Chapter XXVIII: Appendix: I

NOTABLE EVENTS AND DATES IN THE MODERN HISTORY OF AFRICAN COLONIZATION

B.C.

Foundation of the colony of Utica (Atiqa) on the N.
African (Tunisian) coast by the Phœnicians about 1100

Foundation of the colony of Carthage by the Phœnicians about 822

Expedition of Dorians founds first Greek colony in
Cyrenaica (modern Barka) about 631

Pharaoh Niku II of Egypt (son of Psammetik) sends out
Phœnician Expedition from Red Sea which is said to
have circumnavigated Africa in three years about 600

Conquest of Egypt by the Persians under Cambyses about 525

Hanno the Carthaginian explores the West Coast of
Africa as far south as Sierra Leone and brings back
chimpanzees about 520

Alexander of Macedon conquers Egypt from the Persians;
and founds the city of Alexandria 332

The Romans take Egypt under their protection 168

The Romans definitely conquer and destroy Carthage and
found the Roman province of Africa (consisting
eventually of modern Tunis and part of Tripoli) 146-5

Numidia (Algeria) annexed to the Roman Empire 46

Egypt annexed to the Roman Empire 30

Romans invade Fezzan (Phazania) 19

A.C.

Mauretania (Morocco) annexed to the Roman Empire 42

Jewish massacre of Greek inhabitants of Cyrenaica 117

North Africa torn from the Roman Empire by the Vandals 429

Recovered partially by the Byzantines 531-4

Persian armies occupy Egypt 616

Herodius recovers Egypt from the Persians 626

The Muhammadan Invasion of Africa:

Amr-bin-al Asi conquers Egypt 640-2

The Arabs invade Tripoli and Tunis, defeat the
patrician Gregory and partially destroy
Byzantine rule 647-8

Oqba-bin-Nafa is appointed by the Khalif “governor
of Ifrikiyah” (669), overruns Fezzan and South
Tunis, and founds there the Muhammadan capital
of Kairwan 673

Oqba traverses N. Africa till he reaches the
Atlantic Ocean 681

Carthage taken by the Arabs (698); Tunisia finally
conquered from the Berbers (705); Morocco and
Algeria conquered about 708; Spain invaded by
Arabs and Berbers 711

First Islamic settlements founded on E. African
coast about 720; Kilwa Sultanate founded 960

Aghlabite (Berber) dynasty begins in Tunis in 800
(Morocco contemporaneously ruled by the
Idrisites) and comes to an end 909

Rise of the Fatimite dynasty over Tunis, Tripoli,
and Egypt (909), by whom Cairo (Al Kahira) is
founded 969

Great Arab invasion of North Africa (especially
Tunis) about 1045

About 1050 commences the invasion of N. Africa
from the Niger and the Moroccan Sahara by the
Berber sect of the Murabitin (Al-moravides), who
have conquered all N. Africa and Spain by 1087

Timbuktu founded by the Tawareq about 1100

The Third Great Berber dynasty of the Muahadim
(Al-Mohade) arises in W. Algeria about 1150,
conquers Morocco, Spain and Algeria, and finally
Tunis (from which the Normans are driven away) 1160

French and German Crusaders occupy eastern part of
Nile Delta and garrison Cairo before they are
driven out by “Saladin” 1163-70

Hafs dynasty founded in Tunis 1236

King Louis IX of France (“Saint Louis”) invades Egypt
in 1248; is disastrously repulsed, captured and
ransomed. Twenty-two years later he invades Tunis,
where he dies of fever 1270

Roman Carthage finally destroyed by the Moors, and
Tunis made the capital of “Ifriqiyah” about 1271

The Portuguese take Ceuta from the Moors 1415

The river Senegal reached by Portuguese exploring
vessels sent out by Prince Henry 1446

Diego Gomez reaches and names Sierra Leone 1460

The Canary Islands, discovered by a Norman adventurer
and ultimately sold to Portugal, are transferred by
that power to Spain 1479

Gold Coast, Niger Delta, Fernando Pô, Cameroons and
Gaboon discovered by the Portuguese 1471-80

River Congo discovered by the Portuguese 1482-5

Bartolomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope 1488

Melilla (N. Morocco) captured by the Spaniards 1490

Christianity introduced into the kingdom of Congo by
the Portuguese 1491

Vasco da Gama passing round the Cape of Good Hope
discovers and names Natal (Christmas, 1497), reaches
Sofala and Malindi (East Africa) 1498

Sofala occupied and Portuguese East African Empire
begun 1505

Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese 1500-6

The Emperor Charles V grants a charter to a Flemish
merchant for the exclusive importation of negro
slaves into Spanish America; Slave Trade thus
definitely founded 1517

The Turks conquer Egypt 1517

Charles V intervenes in the affairs of Tunis (to
restore Arab Hafside Sultan and drive out the Turkish
corsair Khaïreddin Barbarossa) 1535

Charles V sustains disastrous repulse at Algiers (from
which dates gradual decay of Spanish power over North
Africa) 1541

Delagoa Bay first explored and temporarily settled by
the Portuguese 1544

First British trading ships leave London for the West
African coast 1553

Sir John Hawkins conveys the first cargo of negro
slaves to America under the British flag 1562

The Turks (having through corsairs founded the Regency
of Algiers in 1519, that of Tripoli in 1551) once
more take Tunis and make it a Turkish Pashalik 1573

Portugal founds the colony of Angola 1574

Dom Sebastião, King of Portugal, defeated and slain at
the battle of Kasr-al-Kabir; and the Portuguese
Empire over Morocco thenceforth crumbles 1578

Turkey attempts to wrest from Portugal the Zanzibar Coast,
but is utterly defeated by the Portuguese Admiral
Thomé de Sousa Coutinho 1584

Abu al Abbas al Mansur, the first “Sharifian” Emperor
of Morocco, who was the victor over Dom Sebastião,
sends an army across the Sahara and annexes Timbuktu
and the Upper Niger to the Moorish dominions 1590

The first Dutch trading ships appear on the West
African Coast 1595

The Dutch replace the Portuguese at Arguin (N. W. Coast
of Africa) and Goree (Dakar) in 1621; and at Elmina
(Gold Coast) 1637

French traders from Dieppe found the Fort of St Louis
at the mouth of the Senegal 1637

Foundation of the French Compagnie de L’Orient for the
purpose of colonizing Madagascar 1642

The British East India Company takes the Island of St
Helena from the Dutch 1651

The Dutch take possession of the Cape of Good Hope 1652

The dynasty of the Filali Sharifs acquires the
possession of the whole Empire of Morocco and Upper
Nigeria 1658

A British African Company chartered by Charles II
builds a fort at James Island, at the mouth of the
Gambia 1662

This same Company (afterwards the Royal African
Company), taking advantage of the war declared
against Holland, seizes and retains several Dutch
forts on the Gold Coast 1665-72

Denmark establishes forts on the Gold Coast about 1672

Brandenburg (Prussia) builds the Fort of
Grossfriedrichsburg on the Gold Coast 1683

England, to whom Tangier had been ceded by Portugal in
1662, abandons it to the Sharifian Empire of Morocco 1684

The rising Arab power of ’Oman had driven Portugal out
of all her possessions north of Moçambique by 1698

The present Husseinite dynasty of Beys (from 1706 to
1881 practically independent sovereigns) is founded
in Tunis by a Turkish Agha—Hussein bin Ali Bey 1706

Sieur André de Brüe, who went out to St Louis in 1697
as the Governor of the French Senegal Company, founds
during the next 18 years the French colony of Senegal
and returns to France 1715

The French occupy the Island of Mauritius (Bourbon or
“Réunion” not being occupied until 1764) 1721

The Portuguese (having finally lost Mombasa in 1730)
recognize the Maskat Imamate on the Zanzibar coast
and decree the Bay of Lourenço Marquez on the south
and Cape Delgado on the north to be the limits of
their East African possessions 1752

The Portuguese lose Mazagão, their last foothold in
Morocco 1769

Spain acquires Fernando Pô in the Gulf of Guinea 1778

Sierra Leone ceded to the British by the natives 1787

Spain loses Oran by a terrible earthquake, and with it
her last hold over Algeria 1791

Denmark forbids the Slave Trade to her subjects 1792

Britain first seizes the Cape of Good Hope 1795

Mungo Park discovers the river Niger at Segu 1796

The London Missionary Society’s Agents land in Cape
Colony and commence work amongst the Kafirs and
Bushmen 1799

Napoleon Buonaparte conquers Egypt, 1798; Nelson
destroys French fleet at Abukir Bay same year; French
evacuate Egypt 1801

Britain finally occupies the Cape of Good Hope 1806

Sierra Leone and Gambia organized as Crown Colonies 1807

An Act of Parliament is passed abolishing the Slave
Trade in the British dominions 1807

British capture from the French Seychelles (1794),
Mauritius and Réunion in 1810, and Tamatave and
Island of St Marie (Madagascar) in 1811

Muhammad Ali destroys the Mamluks in Egypt 1811

First Kafir war in South Africa 1811-12

Cape Colony definitely ceded by Holland to Great
Britain 1814

Island of Réunion (Bourbon) restored to France 1814

Holland abolishes the Slave Trade in her dominions 1814

France and Sweden abolish the Slave Trade 1815

France reoccupies Island of St Marie de Madagascar
(first taken in 1750) 1817

Invasion of the Egyptian Sudan by Muhammad Ali’s forces
(1820-22) and foundation of Khartum as its capital 1823

A British Government Expedition under Oudney,
Clapperton, and Denham discovers Lake Chad 1823

Vice-Admiral W. F. W. Owen completes his great coast
survey of Africa, in which for the first time in
history the outline of the African Continent was
correctly delineated 1822-9

Governor Sir Charles Macarthy defeated and killed by
the Ashanti in 1824; consequent first British war
with Ashanti terminates victoriously 1827

The Brothers Lander sent out by British Government
trace the Niger from Busa to the sea and establish
its outlet in the Gulf of Guinea 1830

A French Expedition conquers Algiers 1830

Portugal abolishes the Slave Trade 1830

First British steamers (Macgregor Laird’s Expedition)
navigate the Lower Niger (1832) and discover the
Benué River 1833

Slavery abolished in all British African possessions,
including Cape Colony, by 1834

Third Kafir War in South Africa 1834

Turkey sends expedition to Tripoli to restore her
direct authority 1835

First “trekking” of the Boers away from British rule 1836

Boer emigrants treacherously massacred by Dingane, King
of the Zulus 1837

The Sakalava of N.-West Madagascar place themselves
under French protection, and France occupies the
islands of Nossi Bé and Mayotta 1840

Second Niger Expedition despatched from England 1841

Muhammad Ali the Macedonian (once a Turkish officer of
Bashi-bazuks) confirmed in the hereditary sovereignty
of Egypt as Pasha and Wali 1841

The last of the quasi-independent Karamanli Pashas of
Tripoli seizes and garrisons the important Saharan
towns of Ghadames and Ghat in 1840-41; but is himself
removed by the Turks, who annex definitely to the
Turkish Empire Tripoli and Barka 1842

Natal becomes a British Colony 1843

Gold Coast finally organized as a Crown Colony 1843

French war with Morocco 1844

Waghorn’s Overland Route finally established across
Egypt 1845

Independence of the Freed-slave State of Liberia
recognized 1847

Abd-al-Kader surrenders; Constantine (East Algeria)
taken by the French 1847

Foundation of the French Freed-slave settlement of
Libreville in the Gaboon 1848

Krapf and Rebmann discover the snowy Mountains of Kenya
and Kilima-njaro 1848

Slavery had been abolished throughout all the French
possessions in Africa by 1849

Denmark cedes her Gold Coast forts to England 1850

Livingstone and Oswell discover the Central Zambezi 1851

Independence of the Transvaal Republic recognized by
Great Britain 1852

Representative Government established in Cape Colony 1853

General Faidherbe appointed Governor of Senegal in
1854; he breaks the Fula power in Senegal and greatly
extends the French possessions by 1856

A British Expedition is sent out in 1849 under
Richardson, Oberweg, Vogel and Barth to explore North
Central Africa: Oberweg navigates Lake Chad, ascends
the river Shari and is killed in Wadai; Barth visits
the Upper Benué, Timbuktu, etc., and returns to
England 1855

Livingstone makes his famous journey from Cape Colony
to Angola and from Angola to the Indian Ocean,
exploring the Zambezi from source to mouth, and
returns to England 1856

Burton and Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, and Speke
reaches south end of the Victoria Nyanza 1858

Livingstone and Kirk discover Lake Nyasa 1859

Spanish War with Morocco 1859-60

Zanzibar separated as an independent State from the
Imamate of ’Oman 1861

Lagos becomes a British Crown Colony 1863

Speke and Grant establish the Victoria Nyanza Lake as
the main source of the Nile, visit Uganda, and follow
the Nile down to Cairo 1860-4

(Sir) Samuel Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza 1864

Second Government Expedition under Dr Baikie sent out
to explore rivers Niger and Benué (1854); Dr Baikie
made Consul for the Niger, founds Lokoja at
Niger-Benué confluence and explores Benué (1857) and
greatly extends British influence; but dies in 1863;
Consulate abolished 1866

Discovery of a diamond near the Orange River in Cape
Colony 1867

Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu and the Upper Luapula (Congo)
R. discovered by Livingstone in 1867 and 1868

Basutoland placed under British protection 1868

British Army enters Abyssinia to release captives of
King Theodore and wins victory of Magdala 1868

Establishment of Triple Control over Tunisian finances 1869

Opening of Suez Canal 1869

Sir Samuel Baker appointed Governor of the Equatorial
province, Egyptian Sudan 1869

Dr Schweinfurth discovers the R. Wele-Mubangi, the
great northern affluent of the Congo 1870

Livingstone discovers the Lualaba or Upper Congo at
Nyangwe; is met at Ujiji and relieved by Stanley 1871

Insurrection against French in Eastern Algeria
suppressed 1871

Responsible Government introduced into Cape Colony 1872

Sultan of Zanzibar signs treaty forced on him by
England for abolition of the Slave Trade 1873

Second Ashanti War: Sir Garnet Wolseley takes and burns
Kumasi 1873-4

Dr Livingstone dies 1873

Cameron crosses Africa from Zanzibar to Benguela,
mapping Tanganyika correctly for the first time 1873-5

Stanley circumnavigates the Victoria Nyanza and traces
the river Congo from Nyangwe to the Atlantic
Ocean—the greatest journey in African Exploration 1874-7

Transvaal annexed by Great Britain 1877

The Dual Control of France and England imposed on
Egyptian Government (1876); Ismail Pasha deposed 1879

War between Great Britain and the Zulus 1879

The International Association founded by the King of
the Belgians, having developed a special branch, the
“Comité d’Études du Haut Congo,” sends out H. M.
Stanley to found what becomes six years later the
“Congo Independent State” 1879

De Brazza secures part of the Upper Congo for France 1880

The Transvaal revolts against Great Britain and obtains
recognition of its independence under British
suzerainty 1881

French force enters Tunis and imposes French protection
on that country 1881

French conquests reach the Upper Niger 1881-2

Arabi’s revolt in Egypt (1881), abolition of Dual
Control, bombardment of Alexandria and defeat of
Arabi at Tel-el-Kebir by Lord Wolseley; British
occupation of Egypt begins 1882

Italy occupies Assab Bay on Red Sea coast and commences
creation of colony of Eritrea 1882

Occupation of Obok by France 1883

The commencement of the African Scramble: Germany
establishes her protectorate over South-West Africa,
and over Togoland and the Cameroons in West Africa,
France occupies Grand Bassam and Porto Novo (Ivory
and Slave Coasts); Gordon is despatched to the Sudan
(which revolted from Egypt in 1883); and the Berlin
Conference on African questions is summoned 1884

Death of General Gordon at Khartum and temporary loss
of Egyptian Sudan 1885

Recognition by all the powers of Congo Independent
State 1885

Bechuanaland taken under British protection 1885

Germany founds her East African possessions in the
interior of the Zanzibar Sultanate 1885

Great Britain declares protectorate over Niger Coast
and river Niger and grants Charter to Royal Niger
Company: Joseph Thomson makes a Treaty for latter
Company with the Sultan of Sokoto 1885

Portugal extends her territory to the south bank of the
Congo and to Kabinda 1884-5

France concludes treaty with Madagascar which gives her
predominant influence over that island (declares
protectorate over Komoro Islands 1886) 1885

The Anglo-Egyptian forces sustain severe defeats near
Suakin at the hands of the Sudanese under Osman
Digna: Suakin is retained, but Egyptian rule in the
Nile valley is restricted to Wady Haifa. Italy
occupies Masawa 1885

Great discoveries of reef gold in the Transvaal;
founding of Johannesburg 1886

War breaks out in N. Nyasaland between British settlers
and Arab slave traders 1887

In Oil rivers (Niger Delta) Jaja, King of Opobo, is
arrested and banished; access to interior markets is
then obtained 1887

French Senegambian possessions definitely extended to
the Upper Niger 1887

Imperial British East Africa Company receives Charter 1888

Serious rebellion against the Germans breaks out in
East Africa (is not finally subdued by von Wissmann
till 1890) 1888

British protectorate over N. Somaliland first organized 1889

Italian protectorate established over East Somaliland:
and treaty concluded with Menelik of Ethiopia by
which Italy claimed to control foreign relations of
Abyssinia 1889

Charter given to British South African Company 1889

British Central Africa declared to be under British
protection: British flag hoisted on Lakes Tanganyika
and Nyasa 1889

In 1887 Stanley conducts an expedition by way of the
Congo to relieve Emin Pasha. He discovers the Edward
Lake and Ruwenzori Mountains and reaches Zanzibar 1889

Anglo-German Agreement concluded relative to East
Africa: Zanzibar taken under British protection;
Great Britain recognizes French protectorate over
Madagascar and French Sphere of Influence between
Algeria, the Niger, and Lake Chad; and France
recognizes the British Control over Sokoto and the
Lower Niger 1890

Cecil Rhodes, managing director of the British South
Africa Company, becomes premier of Cape Colony 1890

French expeditions reach the river Shari from the Congo
Basin and secure that river to French influence 1890-1

Captain (afterwards Colonel Sir Frederick) Lugard
establishes British predominance ever Uganda 1891

A German force annihilated by Wa-hehe in south central
part of German East Africa 1891

Paul Crampel, the first explorer crossing from the
Congo basin to, the Shari river, is killed by a
subordinate chief under Rabah Zobeir on the borders
of Dar Banda 1891

Belgians establish posts in Schweinfurth’s Wele 1892

Natal receives responsible government 1893

France conquers and annexes Dahomé 1893

Rabah Zobeir becomes Sultan of Bornu by conquest 1893

First Matebele war; death of Lobengula; Buluwayo
becomes the capital of Rhodesia 1893

French occupy Jenne and Timbuktu on the Upper Niger 1893-4

The Belgian forces under Baron Dhanis capture all the
Arab towns on the Lualaba (Upper Congo) and destroy
the Arab power in Congoland 1892-4

Witboo Hottentot outbreak against Germans in Southwest
Africa 1894

Uganda declared a British protectorate; Charter of
British East Africa Company withdrawn and British
East Africa henceforth administered under British
Commissioner 1894-5

Arabs finally defeated and expelled from Nyasaland
Protectorate 1895

Major Mouzinho de Albuquerque captures the Zulu king
Gungunyana and firmly establishes Portuguese dominion
in South-east Africa 1895

Captain Bottego establishes Italian post at Lugh on the
Jub river 1895

France conquers and annexes Madagascar 1894-6

Jameson raid into Transvaal; Matebele revolt and second
Matebele war 1896

Italy sustains terrible defeat in North Abyssinia. Her
protectorate over Abyssinia withdrawn and that
country’s independence recognized 1896

Anglo-Egyptian army reconquers Dongola 1896

Conquest of Nupe by the Royal Niger Company 1897

Zululand incorporated with Natal 1897

Railway completed to Buluwayo 1897

Emile Gentil reaches Shari river and Lake Chad from
Congo, and establishes French protectorate over
Bagirmi 1897

Benin city and kingdom conquered by a British Naval
Expedition (after a massacre of a pacific expedition
under J. R. Phillips) 1897

German East Africa declared a German colony 1897

Revolt of Sudanese soldiers temporarily imperils
British position in Uganda. Col. Sir J. R. L.
Macdonald’s expedition reveals geography of region
between Lake Rudolf and Nile; Sir Harry Johnston
reorganizes the administration of Uganda protectorate
and concludes a new treaty with kingdom of Buganda 1897-98-1900

Anglo-French agreement signed with regard to Niger 1898

Anglo-German agreement relative to Delagoa Bay and
Other Portuguese possessions in Africa signed in 1898

Samori, the last great warrior chief of Senegal-Niger,
defeated and captured by the French 1898

Serious rising against the British Sierra Leone
protectorate 1898

Railway opened from Lower Congo to Stanley pool 1898

Khartum captured by Sir H. (since Viscount) Kitchener
and Anglo-Egyptian influence established over the
Sudan; Wadi Halfa-Dongola railway continued towards
Khartum 1898

Major Marchand, who is sent to Fashoda by French
Government, is withdrawn thence on British protests 1898

The British and French Governments conclude an appendix
to the Niger Convention of 1898 which determines
approximately the boundaries of British and French
influence in the Eastern Sudan 1899

Ashanti rising and final conquest of Ashanti 1900

Northern Nigeria taken over for administration by the
British Government 1900

The Khalifa and nearly all his remaining generals
perish in the battle of Omdubreikat (Kordofan) in
November, 1899, and Osman Digna is captured near
Suakin in January. Sir Reginald Wingate becomes
Governor-General of Sudan 1900

Rabah Zobeir, the Sudanese conqueror of Bornu, etc.,
dies in battle with the French 1900

The Sadd or obstructive water vegetation of Mountain
Nile is cut through by Major Malcolm Peake and
navigation opened up between Khartum and Gondokoro
(Uganda) 1900-1

Railway from Wadi Halfa reaches Khartum 1901

Sleeping sickness begins in Uganda in the autumn of 1901

War breaks out in South Africa between Boer Republics
and Great Britain (October 1899); Bloemfontein and
Pretoria taken, 1900; Orange Free State and Transvaal
annexed to British Empire, 1900; peace concluded 1902

Fadl-Allah, son and successor of Rabah, dies after his
defeat by the French on the frontiers of Bornu 1902

Right Hon. Cecil Rhodes dies at Muizenburg near Cape
Town, March 1902

German occupation of Lake Chad districts 1902

The final conquest of Northern Nigeria begins 1902.
(Yola, Bauchi, Bornu) and finishes (Kano and Sokoto) 1903

Uganda railway from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza open for
through service in 1903

Mr E. D. Morel commences his public denunciations of
King Leopold’s misgovernment of the Congo State in
1902; (Sir) Roger Casement sent out to investigate
and report 1903-4

British-Somali War 1902-4

Anglo-French Agreement, allotting Morocco to a French
and Egypt to a British Sphere of Influence 1904

King Leopold sends an international commission to the
Congo basin to investigate truth of charges brought
against his administration (1904); the commission
reports 1905

Mauretania (land between Senegal and Moroccan Sahara)
taken under French administration 1904-5

Lagos and Niger coast united as “Southern Nigeria” 1904

Rhodesian “Cape to Cairo” railway reaches and bridges
Zambezi at Victoria Falls 1905

French conquest of Wadai, the great slave-raiding state
of the Central Sudan, begins 1904

Italian government takes on direct management of
Italian Somaliland 1905

German Emperor decides to pay state visit to Morocco at
Tangiers and thereby calls in question the allotment
of Morocco to France as a sphere of influence 1905

The Congress of Algeciras meets in southern Spain to
discuss the future of Morocco 1906

Railway from Khartum-Berber to Port Sudan (Red Sea)
opened 1906

Grant of responsible.government to the Transvaal 1906

In 1903 the Hottentots rebel against German authority
in South-west Africa. In 1904 the Ova-herero
(Damaras) join the rebellion, which is not finally
crushed until 1906-7

Responsible government granted to Orange River Colony
(Orange Free State) 1907

Diamonds found in German South-west Africa 1908

Belgium annexes the Congo Independent State 1908-9

In 1908 serious troubles break out in Western Morocco
(Shawia country) obliging France to land a large
force and occupy Casa Blanca and the neighbourhood;
Mulai Hafid defeats his brother (Abd-el-Aziz) and
becomes Sultan in his place; France and Germany come
to a temporary arrangement which recognizes France’s
“political interests” in Morocco 1909

Union of South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal,
and Orange State) proclaimed 1909

Spaniards send an army of 50,000 men to conquer and
occupy Rif country (North-east Morocco) 1909-10

France conquers the Arab and Berber nomad tribes of
Adrar (Mauretania) 1909-10

France finally conquers Wadai 1910

Rhodesian “Cape to Cairo” railway opened as far as
Congolese frontier in Katanga 1910

Viscount Kitchener becomes British Agent in Egypt 1911

“Cape to Cairo” railway extended from Khartum to El
Obeid (Kordofan) 1911

The “Panther,” sent to Agadir on the south-west coast
of Morocco by Germany, reopens the Morocco question;
but the incident ends in a German recognition of a
French protectorate over Morocco 1911

Italy lands 80,000 men at Tripoli and eventually
annexes all Tripoli and Barka 1911-12

France cedes to Germany important territories which
connect the Kamerun colony with the Mubangi river and
the main Congo, making Germany a “Congo” power 1911-12

Railway from Lagos to Kano (Hausaland) finished 1912

Liberian Republic entrusts the management of its
finances and interior police to officials appointed
by United States President 1911-12

France and Spain definitely settle their partition of
Morocco; and France occupies all important Moroccan
towns except Tangier 1912