Chapter II: Preface

This little work embodies the more generally interesting portions of lectures first written for delivery at the STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, in the winter of 1871-'72, to a mixed audience, composed, however, principally of engineers by profession, and of mechanics; it comprises, also, some material prepared for other occasions.

These lectures have been rewritten and considerably extended, and have been given a form which is more appropriate to this method of presentation of the subject. The account of the gradual development of the philosophy of the steam-engine has been extended and considerably changed, both in arrangement and in method. That part in which the direction of improvement during the past history of the steam-engine, the course which it is to-day taking, and the direction and limitation of that improvement in the future, are traced, has been somewhat modified to accord with the character of the revised work.

The author has consulted a large number of authors in the course of his work, and is very greatly indebted to several earlier writers. Of these, Stuart[1] is entitled to particular mention. His "History" is the earliest deserving the name; and his "Anecdotes" are of exceedingly great interest and of equally great historical value. The artistic and curious little sketches at the end of each chapter are from John Stuart, as are, usually, the drawings of the older forms of engines.

[1] "History of the Steam-Engine," London, 1824. "Anecdotes of the
Steam-Engine," London, 1829.

Greenwood's excellent translation of Hero, as edited by Bennett Woodcroft (London, 1851), can be consulted by those who are curious to learn more of that interesting old Greek treatise.

Some valuable matter is from Farey,[2] who gives the most extended account extant of Newcomen's and Watt's engines. The reader who desires to know more of the life of Worcester, and more of the details of his work, will find in the very complete biography of Dircks[3] all that he can wish to learn of that great but unfortunate inventor. Smiles's admirably written biography of Watt[4] gives an equally interesting and complete account of the great mechanic and of his partners; and Muirhead[5] furnishes us with a still more detailed account of his inventions.

[2] "Treatise on the Steam-Engine," London, 1827.

[3] "Life, Times, and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of
Worcester," London, 1865.

[4] "Lives of Boulton and Watt," London, 1865.

[5] "Life of James Watt," D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1859.
"Mechanical Inventions of James Watt," London, 1854.

For an account of the life and work of John Elder, the great pioneer in the introduction of the now standard double-cylinder, or "compound," engine, the student can consult a little biographical sketch by Prof. Rankine, published soon after the death of Elder.

The only published sketch of the history of the science of thermo-dynamics, which plays so large a part of the philosophy of the steam-engine, is that of Prof. Tait--a most valuable monograph.

The section of this work which treats of the causes and the extent of losses of heat in the steam-engine, and of the methods available, or possibly available, to reduce the amount of this now immense waste of heat, is, in some respects, quite new, and is equally novel in the method of its presentation. The portraits with which the book is well furnished are believed to be authentic, and, it is hoped, will lend interest, if not adding to the real value of the work.

Among other works which have been of great assistance to the author, and will be found, perhaps, equally valuable to some of the readers of this little treatise, are several to which reference has not been made in the text. Among them the following are deserving of special mention: Zeuner's "Waermetheorie," the treatises of Stewart and of Maxwell, and McCulloch's "Mechanical Theory of Heat," a short but thoroughly logical and exact mathematical treatise; Cotterill's "Steam-Engine considered as a Heat-Engine," a more extended work on the same subject, which will be found an excellent companion to, and commentary upon, Rankine's "Steam-Engine and Prime Movers," which is the standard treatise on the theory of the steam-engine. The works of Bourne, of Holley, of Clarke, and of Forney, are standards on the practical every-day matters of steam-engine construction and management.

The author is almost daily in receipt of inquiries which indicate that the above remarks will be of service to very many young engineers, as well as to many to whom the steam-engine is of interest from a more purely scientific point of view.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A SIMPLE MACHINE.
PAGE
SECTION I.--THE PERIOD OF SPECULATION--FROM HERO TO WORCESTER,
B. C. 200 TO A. D. 1650 1

Introduction--the Importance of the Steam-Engine, 1; Hero and
his Treatise on Pneumatics, 4; Hero's Engines, B. C. 200, 8;
William of Malmesbury on Steam, A. D. 1150, 10; Hieronymus
Cardan on Steam and the Vacuum, 10; Malthesius on the Power of
Steam, A. D. 1571, 10; Jacob Besson on the Generation of Steam,
A. D. 1578, 11; Ramelli's Work on Machines, A. D. 1588, 11;
Leonardo da Vinci on the Steam-Gun, 12; Blasco de Garay's
Steamer, A. D. 1543, 12; Battista della Porta's Steam-Engine,
A. D. 1601, 13; Florence Rivault on the Force of Steam, A. D.
1608, 15; Solomon de Caus's Apparatus, A. D. 1615, 16; Giovanni
Branca's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1629, 16; David Ramseye's
Inventions, A. D. 1630, 17; Bishop John Wilkins's Schemes, A.
D. 1648, 18; Kircher's Apparatus, 19.

SECTION II.--THE PERIOD OF APPLICATION--WORCESTER, PAPIN, AND
SAVERY 19

Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, A. D. 1663, 19;
Worcester's Steam Pumping-Engines, 21; Jean Hautefeuille's
Alcohol and Gunpowder Engines, A. D. 1678, 24; Huyghens's
Gunpowder-Engine, A. D. 1680, 25; Invention in Great Britain,
26; Sir Samuel Morland, A. D. 1683, 27; Thomas Savery and his
Engine, A. D. 1698, 31; Desaguliers's Savery Engines, A. D.
1718, 41; Denys Papin and his Work, A. D. 1675, 45; Papin's
Engines, A. D. 1685-1695, 50; Papin's Steam-Boilers, 51.

CHAPTER II.

THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A TRAIN OF MECHANISM.

THE MODERN TYPE AS DEVELOPED BY NEWCOMEN, BEIGHTON, AND SMEATON 55

Defects of the Savery Engine, 55; Thomas Newcomen, A. D. 1705,
57; the Newcomen Steam Pumping-Engine, 59; Advantages of
Newcomen's Engine, 60; Potter's and Beighton's Improvements, A.
D. 1713-'18, 61; Smeaton's Newcomen Engines, A. D. 1775, 64;
Operation of the Newcomen Engine, 65; Power and Economy of the
Engine, 69; Introduction of the Newcomen Engine, 70.

CHAPTER III.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE. JAMES WATT AND HIS
CONTEMPORARIES.