Chapter XXVII: Appendix: D (2)

[612] Compare the measurements of the two men-of-war, as given here, with those on p. 124.

[613] ‘Esloria,’ _i.e._, the keel length added to the fore and aft rakes.

[614] Duro, _Dis. Nauticas_, Lib. V, p. 152. If this is tried with the above ships the feet must first be reduced to cubits; it will be found that the Spanish method makes the tonnage much heavier, the _Elizabeth_ is 996 net and 1196 gross.

[615] _State Papers, Venetian_, Surian’s Report.

[616] _Calendar of Letters and Papers relating to English affairs at Simancas_, 10th May 1574.

[617] _Ibid._, 3rd Aug. 1566.

[618] _Ibid._, 8th Jan. 1569.

[619] _Ibid._, 1st June 1569.

[620] _Ibid._, 30th March 1586.

[621] _State Papers, Dom._, clii, 19. The Spaniards allowed one seaman to every five tons of net tonnage.

[622] _Ibid._, clxxxv, 33, ii.

[623] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2233.

[624] _State Papers, Dom._, cclviii, f. 10.

[625] _Lands. MSS._, 166, f. 198.

[626] _Ibid._, 144, 53.

[627] _Ibid._, 73, f. 161.

[628] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2225.

[629] _Ibid._, 2228 and 2231.

[630] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 25th Jan. 1579.

[631] _Ibid._, 28th Jan. 1580. The story is told in full in Hakluyt, _Voyages_, xi, 9, et seq. (ed. 1885).

[632] _State Papers, Dom._ ccxxxvii, ff. 169, 170.

[633] _State Papers, Dom. Jas. I_, xli, p. 119.

[634] See Appendix B.

[635] _State Papers, Dom. Eliz._, ccxv, 41.

[636] _State Papers Dom._, 26th Aug. 1588. Howard to Walsyngham.

[637] _Lansd. MSS._, 70, f. 183.

[638] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 14th Aug. 1580.

[639] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2233.

[640] _Harl. MSS._, 167, f. 39.

[641] _State Papers, Dom. Eliz._ xvii, 43, and xxvi, 43.

[642] _Ibid._, xxxvii, 61.

[643] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2205, 2206.

[644] _Ibid._, 2358 and _Exch. War. for Issues_, 15th Feb. 1560.

[645] Dried fish.

[646] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2362.

[647] _State Papers, Dom._ cix, 37.

[648] _State Papers, Dom._ clxxxix, 8.

[649] 12,040 lbs.

[650] He was chief clerk of the kitchen, (_Lansd. MSS._, 62, f. 132).

[651] _State Papers, Dom._ ccix, 16.

[652] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxix, 23.

[653] _Ibid._, ccxxvi, 85, and ccxxxi, 80.

[654] _State Papers Dom._, ccxxxix, 109.

[655] _Rot. Pat._ 8th Nov. 1595.

[656] _State Papers, Dom._, clii, 19.

[657] Born in 1532 of a well-known Plymouth mercantile and seafaring family. He went to sea early, but his voyages of 1562-4-8, and the diplomatic difficulties to which they led with Spain, first brought him into prominence. He married Katherine Gonson about 1558.

[658] _State Papers, Dom._, cxi, 33.

[659] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxvi, 57.

[660] _Ibid._, ccxxii, 48.

[661] _Harl. MSS._, ccliii, f. 6.

[662] _Ibid._

[663] _State Papers, Dom._, ccii, 35, Hawkyns to Burghley.

[664] Some of these charges are examined in detail in Appendix C.

[665] _State Papers, Dom._, 28th Oct., 1579.

[666] _State Papers, Dom._, clxx, 57, April 1584.

[667] _Ibid._, ccxxxi, 83.

[668] This probably referred to Borough. Another writer, who was no lover of Hawkyns, said that Borough did all he could ‘to gett all the keyes to his owne girdle,’ (_Harl. MSS._ 253, f. 1).

[669] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxlii, 79 and ccxlvii, 27.

[670] _Rot. Pat._, 8th July 1585.

[671] _State Papers, Dom._, 30th May 1594.

[672] _Rot Pat._, 5th May 1596.

[673] _Ibid._, 22nd December 1598.

[674] _Ibid._, 11th July 1589.

[675] _Ibid._, 20th Dec. 1598.

[676] _Ibid._

[677] _Ibid._, 10th Oct. 1560.

[678] _Ibid._, 24th Mar. 1580.

[679] _Ibid._, 6 Nov. 1588.

[680] _Lansd. MSS._, 116, f. 4.

[681] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2204.

[682] _Ibid._, 2210.

[683] _Ibid._, 2215.

[684] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxl, 47.

[685] Hawkyns and Borough to Lord Admiral. _Exch. War. for Issues_, 6th July 1573.

[686] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxvii, 26.

[687] _Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 58.

[688] ‘Candles spente in nightlie watches of four shippes lying at Chatham for the better suertie and preservacon of the flete there at xiiiˢ iiiiᵈ every shippe,’ for the quarter.

[689] _Harl. MSS._ 253, f. 13.

[690] _Ibid._, f. 14.

[691] _Seaman’s Secrets._

[692] Appendix B.

[693] _State Papers, Dom._, clii, 19.

[694] _Ibid._, clxxxvi, 43.

[695] _Ibid._, cclxxxvi, 36.

[696] Quoted by Duro, _Disq. Nauticas_, II, 189. Professor Laughton considers that the losses of the Armada, in the flight round the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland, were as much due to bad seamanship as to the summer gales with which they had to contend.

[697] _State Papers, Dom._, iii, 44.

[698] Slings do not again occur in ordnance papers; these were probably relics of the reign of Henry VIII.

[699] The ‘pace’ was 5 feet (_Cott. MSS._ Julius F. IV, f. 1, _Arte of Gunnery_).

[700] _Lansd. MSS._ 113, f. 177.

[701] _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 275 (1577).

[702] _Ibid._, p. 317.

[703] _Ibid._, clxxxvi, 34.

[704] _State Papers, Dom._, ccliv, 43.

[705] _Royal MSS._ 17 A xxxi.

[706] With two chambers.

[707] With three chambers.

[708] Although the _Victory_ was not rebuilt until some years later she was not at this date upon the effective.

[709] Also two curtalls.

[710] The other three galleys had the same armament.

[711] _State Papers, Dom._, cvi, 58 (1575).

[712] _Add. MSS._ 9297, f. 212.

[713] _La Armada Invencible_, I, 76.

[714] _State Papers, Dom._, cvi, 14.

[715] _Ibid._, cclxxv, 40.

[716] _Ibid._, cclvii, 108.

[717] _Lansd. MSS._, 65, f. 94.

[718] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxliv, 116.

[719] _Ibid._, xcv, 22, 69.

[720] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 19th June 1574.

[721] _State Papers, Dom._, xxi, 56. Corn, or large grain, powder was used for small arms; serpentine for the heavy guns, but the latter was going out of use at sea.

[722] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxviii, 35.

[723] _Ibid._, lxxiv, 3.

[724] _Ibid._, cclxxxvii, 59.

[725] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 1st Mar. 1564.

[726] _Ibid._, 21st Feb. 1567.

[727] Until, and including, 1564 the money for victualling is paid by the Navy Treasurer and contained in his totals.

[728] Comprising wages and tonnage hire.

[729] Timber, ironwork, pitch, tar, etc., and sometimes included in the dockyard amounts.

[730] Ordinary, comprised wages of clerks and shipkeepers, moorings, and normal repairs of ships. Extraordinary, building and heavy repairs of ships, building and repair of wharves, storehouses, and docks, purchase of stores, and ordinary sea wages.

[731] Accounts wanting.

[732] In 1560 and 1563 some subsidiary charges at Harwich and other ports.

[733] The total spent is now exclusive of the victualling.

[734] Account keeping by dockyards ceases; divided into ordinary and extraordinary.

[735] From 1st Jan., 1595, to 24th April, 1596.

[736] From 6th May to 31st Dec. 1596.

[737] From 1st Jan. to 31st Dec. exclusive of the Cadiz Fleet.

[738] Of which Cadiz £14,415.

[739] Of which Channel £9945, and ocean service £27,263.

[740] _Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 30.

[741] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxii, 41, 42.

[742] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2221.

[743] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxviii, 16.

[744] _Ibid._, cclxx, 26.

[745] _Burghley Papers_, p. 620.

[746] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxxiv, 72, 75.

[747] _Cott. MSS._ Otho. E IX, f. 192.

[748] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxvii, 71.

[749] _Cott. MSS._ Otho E IX, f. 192.

[750] _Exch. War. for Issues_, 10th May 1560.

[751] _Ibid._, 13th June 1569.

[752] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxxiv, 72.

[753] _Ibid._, ccxl, 14.

[754] _Ibid._, cclvi, 107. But see _supra_ p. 160.

[755] _Pipe Office Accounts_ 2233, but £70,000 according to _State Papers, Dom._, cclix, 61.

[756] _State Papers, Dom._, cclii, 107.

[757] _State Papers, Dom._, cciv, 46.

[758] _Lansd. MSS._, 70, f. 82. The _Madre de Dios_, the _Bom Jesus_, the _Santa Cruz_, and the _St. Bartholomeu_, all richly laden left Goa in company on 10th January 1592. The _Bom Jesus_ was lost in the Mozambique Channel with all on board, the _Bartholomeu_ parted company about the same time and was never heard of again, the _Santa Cruz_ was run ashore and burnt to prevent capture. Nor was the total loss of a Portuguese or Spanish squadron, from various causes, at all remarkable. The captain of the _Madre de Dios_, Fernando de Mendoza, had been master of Medina Sidonia’s flagship in 1588; his maritime interviews with the English must have become a veritable nightmare to him. The Fuggers of Augsburg, to whom the cargo was hypothecated, are said to have been the real losers by the capture, as it was probably not insured. It was difficult to insure Spanish ships at this time. In 1587 a Spaniard wrote of a vessel in the West Indies, ‘I have not assured any part thereof and at this present I do not find any that will assure at any price’ (_Lansd. MSS._, 53, f. 21). The conditions had become much more unfavourable to Spanish seaborne commerce by 1592.

[759] _Lansd. MSS._, 73, f. 38.

[760] _Harl. MSS._, 598.

[761] _Lansd. MSS._ 73, f. 38. It suited Elizabeth to rate the _Foresight_ as high as possible, so she now reached her maximum of 450 tons; she had been as low as 260.

[762] _Lansd. MSS._ 70, ff. 55, 187.

[763] _Harl. MSS._, 306, f. 233, 3rd May 1594.

[764] 5 Eliz. c. 5.

[765] _State Papers, Dom._, cvii, 68.

[766] _Ibid._, cxlvii, 21, 22.

[767] _Ibid._, ccl, 33. This paper bears a note by Burghley, ‘Engl. shippes allowed money for ther tonag sȳce 22 Eliz.’ It has been shown that the custom, as a mark of royal approbation, was much older than Elizabeth, but it may have been made a right from about 1580.

[768] _Ibid._, cl, 96.

[769] _State Papers, Dom._, ccliv, 33.

[770] _Ibid._, cclxii, 126.

[771] The Admiralty Court.

[772] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxvi, 35. When the _Pelican_, or as she was afterwards called, the _Golden Hind_, returned from her famous voyage round the world she was placed in a dock, filled in with earth at Deptford, and remained there as one of the shows of London for nearly a century. There is an estimate for works to the amount of £370 for this purpose (_Add. MSS._ 9294, f. 68), but it does not appear that this plan, which included a brick wall, roof, etc., was ever fully carried out. In the Navy accounts only £67, 7s 10d for her repairs, £35, 8s 8d for a wall of earth round her, and £14, 13s 4d for preparing the ship for the Queen’s visit are entered.

[773] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxxviii, 142.

[774] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxi, 61.

[775] _Ibid._, cxlix, 58.

[776] _Ibid._, ccxxxiii, 13, and ccxxxix, 44.

[777] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxiii, 37.

[778] _State Papers, Dom._, cxx, 54.

[779] _Lansd. MSS._ 142, f. 182.

[780] _State Papers, Dom._, cli, 6 (1581).

[781] _Ibid._, ccxlviii, 80.

[782] Malyne, _Lex Mercatoria_ p. 200, (ed. 1622).

[783] _State Papers, Dom._, xi, 27.

[784] _Ibid._, viii, 36. Eventually £100 was remitted.

[785] _Ibid._, xxxviii, 8.

[786] _Ibid._, xxviii, 3.

[787] _Harl. MSS._, 168, f. 248.

[788] _State Papers, Dom., Eliz. Add._ xxii.

[789] _State Papers, Dom._, xcvi, p. 267. London is described as, ‘The river of Thames wherein is contained Maulden, Colchester, Bricklingsey, Lee, Feversham, Rochester, and the creekes belonging.’

[790] _State Papers, Dom._, cvii, 68.

[791] _Ibid._, clvi, 45.

[792] _Harl. MSS._ 4228, f., 45.

[793] _Cott. MSS._, Otho. E. IX, f., 162.

[794] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxii, 57.

[795] _Lansd. MSS._ 81, f. 88.

[796] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxii, 21.

[797] _Ibid._, xi, 27. This is a return of ‘mariners and sailors’ only, and does not include fishermen. London is omitted, and from the numbers, _e.g._, Norfolk 178, Northumberland (with Newcastle) 37, is probably only of men at that time ashore.

[798] _Ibid._, xxxviii, 8, 9, 14, 23, 28; xxxix, 17. This is also incomplete but includes fishermen.

[799] _Ibid._, lxxi, 74 1; lxxiii, 15 1, 48.

[800] _Ibid._, clvi, 45. Includes seamen, fishermen, and masters of ships.

[801] And 311 at sea.

[802] Including Liverpool.

[803] Including 957 watermen.

[804] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxiv, Feb.

[805] _State Papers, Foreign_, 29th Dec. 1568, and _Ibid._ 1573-1279.

[806] ‘Releasing them for bribes and billes of dette.’

[807] _Acts of the Privy Council_, 29th April 1576.

[808] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxv, p. 240.

[809] _State Papers, Dom. Add._, xxix, 126.

[810] _Lansd. MSS._, 148, f. 13.

[811] _Add. MSS._, 11405, ff. 91, 103.

[812] _Lansd. MSS._ 148, f. 1 and _State Papers, Dom._, cv, 18.

[813] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxix, 54. In 1603 these owners were still patiently petitioning James I.

[814] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxv, 13.

[815] Near Vigo.

[816] _Ibid._, cxci, 7.

[817] _Lansd. MSS._, 115, f. 196.

[818] Appendix D.

[819] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxiii, 7.

[820] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxxvi, 11.

[821] _Harl. MSS._, 253, f. 10.

[822] _Ibid._, 253, f. 18, and _Exch. War. for Issues_, 17th Dec. 1597.

[823] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxviii, 1.

[824] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E., VIII, f. 169.

[825] _Lansd. MSS._, 61, f. 184.

[826] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxvii, 1.

[827] Breton.

[828] The last was of 12 barrels of 31½ gallons (old measure).

[829] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxx. Stow says that Hawkyns introduced nettings. They went out of use for a time.

[830] _Harl. MSS._ 306, f. 68.

[831] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2210, 2212.

[832] _Ibid._, 2232.

[833] The _Jesus of Lubeck_ and the _Revenge_.

[834] Ralegh, _Discourse of Ships_; Monson, _Naval Tracts_; Duro, _Disq. Nauticas_.

[835] Monson says that in 1599 a fleet was prepared for sea in twelve days, and ‘the Queen was never more dreaded abroad for anything she ever did.’

[836] _Add. MSS._ 5752, f. 136.

[837] _Add. MSS._ 19889; _The Jewell of Artes_, 1604, f. 135 et seq.

[838] _Harl. MSS._ 309-51.

[839] _Add. MSS._ 9294, Nov. 1610.

[840] _State Papers, Dom., Jas. I._, cl, 83, 84.

[841] Whole or partial external double planking.

[842] _Harl. MSS._ 2301.

[843] Paul Hentzner.

[844] On 20th July 1613 a warrant was issued to pay wages owing since 1608.

[845] _Add. MSS._ 9302, f. 9.

[846] _State Papers, Dom._, cl, 20.

[847] _Ibid._, xl, f. 70.

[848] _A Dialogical Discourse of Marine Affairs_, by Nath. Boteler, _Harl. MSS._ 1341. Partly printed in 1685 but of this period.

[849] _Ibid._

[850] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxxii, 29.

[851] _Rot. Pat._, 26th April.

[852] _State Papers, Dom._, xc, 98.

[853] _Ibid._, xxii, 15.

[854] _Ibid._, cxii, 101.

[855] _Ibid._

[856] _State Papers, Dom._, cxvi, 86.

[857] _Ibid._, ciii, 104.

[858] _Ibid._, lxxxix, 33.

[859] _State Papers, Dom._, xli, f. 17.

[860] _Ibid._, xl, 87.

[861] _Cott. MSS._, Julius F. III, f, 15.

[862] _State Papers, Dom._, xli, f. 25. See also Bishop Goodman’s description of Mansell’s temper in _Court of King James I_, I, 56.

[863] _State Papers, Dom._, cxii, 101.

[864] _Coke MSS._, _Cal. Hist. MSS._, _Com. Report, xii_, App., pt. i, 41.

[865] _Cott. MSS._, Julius F., III, ff. 98, 249, 250, 252.

[866] The report of the commissioners will be found in _State Papers, Dom. Jas. I_, xli; the sworn depositions on which that report was based are preserved in _Cott. MSS._, Julius F., III. The evidence in question is of value for to-day, and may be instructively compared with the reports of the committee of investigation of 1803-5 on the again astonishing condition of naval administration. It is to be hoped that the Navy Records Society will print the _Cottonian MS._

[867] Gardiner, _History of England_, II, 11.

[868] Gardiner, _History of England_, III, 200.

[869] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxxii, 28.

[870] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2257, 2259, 2260.

[871] The Commissioners acted by Letters Patent of 12th February 1619. They were Sir Lionel Cranfield, Sir Thos. Weston, Sir John Wolstenholme, Sir Thos. Smith, Nicholas Fortescue, John Osborne, Francis Goston, Richard Sutton, Wm. Pitt, Sir John Coke, Thos. Norreys, and Wm. Burrell.

[872] _State Papers, Dom._, c and ci, 3.

[873] _State Papers, Dom._, cli, 35.

[874] _Ibid._, clx, 43.

[875] _State Papers, Dom._, clvi, 12.

[876] There are few separate dockyard amounts for these years.

[877] Includes £4734 for a naval pageant on the Thames at the marriage of the Princess Elizabeth.

[878] Exclusive of Algiers fleet £6446.

[879] Exclusive of Algiers fleet £17,665.

[880] Inclusive of £9667 repairs to Algiers fleet.

[881] A fleet was sent to Spain for Charles, and £9100, owing from 1615, paid.

[882] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxv, 85, 3000 hammocks were to be supplied in this fleet.

[883] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E, VIII, f, 316.

[884] _Ibid._

[885] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxvi, 101.

[886] _Ibid._, xc, 24.

[887] R. Playfair, _The Scourge of Christendom_, p. 34.

[888] Monson, _Naval Tracts_.

[889] _State Papers, Dom._, cli, 21.

[890] _State Papers, Colonial_, March 1620.

[891] _State Papers, Dom._, civ, 65.

[892] _England’s Way to Win Wealth_, Lond. 1614, and _The Trade’s Increase_, Lond. 1615.

[893] The Dutch Company is said to have distributed in twenty-one years, ending with 1622, dividends of 30,000,000 florins on a capital of some 6,000,000 florins, (Irving, _Commerce of India_).

[894] _Egerton MSS._, 2100.

[895] _State Papers, Dom._, xxii, 22.

[896] _Ibid._, cxix, 118, 1 and 121.

[897] _State Papers, Dom. Jas. I_ cxxxiii, 70; _Ibid._, clviii, 54; _Ibid., Chas. I_ xiii, 56. _Pipe Office Accounts_; _Add. MSS._, 9294 p. 505; _Ibid._, 9295, Pett’s Autobiography; _Ibid._, 9297, p. 359. As usual all these dimensions, especially tonnage, differ somewhat in the various papers.

[898] The _Nonpareil_ rebuilt and renamed.

[899] The _Hope_ rebuilt and renamed. These ships were not completed till 1605.

[900] The _Swiftsure_ rebuilt and renamed.

[901] The _Ark Royal_ rebuilt and renamed.

[902] The _Golden Lion_ rebuilt and renamed.

[903] For convenience the _Merhonour_, _Dreadnought_, and _Defiance_ are placed under one date, but they were in hand from 1611 till 1614.

[904] Or _Convertive_. This was the _Destiny_ built for Sir Walter Ralegh before his last voyage, and afterwards bought or confiscated into the Navy.

[905] The _Rainbow_ and _Antelope_ were in dry dock some three years (_Pipe Office Accounts_).

[906] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxiv, 56.

[907] _Cott, MSS._ Julius F. III, f. 293.

[908] _Ibid._, Otho E., VII, f. 155. Letter, Pett to Baker, 10th April 1603.

[909] _Coke MSS._, Cal. I, 114.

[910] In the literal but not later sense of ‘three decker.’ She had two full batteries besides an upper deck armed. In 1634 the authorities of the Trinity House, who, through a long series of years appear to have always chosen the wrong view, wrote, ‘The art or wit of man cannot build a ship fit for service, with three tier of ordnance.’ Three years later the first ‘three-decker’ was afloat.

[911] _Add MSS._, 9294, Nov. 1610.

[912] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2249.

[913] _State Papers, Dom._, ci, 4.

[914] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2248.

[915] _State Papers, Dom._, xli, f. 39.

[916] _Ibid._, clxi, 68. The classification is that of the _State Paper_.

[917] _State Papers, Dom._, clviii, 56.

[918] _Ibid._, and cviii, 58.

[919] _Harl. MSS._, 2301. About 1625 or earlier, and by Sir Hen. Manwayring. It was printed in 1644 under the title of _The Sea-man’s Dictionary_. There is another MS. copy among the State Papers (_S. P. Dom., Chas. I_, cxxvii), called _A Brief Abstract ... of all Parts and Things belonging to a Ship_. The three versions differ but little from each other.

[920] _Add. MSS._, 9299, f. 48.

[921] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2248.

[922] _Ibid._, 2252.

[923] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2261.

[924] _Ibid._, 2256.

[925] _Ibid._, 2257, 2258.

[926] _Ibid._, 2260.

[927] _Ibid._, 2258.

[928] _Ibid._, 2261, 2262.

[929] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2262.

[930] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 25.

[931] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E. VII, ff. 219, 220.

[932] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxvi.

[933] _State Papers, Dom._, cix, 139, 1.

[934] _Ibid._, cxxxiii, 70.

[935] _State Papers, Dom., Eliz._ ccxxxvii, f. 119. Although calendared under Elizabeth many of the papers in this volume are copies of documents relating to the reigns of James I and Charles I. See also M. A. Lower, _Contributions to Literature_, for an article on the Kent and Sussex gun foundries.

[936] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E, VII, f. 78.

[937] _State Papers, Dom., Jas. I_, cxxviii, 94.

[938] Yonge’s _Diary_, Camd. Soc.

[939] _State Papers, Dom._, xvii, 103.

[940] _Ibid._, cix, 139, I.

[941] _Add. MSS._, 9302. f. 9.

[942] _Coke MSS._, Cal. I, 105.

[943] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E. VII, f. 263.

[944] _Cott. MSS._, Otho E. VII, f. 263.

[945] Mr Del Mar (_Hist. of the Precious Metals_, p. 209), quoting Tooke and D’Avenant, estimates the stock of gold and silver coin in England and Wales in 1560 at £1,100,000 and in 1600 at £4,000,000.

[946] Martin, _Hist. de la France_, X, 446.

[947] Kolb, _Condition of Nations_, p. 209.

[948] Gardiner, _Hist. of England_, X, 222.

[949] _Parl. Debates_, 31st Aug. 1660.

[950] A writer of the reign of James I estimated that there were 37,000 Dutch seamen engaged in the North Sea fisheries alone; Ralegh put the number at 50,000 men.

[951] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, vi, 23. The original purpose had been to take 2000 English veterans in the service of the States-General, leaving the recruits in their place; but the men were sent before any arrangement had been come to with the Dutch, who finally refused to assent to it. The proceeding was characteristic of Buckingham’s hopeful belief in the immediate acceptance of his measures.

[952] ‘The number of lame, impotent, and unable men unfitt for actual service is very great.’ (Ogle to Conway, 18th June 1625.)

[953] _Ibid_., ix, 15, Blundell to Buckingham.

[954] There were twelve king’s ships in the fleet (_Pipe Office Accounts_, 2425).

[955] _State Papers, Dom._, ix, 39, Cecil to Conway.

[956] _Ibid_., xi, 49.

[957] Levet’s _Relation of Cadiz Voyage_, Coke MSS.

[958] _State Papers, Dom._, viii, 41, Coke to Buckingham.

[959] _Voyage to Cadiz in 1625_ (Camden Society).

[960] Sir Allen Apsley, also lieutenant of the Tower, remained victualler with Sir Sampson Darrell till 1630.

[961] _State Papers, Dom._, xviii, 63, 1.

[962] _Ibid._, 75.

[963] _Ibid._, xii, 81.

[964] _Ibid._, xx, 25. February 1626.

[965] _State Papers, Dom._, xxii. 33, and _Coke MSS._, 4th March 1626.

[966] _Coke MSS._, 27th February 1626.

[967] _State Papers, Dom._, xiii, 67 and 73.

[968] _Ibid._, xxiv, 9, and _Coke MSS._, 12th April 1626.

[969] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiv, 24.

[970] _Ibid._, xxv, 45.

[971] _Ibid._, xxiv, 33. Pennington to Buckingham.

[972] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiv, 65.

[973] _Ibid._, cxcvi, 32.

[974] _Proc._, April, 1626.

[975] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxv, 19, and _Add. MSS._, 9339, f. 24. Six rates of vessels are classified. All carry trumpeters, and the first four drummers and fifers. Both lieutenants and corporals were employed in 1588, but afterwards discontinued; the _Lion_ had a lieutenant in 1587, and perhaps it was not uncommon for a large ship on war service to carry an officer of that rank.

[976] According to rate of ship.

[977] Only to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rates—‘a place not formerly allowed.’

[978] ‘Not formerly allowed’; his duties were akin to those of a musketry instructor of to-day.

[979] _Egerton MSS._, 2541, f. 13.

[980] _State Papers, Dom._, xxx, 48.

[981] _Ibid._, 75.

[982] _Ibid._, xxxiii, 27; July 1626.

[983] _Ibid._, xxxv, 44.

[984] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxv, 102 and 109, 1, Willoughby to Nicholas.

[985] _Ibid._, xxxvi, 60.

[986] _Ibid._, xxxvii, 57.

[987] _Ibid._, xxxix, 78.

[988] _Ibid._, xli, 56, (1626).

[989] _State Papers, Dom._, 8 and 77, Philpott to Nichols.

[990] _Ibid._, xlii, 100.

[991] 12th Dec. 1626.

[992] _State Papers, Dom._, xlii, 137.

[993] _State Papers, Dom._, xlix, 68; January 1627.

[994] _Ibid._, liii, 9 and 10; February 1627.

[995] _Ibid._, lxiv, 76, Mervyn to Buckingham.

[996] _Ibid._, lxxxviii, 62; 1627.

[997] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxv, 61.

[998] _Ibid._, lxxxvi, 42.

[999] _Ibid._, lxxxvii, 37; December 1627.

[1000] _Ibid._, lxxx, 83 and 86.

[1001] _Coke MSS._, 17th September 1627.

[1002] _State Papers, Dom._, xc, 38.

[1003] _Ibid._, 75.

[1004] _Ibid._, xcii, 73; February 1628.

[1005] _State Papers, Dom._, xcviii, 26.

[1006] _Ibid._, 29, March 1628, Gorges to Buckingham.

[1007] _Ibid._, cv, 80; 1628.

[1008] _State Papers, Dom._, cv, 85.

[1009] _Ibid._, cviii, 18.

[1010] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 118.

[1011] _Coke MSS._, 3rd June 1628.

[1012] _State Papers, Dom._, cxiv, 48.

[1013] _State Papers, Dom._, cxx, 27; November 1628.

[1014] _Ibid._, cxviii, 78.

[1015] _Ibid._, cxlix, 90; September.

[1016] _Ibid._, 92.

[1017] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxii, 42; August 1630.

[1018] _Ibid._, clxxv, 75.

[1019] _Ibid._, ccxviii, 52.

[1020] _Ibid._, ccxlvi, 85.

[1021] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxii, 58; July 1634.

[1022] _Ibid._, cclxxix, 106, _Advice of a Seaman_, &c., by Nath. Knott.

[1023] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxcviii, 5; September 1635.

[1024] _Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 54.

[1025] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxxvi, 10.

[1026] _Ibid._, cccxxxvii, 15.

[1027] _Ibid._, cccxxxviii, 39.

[1028] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, s.v. ‘Navy.’

[1029] _State Papers, Dom._, cccliii, f. 95.

[1030] _Ibid._, ccclxv, 28.

[1031] The sale of gunpowder was at this time a crown monopoly (_Fœdera_, xx, 107). Charles’s sad and picturesque dignity of appearance did not imply such a delicate sense of honour as to prevent him turning a penny by forcing contraband of war through the fleet of a friendly power and supplying the privateers who were the scourge of English commerce.

[1032] In the eighteenth century he would have had a hole-and-corner trial, undefended and ignorant of the law, before the associates, and perhaps friends, of the man whom he had assaulted.

[1033] _State Papers, Dom._, lvi, 101, (1627), and ccccvii, 32, (1638).

[1034] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxxxi, 30.

[1035] With the exception of the Amboyna affair, a case once more of the ‘prancing proconsul,’ the Dutch showed, throughout this century, exemplary patience and moderation under a long course of provocation, in affairs of salutes, right of search, and seizures of ships, several instances of which there will be occasion to mention. The rulers of the United Netherlands chose to consider wider aims and more urgent needs than revenge for insults to their flag, however flagrant, but when the Navigation Act of 1651 brought matters to a crisis the Dutch must have felt that they had a long score to settle.

[1036] _State Papers, Dom._, cccclxxxii, 13.

[1037] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxciv, 2nd Jan. 1643.

[1038] Public Acts, 17th Charles I.

[1039] Preface to _Calendar of State Papers_, 1652-3, p. xii. In other prefaces Mrs Green refers to the same point.

[1040] The number eventually serving that year was nearer 20,000, but this included some thousands of soldiers.

[1041] _Infra_ p. 244.

[1042] _State Papers, Dom._, cii, 72.

[1043] _Ibid._, cclxiv, f. 33.

[1044] _Ibid._, cccvi, 87; 1635. In another copy of this paper (_Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 57), they suggest the sensible remedy of a register at each custom house, in which agreements might be entered.

[1045] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxcviii, 23 and 40.

[1046] _Fœdera_, xx, 278; 25th November 1638.

[1047] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxi, 12.

[1048] Digby’s _Voyage_ (Camden Society), p. 9.

[1049] _State Papers, Dom._, clv, 31 and cclxxxii, 135.

[1050] _State Papers, Dom._, xviii, 59.

[1051] But only applicable in port.

[1052] _Add. MSS._, 18772.

[1053] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclii, 78.

[1054] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxii, 90.

[1055] _Ibid._, ccclii, 78.

[1056] _Ibid._, 81.

[1057] _Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 156.

[1058] I am indebted to the courtesy of Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton, K.C.B., President of the Royal Naval College, for permission to examine these books.

[1059] In receipt of yearly pensions.

[1060] For eight months ending 4th January 1644.

[1061] For three and a half months.

[1062] For a year.

[1063] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxix, 106.

[1064] _Reasons_, &c., dated 17th June. The officers who sign threaten, unless terms are made with the King, to blockade the river.

[1065] Various authorities give 9, 10, and 11 ships; the discrepancies may most probably be explained by supposing that one or two of those which left the Downs turned back before reaching Holland.

[1066] _Clarendon_, IV, 574, ed. 1888.

[1067] Warburton, _Memoirs of Prince Rupert_, III, 262.

[1068] _Supra_ p. 207. The _Speedwell_ was lost in November 1624, after this list was drawn up. There were also some worn out Elizabethan ships remaining, the _Crane_, _Answer_, _Moon_, and _Merlin_, which the compiler did not consider of sufficient importance to include.

[1069] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2425.

[1070] _State Papers, Dom._, lxvii, 47.

[1071] _Pipe Office Accounts_, 2428.

[1072] E.g. the _Sovereign of the Seas_, which, until she was cut down, was the largest most ornate, and most useless ship afloat.

[1073] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxi, 65. These remarks must be read in conjunction with those relating to the lack of victuals and stores, and want of competent and willing service on the part of officers and men, made in Part I, and for which Buckingham’s incapacity was principally responsible. But his incapacity was, in this matter, not the only nor even the main factor, since, when in 1627 he applied to Gyffard, Sir Sackville Trevor, and Hervey for suggestions as to freeing the narrow seas from pirates, they agreed that the existing vessels were too slow to catch any but others of their own type (_State Papers, Dom._, liv, 9, 11-13). In October 1625, the Channel squadron consisted of ten English men-of-war and merchantmen and four Dutch ships, a larger force than had probably ever been employed before for merely protective duties. The conditions were as bad or worse, after his death.

[1074] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxvii, 43.

[1075] _Ibid._, xi, 62, 63. Assuming in these instances the rake, fore and aft, to have been about three-eighths of the keel length.

[1076] _Ibid._, lvi, 56.

[1077] _Ibid._, lvii, 42.

[1078] _Ibid._, cccxxxviii, 39.

[1079] Other prizes, which were nominally King’s ships, but which only served during one of the big expeditions or for a few weeks in the Channel, were the _Mary Roan_, _St George_, _St Peter_, _Pelican_, _Mackerel_, _Nightingale_, _St James_, _Little Seahorse_, and _Hope_. Where special references are not given, the general authorities are _State Papers, Dom._, ccxv, 108; ccxxviii, f, 38; ccxliv, 23; ccclxviii, 121; _Add. MSS._, 9294, f, 505; 9300, f, 54; 9336, ff, 63, 64; 18,037 and 18,772. As in previous instances the measurements frequently differ in these lists, and can only be taken as approximately correct.

[1080] From greatest breadth to upper edge of keel.

[1081] _State Papers, Dom._, x, 25.

[1082] _Ibid._, xxiv, 4. The _St Mary_ was given to Sir John Chudleigh in 1629.

[1083] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiv, 62.

[1084] _Ibid._, xxi, 72, and _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1699, 64.

[1085] _Ibid._, xxxvii, 95.

[1086] Called the 1st, 2nd-10th whelps. Two differed slightly in size from the others.

[1087] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1699, 66.

[1088] A Dutch-built ship bought for Richelieu’s newly created fleet, but taken in the Texel (_State Papers, Dom._, lxxxiii, 20 and lxxxvi, 64).

[1089] Captured Dunkirkers. The measurements of the _Nicodemus_, _Nonsuch_, _Phœnix_, and _Elizabeth_, are from a paper in the _Pepys MSS._, quoted in Derrick’s _Memoirs of the Royal Navy_. The _Swan_ was lost off Guernsey in October 1638.

[1090] Bought in 1642 (_Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1706, 89).

[1091] Built in 1646 as a privateer, and employed as such by Warwick (half share), Pett, Swanley, and others; bought by the Parliament from 20th Jan. 1649, when she was appraised at £2081 (_State Papers, Dom., Interreg._, xxiii, 119). The dimensions are from _Harl. MSS._, 4161. She is popularly said to have been the first frigate built in an English yard, but it will be seen from the above list that four others, of a still more pronounced frigate type, were launched in the same year.

[1092] The first seven vessels were prizes captured during the civil war and taken into the Navy, in which they remained long enough to be included in the Commonwealth lists; the _Globe_, and _Hector_ were merchantmen bought into the service. For the names of others see _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1812, 443 A.

[1093] _State Papers, Dom._, xxi, 72.

[1094] _Supra_, p. 54. Mr R. C. Leslie (_Old Sea Wings, Ways, and Words_, p. 49 et seq.) believes all the smaller craft of old, and some large ones, to have been clinker-built.

[1095] _State Papers, Dom._, lviii, 25.

[1096] _Ibid._, cxxi, 41.

[1097] _Ibid._, ccclxv, 17; 1637.

[1098] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclxiii, 29. It is difficult even in these days of mechanical appliances to keep the ports completely water-tight in heavy weather. Ports were fastened by a bar of wood passed through a ring on the inside; but this could not have been very effectual, and it was usual to drive oakum into the seams of the ports when bad weather was expected (_Nomenclator Navalis_).

[1099] The Dutchman was probably Cornelius Drebbel, who claimed to have solved the secret of perpetual motion, and to have invented a submarine boat. His name occurs several times in the _State Papers_ as receiving rewards for various inventions and appliances, and in 1628 he was employed in the preparation of some especial fireships and ‘engines for fireworks.’

[1100] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1703, 73.

[1101] The original waistcloths of the _Prince_ were of silk; ordinary waistcloths, the precursors of the later boarding nettings, were still of red kersey listed with canvas.

[1102] _State Papers, Dom._, ccliv, 25.

[1103] _Ibid._, ccxliv, 77, 78.

[1104] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxvii, 55. Pennington said nothing about the crew; he was used to such crews. But Sir Hen. Manwayring remarked that he had never seen a ship so wretchedly manned; that, except the officers, there was scarcely a seaman on board, and that they were ‘men of poor and wretched person, without clothes or ability of body, tradesmen, some that never were at sea, a fletcher, glover, or the like,’ (_Add. MSS._, 9294, f. 489).

[1105] _Ibid._, cclxviii, 47.

[1106] _Ibid._, cclxxiii, 49, 1 and 50.

[1107] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxli, 16; 1633.

[1108] _Ibid._, ccxxviii, f. 63a.

[1109] _Ibid._, cclxxviii, 41, I.

[1110] _A True Description of His Majesty’s Most Royal and Stately Ship_, etc., 2nd edit., London, 1638.

[1111] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxiii, 25.

[1112] _Ibid._, cclxiv, ff. 67 _a_ and 87 _a_.

[1113] Storekeeper at Deptford; one would suppose a most unlikely person to be consulted on such a point.

[1114] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxxvi, 44.

[1115] _Ibid._, cclxxxvii, 73.

[1116] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1703-77.

[1117] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxcviii, 20.

[1118] _Ibid._, ccclxi, 73.

[1119] In the _Leopard_ and _Swallow_ he had himself ordered that the ports should be eight feet apart (_State Papers, Dom._, cclx, 86,) although Pennington and other practical seamen urged that nine feet was the minimum space that should be allowed.

[1120] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclxxiv, 30, and ccclxxxvii, 87.

[1121] Drakes were fired with full, periers with low, charges of powder.

[1122] _State Papers, Dom._, ccclxxxvii, 87.

[1123] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 345.

[1124] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxix, 27.

[1125] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxix, 4, 15. When ships were in commission captains were in the habit of cutting windows and scuttles in a vessel’s side if it suited their convenience.

[1126] _Ibid._, cclxxxiii, 1.

[1127] _Aud. Off. Dec. Accounts_, 1703, 78.

[1128] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxcviii, 48 and 51.

[1129] _Ibid._, xxxiii, 108; 1626.

[1130] _Ibid._, 78.

[1131] _State Papers, Dom., Elizabeth_, ccxxxvii, f. 60 (list of French and Spanish ships before Rochelle). There were thirty-six Spaniards, and eleven of them were of 1000 tons apiece, the others being nearly as large.

[1132] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, clxiv; 9th April 1630.

[1133] _Ibid._, cxcviii, 84.

[1134] Barbou, _Hist. de la Marine Française_.

[1135] _State Papers, Dom._, lv, 39; 1627. By John Wells. I cannot profess to explain how all the figures here given are obtained.

[1136] _I.e._, 63½ x 26⅙ x 11 ÷ 100 = 182 burden and 243 ton and tonnage (Cf. _supra_, p. 30, note 2, and p. 132.)

[1137] The planks on the inside of a ship’s frame on the floor.

[1138] This method was adopted during the Commonwealth.

[1139] _State Papers, Dom._, xxvii, 67.

[1140] _State Papers, Dom._, xxix, 7.

[1141] Floor, the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson.

[1142] _State Papers, Dom._, xxix, 10.

[1143] Other papers relating to this question will be found in _State Papers, Dom._, xxxii, 119-121; xxxviii, 30, 1; lv, 36; lvii, 92; and lix, 75.

[1144] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxvi, 74. By the old rule the _Sovereign_ was of 1367 net and 1823 gross tonnage (_ibid._, ccclxi, 71).

[1145] From outside to outside.

[1146] ‘Withinside the plank.’

[1147] Leaving out the false post, _i.e._, a piece bolted to the after edge of the main stern post.

[1148] _State Papers, Dom._, xvi, and xvii.

[1149] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxi, 56; xxxii, 29, 71, 72, 1; xxxiii, 3, 1, 70, 1, 120, 129; xxxiv, 31, 98-110; xxxix, 28, 50, 1. North Wales has nothing larger than thirty tons, and ‘not six persons who can take charge of a barque as far as Dublin or the Land’s End.’

[1150] _State Papers, Dom._, xcii, 45.

[1151] The East India Company possessed this year a fleet of twenty-seven ships, of 12,250 tons (_ibid._, cxviii, 76).

[1152] _Ibid._, cxxxvii, Feb. 1629.

[1153] _Ibid._, cxxxii, 19, 20; cxxxviii, 4; cclxxxii, 135, (1634).

[1154] _State Papers, Dom._, xlvii, 22.

[1155] _State Papers, Dom._, liii, 62.

[1156] _Ibid._, lxi, 79, 81.

[1157] _Ibid._, 85, 1.

[1158] _Ibid._, lxxx, 77, 1.

[1159] _Harl. MSS._, 1721, f. 642, and 7018, f. 24.

[1160] _State Papers, Dom._, cclvii, 29.

[1161] _Ibid._, cccliii, f. 116.

[1162] _Add. MSS._, 9302, f. 24.

[1163] _State Papers, Dom._, xciv, 1.

[1164] Meaning an order on the Treasurer of the Navy.

[1165] _State Papers, Dom._, iv, July 21.

[1166] _Ibid._, xxx, 53.

[1167] _Specifications relating to Marine Propulsion._ London, 1858.

[1168] _Ibid._

[1169] _Fœdera_, xix, 257.

[1170] _State Papers, Dom._, cclxxii, 72. Perhaps the inventor was a Mr Philip White (_S. P. D. Interreg._ May 25, 1658), in which case it was patented for fourteen years from the 10th of Charles I.

[1171] _State Papers, Dom._, v, 6, 24, 36. As is well known, several Englishmen of good family joined the Algerines and other states. It must have been solely their guidance that brought the Mediterranean corsairs so far north.

[1172] _Ibid._, xxv, 71.

[1173] _Ibid._, xxx, 17, (1626).

[1174] _Ibid._, xliii, 46, (1626).

[1175] _State Papers, Dom._, xxxiv, 85, (1626); and lvi, 66, (1627). We have no figures which enable us to even guess at the financial loss caused by the Dunkirkers during the first half of the seventeenth century, but M. Vanderest (_Hist. de Jean Bart._ 1844), himself a native of the town and having access to its archives, estimates the pecuniary injury they caused to England during forty years of warfare, from 1656, at 350,000,000 livres. Nor does this computation appear to take into account the higher value of money during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

[1176] _State Papers, Dom._, lxx, 8 and 9.

[1177] _Ibid._, clxii, 41, 82.

[1178] _Ibid._, cccxxxi, 7.

[1179] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxxxiv, 16. Stradling to Nicholas.

[1180] _Autobiography of the Rev. Devereux Spratt._ London, 1886. It need hardly be said that the jealousies of Christian princes were a large factor in causing the immunity in which these barbarian states so long rejoiced. Spratt was captured while crossing from Cork to Bristol.

[1181] It does not come within the design of this work to describe the operations of fleets at sea, but, in this instance, I must venture to question Mr Gardiner’s depreciatory estimate of William Rainsborow as a commander. Mr Gardiner considers that such success as was obtained was due neither to Rainsborow’s skill nor to the efficiency of his men, but to the existence of civil strife, disorganising what might have been a united opposition, between the old and new towns of Sallee, situated opposite each other on the right and left banks of the river Regreb (_Hist. of England_, viii, 270). When Rainsborow arrived off Sallee on 24th March with four ships, he found that they drew too much water to close in effectually with the town. Instead of wandering off helplessly to Cadiz and spending his time in ‘shooting and ostentation,’ as Mansell did to Malaga under adverse circumstances, Rainsborow, while he sent to England for lighter vessels, organised a blockade with the boats of his squadron. So far as I know he was the first of our commanders to recognise—and almost invent—the possibilities of boat work on a large scale, in which English seamen afterwards became such adepts, and it appears rather that his readiness and resource under unexpected and unfavourable conditions should alone be sufficient to relieve his memory from the charge of want of skill. That this patrol duty was no child’s play is shown by the fact that in one night’s work thirty men were killed and wounded in the boats (John Dunton, _A True Journal of the Sallee Fleet_. London, 1637). In June he was joined by the _Providence_ and _Expedition_, which made the task easier; but for the previous three months, riding on a dangerous lee shore, in a bad anchorage, and exposed to the heavy Atlantic swell, using the ships by day and the boats by night, he never relaxed his bulldog grip on the place, in itself a proof of fine seamanship. That the end came more quickly from the existence of civil war is very certain, but I think no one who reads Dunton’s account (he was an officer of the flagship), and Rainsborow’s own modestly written Journal (_State Papers, Dom._, ccclxix, 72), can doubt that the result would eventually have been the same, seeing that the blockade grew closer day by day until at last every vessel which attempted to pass in or out was captured or destroyed. In August, when the enemy were already crushed, two more ships joined him, and he was then quite strong enough to have dealt with both the old and new towns, had they been united, or to have gone on, as he desired to go on, to settle accounts with Algiers. It should also be remarked that Rainsborow anticipated Blake in attacking forts with ships, the _Providence_ being sent in within musket range of the castle and coming out unscathed from the contest. Looked at from another point of view, and compared with the French attempts against Sallee, Rainsborow’s ability and success stand out just as clearly. In 1624 M. de Razilly was sent down with a squadron, but permitted himself to be driven off by weather; in 1629 he came again, and, after lying off the port for three months and negotiating on equal terms with these savages, had to depart without having obtained the release of a single French captive. A surely significant contrast!

That Charles was satisfied with Rainsborow does not, perhaps, prove much, although he offered him knighthood and did give him a gold medal and chain and make him captain of the _Sovereign_, a post then of high honour. But Northumberland, a very much better judge was equally well pleased, and in 1639, strongly recommended him to the burgesses of Aldborough as their member. Northumberland, not then Lord Admiral, but paramount in naval affairs, is also entitled to a measure of the credit of success; for had Rainsborow been dependent on the energy and intelligence of the Principal Officers of the Navy for the supplies which enabled him to keep his station he would probably have fared but badly. And doubtless many of the men who under him worked with such courage and devotion had formed part of the demoralised and useless crews who were such objects of scorn to Wimbledon and his officers before Cadiz in 1625. The only difference was in the commander.

[1182] _State Papers, Dom._, cccclix, 8, 60.

[1183] Halliwell’s _Royal Letters_, II, 277.

[1184] The first Commissioners of the Admiralty acted by Letters Patent of 20th September 1628. They were Richard, Lord Weston, Lord Treasurer; Robert, Earl of Lindsey, Great Chamberlain; William, Earl of Pembroke, Lord Steward; Edward, Earl of Dorset, Lord Chamberlain to the Queen; Dudley, Viscount Dorchester, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household; and Sir John Coke, Secretary of State. Powers were granted to them or any three of them. Although in modern phrase they are called Lords of the Admiralty, they were in reality a committee of the Privy Council, carrying out the instructions of the King and Council, who retained the power and exercised the control of an eighteenth century Admiralty Board. A fresh commission was issued on 20th November 1632, which omitted Lords Pembroke and Dorchester, and added Lord Cottington, Sir Francis Windebank, and Sir Henry Vane (the elder). The third and last commission was of 16th March 1636 to William Juxon, Bishop of London, Lord Treasurer, Lords Cottington, Lindsey, and Dorset; and Vane, Coke, and Windebank.

[1185] His patent as Lord Admiral was dated 28th Jan. 1619.

[1186] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, ccxli, 85, 86.

[1187] _Add. MSS._, 9301, f. 110.

[1188] _State Papers, Dom._, ccciv, 9.

[1189] _State Papers, Dom., Elizabeth_, ccxxxvii, f. 138.

[1190] _State Papers, Dom., Charles I_, ccclxxii, 21.

[1191] _Rot. Pat._, 5th April 1627.

[1192] It will be remembered that during his treasurership he helped himself to £3000 from the Chatham Chest, and that the money was still owing in 1644. After his dismissal from office Crowe was ambassador of the Levant Company at Constantinople, and, in 1646, nearly ruined that company by, on the one hand, quarrelling with the Porte, and on the other imprisoning the members and agents of the association. When he returned in 1648 he was sent to the Tower, but seems to have escaped scatheless.

[1193] _Rot. Pat._, 11th Feb. 1626 (a renewal of his patent of James I), and 21st Jan. 1630.

[1194] _Rot. Pat._, 12th Jan. 1639.

[1195] _Ibid._

[1196] _Ibid._, 19th Dec. 1632.

[1197] _Ibid._, 26th Sept. 1638.

[1198] By an order of 13th Feb. 1637 no place in the Navy or Ordnance offices was henceforth to be granted for life, but only during pleasure. Edisbury’s real name was Wilkinson (see Hasted, _Hist. of Kent_, I, 20 note, ed. Drake, London, 1886).

[1199] _State Papers, Dom._, cxxxv, 37.

[1200] _Ibid._, clii, 51.

[1201] _Add. MSS._, 9301, ff. 121, 133.

[1202] Barlow lived to contest the place with Pepys in 1660. The date of his patent was 16th Feb. 1639.

[1203] _State Papers, Dom._, clxxiii, 6. Mervyn to Nicholas.

[1204] The Duke of York was ‘declared’ Lord Admiral at a meeting of the Council on 18th March 1638. There was no patent.

[1205] _Rot. Pat._, 13th April 1638.

[1206] _Add. MSS._, 9297, f. 178

[1207] The price of beer at this time was about £1, 10s a tun.

[1208] In 1634 Palmer, the Comptroller, Denis Fleming, Clerk of the Acts, Phineas Pett, another Principal Officer, and several storekeepers and masters attendant had all been suspended for selling government stores for their own profit.

[1209] _State Papers, Dom._, cccliii, f. 88.

[1210] _State Papers, Dom._, cccliii, f. 55.

[1211] _State Papers, Dom._, xiii, 70, (1625), _i.e._, by the system of servants and apprentices. It was not until 1647 that the shipkeepers in the Medway were ordered to strike the bell on board every half-hour through the night (_Add. MSS._, 9306, f. 103).

[1212] _State Papers, Dom._, cclviii, 30.

[1213] _Discourse of the Navy_, (_Add. MSS._, 9335).

[1214] _Discourse of the Navy_ (_Add. MSS._, 9335).

[1215] _State Papers, Dom._, xxvii, 69.

[1216] _Ibid._, cli, 33.

[1217] _Ibid._, cclx, 29. Edisbury to Nicholas.

[1218] _Ibid._, cclxiii, 19.

[1219] _Add. MSS._, 9306, f. 119.

[1220] _State Papers, Dom._, xxiii, 120; 1626. Ten years later Northumberland still complained about this. There had been no reform.

[1221] _State Papers, Dom._, cccclxxx, 36.

[1222] _Ibid._, ccccxxix, 33.

[1223] It must not, however, be supposed that naval morality was worse during the reigns of James and Charles than subsequently. Leaving the eighteenth century out of consideration it was said that at the beginning of this one the annual public loss from fraud and embezzlement ran into millions, a sum which may well have almost drawn the shades of Mansell and hundreds of other pettifogging seventeenth century navy thieves back to earth. The great difference was that at the later date, whether from higher principle or stricter discipline, the combatant branches of the service were honest, the theft and jobbery being confined to the Admiralty, Navy and Victualling Boards, and dockyard establishments. Lord St Vincent said of the Navy Board that it was ‘the curse of the Navy,’ and the methods of the dockyards may be gauged from the fact that while the (present) _Victory_ cost £97,400 to build, £143,600 were in fifteen years expended on her repairs. Of the Admiralty there will be much to be said.

[1224] _State Papers, Dom._, ccxxix, 114.

[1225] _Ibid._, ccxlv, 19.

[1226] _State Papers, Dom._, cviii, 18.

[1227] _Ibid._, ccxxvii, 1.

[1228] _Ibid._, cclxix, 67.

[1229] _Ibid._, ccclxxvi, 160 and ccccxlii, 12. Cf. _supra_, p. 239.

[1230] _Ibid._, cccxcvii, 37.

[1231] _State Papers, Dom._, cccclxxvi, 115.

[1232] _Butler’s Dialogical Discourse_, &c. Of course the guns would be going all the time; this form of reception appears to have been that given also to the King or to a general commanding an expedition.

[1233] _State Papers, Dom._, liii, 40. Heydon to Nicholas.

[1234] _State Papers, Dom._, lxxxviii, 27.

[1235] _Ibid._, ccxx, 25. Professor Laughton was the first to suggest (_Fortnightly Review_, July 1866), that the real origin of the English claim to the lordship of the narrow seas is to be found in the possession by our early kings of both shores of the Channel.

[1236] _Ibid._, 2nd May 1635.

[1237] _State Papers, Dom._, cccxvii, 102.

[1238] _Ibid._, cccxxxvi, 13 and cccxxxviii, 39.

[1239] _Aud. Off. Decl. Accounts_, 1699, 65.

[1240] _Ibid._, 1812, 443 A.

[1241] The last of tonnage measurement varied in different places, but was of about two tons.

[1242] _State Papers, Dom._, ccccxxxviii, 102.

[1243] Pennington and his men were paid double wages ‘out of the French king’s moneys’ (_Aud. Off. Decl. Accounts_, 1698, 63), which throws their intense abhorrence of their work into still stronger relief.

[1244] In this year the Navy and Ordnance offices were £251,000 in arrears (_State Papers_, lxxxvii, 35).

[1245] _Add. MSS._, 17,503.

[1246] Includes ‘all incident expenses,’ such as repairs, shipkeepers, administration, etc.; the difference between the totals of the third and fourth columns, together, and the fifth is in great part covered by the cost of the winter fleets.

[1247] And eight pinnaces.

[1248] Summer ‘guard,’ or fleet.

[1249] Winter guard.

[1250] Includes allowance of twenty shillings a month per man to the crews of 48 privateers.

[1251] Includes cost of new ships building.

[1252] Few historical students admire Charles I, but even such a king as he is entitled to the justice of posterity beyond that which he obtained from his contemporaries. Professor Hosmer (_Life of Sir H. Vane the Younger_, p. 497) says that Vane, ‘had created the fleet out of nothing, had given it guns and men.’ He appears to think that a naval force, with its subsidiary manufactures and establishments, could be created in a few years, but, as a matter of fact, Parliament commenced the struggle infinitely better equipped at sea than on land, and it was so powerful afloat that it did not find it necessary to begin building again till 1646, when the result of the struggle was assured. If Mr Hosmer is referring to a later period, the statement is still more questionable, since the number of men-of-war had been increased and Vane had ceased to have any special connexion, except in conjunction with others, with naval affairs. Allowing for his narrow intelligence and vacillating temperament Charles showed more persistence and continuity of design in the government of the Navy than in any other of his regal duties; for, although relatively weaker as regards other powers, England, as far as ships and dockyards were concerned, was stronger absolutely in 1642 than in 1625. The use made of the ship-money showed that under no circumstances could Charles have been a great naval organiser; but he has at least a right to have it said that he improved the _matériel_ of the Navy so far as his limited views and disastrous domestic policy permitted.