, 400-402, 415, 428, 435, 436, 452, 463, 480.

Foix, Count of, 134.

France, the French, and French influences, 1, 8, 27-30, 34, 40, 42, 43, 58, 59, 64-66, 74, 75, 78-81, 83, 86, 89, 92, 105-107, 110, 115, 118, 120, 126, 127, 131, 134, 139, 161, 172, 181, 185, 188, 190, 196, 197, 200, 206-209, 214, 229, 235, 236, 240-244, 246-248, 251, 254, 255, 258, 260-265, 267-271, 280, 299, 300, 308, 312, 327, 330, 333, 351, 359, 360, 368-390, 392-397, 399-411, 419-421, 425, 427-429, 434, 440, 445, 449, 452, 454, 457, 459, 461, 468-472, 476, 482-485, 489-493, 496, 497, 500, 503, 508, 513, 514, 518, 524. _See_ French Revolution, Provençal influences.

Franche-Comté, 235.

Francis I of France, 209, 235, 240, 241.

Franciscans, 96, 173, 216, 217, 304, 314. _See_ Church.

Franks, the, 19, 29, 30, 42, 43, 55, 56, 64.

Freemasons, 495, 512.

French Revolution, 161, 384, 399-402, 428, 429, 457, 477, 496.

_Fuero Juzgo_, 31, 37, 63, 65, 91, 98, 99, 162, 163.

_Fuero Real_, 162, 163, 441.

_Fuerza_, recourse of, 156, 164, 291, 311, 321, 322, 446.

Furfooz man, 6.

Galba, 16.

_Galeras_, the, 295.

Galés. Pedro, 308.

Galicia and the Galicians, 2, 4, 8-10, 11, 27, 28, 56-58, 71, 74, 106, 180, 184, 185, 203, 238, 327, 431, 434, 460, 478, 511.

Galván, 350.

Gálvez, Bernardo de, 397.

Gálvez, José de, 436.

Gándara, 516.

Ganivet, 515.

García de la Huerta, 484.

Garnier, 393.

Gascony, 112, 113.

Gastambide, 515.

Gaudí, 516.

Gelmírez, Diego, 74, 75, 95.

General Privilege, the, 126, 130, 167.

_Generalitat_, the, 148, 170-172, 178, 299.

Genoa, 109, 129, 131, 297, 470.

Germanic tribes, 26-29, 33, 59, 63, 75. _See_ Alans, Germans, Ostrogoths, Suevians, Vandals, Visigoths.

Germany and the Germans, 105, 112, 113, 229, 235, 236, 238, 240-244, 246, 247, 260, 269, 285, 297, 308, 350, 359, 366, 371, 448, 462, 483, 485, 508, 513, 514. _See_ Prussia.

Gerona, city and province of, 11, 64, 65, 77, 82, 172, 173, 212, 430, 491.

Gibbon, 346.

Gibraltar, 32, 71, 371, 376, 377, 379, 381, 382, 385, 396, 397, 407, 514.

Gilbert, Humphrey, 253.

Giner de los Ríos, 516, 525.

Giotto, 187, 190.

Godoy, Manuel, 402-409, 419, 422, 423, 436, 447, 448, 455, 472, 474, 475, 477, 516.

Gómez de Baquero, 516.

Góngora, Luis de Argote y, 358.

Góngora, the historian, 347.

González Blanco, 515.

González Bravo, 500, 503.

González Dávila, Gil, 350.

González del Castillo, 484.

Gothic art, 107, 108, 110, 186, 187, 190, 197, 233, 361, 362.

Gothic rite, 36, 95, 98, 100.

Goya, Francisco José, 366, 421, 422, 471, 485, 486, 516.

Granada, city of, 2, 53, 71, 201, 205, 293, 423, 431; kingdom and province of, 2, 3, 50, 68, 69, 71, 77, 82, 111, 113, 115, 117, 121-123, 135, 136, 142, 192, 200-202, 204-206, 211, 213, 219, 221, 225-227, 248, 277, 280, 327, 431, 460.

Granados, 516.

Grandees, 211, 273, 373, 379, 411-413, 447, 501, 505.

Great Schism, 131, 164, 167, 168, 317.

Greece, the Greeks, and Greek influences, 6, 7, 11-14, 18, 24, 36, 37, 51, 102, 103, 105, 190, 230, 242, 342, 350-353, 361, 362, 364, 484. _See_ Byzantine Romans.

Gregory VII, Pope, 95, 164.

Gregory XIII, Pope, 322, 349.

Gregory XIV, Pope, 317.

Grimaldi, 394, 395.

Grotius, 344.

Guadalajara, 54, 450.

Guadalquivir River, 1-3, 5, 49.

Guadalupe, Sentence of, 212.

Guadarrama Mountains. _See_ Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains.

Guadiana River, 2.

Guastalla, 381.

Guatemala, 478.

Guerrero, 366.

Guesclin, Bertrand du, 120.

Guimerá, 515.

Guipúzcoa, 134, 135, 197-200, 274, 284, 301, 429, 460.

Gutiérres de Santa Clara, 347.

Guzmán, Domingo de. _See_ Dominic.

Guzmán, Leonor de, 118.

Guzmán el Bueno, 114, 115.

Guzmán family, 138, 152.

Gypsies, the, 275, 276, 414.

Hadrian, 20.

Hakem I, 43, 44.

Hakem II, 45, 57.

Hamilcar, 12.

Hannibal, 12-14.

Hapsburg, House of, 113, 207, 234-236, 241, 243, 244, 246, 260, 268-271, 276, 284, 287, 293, 303, 316, 331, 332, 368, 374, 411, 426, 432, 443, 446, 452, 454, 455, 473, 506.

Harcourt, 270.

Harrach, 270.

Hasdrubal, the elder, 12-13.

Hasdrubal, the younger, 13.

Havana, 386, 387, 395.

Hawkins, John, 253.

Hayti, 403.

Hebrew literature, 188, 230, 352. _See_ Jews.

Heceta, 479.

Henry, Prince, of Portugal, 189.

Henry I of Castile, 76.

Henry II of Castile (and León), 118-121, 138, 140, 186.

Henry III of Castile (and León), 121, 122, 135, 138, 186.

Henry IV of Castile (and León), 122-124, 134, 138, 139, 143, 164, 204, 210.

Henry VIII of England, 207, 208, 235.

Henry IV of France, 248, 260.

Henry of Lorraine, 74.

Henry I of Portugal, 251, 252.

Henry of Trastamara. _See_ Henry II of Castile (and León).

_Hermandades_, 92, 141, 155, 158, 220, 223.

Hermenegild, 30.

Herrera, Juan de, 361, 362.

Herrera, the historian, 347.

Herrera, the painter, 366.

Hevía, 347.

_Hidalgos_, 211, 273, 274, 295, 298, 411-414, 419, 434.

Hillo, Pepe, 422.

Hinojosa, 516.

Hippocrates, 350.

Hisham I, 43.

Hisham II, 45, 46, 69.

Hisham III, 46, 68.

Hispano-Romans, 18-21, 24, 25, 28-31, 33-36, 47, 50.

Hittites, the, 8.

Hobbes, 428.

Hohenstaufen, House of, 126.

Holland. _See_ Low Countries, Protestant Netherlands.

Holy Roman Emperors. _See_ Holy Roman Empire.

Holy Roman Empire, 75, 112, 113, 126, 153, 207, 209, 235, 244, 269, 270, 369, 371.

Homer, 185, 356.

Honduras, 385-387, 395, 397, 398.

_Honores_, 138.

_Honrats_, 169, 170.

Hoyos, 356.

Huesca, 450.

Humanism, 230, 231, 343, 347, 351-353, 356.

Humboldt, Alexander von, 448, 478, 483.

Hume, 345, 428.

Hungary, 26, 242.

Huns, 27.

Ibáñez, Blasco, 515, 516.

Iberian Mountains, 2.

Iberian Peninsula, 1, 5-7.

Iberians, the, 7-10, 12, 14.

Ibiza, 10, 81.

Iglesias, 515.

Ignatius, Saint. _See_ Loyola.

Ilerda, battle of, 18.

Iliberis, 22.

Illo, Pepe. _See_ Hillo.

Illuminism, 308, 309, 314, 457. _See_ Church.

Incas, the, 281.

_Index_, the, 307, 311, 319, 428, 455.

India, 50, 229.

Indians, 60, 272, 275, 296, 353, 391, 449, 518.

Iñigo Arista, 56.

Innocent III, Pope, 76, 80.

Inquisition, the, 202, 206, 210, 214-216, 221-224, 231, 248-250, 263, 276-278, 293, 304, 305, 307, 309-312, 314, 315, 319, 360, 428, 439, 444-449, 455-457, 494. _See_ Church.

Insúa, Alberto, 515.

Irish, the, 264, 315.

Isabel, Princess, 121.

Isabella I of Castile (and León), 111, 123, 124, 133, 134, 139, 154, 202-230, 242, 272, 276, 287, 290, 292-294, 300, 306, 316, 325, 332, 350, 383.

Isabella II of Spain, 498-503, 506.

Isidore, Saint, 37, 107.

Isla, 483.

Islam, 43. _See_ Mohammedanism.

Itálica, 20.

Italy, the Italians, and Italian influences, 6, 8, 13, 17, 27, 78, 100, 105, 109, 110, 125-127, 132, 167, 172, 177, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 195, 202, 203, 207-209, 214, 218, 219, 229-231, 233-236, 241-244, 247, 258, 260, 261, 264, 268, 297, 300, 308, 312, 316, 318, 320, 339, 351-353, 355-357, 359, 362-364, 366, 374-382, 434, 444, 470, 471, 482-485, 487, 518.

Jaén, 114.

Jaime I of Aragon, 68, 80-82, 97-100, 109-112, 125, 150, 167, 173, 192.

Jaime II of Aragon, 127, 128, 167.

Jaime II of Majorca, 82, 126, 127, 192.

Jaime of Urgel, 131, 132, 168.

Jamaica, 385.

James, Saint, 55.

James I of England, 254, 259.

Janda, battle of, 32.

Jansenists, 443, 456.

Japanese, the, 353.

Jay, John, 397.

Jena, battle of, 407.

Jenkins, 380.

Jerez, 347.

Jerusalem, 55, 312.

Jesuits, 266, 304, 310, 312-315, 323, 341, 359, 391, 443, 444, 448-453, 456, 473, 474, 478, 480, 483. _See_ Church.

Jews, the, 31, 32, 36, 39, 41, 42, 47, 84, 86, 87, 96, 98, 102-105, 143, 147, 149, 150, 158, 160, 175, 176, 182, 183, 188, 193-196, 210, 213-216, 221, 229, 266, 280, 304, 308, 315, 332, 414, 456, 457. _See_ Marranos.

Jiménez de Cisneros. _See_ Ximénez.

Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo, 107.

Jiménez de Urrea, Miguel, 189.

João IV of Portugal, 267. _See_ Braganza.

John, Don, of Austria. _See_ Juan of Austria.

John of Gaunt, 121.

Joseph, King, of Spain, 409, 488, 490.

Jovellanos, 415, 436, 447, 459, 472, 474, 475, 480, 481.

Juan, Jorge, 476, 478.

Juan, Prince, of Castile, 114-116.

Juan I of Aragon, 131, 148, 167, 188, 189.

Juan II of Aragon, 132-134, 148, 170, 171, 195, 206, 212.

Juan of Austria, 249-251, 254.

Juan of Austria (another), 268, 269.

Juan I of Castile (and León), 121, 140, 154, 167, 186.

Juan II of Castile (and León), 122, 123, 139, 154, 156, 161, 181.

Juana Enríquez of Castile, 132-134.

Juana la Beltraneja, 123, 124, 203.

Juana la Loca, 207-209, 235, 244.

Judaizantes, 215. _See_ Marranos.

Jumilla, 450.

Junot, 407.

_Junta Central_, 492.

_Junta de Comercio y Moneda_, 330, 468.

_Junta de Moneda_. _See_ _Junta de Comercio y Moneda_.

_Justicia_, the, 97, 125, 126, 128, 130, 166.

Justinian, 29, 97, 163, 184, 301, 441.

_Juzgado de Imprenta_, 428.

Kino, Eusebio, 482.

Koran, the, 48, 49.

La Bisbal, 177.

_La Celestina_, 232, 356.

La Mancha, 2, 3, 228, 280, 460.

Labrit family, 240.

Lafita, Juan, 516.

Lancaster, Duke of. _See_ John of Gaunt.

Lanza, Silverio, 515.

_Lanzas_, 295.

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 347, 358, 518.

Las Mesas, 450.

_Latifundia_, 138, 144, 281, 325, 327, 336, 464, 522.

Latin language, 36, 50, 63, 106, 107, 184, 185, 189, 197, 230-232, 307, 341, 346, 350-353, 359. _See_ Rome.

Latins, 15. _See_ Rome.

Lauria, Roger de, 127.

Lee, Arthur, 395.

Leocadia, Saint, 22.

León, city of, 20, 56, 57, 361.

León, Ricardo, 515.

León (kingdom and province of) and the Leonese, 56-58, 60-64, 69-77, 85-97, 104-110, 161, 162, 180, 491.

León Pinelo, 347.

Leonor of Navarre, 134.

Leopold of Hohenzollern, 503.

Leovgild, 29, 30, 35.

Lepanto, battle of, 249, 356.

Lérida, 18, 78, 110.

Lerma, Duke of, 259, 266.

Lesage, 483.

_Letrados_, 154, 156, 221, 272, 274, 300.

_Leyes de Toro_, 217, 227, 281, 301, 441.

Liberalism, 489, 495-503, 506, 508, 509, 514.

_Limosna al rey_, 295.

_Limpieza de sangre_, 216, 315, 417.

Linares Rivas, 515.

Lisbon, 255, 265.

Livy, 185, 186, 347.

Llorente, 481.

Lobeira, Vasco de, 185, 232.

Locke, 428.

Loire River, 28.

London, 365, 389, 393, 403.

Lope de Vega. _See_ Vega.

López de Ayala, Pedro, 139, 152, 186.

López de Chinchilla, Garcí, 203.

López de Gómara, 347, 350.

López de Haro, 479.

López de Velasco, Juan, 347, 348.

Lords. _See_ Church, Nobles.

Loreto, 55.

Louis IX of France, 77.

Louis XII of France, 208.

Louis XIV of France, 262, 269-271, 369, 371, 373-375, 425.

Louis XV of France, 375, 377, 378, 389.

Louis XVI of France, 396, 401-403, 496.

Louis the Pious, 55.

Louisiana, 387, 405, 406.

Low Countries, the, 209, 234, 235, 244, 247, 250-252, 254-256, 258, 259, 261, 267, 269, 296, 312, 374, 376, 455. _See_ Catholic Netherlands, Flanders, Protestant Netherlands.

Loyola, Ignacio de, 311, 312.

Lucan, 24, 185.

Lucas of Tuy, 107.

Lucero, 224.

Lucian, 356.

Lugo, 20.

Luis I of Spain, 377, 378, 426.

Lull, Raymond, 110, 188, 309.

Luna, Álvaro de, 122, 123, 139.

Luna, Pedro de. _See_ Benedict XIII.

Lusitania and the Lusitanians, 8, 9, 16, 17, 57.

Luther, Martin, 307, 309.

Luxembourg, 235.

Luzán, Ignacio de, 482.

Machado (two), 515.

Madrid, 255, 263, 270, 283, 286, 291, 329, 331, 341, 354, 365, 370, 408-410, 421-423, 435, 450, 451, 455, 460, 468, 469, 473, 478, 479, 484, 490, 491, 508; ordinance of, 160.

Maeztu, 515.

Magellan, Strait of, 388.

Mahomet, 39.

Mahomet-ben-Abdallah-abu-Amir. _See_ Almansor.

Mahón, Port, 381.

Maimónides, 103.

_Majismo_, 421, 424, 486.

Majorca and the Majorcans, 81, 82, 109, 126, 131, 172, 187, 189, 190, 192-196, 240, 274, 275, 290, 293, 359, 427, 430-432, 437.

Málaga, city and province of, 2, 10, 68, 69.

Malaspina, 476.

Malouines Islands. _See_ Falkland Islands.

Malta, 249; knights of, 404.

Maluinas Islands. _See_ Falkland Islands.

Manfred of Athens, 129.

Manfred of Sicily, 126.

Manila, 386-388.

Manuel I of Portugal, 252.

Maragall, 515, 516.

Marcus Aurelius, 20.

María Ana of Austria, 269, 284.

María Cristina, Queen, of Spain, 506.

María Cristina of Naples. _See_ Cristina (Queen).

María Luisa, Queen, 402, 404, 405, 407-409, 412, 424, 448, 455.

María Luisa of Savoy, 374.

María of Aragon, 148, 149.

María of Portugal, 247.

María Teresa of Spain, 262, 270.

María Victoria of Portugal, 392.

Mariana, 345-347.

Mariánica Mountains, 2.

Marie de Medici, 260.

Marinas, 516.

Marius, 17.

Marmontel, 482.

Marquina, 515.

Marquises, 211, 221, 273.

Marranos, 143, 158, 189, 193, 214, 215. _See_ Jews, Judaizantes.

Marseilles, 11.

Martel, Charles, 42.

Martial, 24.

Martín I of Aragon. 131, 148, 167.

Martínez de la Mata, 344.

Martínez Marina, 481.

Martínez Sierra, 515, 516.

Martyr, Peter, 230, 232.

Mary, Queen, of England, 244, 247, 253, 342.

Mary Stuart, 254.

Masdeu, 480, 481.

Mathei, 388.

Maura, Antonio, 511, 512.

Mauretania, 19.

Maurice of Saxony, 243.

Maximilian I, the Emperor, 235, 237.

Mayáns, Gregorio, 480.

_Media anata_, the, 295, 413.

Medici, Marie de. _See_ Marie.

Medina, 476.

Medina del Campo, 328, 329.

Medina Sidonia, dukes of, 138, 211, 255, 267, 268.

Mediterranean Sea, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 45, 66, 81, 102, 105, 109, 129-132, 158, 170-172, 177, 178, 195, 206, 229, 249, 260, 325, 328.

Meléndez Valdés, 483.

Melilla, 206, 390.

Melón, 164.

Mendieta, 347.

Mendoza, Pedro de, 216, 227.

Menéndez, the painter, 485.

Menéndez Pidal, 515.

Menéndez y Pelayo, 515, 516.

Mengs, 485.

Mercado, 350.

Mercator, 348.

Mérida, 20, 22, 32, 40, 44.

_Merinos_, 90, 92, 93, 154-156, 199.

Merlin, 185.

Mesa, 515.

Mesenghi, 445, 447.

_Mesta_, the, 104, 105, 155, 174, 227-229, 282, 325, 327, 416, 463, 465.

Metaurus, battle of the, 13.

Mexico, 296, 478, 500, 523. _See_ New Spain.

Meyra, 164.

Milá Fontanals, 515.

Milan, 207, 209, 241, 267, 372.

_Milicias_, the, 453.

Military orders. _See_ Alcántara, Calatrava, Church, Malta, Nobles, Saint John, Santiago, Templars.

_Millones_, the, 294, 297.

Milton, 482.

Mina, 491.

Minorca, 81, 195, 371, 376, 379, 381, 382, 386, 396-398, 406.

Mirabeau, 428.

Miralles, 397.

Miranda, Marquis of, 428.

Mississippi River, 387, 398.

Mociño, 477.

Moderates, the, 496, 498, 499.

Moguls, the, 121.

Mohammedanism, 39-41, 43, 47-49, 51, 59, 69-72, 217, 248, 277. _See_ Moslems.

Molina, María de, 115, 116.

Molina, the botanist, 477.

Molinism. _See_ Quietism.

Molinos, Miguel de, 309.

Mombeltrán, 450.

Mondoñedo, 164.

Moñino, José. _See_ Floridablanca.

Montaigne, 343, 482.

Montalvo, Alfonso Díaz de. _See_ Díaz.

Montalvo, Garcí Ordóñez de. _See_ Ordóñez.

Montañés, 362.

Montano, Arias, 314, 352.

_Montepíos_, 417, 463.

Montesquieu, 428.

Montfort, Simon de, 80, 81.

Montiel, battle of, 120.

Moors. _See_ Almohades, Moslems.

Morales, Ambrosio de, 346, 347.

Morales, the composer, 366.

Morales, the treasurer, 224.

Moratín, Leandro Fernández de, 483, 484.

Moratín, Nicolás Fernández de, 483.

Moreno Carbonero, 516.

Moriscos, 205, 213, 242, 248, 249, 272, 275-280, 304, 308, 327, 334, 336.

Morocco, 70, 82, 113, 117, 383, 390, 414, 456, 500, 511, 513. _See_ Africa.

Morote, 515.

Moslems, the, 5, 19, 26, 32, 33, 38-59, 63, 64, 66-73, 75-79, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102-105, 111-113, 115-117, 123, 126, 135, 136, 138, 142, 158, 172, 174, 178-183, 188, 195, 196, 200, 201, 204-206, 213, 216, 225, 229, 241, 242, 247-249, 275, 279, 280, 284, 285, 295, 299, 315, 324, 332, 334, 338, 363, 66, 390, 414, 456, 513, 518, 520, 522. _See_ Almohades, Almoravides, Arabs, Benimerines, Berbers, Granada, Islam, Mohammedanism, Moriscos, Morocco, Mudéjares, Muladíes, Renegados, Shiites, Sunnites, Syrians.

Mota Padilla, 482.

Moura, Cristóbal de, 252.

Mozárabes, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 79, 84, 86, 87, 96, 98, 105. _See_ Gothic rite.

Mozart, 487.

Mudarites. _See_ Shiites.

Mudéjar architecture, 108, 109, 187.

Mudéjares, the, 86, 87, 96-98, 100, 102, 105, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 158, 160, 175, 183, 193, 196, 200, 205, 210, 213, 214, 272, 276, 277, 304, 308.

Mühlberg, battle of, 243.

Muladíes, 41. _See_ Renegados.

Munda, battle of, 18.

Muñoz, Gil, 168.

Muñoz, the historian, 481.

Muñoz Degrain, 515.

Muñoz San Román, 515.

Murat, 408, 409.

Murcia, city of, 77, 437, 450; province of, 2, 44, 50, 79, 81, 280, 435.

Murillo, 365, 366, 485.

Musa, 32, 33.

Mutis, 477.

Mysticism, 309, 310, 343, 359. _See_ Church.

Nájera, 91.

Naples, city of, 132, 188, 231; kingdom of, 126, 132, 171, 189, 191, 195, 207, 208, 235, 268, 364, 372, 379, 380, 384, 447, 449, 452, 456, 472, 497.

Napoleon I of France, 399, 400, 404-410, 439, 488-492, 494, 497.

Narbonne, 29.

Narváez, 500-502.

National Assembly, the French, 400, 401, 493.

Navalcarnero, 450.

Navarre, 55-59, 64-66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 101, 110, 112, 120, 132-135, 192, 196, 197, 199, 207-209, 213, 214, 219, 235, 240, 288-290, 427, 430-433, 441, 460, 461, 491.

Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 71, 76.

Neanderthal man, 6.

Nebrija, Antonio de, 231.

Nelson, 406.

New Castile, 2, 431. _See_ Castile.

New Orleans, 395, 397.

New Spain, 394, 448, 450, 482. _See_ Mexico.

Newfoundland, 325, 385-387, 397.

Nicene creed. _See_ Catholicism.

Nieto, 516.

Niño, Pero, 158.

Nobles, the, 30-35, 40, 41, 53-57, 60-65, 67, 73, 74, 76-82, 85, 86, 89-94, 96-101, 104, 111, 113-128, 130, 132, 133, 137-142, 144-157, 159, 160, 163, 166-172, 177, 192, 196-200, 202-204, 210-213, 217, 219-221, 225, 237-240, 252, 253, 263, 266, 267, 272-281, 288-290, 294, 295, 298, 307, 325, 334-336, 339, 341, 352, 402, 411-415, 419, 421, 422, 424, 426-428, 430, 433, 437, 447, 448, 459, 460, 462, 464, 468, 472-474, 490, 494, 501, 505, 511, 518, 522. _See_ _Caballeros_, Church, Counts, Dukes, Grandees, _Hidalgos_, Marquises, Military orders, _Ricoshombres_.

Nootka affair, the, 400, 401.

Normans, 44, 64.

North Africa. _See_ Africa.

North America. _See_ Spanish America, United States.

Norway, 189.

_Novísima Recopilación_, 425, 441.

_Nueva Recopilación_, 300, 301, 425, 441.

Numantia, 16, 17.

Numidians, 14.

Núñez de Arce, 515.

Ocampo, Florián de, 345, 346.

Octavius. _See_ Augustus.

O’Donnell, 500-502.

_Oidores_, 154.

Old Castile, 2, 431, 460. _See_ Castile.

Olivares, Count-Duke of, 261, 263-268, 284, 288.

Oman, 489, 491.

Omar-ben Hafsun, 44, 45.

Ommayad family, 42, 46.

_Ordenanzas Reales_, the, 226, 301.

Ordóñez de Montalvo, Garcí, 232.

O’Reilly, Alejandro, 390.

Oretana Mountains, 2.

Orleans, Duke of, 375.

Orosius, 36.

Orry, 374, 434, 439.

Ortega, the historian, 482.

Ortega Gasset, 515.

Ostend Company, the, 378.

Ostrogoths, 27.

Ovid, 185.

Oviedo, 55-57.

Pacheco, 366.

Pacific Ocean, 310, 350, 381, 388.

Padilla, María de, 118, 119, 121.

Padilla family, 119.

Páez de Castro, 345, 346.

Palacio Valdés, 515.

Palacios, 516.

Palafox, General, 491.

Palafox, Juan de, 449, 450.

Palatinate, the, 260.

Palencia, 106, 450.

Palestine, 82.

Palma, 192-195, 430, 437.

Palou, 482.

Pamplona, 54, 312.

Panamá, Isthmus of, 350.

Papal States, 126-128, 241, 247, 260, 316-320, 451, 504. _See_ Church, Rome.

Paraguay, 391, 392, 435, 449.

Pardo Bazán, 515.

Paris, city of, 247, 369, 512; treaty of, 387; university of, 312.

Parlement of Paris, 369.

Parliament, the British, 388.

Parma, 374, 376, 381, 404, 405, 445.

_Partidas_, the, 162-165, 171, 175, 181, 184, 185, 226, 281, 301, 441.

_Pase Regio_, the, 95, 164, 167, 317, 318, 320, 322, 444-447.

Passau, 243.

Patiño, 434, 436, 439.

_Patronato Real_, 227, 292, 322, 443, 445.

Paul IV, Pope, 247, 316-318.

Paul, Saint, 22.

Paula, Francisco de, 410.

Pavón, 477.

Peace, Prince of the, 403. _See_ Godoy.

Pedrell, 516.

Pedro I of Aragon (1094-1104). Omitted.

Pedro II of Aragon, 79, 80, 98, 126, 127, 167.

Pedro III of Aragon, 82, 125-127. 192.

Pedro IV of Aragon, 119, 120, 129-131, 146, 148, 150, 166-168, 171, 173, 188, 192.

Pedro I of Castile (and León), 117-121, 129, 138, 186.

Pelayo, 53, 54.

Penibética Mountains, 2.

Peninsula War, 491, 492.

Peñíscola, 168.

Pereda, 515.

Perés, Ramón D., 515.

Pérez, the navigator, 479.

Pérez de Ayala, 515.

Pérez de Guzmán, 186, 345.

Pérez de Ribas, 347.

Pérez Galdós, 515, 516.

Persia, 121.

Perú, 281, 296, 478.

_Pesquisa_, the, 156, 157, 273.

_Pesquisidores_, 220.

Pestalozzi, 474.

Petrarch, 184, 185.

Petronilla, 79.

Philip of Bourbon, Prince, 378, 381.

Philip I of Castile (and León), 207, 208, 211, 235, 244.