Chapter XLV: Appendix: B (1)

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DAILY PAY OF THE ARMY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS

HEADQUARTER STAFF

1346[474]

The Black Prince £1 0 0
Bishop of Durham 0 6 8
13 Earls (each) 0 6 8
44 Barons and Bannerets (each) 0 4 0

1415[475]

Duke of Clarence 0 13 4
Earls 0 6 8
Bannerets 0 4 0

1557[476] (Foreign Service)

Captain-General 5 1 2
Lieut.-General 3 6 8
High Marshal 3 6 8
Master of the Camp 1 0 0
General of the Horsemen 3 6 8
Captain-General of the Foot 3 6 8
His Lieutenant 1 0 0
The Sergeant-Major 0 15 0
Master of the Ordnance 1 6 8
His Lieutenant 0 13 4
Master of the Carriages 0 10 0
The Treasurer 1 6 8
Master of the Musters 0 16 8
The Provost 1 0 0
The Chief Harbinger 0 4 0
Master of the Forage 0 6 0
Master of the Scouts 0 6 0

1588[477] (Home Service)

The Lieutenant-General 6 0 0
Marshal of the Field 2 0 0
Captain-General of the Lances 1 0 0
Lieutenant 0 10 0
Captain-General of the Light Horse 1 0 0
Lieutenant of the Light Horse 0 10 0
Colonel-General of the Footmen 2 0 0
Lieutenant of the Footmen 0 10 0
Sergeant-Major of the Footmen 0 10 0
4 Corporals of the Field (each) 0 4 0
The Treasurer 0 6 8
Master of the Ordnance 0 10 0
Lieutenant of the Ordnance 0 6 8
Muster-Master 0 6 8
Commissary of the Victuals 0 6 8
Trench-Master 0 6 0
Master of the Carriages 0 4 0
Quartermaster 0 10 0
Scout-Master 0 6 8
Judge-General 0 2 8

1598[478] (Service in Ireland)

Lord-Lieutenant General 10 0 0
Lieutenant of the Army 3 0 0
General of the Horse 10 0 0
Marshal of the Camp 1 10 0
Sergeant-Major 1 0 0
Lieut.-General of the Horse 1 0 0
Quartermaster 1 0 0
Judge-Marshal-General 1 0 0
Auditor-General 0 13 4
Controller-General of Victuals 0 10 0
Lieutenant of the Ordnance 0 10 0
Surveyor of the Ordnance 0 6 8
2 Clerks of Munition (each) 0 5 0
4 Corporals of the Field (each) 0 6 8
Commissary of Victuals 0 8 0
3 more at 0 6 0
The Carriage-Master 0 6 8

1639[479] (Service in Scotland)

The Lord-General 10 0 0
Lieut.-General 6 0 0
Sergeant-Major-General 2 0 0
Quartermaster-General 1 0 0
Provost-Marshal-General 0 6 8
Waggon-Master 0 6 8
4 Corporals of the Field (each) 0 6 8
Treasurer 2 0 0
Muster-Master-General 1 0 0
Commissary-General of Victuals 0 10 0
Judge-Marshal 0 10 0
2 Chaplains (each) 0 6 8
2 Physicians (each) 0 6 8
2 Apothecaries (each) 0 3 4
Secretary to Council of War 0 10 0
2 Chirurgeons (each) 0 4 0
General of the Ordnance 4 0 0
Lieutenants of the Ordnance 1 0 0
Controller of the Ordnance 0 10 0
Commissary of Train's Magazines 0 6 0
Commissary of Army's Magazines 0 5 0
One Engineer at 0 8 0
" " 0 6 0
Master-Gunner 0 6 8

PAY OF THE PARLIAMENTARY ARMY[480]

_General Officers of the Field_

The Lord-General 10 0 0
Sergeant-Major-General 2 0 0
President of Council of War 0 15 0
Quartermaster-General 1 0 0
Provost-Marshal-General 0 6 8
and 20 Horses allowed him at 2s. 6d. 2 10 0
Waggon-Master-General 0 10 0
and 2 Horses at 2s. 6d. 0 5 0

_Officers General of the Train_

Treasurer 2 0 0
Muster-Master General 0 15 0
3 Deputies (each) 0 5 0
Judge-Advocate 1 0 0
2 Chaplains (each) 0 8 0
General's Physician 0 6 8
1 Army Physician 0 6 8
1 Apothecary 0 10 0
1 Chirurgeon 0 4 0
2 Mates (each) 0 2 6
Captain of the Guard 1 0 0
Commissary-General
of Victuals for the Foot 0 10 0

_Horse Officers of the Field_

General 5 0 0
Lieut.-General 2 0 0
Sergeant-Major-General 1 10 0
Commissary-General of Provisions 0 16 0
Provost-Marshal 0 5 0
Muster-Master-General 0 15 0
2 Deputies (each) 0 5 0
Preacher 0 8 0
Chirurgeon 0 4 0
2 Mates 0 2 6

PAY OF HEADQUARTER STAFF--EXPEDITION TO FLANDERS, 1657[481]

Commander-in-Chief 5 0 0
Major-General 1 0 0
Judge-Advocate 0 8 0
Apothecary 0 4 4
Provost-Marshal 0 5 0

KING WILLIAM'S ARMY IN FLANDERS, 1691[482]

General of Foot 6 0 0
General of the Horse 6 0 0
6 Lieut.-Generals (each) 4 0 0
5 Major-Generals (each) 2 0 0
13 Brigadier-Generals (each) 1 0 0
2 Adjutant-Generals (each) 1 0 0
1 Quartermaster-General 1 0 0
2 Assistants (each) 0 10 0
Paymaster-General (England) 1 0 0
Commissary-General of Musters and
13 Deputies (together) 7 9 4
Secretary-at-War 3 0 0
Judge-Advocate and Deputies 1 12 6
Physician-General 0 10 0
Surgeon-General 0 10 0
Apothecary-General 0 10 0
Provost-Marshal-General 0 8 0

DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH'S ARMY, 1703[483]

Commander-in-Chief 10 0 0
General of Foot 6 0 0
3 Lieut.-Generals (each) 4 0 0
2 Major-Generals (each) 2 0 0
5 Brigadier-Generals (each) 1 10 0
Quartermaster-General 1 0 0
His Deputy 0 5 0
Deputy Paymaster 0 12 6
Secretary to Commander-in-Chief 0 10 0
Chaplain 0 6 8
Physician 0 10 0
Deputy Judge-Advocate 0 10 0
Waggon-Master and Assistants 0 7 1½
Provost-Marshal 0 6 0

The pay of the staff for Spain in 1707 is at the same rate; but the General is allowed 3 aides-de-camp, and Lieutenant and Major-Generals each 2 aides-de-camp, with pay of 10s. a day each.

HOME ESTABLISHMENT, 1704

Commander-in-Chief 10 0 0
3 Aides-de-Camp (each) 0 10 0
Paymaster-General 1 0 0
Secretary-at-War 1 0 0
Adjutant-General 0 10 0
Quartermaster-General 0 10 0
Commissary-General of Musters 1 5 0
6 Deputies (each) 0 10 0
2 Controllers of the Army (per annum) 750 0 0
Secretary to Forces (per annum) 665 0 0

HOME ESTABLISHMENT, 1717[484]

Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief (not specified)
2 Aides-de-Camp (each) 0 10 0
Secretary to the Captain-General 1 0 0
2 Generals (each, per annum) 1200 0 0
5 Lieut.-Generals (per annum) 970 0 0
6 Major-Generals (per annum) 485 0 0
11 Brigadier-Generals (per annum) 365 0 0
Paymaster-General (per annum) 365 0 0
Secretary to the Forces (per annum) 365 0 0
Commissary-General of Musters (per day) 1 5 8¾
2 Controllers of Accounts (per annum) 750 0 0
Their Secretary (per annum) 365 0 0
Adjutant-General (per day) 1 0 0
Quartermaster-General (per day) 1 0 0
Deputy Quartermaster-General 0 10 0
Chaplain-General 0 15 0
Judge-Advocate-General 0 15 0
Physician-General 0 10 0
Surgeon-General 0 10 0
Apothecary-General 0 10 0

EXPEDITION TO CARTHAGENA, 1741[485]

General and Commander-in-Chief 10 0 0
2 Aides-de-Camp (each) 0 10 0
1 Major-General 2 0 0
1 Aide-de-Camp 0 10 0
3 Brigadier-Generals (each) 1 10 0
3 Majors of Brigade (each) 0 10 0
Quartermaster-General 0 10 0
Adjutant-General 1 0 0
Judge-Advocate 1 0 0
Secretary to Commander-in-Chief 0 10 0
Chaplain 0 6 8
Physician-General 0 10 0
Surgeon-General 0 10 0
2 Surgeon's Mates (each) 0 8 0
Commissary of Musters 0 10 0
Commissary of Stores 1 10 0
Provost-Marshal and two men 0 10 0

CAVALRY

1346 and 1414

Knights 0 2 0
Esquires and Constables 0 1 0
Archers on horseback 0 0 6

1557 (Foreign Service)

Captain of Armed Horsemen 0 10 0
Lieutenant of Armed Horsemen 0 5 0
Standard-bearer of Armed Horsemen 0 3 4
Surgeon 0 2 0
Trumpeter and Private 0 1 6
Captain of Light Horsemen 0 6 0
Lieutenant 0 3 0
Standard-bearer 0 2 0
Surgeon 0 2 0
Trumpeter 0 1 6
Light Horseman 0 1 0

1598 (Service in Ireland)

Colonel 0 10 0
Captain of Horse 0 4 0
Lieutenant of Horse 0 2 6
Cornet of Horse 0 2 0
Horseman 0 1 3

1639[486] (Service in Scotland)

Captain (less allowance) 0 8 0
Lieutenant 0 5 0
Cornet 0 4 0
Corporal 0 2 0
Trumpeters, Quartermaster, Surgeon, and
Horseman 0 2 6

1647[487]

Colonel of Horse 1 10 0
Major of Horse 1 1 0
Captain of Horse 0 14 0
Lieutenant of Horse 0 9 0
Cornet of Horse 0 8 0
Quartermaster 0 6 0
Corporals and Trumpeters 0 2 6
Troopers (not given, but in 1659) 0 2 3

Cromwell's Life Guards, 1656[488]

1 Captain 1 8 0
1 Lieutenant 1 0 0
1 Cornet 0 15 0
1 Quartermaster 0 10 0
6 Lieutenants of the Squadrons (each) 0 7 6
4 Trumpeters (each) 0 3 6
160 Men (each) 0 4 0

The "County Troops of Horse," 1655 (_see_ vol. i. p. 257)[489]

Captains (per annum) 100 0 0
Lieutenants " 50 0 0
Cornets " 25 0 0
Corporals " 10 0 0
Troopers " 8 0 0
Trumpeters " 5 6 4

HORSE (1689)

+-------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| | _Irish_ |
| _English Establishment_ | _Establ-_ |
| | _ishment_ |
+---------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+------------+
| | |Servants'| Forage | | |
| Rank. | Pay. | Allow- | Allow- | Total. | Total. |
| | | ance. | ance. | | |
+---------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+------------+
| |_s. d._|_s. d._ |_s. d._| £ _s. d._| £ _s. d._ |
|Colonel | 22 0 | 15 0 | 4 0 | 2 1 0 | 1 18 0 |
|Lieut.-Colonel | 18 0 | 7 6 | 4 0 | 1 9 6 | 1 5 0 |
|Major | 20 0 | 7 6 | ... | 1 7 6 | 1 2 6 |
|Captain | 10 0 | 7 6 | 4 0 | 1 1 6 | 0 17 0 |
|Lieutenant | 6 0 | 5 0 | 4 0 | 0 15 0 | 0 10 6 |
|Cornet | 5 0 | 5 0 | 4 0 | 0 14 0 | 0 8 6 |
|Corporal | ... | ... | ... | 0 3 0 | 0 2 6 |
|Trumpeter | ... | ... | ... | 0 2 8 | 0 2 6 |
|Private | ... | ... | ... | 0 2 6 | 0 1 10 |
+---------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------+------------+

These rates remained unaltered till after 1763.

LIFE GUARDS (1689)

+-----------------+---------+----------+----------+------------+
| | | Servants'| Forage | |
| Rank. | Pay. |Allowance.|Allowance.| Total. |
+-----------------+---------+----------+----------+------------+
| |_s. d._|_s. d._ |_s. d._ | £ _s. d._|
|Captain | 30 0 | 7 6 | 4 0 | 2 11 6 |
|Lieutenant | 15 0 | 7 6 | 4 0 | 1 6 6 |
|Cornet | 14 0 | 7 6 | 4 0 | 1 5 6 |
|Guidon | 12 0 | 7 6 | 4 0 | 1 3 6 |
|Quartermaster | 9 0 | ... | ... | 0 9 0 |
|Chaplain | 6 8 | ... | ... | 0 6 8 |
|Surgeon | 6 0 | ... | 2 0 | 0 8 0 |
|Brigadier | 11 0 | ... | ... | 0 11 0 |
|Sub-Brigadier | 5 0 | ... | ... | 0 5 0 |
|Trumpeter | 5 0 | ... | ... | 0 5 0 |
|Kettledrum | 5 0 | ... | ... | 0 5 0 |
|Private Gentleman| 4 0 | ... | ... | 0 4 0 |
+-----------------+---------+----------+----------+------------+

HORSE GRENADIERS (1689)

Lieutenant (with allowances) £0 19 6
Sergeant 0 4 0
Corporal 0 3 0
Drummer 0 2 6
Hautboy 0 2 6
Grenadier 0 2 6

DRAGOONS (1689)

+---------------+---------+----------+----------+------------+
| | | Servants'| Forage | |
| Rank. | Pay. |Allowance.|Allowance.| Total. |
+---------------+---------+----------+----------+------------+
| |_s. d._|_s. d._ |_s. d._ | £ _s. d._|
|Colonel | 23 0 | 9 0 | 3 0 | 1 15 0 |
|Lieut.-Colonel | 17 0 | 4 6 | 3 0 | 1 4 6 |
|Major | 20 0 | 4 6 | ... | 1 4 6 |
|Captain | 8 0 | 4 6 | 3 0 | 0 15 6 |
|Lieutenant | 4 0 | 3 0 | 2 0 | 0 9 0 |
|Cornet | 3 0 | 3 0 | 2 0 | 0 8 0 |
|Quartermaster | 3 0 | 1 6 | 1 0 | 0 5 6 |
|Sergeant | 1 6 | ... | 1 0 | 0 2 6 |
|Corporal | 1 0 | ... | 1 0 | 0 2 0 |
|Drummer | 1 0 | ... | 1 0 | 0 2 0 |
|Private | 1 6 | ... | ... | 0 1 6 |
+---------------+---------+----------+----------+------------+

DRAGOONS (1721)

FOOT

1346

Foot-Archers £0 0 3
Welsh Spearmen 0 0 2

1415

Foot-Archers 0 0 6

1557

Captain of Foot 0 4 0
Lieutenant 0 2 0
Ensign 0 1 0
Surgeon 0 1 0
Sergeant 0 1 0
Drummer and Piper 0 1 0
Private 0 0 8

1598 (Service in Ireland)

Captain of Foot 0 4 0
Lieutenant 0 2 0
Ensign 0 1 6
Surgeon 0 1 0
Drummer 0 1 0
Private 0 0 8

1632 (Service in Scotland)

Captain of Foot 0 8 0
Lieutenant 0 4 0
Ensign 0 2 6
Sergeant 0 1 2
Drummer 0 1 0
Corporal 0 0 10
Private 0 0 8

1647

Captain of Foot 0 8 0
Lieutenant 0 4 0
Ensign 0 2 6
Sergeant, Corporal,
and Drummer 0 1 0

_N.B._--The pay of a private varied much from the opening of the Civil War to the Restoration, and occasionally that of the higher ranks also. Thus for the garrison at Windsor Castle in 1654 the pay was--

Ensign 0 3 0
Sergeant 0 1 8
Corporal and Drummer 0 1 2
Private 0 0 10

but in 1655 a private's pay is set down at 9d. a day in England and Scotland, and 8d. while in garrison (_Cal. S. P., Dom._). But on the other hand from October 1653 onwards the men in Ireland received 9d. a day, or 5s. 3d. a week, of which 3s. 6d. was paid in cash, and the rest stopped; while on transfer to England they received 10d. a day, or 5s. 10d. a week, of which 5s. 1d. was paid in cash, and the rest stopped. (_Thurloe_, iii. 536.)

1689

_English Establishment_

+---------------+---------+----------+------------+
| Rank. | Pay. | Servants'| Total. |
| | |Allowance.| |
+---------------+---------+----------+------------+
| |_s. d._|_s. d._ | £ _s. d._|
|Colonel | 20 0 | 4 0 | 1 4 0 |
|Lieut.-Colonel | 15 0 | 2 0 | 0 17 0 |
|Major | 13 0 | 2 0 | 0 15 0 |
|Captain | 8 0 | 2 0 | 0 10 0 |
|Lieutenant | 4 0 | 0 8 | 0 4 8 |
|Ensign | 3 0 | 0 8 | 0 3 8 |
|Quartermaster | 4 0 | 0 8 | 0 4 8 |
|Sergeant | ... | ... | 0 1 6 |
|Corporal | ... | ... | 0 1 0 |
|Private | ... | ... | 0 0 8 |
+---------------+---------+----------+------------+

_Irish Establishment_

Colonel £1 4 6
Lieut.-Colonel 0 16 6
Major 0 13 6
Captain 0 9 6
Lieutenant 0 4 6
Ensign 0 3 6
Sergeant 0 1 6
Corporal 0 1 0
Private 0 0 7

FOOT GUARDS (1689)

As in the Line, except that the privates received 10d. a day.

FOOT GUARDS (1695)

Colonel £1 19 0
Lieut.-Colonel 1 8 6
Major 1 4 6
Captain 0 16 6
Lieutenant 0 7 10
Ensign 0 5 10
Quartermaster 0 4 10
Sergeant 0 1 6
Corporal and Drummer 0 1 0
Private 0 0 10

These rates remained unaltered until the period at which these volumes close.

1680-1760.

_Walker & Boutall del._ MAP I. _End of Vol. II._
]

_Walker & Boutall del._ MAP II. _End of Vol. II._
]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Commons Journals_, 18th April 1713. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 29th July 1712, 23rd July 1715. _H. O. M. E. B._, 26th July 1715. _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 25th October 1715.

[2] But I can give no authority for the restoration of the 6th, 14th, 28th, and 29th Foot, excepting their reappearance on the active list before the rest.

[3] Newton's, Tyrrell's, Churchill's, Rich's, Molesworth's, and Stanhope's. Millan gives the names of six more, which, however, seem to have begun and ended with the appointment of the colonel.

[4] Stanwix's, Dubourgay's, Lucas's, Pocock's, Hotham's. Here again Millan gives a list of eight more, whose names never appeared on the estimates.

[5] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 23rd July 1715. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 25th July 1715.

[6] _H. O. M. E. B._, 12th March 1719.

[7] Carpenter's force consisted of the 4th Hussars, Molesworth's and Churchill's dragoons. Wills on the west coast had the 2nd Dragoon Guards, 9th Lancers, 11th, 13th and 14th Hussars, 23rd, 26th and 27th Foot. Argyll's regiments at Stirling in October were the Greys, 3rd, 4th and 7th Hussars, and 6th Dragoons, the 11th, 16th, 21st, 25th and Grant's Foot. _Newspapers_, 6th October 1715.

The casualties at Sheriffmuir were 23 officers and 354 men killed, 11 officers and 142 men wounded. _Flying Post_, 3rd December 1715.

[8] The regiments present were the 11th, 14th, and 15th Foot, and some foreign troops. The casualties of the English were 1 officer and 14 men killed, 6 officers and 73 men wounded. The total loss of the force was 21 killed, 119 wounded. _Newspapers._

[9] The Sir Richard Temple of Marlborough's wars.

[10] The troops employed were one battalion from each regiment of Guards, the 3rd, 19th, 24th, 28th, 33rd, 34th, and 37th Foot.

[11] A rough woodcut of the funeral procession is still preserved in the print-room at the British Museum.

[12] The famous burial-service was composed for the occasion.

[13] Stanley's _Westminster Abbey_.

[14] Full details of the ceremony are in all the contemporary newspapers.

[15] _Weekly Journal_, 9th January 1720.

[16] Speech of Sir William Yonge, January 1738, _Parl. Hist._

[17] _Parl. Hist._ 28th November 1739.

[18] See Walpole's Speech, December 1717, _Parl. Hist._

[19] Even so, however, regiments of dragoons did not exceed 332, nor battalions of infantry 655 men.

[20] _Parl. Hist._

[21] _Parl. Hist._ 1717.

[22] _Gazette_, 11th January 1714-15. _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 30th June 1715. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 17th October 1724, 29th June 1725.

[23] _Commons Journals_, vol. xviii. p. 708, anno 1718. I may mention that in Article 29 is the first use of the word _reveillé_ that I have encountered in an English official work.

[24] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 5th April 1716.

[25] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 5th November 1725, February 1726.

[26] I am aware that he is popularly supposed to have been in the Blues, but his first commission was in the 1st or King's Dragoon Guards, then the Second Horse. Hence the "terrible cornet of Horse."

[27] _Parl. Hist._, vol. xiv. p. 479. The succession of Secretaries-at-War during this period was as follows: William Pulteney, 1714; James Craggs, April 1717; Robert Pringle, May 1718; George Treby, December 1718; Henry Pelham, April 1724; Sir William Strickland, May 1730; Sir William Yonge, May 1735.

[28] Mountains of such letters, absolutely worthless, are preserved in the Record Office. _H. O. Mil. Papers._

[29] A flagrant instance of the inconvenience came to light in 1729, when the discipline of the Army was for a time suspended because the Duke of Newcastle would not take the trouble to countersign the King's orders for holding courts-martial. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 14th April 1729.

[30] I give as a specimen the quarters of Pembroke's Horse (1st D. G.): 3 troops Newbury, 2 Farnham, 1 Alton, 1 Henley, 1 Oakingham, 1 Maidenhead. _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), vol. cccxxv. p. 147.

[31] Wade's speech, _Parl. Hist._, 1741. We find, however, that the town of Berwick was sensible enough to ask for barracks in 1717. _Warrant Books_, vol. lii. p. 314. Edinburgh also petitioned later that some might be built in the Canongate. _Ibid._, vol. lv., 24th April 1729.

[32] _Parl. Hist._, Pulteney's speeches, 1741, 1742.

[33] _Weekly Journal_, 14th April 1722. The sentiments of this organ are shown by the following quotations: "Military men above all should be set aside [as candidates for election]. Those who are bred up in the notion that plunder is lawful must make very hopeful stewards of your liberties."

[34] See Boswell's _Life of Johnson_. "_Johnson._ Why, sir, if the lodgings should be yours, you may certainly use them as you think fit. So, sir, _you may quarter two life-guardsmen upon him_, or you may send the greatest scoundrel you can find into your apartments, or you may say that you want to make some experiments in natural philosophy, and burn a large quantity of assafœtida in his house." The inclusion of the life-guardsmen in the same category with the greatest scoundrels and with assafœtida is instructive.

[35] _E.g._ _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 13th December 1716, 10th January, 14th February and 14th June 1717.

[36] _Ibid._, 11th October 1715, 13th August 1717.

[37] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 19th February 1717.

[38] _Ibid._, 24th July 1735.

[39] _Ibid._, 24th December 1715.

[40] _Ibid._, 13th January 1733.

[41] _Ibid._, 16th November 1734. The offenders were two enterprising officers of the 31st Foot.

[42] _Ibid._, 21st August 1717.

[43] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 21st August 1717.

[44] _Ibid._, 20th July 1720.

[45] _Ibid._, 22nd July 1731.

[46] _Ibid._, 9th May 1727.

[47] _Ibid._, 15th November 1726.

[48] Frequent instances in the _Secretary's Common Letter Book_.

[49] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 14th June 1717.

[50] _Ibid._, 9th December 1718, 2nd January 1719.

[51] _Ibid._, 15th May 1721.

[52] _Ibid._, 29th April 1725, 25th August 1729, and frequently.

[53] _Ibid._, 28th August 1733.

[54] See _e.g._ _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 28th June 1720.

[55] _Ibid._, 6th July 1733.

[56] _Ibid._, 30th April 1730.

[57] _Ibid._, 22nd February 1725.

[58] _Ibid._, 27th April 1725.

[59] _Ibid._, 24th April 1728. George II. quickly put a stop to this.

[60] See Lord Stair's complaints on this head during the campaign of 1742, _infra._

[61] _Parl. Hist._

[62] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 14th April 1716.

[63] Thus Lord Barrymore included in the price of his regiment £3500 as a debt for clothing, and £2362 "lost by an agent." _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 15th June 1715. _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 10th March 1722.

[64] A printed copy of the Regulations will be found in _H. O. War Office Papers_, vol. i. (R. O.)

[65] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 11th October 1715, 11th August 1716.

[66] _Ibid._, 8th July, 20th September 1717.

[67] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 27th August 1717.

[68] _Ibid._, 17th July 1717. Most, if not all of them, however, seem to have been reinstated.

[69] Mahon's _History of England_, vol. ii. p. 291.

[70] The severity with which men meted out punishment to a comrade varied very greatly. If they really meant to punish him, the strongest man could hardly stand up to receive the whole of his sentence. See the account of a man who drew his sword on a woman and wounded her. _Weekly Journal_, 4th April 1730.

[71] As to flogging round the fleet, see the first chapters of Marryat's _The King's Own_.

[72] _Secretary's Common Letter_ Book and Newspapers, _passim_. The _Weekly Journal_ of 21st July 1739 gives an instance of a deserter who had received five hundred lashes from the 1st Guards, as many from the Coldstreams, and as many from the 3rd Guards, and had been whipped in addition out of three marching regiments.

[73] See an account of a deserter shot by three fellow-deserters. _Weekly Journal_, 7th May 1720.

[74] There was such a rush to see the first infliction of picketing that several spectators were injured. _Daily Post_, 9th July 1739. The punishment consisted in hanging up a man by one wrist, with no rest for his bare feet but a pointed stake.

[75] Secretary Treby instructs officers to remit part of a flogging lest the prisoner should be too severely handled, "to prevent the reflections which might be cast upon the Government by malicious people who would be glad of such occasions." The offence was cursing the King, and the sentence was to run the gantlope of the whole regiment sixteen times, the punishment to be divided between two days. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 23rd August 1723.

[76] _Postboy_, 17th December 1822.

[77] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 10th October 1726.

[78] _Daily Post_, 13th March 1738. The King instituted "visiting rounds" every two hours in consequence. _Ibid._, 21st September 1738.

[79] See a letter to the _Craftsman_, 6th March 1731.

[80] To give but one instance. In 1683 a negro in Barbadoes, who ventured to say to his mistress that some day the blacks would beat the whites, was burned alive. I remember also to have seen in the newspapers an account of the repression of a negro insurrection in Antigua, I think about 1713. The minor offenders were burned alive, and the ringleaders hung up in cages to starve. The references I have unfortunately lost, but I am sure of the facts.

[81] _Cal. S. P., Col._, vol. i. pp. 30, 113, 155, 430. As to trepanning and spiriting, see _Ibid._, 1681-1685, _Index_, White Servants; and compare the story told by George Primrose in the _Vicar of Wakefield_.

[82] See the letters of Henry Cromwell in Thurloe's _State Papers_.

[83] In the first Parliament of Richard Cromwell. See Burton's _Diary_.

[84] The same system still obtains in respect of indentured coolies imported into the tropical colonies from the East Indies. They are, however, protected by stringent statutory regulations and under the care of a highly paid officer, called the Protector of Immigrants.

[85] _E.g._ Barbados, _Cal. S. P., Col._ (1661-1668), p. 530.

[86] See the complaints of Governor Stapleton. _Cal. S. P., Col._, 1678-1680, and 1681-1685.

[87] As, for instance, in the Virginian rebellion of 1682. See _Cal. S. P., Col._ (1681-1685), Nos. 531, 546.

[88] Afterwards James II.

[89] Collingwood's, afterwards disbanded.

[90] The first of the surviving regiments to go to the West Indies were the 12th, 22nd, and 27th.

[91] Drafted from the 22nd Foot on its return to England.

[92] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 25th October 1737.

[93] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 5th December 1730.

[94] _Warrant Books_, 18th December 1716. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 30th September 1742.

[95] _Warrant Books_ (1723), vol. viii. p. 339.

[96] Governor Kane, _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 1729.

[97] _Cal. Treas. Papers_ (1714), p. 12.

[98] Jamaica, by a local Act, granted an allowance of provisions to all ranks. Antigua, in 1739, offered not only barracks, but light, fuel, and additional pay to all ranks, with a bounty or a free passage home, and a Chelsea pension to every man at the close of ten years' service.

[99] The 38th Foot remained in the West Indies for nearly sixty years, 1716-1765. The 40th Foot was continuously on foreign service from 1717-1763. The 13th Foot went to Gibraltar in 1710 and remained there twenty-eight years; the 9th served at Gibraltar and Minorca from 1718-1746; the 17th from 1723-1748; the 18th from 1718-1742. Instances might be multiplied.

[100] _Parl. Hist._, 27th January 1742.

[101] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 1729.

[102] Inoculation was, of course, already in practice, but as yet confined only to the wealthier classes.

[103] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 23rd September 1720, 18th December 1739.

[104] _Ibid._, 8th January 1729, 31st July 1731 (Minorca).

[105] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 4th October 1720, 14th December 1726.

[106] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 2nd April 1735 (Minorca).

[107] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 1729.

[108] See _e.g._ _ibid._, 22nd February 1728, 20th September 1742.

[109] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), vol. dxxvii. pp. 26-41, 18th May 1743.

[110] A great number of Borgard's letters will be found at the Record Office, _F.O. Mil. Aux. Expeditions_, 1707-1713.

[111] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 12th May 1725.

[112] Stewart (_Highland Clans_) ignores these earlier companies of 1710-1717, and gives the date of the new companies as 1727 or 1729, and their number at six. The order, however, is dated as above, and the number given is four, but the estimates provide for six, and the _Home Office Military Entry Book_, 1st June 1725, mentions three Highland and three garrison companies.

[113] _London Daily Post_, 30th November 1739.

[114] One of the two, John Campbell, was killed later at Ticonderoga, having reached the rank of captain.

[115] Oglethorpe's, at Carolina, ranked until disbandment as the Forty-second.

[116] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 25th July, 7th August 1716.

[117] _Ibid._, 18th September 1718.

[118] _Ibid._, 1st December 1724.

[119] _Home Office Military Entry Book_, 9th May 1726.

[120] _Weekly Journal_, 26th April 1718.

[121] _Ibid._, 29th April 1718.

[122] _Ibid._, 30th October 1727.

[123] _Weekly Journal_, 6th July 1728.

[124] _Fog's Weekly Journal_, 22nd March 1729.

[125] _Ibid._, 11th November 1747.

[126] Newspapers, February 1732.

[127] Pitt's first commission bears date 9th February 1731, Cornet in Cobham's Horse (1st Dragoon Guards). As to the veterans, see _London Daily Post_, 19th January 1740, account of John Holland, who had served in all Cromwell's wars, also under Charles II. and James II., through all King William's wars, and through Marlborough's until 1708, when he was discharged. He, aged one hundred and five, and his wife, aged eighty-five, were found dead in their bed, supposed from cold, at Moyard, in Ireland. See also _London Daily Post_, 19th July 1736, account of an old cavalier, aged one hundred and twenty-three, still living at Ribchester, Lancs, who had had two horses shot under him and had been wounded in the arm at Edgehill. See also in _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 15th February 1731, mention of William Hasland, aged one hundred and eleven, who had fought at Edgehill and with King William in Flanders, and was now granted a Chelsea pension of a shilling a day.

[128] _Parl. Hist._, 14th February 1739.

[129] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 12th June, 27th August 1739.

[130] _Daily Post_, 18th August 1739.

[131] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 19th June, 9th October 1739.

[132] _Parl. Hist._, 21st and 28th November 1739.

[133] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 29th November 1739. Millan gives the dates as the seven consecutive days from the 17th to the 22nd November.

[134] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 21st December 1739, 13th January 1740. Nine regiments turned over half of their men, and a tenth regiment turned over more than one-third.

[135] Cathcart to Newcastle, 1st April 1740.

[136] Cathcart to Newcastle, 17th June 1740. The regiment was the 27th Foot. Cathcart's description of the recruits is pithy: "They may be useful a year hence, but at present they have not strength to handle their arms." The fatuity of the proceedings cannot be appreciated unless it be remembered that the transfer of every man from one regiment to another entailed also a transfer of cash, and an adjustment of regimental accounts (on an extremely complicated system) between regiment and regiment, to say nothing of the primary evils of drafting.

[137] Cathcart to Newcastle, 25th July 1740.

[138] _Ibid._

[139] The six new regiments of marines, 15th and 24th of the Line.

[140] Cathcart to Newcastle, 14th September, 12th October 1740.

[141] The disease was induced, according to his secretary, by an overdose of Epsom salts.

[142] Blakeney to Newcastle, 14th December; Gooch to Newcastle, 8th December 1740.

[143] Wentworth to Newcastle, 9th and 20th January 1741.

[144] _Ibid._, 20th January 1741.

[145] Vernon to the Admiralty, 24th February 1741.

[146] Vernon and Ogle to Wentworth, 11th to 22nd March 1741.

[147] Wentworth to Newcastle, 31st March 1741.

[148] Vernon to Newcastle, 26th April 1741 (enclosures).

[149] A French buccaneer who captured Carthagena in 1697.

[150] Wentworth to Newcastle, 26th April 1741.

[151] Vernon to Newcastle, 30th May 1741.

[152] Wentworth to Newcastle, 26th April 1741.

[153] Return of 30th May 1741.

[154] Wentworth to Newcastle, 20th December 1741.

[155] _Ibid._, 1st March 1742. Return of 20th January to 23rd February: Dead, of the four old regiments 109, of the three new regiments 165, of the Americans 99.

[156] Wentworth to Newcastle, 31st March 1742.

[157] Of Wolfe's regiment only ninety-six officers and men returned to England, these representing the survivors not of that regiment only, but of another that had been drafted into it.

[158] Carlyle, _Frederick the Great_, vol. iii. p. 396.

[159] Stair to Carteret, May 14/25, 18/29; June 1/12, 4/15, 12/23, 19/30, 1742.

[160] Stair to Carteret, July 23/August 3.

[161] Carteret to Stair, July 30/August 10, August 10/21.

[162] Stair to Carteret, October 20/31; Carteret to Stair, August 7/18, 8/19.

[163] Stair to Carteret, September 6/17, 10/21, 14/25.

[164] _Ibid._, October 1/12.

[165] _Ibid._, November 3/14, 13/24, November 23/December 4.

[166] Stair to Carteret, December 4/15, 9/20.

[167] _Ibid._, December 4/15, 1742; January 5/16, 1743.

[168] _Ibid._, January 19/30, January 22/February 2.

[169] _Ibid._, February 9/20.

[170] _Ibid._, February 16/27. The Guards set the example.

[171] Carteret to Stair, March 11/22.

[172] _Ibid._, March 29/April 9.

[173] Stair to Carteret, May 4/15.

[174] Carteret to Stair, May 18/29, May 23/June 3, May 27/June 7, May 30/June 10; Stair to Carteret, May 23/June 3, May 27/June 7, May 31/June 11, June 2/13. I have entered into some detail over Stair's part in the campaign, since he is charged, even by Lord Mahon, with the responsibility for the situation of the army just before Dettingen. "Lord Stair, whose military genius, never very bright, was rusted with age, appears to have committed blunder on blunder." Vol. iii. p. 218.

[175] Maison du Roi.

[176] Mémoires de Noailles.

[177] Honeywood to Carteret, Jan. 7/18, Ligonier to Carteret, March 21/April 1, 1744.

[178] Ligonier to Carteret, April 29/May 10.

[179] Wade to Carteret, May 30/June 10, June 25/July 6.

[180] Carteret to Wade, May 25/June 5.

[181] Carteret to Wade, July 13/24, 17/28.

[182] _Ibid._, July 31/Aug. 11, Aug. 14/25, 17/28.

[183] Wade to Carteret, Aug. 26/Sept. 6.

[184] _Ibid._, Aug. 19/Sept. 30, Aug. 25/Sept. 9, Sept. 16/27, Sept. 22/Oct. 3, Oct. 1/12, 10/21.

[185] Ligonier to Carteret, July 31/Aug. 11, 1744.

[186] Ligonier to Harrington, Jan. 29/Feb. 9, Feb. 6/17, 1745.

[187] _Gazette_, Feb. 23/March 6, March 1/12, 1745.

[188] Cumberland to Harrington, April 1/12, 12/23.

[189] The ground immediately before Fontenoy presents for fully eight hundred yards a gentle and unbroken slope. An officer who went over the ground with me assured me that Mars la Tour itself does not offer a more perfect natural glacis for modern rifle-fire.

[190] Every one knows the legend of "Messieurs les Gardes Françaises, tirez les premiers." "Non, messieurs, nous ne tirons jamais les premiers." But every English account agrees that the French fired first, long before the question had been raised, and I take the authority of Ligonier (who drew up the official account) as final. He says distinctly, "We received their fire."

[191] _Campagnes des Pays Bas._

[192] Ligonier to Harrington, May 5/16. Cumberland to Harrington, May 11/22.

[193] Fawkener to Harrington, July 19/30.

[194] General Bligh to Cumberland, June 28/July 9.

[195] Cumberland to Harrington, July 2/13.

[196] _Ibid._, July 14/25.

[197] Ligonier to Harrington, July 14/25.

[198] Harrington to Cumberland, Sept. 4/15; Oct. 1/12, 19/30.

[199] Cope's letters, July 3/13, 9/20; Aug. 3/17 1745.

[200] _Ibid._, Aug. 11/22 1745.

[201] _Ibid._, Aug. 13/24.

[202] Cope to Guise, Aug. 17/Sept. 7 1745.

[203] Cope, Aug. 31/Sept. 11 1745.

[204] The garrison consisted of twelve men under Sergeant Mulloy. The sergeant's despatch to Cope, dated August 30, is still extant, and worthy of a place in a military museum, were there such an institution.

[205] The carelessness in breaking horses to fire-arms at that time was remarkable. The first charge of the Blues at Dettingen was said to have failed because the horses were uncontrollable; and both the King's and the Duke of Cumberland's chargers ran away with them.

[206] _Miscellaneous Orders_, 25th September 1745.

[207] _Ibid._, 6th September 1745.

[208] These words were printed in the margins of the newspapers for weeks.

[209] _H.O.M.E.B._, 8th November; _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 28th September, 27th November 1745.

[210] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 9th October 1745.

[211] It consisted of the 13th, 27th, 34th Foot, 2nd and 3rd Dragoon Guards, 8th Dragoons. _Miscellaneous Orders_, 25th September 1745.

[212] The whole of the letters written at this time were intercepted, and lie in a confused bundle in the Record Office. The most remarkable among them are those of Grant of Glenmoriston to his wife, bidding her double the rents of all deserters who had returned home, and to oust them from their holdings. There is also a love-letter from a sergeant, whom I take to have been a deserter from the English garrison at Fort Augustus, which I print as a curiosity:--

"Muslebrogh, Oct. 30 1745. Dr Love I received your letter which I was vary glad to hear that you was in good health. I sa[w] Janet my ant and I did not get the letter you sent with Allan Royson. Alexander McLean your ant['s] son was asking the letter to read it but I wold not give hime it for fear that if (_sic_) he wold go soonner home and that he wold be casting it up to you as to a foole. It is a thing that is impossible to me to get because we are in oppinion every day to marge [march] on to England and [I] being a serjant and having the truble of the company--And God know how soon I can present my love to you, and nevertheless my love is as constant to you as it was formerly, and being in a bade [bad] condition every night and day, minding [remembering] you and your kindness and pleasant company. And I am in very good health since I wrott the last letter and nothing els [ails] me but the wanting of you, and I hope in God we shall make all things complete if I shall ever return. I am your most obedient love Duncan McGillise. Give my service to your children." _Addressed_, "Margrat McDonell in the cantain within the baraks of Fortugustus [Fort Augustus]."

I have preserved the spelling of the sergeant, but have perforce added punctuation, which is absolutely wanting in the original.

[213] Gray's (the poet's) letters, 3rd Feb. 1746.

[214] Hawley's letter, 7th January 1746.

[215] "Everything I have looked into appears more like jobs, than to be properly disposed." Handasyde's letter, 21st November 1745.

[216] Hawley to Harrington, 10th, 11th, 13th January 1746.

[217] Hawley to Newcastle, 19th January 1746.

[218] I take it that the effect of Prestonpans on the troops was much the same as that of the disaster of Isandhlwana in 1879, when most of the reinforcements sent out after the action were very young troops. Compare the case of Braddock's disaster. _Post._

[219] Hawley to Newcastle, 29th January 1746.

[220] Cumberland to Newcastle, 3rd February. "I thought it best to let the soldiers a little loose, with proper precautions, that they might have some sweets after all their fatigue. I have posted twenty dragoons on lady Perth and threatened to burn down the Castle unless Perth releases our officers."

[221] Lord Stair to Cumberland, 10th March 1746.

[222] Dunmore to Harrington, Jan. 20/31, Jan. 27/Feb. 7, Feb. 12/23.

[223] Ligonier to Harrington, July 1/12 1746.

[224] Ligonier to Harrington, July 9/20, 13/24, 16/27.

[225] _Ibid._, July 23/Aug. 3, Aug. 2/13.

[226] Ligonier to Harrington, Aug. 9/20, 19/30, Aug. 26/Sept. 6, Sept. 4/15.

[227] Ligonier to Harrington, Sept. 24/Oct. 5, Sept. 28/Oct. 9.

[228] Ligonier to Harrington, Sept. 28/Oct. 9, Oct. 20/31.

[229] 1st, 15th, 28th, 30th, 39th, and 42nd Foot.

[230] Cumberland to Harrington, Feb. 6/17, March 20/31, March 24/April 4.

[231] Cumberland to Chesterfield, May 1/12, 9/20.

[232] Cumberland blamed the Austrian General, Baroney, and his irregulars for supine negligence on the march. Cumberland to Chesterfield, July 6/17 1747.

[233] The regiments present at Lauffeld were the Greys, 4th Hussars, Inniskillings, 7th Hussars, and Cumberland's dragoons, one battalion each of the 1st and 3rd Guards, 3rd, 4th, 13th, 19th, 21st, 23rd, 25th, 32nd, 33rd, 36th, 37th, 48th Foot. The two last had no casualties.

[234] Cumberland to Newcastle, March 18/29, March 22/April 2, March 25/April 6.

[235] Bruce's _Annals of the East India Company_, vol. ii. pp. 125, 129, 152, 153, 156.

[236] Colonel Malleson (_French in India_, p. 306), commenting on this action, says that Clive "allowed his dislike of the great French statesman to stifle his more generous instincts." Surely if Dupleix erected this city (as undoubtedly was the case) as much for the impression that it would create in the native mind as for gratification of his personal vanity, Clive would have been wrong if he had not razed it. If it was French policy to build such a city, it was undoubtedly English policy to pull it down, and generosity has no place in the question. It is absurd to treat Dupleix Futtehabad as though it were a bridge of Jena or a column of Rossbach.

[237] Acadia is, and always was, a vague geographical term. The name when first used comprised the territory between latitude 40° and 46°.

[238] _Cal. S. P., Col._, 1632, p. 139.

[239] Acadia included Nova Scotia and more.

[240] The boundaries of New England were defined by the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude.

[241] Massachusetts, New Haven, Plymouth, Connecticut.

[242] The English always laid claim to the country as far north as the St Croix; the French, on the other hand, claimed it as far south as the Kennebec. This difference as to the true boundary of Acadia was one of the many points of friction between the two nations.

[243] It was recaptured by the Dutch in 1673 but restored to England by the treaty of 1674.

[244] The reader may also recall the case of Whalley the regicide, who fled to Massachusetts after the Restoration. See the Note to Scott's _Peveril of the Peak_, chap. xiv.

[245] Palfrey. _History of New England_, vol. iii. p. 434.

[246] The contingents were Massachusetts, 350 men; Virginia, 250; Maryland, 160; Connecticut, 120; Rhode Island, 48; Pennsylvania, 80; Virginia and Maryland commuted their obligations for a sum of money. Parkman. _Frontenac_, p. 408.

[247] Quoted by Parkman. _Half a Century of Conflict_, vol. i. p. 155.

[248] The narrative, told with admirable vividness and humour, may be found in Parkman, _Half a Century of Conflict_, vol. ii.

[249] Warren's letter, 4th July 1745.

[250] 900 men were buried out of 2500.

[251] Holderness to Dinwiddie, 18th January 1754. Parkman, vol. i. p. 162.

[252] Holderness to Dinwiddie, 5th July 1754.

[253] Order of 30th September 1754. _Record Office, America and W. I._, vol. lxxiv.

[254] Horace Walpole's instances of Braddock's rough manners are well known, but the following, I think, is new. An officer had been foisted upon Braddock on his appointment to the command, whom (in order to be rid of him) he placed in command of a small provincial fort at Cape Fear. Governor Dobbs of Carolina having complained of this officer, Braddock replied "that the man had been imposed upon him, that he would not trust him with the building of a hog-sty, and that the best thing Dobbs could do would be to hang him on the first tree he could find." The story is told in a letter of Governor Dobbs to General Amherst of 28th August 1762. _Record Office, W. O., Original Correspondence_, vol. xiii.

[255] These, while they lasted, ranked as 51st and 52nd of the Line.

[256] Braddock to Robinson, 18th March 1755.

[257] Parkman.

[258] Parkman.

[259] Shirley to Newcastle, 5th Nov. 1755. He assigns this as one of the causes of the subsequent disaster.

[260] Compare the utter helplessness of the French at Wynendale, who made no effort to clear the woods on their flanks, and the confusion of the forest-fighting at Malplaquet.

[261] Washington's own expression, in his letter of 18th July 1755.

[262] Probably of the 40th Foot, but possibly of the 45th.

[263] Not to be confounded with the Wood Creek on Lake Champlain.

[264] Intercepted letter in _Col. Papers_ (America and West Indies), vol. lxxxi. March 1756.

[265] Walpole.

[266] Twenty battalions of the Line raised to a strength of a thousand men each; eleven regiments of cavalry augmented; two new companies added to the Artillery. _Miscellaneous Orders_, 15th October 1755. _Warrant Books_, 21st October 1755.

[267] Order for raising them. _Miscellaneous Orders_, 7th January 1756.

[268] The 53rd, 54th and 57th. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 12th May 1756.

[269] Loudoun to Fox, 19th and 29th August 1756.

[270] _Miscellaneous Orders_, 20th Sept. 1756. The regiments thus augmented were as follows, the regiments made from their second battalions being added in brackets. 3rd (61st), 4th (62nd), 8th (63rd), 11th (64th), 12th (65th), 19th (66th), 20th (67th), 23rd (68th), 24th (69th), 31st (70th), 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 36th, 37th.

[271] Order for raising them, _Miscellaneous Orders_, 4th Jan. 1757.

[272] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 25th Jan. 1757.

[273] _Ibid._, 22nd Dec. 1756.

[274] _Ibid._, 21st Sept. 1756, 29th Jan. 1757. The regiments were the 2nd batt. 1st Foot, 17th, 27th, 28th, 43rd, 46th, 55th Foot.

[275] _Warrant Books_, 1st May 1756, 4th March 1757.

[276] So I gather from the countless letters on the subject in _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, Jan. and Feb. 1757.

[277] Loudoun to Fox, 25th Jan.; to Pitt, 25th April 1757.

[278] Pitt's instructions to General Hopson, 19th Feb.; Holderness to Loudoun, 8th April, 2nd May; Loudoun to Holderness, 5th August 1757.

[279] Loudoun to Pitt, 30th May 1757.

[280] The regiments were the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 15th, 20th, 24th, 25th, 30th, 50th, 51st.

[281] Pitt to Loudoun, 20th Dec. 1757.

[282] Abercromby's instructions, 30th Dec. 1757.

[283] Abercromby's instructions.

[284] The order of Amherst's force in brigades was as follows, the regiments being enumerated from right to left. _Right Brigade_ (Whitmore), 1 batt. 1st Foot, 40th, 3rd batt. 60th, 48th, 22nd. _Centre Brigade_ (Wolfe), 17th, 47th, 2nd batt. 60th, 35th. _Left Brigade_ (Lawrence), 28th, 58th, Fraser's Highlanders, 45th, 15th.--_Enclosure in_ Amherst's letter to Pitt, 11th June 1758.

[285] The 22nd, 28th, 40th and 45th.

[286] The 1st, 17th, 47th, 48th, Fraser's Highlanders.

[287] "I could not prevent the men from being filled with rum by the inhabitants." Amherst to Pitt, 18th September 1758.

[288] Forbes to Bouquet, 27th June; Washington to Bouquet, 3rd July 1758. _Bouquet Papers_, Add. M.S. 21640, 21641.

[289] _Board of General Officers, Letter Book_, vol. ccclx. p. 24.

[290] Horatio Gates to Bouquet, 8th September 1759. "Lord Howe was mistaken in cropping the Germans. Some, nay, many of them, would sooner have parted with their scalps than with their plaited tails to be trimmed _a la sauvage_." _Bouquet Papers._

[291] Abercromby to Pitt, 8th September 1758.

[292] Stewart's _Highlanders_, vol. i. p. 296.

[293] Turpin's _Essai sur la guerre_. Forbes to Pitt, 17th June, 27th October 1758.

[294] _Add. MS._, 21643. Receipt for the rifles, 6th May; Stanwix to Bouquet, 25th May 1758.

[295] _Ibid._, 21632. Bouquet to Forbes, 20th August 1758.

[296] The troops were, one battalion from each regiment of Guards, the 5th, 8th, 20th, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 30th, 33rd, 34th, and 36th Foot; the light troops of nine dragoon regiments, three companies of artillery and a large siege-train.

[297] Holderness to Durand, 27th, 30th June.

[298] The troops were, the Blues, 1st and 3rd Dragoon Guards, Greys, Inniskillings, 10th Dragoons (now Hussars), 12th, 20th, 25th, 37th, 51st Foot, with one battalion of Invalids to garrison Emden.

[299] Three battalions of Guards, the 5th, 24th, 30th, 33rd, 34th, 36th, 67th, 68th, and the Duke of Richmond's Foot (then numbered 72nd).

[300] Memorials of the African Committee, 13th September 1753, and of the African Company, 21st February 1755.

[301] Then numbered the 74th.

[302] Then numbered the 76th.

[303] Worge to Pitt, 22nd October. "Sum of the transports are cum to Kinsale" (_sic_). Keppel to Pitt, 26th October 1758.

[304] The 3rd, 4th, 61st, 63rd, 64th, 65th. _Miscellaneous Orders_, 27th September, 10th October 1758.

[305] Now Fort de France.

[306] Journal in Hopson's letter to Pitt, 30th January 1759.

[307] Though I have searched multitudes of maps of all periods I have been unable to discover Arnouville in any of them. Its position, however, may be guessed by its relations to Mahault Bay.

[308] Coote's, which took rank as the 84th, was raised by order of 10th January 1759. Sebright's, raised in Ireland 14th October 1758, was numbered the 83rd.

[309] Pitt to Amherst, 29th December 1758; 23rd January, 10th March 1759.

[310] See his _Regimental Orders_, 1749-1755, collected in a little volume. My own copy is the 2nd edition, 1780.

[311] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 2nd October 1758.

[312] Lord Temple, who is the authority for the story, was careful to mention that Wolfe was perfectly sober.

[313] The distribution was as follows: _Monckton's brigade_, 15th, 43rd, 58th, Fraser's Highlanders. _Townsend's brigade_, 28th, 47th, 2/60th. _Murray's Brigade_, 35th, 48th, 3/60th.

[314] These regiments were the 22nd, 40th, and 45th.

[315] Wolfe to Pitt, 6th June 1759.

[316] The 44th, 46th, 4/60th and 2500 New York Provincials. Amherst to Pitt, 7th May 1759.

[317] Amherst to Gage, 28th July 1759.

[318] _1st Brigade_, Colonel Forster, 27th, 55th, 1 batt. 1st; _2nd Brigade_, Colonel Grant, 17th, Montgomery's Highlanders, 42nd Highlanders.

[319] Amherst to Barrington, 10th August (_Bouquet Papers_, Add., MS. 21644, 22nd Feb. 1759). Amherst had also introduced a new exercise for all regiments (_Bouquet Papers_, 21644, 20th Jan. 1759), but what it was I have been unable to discover; though it seems (_Haldimand Papers_, Add., MS. 21661, 3rd August 1760) that he formed the infantry sometimes in two ranks only, the rear-rank "locking up" to the front.

[320] 28th (300 men), 43rd, Howe's division of Light Infantry, 47th, 58th, 200 Highlanders.

[321] Afterwards Lord St. Vincent.

[322] 300 of the 15th, 240 grenadiers, 250 Highlanders, 200 Light Infantry, 400 of the 35th, 400 of the 60th. Total 1910.

[323] The grenadier-companies of the 22nd, 40th and 45th.

[324] It should seem that a second gun was brought up in the middle of the action.

[325] The brigades had been reconstituted on the 7th of September (see _Wolfe's Orders_), but the new order was not adhered to in the action.

[326] "There is no necessity for firing very fast: a cool well-levelled fire is much more destructive and formidable than the quickest fire in confusion." _Wolfe's Orders_, p. 49.

[327] The 28th.

[328] Killed--10 officers, 48 men; wounded--37 officers, 535 men.

[329] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 8th September 1759. 2150 drafts were sent.

[330] Whitmore (Louisburg) to Pitt, 22nd January 1759.

[331] Murray's Journal, 14th Nov. 1759. "So much drunkenness that I recalled all licences, and ordered every man found drunk to receive twenty lashes every morning until he acknowledged where he got the drink, and to forfeit his allowance of rum for six weeks."

[332] Murray's Journal, 14th, 17th, 24th December 1759.

[333] Murray to Pitt, 25th May 1759.

[334] A wounded Highland officer who had fought under Lord George Murray at Culloden was heard to ejaculate, "From April battles and Murray generals, Good Lord deliver us." Murray, who lacked neither humour nor generosity, came to see him next morning and wished him better deliverance and a different prayer in his next action.

[335] Pitt to Amherst, 7th January, 9th February 1760.

[336] 1st Royals and Montgomery's Highlanders. Amherst to Pitt, 8th March 1760.

[337] Amherst to Pitt, 21st June 1760.

[338] Amherst to Haviland, 12th June 1760.

[339] Amherst to Pitt, 18th Oct. 1760.

[340] Amherst to Pitt, 8th Sept. 1760.

[341] The tract is called an island because it is enclosed on the east by the Jelingeer and on the west by the Bagiruttee.

[342] Draper's, while it lasted, ranked as the 79th. It was composed chiefly of drafts from the 4th, 8th, and 24th, and was raised in November 1757.

[343] A battalion of five hundred men would have been in five divisions, each of one hundred.

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A History of the British Army, Vol. 2Chapter XLV: Appendix: B (1)

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