Chapter XV: Appendix: Spanish Governors of the Philippines

(1571-1898.)

1571-1572 Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. 1572-1575 (Tesorero) Guido do Labezares. 1575-1580 Don Francisco La-Sande. 1580-1583 Don Gonzalo Ronquillo. 1583-1584 Don Diego Ronquillo. 1584-1590 Dr. Don Santiago de Vera. 1590-1593 Don Gomez Perez de Dasmarinas. 1593-1595 Luis Perez Dasmarinas. 1595-1596 Don Antonio de Morga. 1596-1602 Don Francisco Tello de Guzman. 1602-1606 Don Pedro Bravo de Acuna. 1606-1608 Royal Audiencia. 1608-1609 Don Rodrigo Vivero. 1609-1616 Don Juan de Silva. 1616-1618 Don Andres Alcazar. 1618-1624 Don Alonso Faxardo y Tenza. 1624-1625 Royal Audiencia. 1625-1626 Don Fernando de Silva. 1626-1632 Don Juan Nino de Tabora. 1632-1633 Royal Audiencia. 1633-1635 Don Juan Zerezo de Salamanca. 1635-1644 Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera. 1644-1653 Don Diego Faxardo y Chacon. 1653-1663 Sabiano Manrique de Lara. 1663-1668 Don Diego Salcedo. 1668-1669 Senor Pena Bonifaz. 1669-1677 Don Manuel de Leon. 1677-1678 Royal Audiencia. 1678-1684 Don Juan de Vargas. 1684-1689 Don Gabriel de Curuzalequi. 1689-1690 Don Alonso de Avila Fuertes. 1690-1701 Don Fausto Cruzat y Gongora. 1701-1709 Don Domingo Zabalburu. 1709-1715 Conde de Lizarraga. 1715-1717 Royal Audiencia. 1717-1719 Don Fernando Manuel de Bustamante. 1719-1721 Archbishop Cuesta. 1721-1729 Don Toribio Jose de Cosio y Campo (Marques de Torre Campo). 1729-1739 Don Fernando Valdes y Tamon. 1739-1745 Don Gaspar de la Torre. 1745-1750 Bishop Father Juan de Arrechedra. 1750-1754 Don Francisco Jose de Obando y Solis. 1754-1759 Don Pedro Manuel de Arandia y Santisteban. 1759-1761 Don Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta (Bishop of Zebu). 1761-1764 Archbishop Don Manuel Antonio Rojo del Rio y Vieyra. 1764-1764 Dr. Don Simon de Anda y Salazar. 1764-1765 Don Francisco de la Torre. 1765-1770 Don Jose Raon. 1770-1778 Dr. Don Simon de Anda y Salazar. 1778-1787 Don Jose Basco y Vargas. 1787-1788 Don Pedro Sarrio. 1788-1793 Don Felix Berenguer de Marquina. 1793-1806 Don Rafael Maria de Aguilar y Ponce de Leon. 1806-1810 Don Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras. 1810-1813 Don Manuel Gonzalez Aguilar. 1813-1816 Don Jose de Gardoqui Jaraveitia. 1816-1822 Don Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras. 1822-1825 Don Juan Antonio Martinez. 1825-1830 Don Mariano Ricafort Palacio y Abarca. 1830-1835 Don Pascual Enrile y Alcedo. 1835-1836 Don Gabriel de Torres. 1836-1838 Don Andres Garcia Camba. 1838-1841 Don Luis Lardizabal y Montojo. 1841-1843 Don Marcelino de Oraa Lecumberri. 1843-1844 Don Francisco de Paula Alcala de la Torre. 1844-1850 Don Narciso Claveria y Zaldua. 1850-1850 Don Antonio Maria Blanco. 1850-1853 D. Antonio de Urbistondo, Marques de la Solana y Teniente General. 1853-1854 El Mariscal de Campo de Ramon Montero, General Segundo Cabo (acting). 1854-1854 El Teniente General Marques de Novaliches. 1854-1854 El Mariscal de Campo de Ramon Montero (acting). 1854-1856 El Teniente General de Manuel Crespo. 1856-1857 El Mariscal de Campo de Ramon Montero (acting). 1857-1860 El Teniente General de Fernando de Norzagaray. 1860-1860 El Mariscal de Campo de Ramon Solano y Llanderal (acting). 1860-1861 El Brigadier de Artilleria de Juan Herrera Davila (acting). 1861-1862 El Teniente General de Jose Lemery. 1862-1865 El Teniente General de Rafael Echaguee. 1865-1865 El Mariscal de Campo de Joaquin Solano (acting). 1865-1866 El Teniente General de Juan de Lara e Irigoyen. 1866-1866 El Mariscal de Campo de Juan Laureano Sanz (acting). 1866-1866 El Comandante General de Marina de Antonio Ossorio (acting). 1866-1866 El Mariscal de Campo de Joaquin Solano (acting). 1866-1866 El Teniente General de Jose de la Gandara. 1866-1869 El Mariscal de Campo de Manuel Maldonado (acting). 1869-1871 El Teniente General de Carlos de la Torre. 1871-1873 El Teniente General de Rafael Izquierdo. 1873-1873 El Comandante General de Marina de Manuel MacCrohon (acting). 1873-1874 El Teniente General de Juan Alaminos y Vivar. 1874-1874 El Mariscal de Campo de Manuel Blanco Valderrama (acting). 1874-1877 El Contra Almirante de la Armada de Jose Malcampo y Monje. 1877-1880 El Teniente General de Domingo Moriones y Murillo. 1880-1880 El Comandante General de Marina de Rafael Rodriguez Arias (acting). 1880-1883 El Teniente General de Fernando Primo de Rivera, Marques de Estella. 1883-1883 El Mariscal de Campo de Emilio de Molins, General Segundo Cabo (acting). 1883-1885 El Capitan General del Ejercito de Joaquin Jovellar y Soler. 1885-1885 El Mariscal de Campo de Emilio de Molins (acting). 1885-1888 El Teniente General de Emilio Terrero. 1888-1888 El Mariscal de Campo de Antonio Molto (acting). 1888-1888 El Cotra Almirante de la Armada de Federico Lobaton (acting). 1888-1891 El Teniente General de Valeriano Weyler. 1891-1893 El Teniente General de Eulogio Despojol, Conde de Caspe. 1893-1893 El General de Division de Federico Ochando, General Segundo Cabo (acting). 1893-1896 El Teniente General de Ramon Blanco y Erenas, Marques de Pena-Plata. 1896-1897 El Teniente General de Camilo G. de Polavieja, Marques de Polavieja. 1897-1897 de Jose de Lacharmbre y Dominguez, Teniente General (acting). 1897-1898 de Fernando Primo de Rivera, Capitan General, Marques de Estella. 1898-1898 de Basilio Augustin Teniente General del Ejercito. 1898-1898 El General Segundo Cabo de Fermin Jaudenes y Alvarez.

NOTES

[1] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., p. 38.

[2] See Yule's Marco Polo for a discussion of this point and for the entire history of this great explorer, as well as a translation of his narrative. This book of Ser Marco Polo has been most critically edited with introduction and voluminous notes by the English scholar, Sir Henry Yule. In this edition the accounts of Marco Polo, covering so many countries and peoples of the Far East, can be studied.

[3] See the noted work The Life of Prince Henry of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, and its Results, by Richard Henry Major, London, 1868. Many of the views of Mr. Major upon the importance of Prince Henry's work and especially its early aims, have been contradicted in more recent writings. The importance of the Sagres Observatory is belittled. Doubts are expressed as to the farsightedness of Prince Henry's plans, and the best opinion of to-day holds that he did not hope to discover a new route to India by way of Africa, but sought simply the conquest of the "Guinea," which was known to the Europeans through the Arab Geographers, who called it "Bilad Ghana" or "Land of Wealth." The students, if possible, should read the essay of Mr. E. J. Payne, The Age of Discovery, in the Cambridge Modern History, Vol I.

[4] The classical work on this famous ruler is Robertson's Life of Charles the Fifth, but the student should consult if possible more recent works.

[5] Primer Viaje alrededor del Mundo, Spanish translation by Amoretti, Madrid, 1899, page 27.

[6] The discovery of this famous relationship is attributed to the Spanish Jesuit Abbe, Lorenzo Hervas, whose notable Catalogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones conocidas was published in 1800-05; but the similarity of Malay and Polynesian had been earlier shown by naturalists who accompanied the second voyage of the famous Englishman, Captain Cook (1772-75). The full proof, and the relation also of Malagasy, the language of Madagascar, was given in 1838 by the work of the great German philologist, Baron William von Humboldt.

[7] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., p. 52.

[8] Another possible explanation of the many Sanskrit terms which are found in the Philippine languages, is that the period of contact between Filipinos and Hindus occurred not in the Philippines but in Java and Sumatra, whence the ancestors of the Filipinos came.

[9] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., pp. 58, 59, chap. XVII.

[10] Arte de la Lengua Tagala.

[11] This name is derived, in the opinion of Professor Blumentritt, from Bayi, or Bay, meaning Laguna de Bay. Professor Meyer, in his Distribution of the Negritos, suggests an identification from this Chinese record, of the islands of Mindanao, Palawan (called Pa-lao-yu) and Panay, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, Samar, Bohol, and Luzon.

[12] Through the courtesy of Professor Zulueta, of the Manila Liceo, permission was given to use from Chao Ju-kua's work these quotations, translated from the Chinese manuscript by Professor Blumentritt. The English translation is by Mr. P. L. Stangl.

[13] "This would confirm," says Professor Blumentritt, "Dr. Pardo de Tavera's view that in ancient times the Philippines were under the influence of Buddhism from India."

[14] Conquista de las Islas Filipinas, p. 95.

[15] Relacion de la Conquista de la Isla de Luzon, 1572; in Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. I.

[16] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 297.

[17] These data are largely taken from the account of the customs of the Tagalog prepared by Friar Juan de Plasencia, in 1589, at the request of Dr. Santiago de Vera, the governor and president of the Audiencia. Although there are references to it by the early historians of the Philippines, this little code did not see the light until a few years ago, when a manuscript copy was discovered in the convent of the Franciscans at Manila, by Dr. Pardo de Tavera, and was by him published. It treats of slave-holding, penalties for crime, inheritances, adoption, dowry, and marriage. (Las Costumbres de los Tagalog en Filipinas, segun el Padre Plasencia, by T. H. Pardo de Tavera. Madrid, 1892.)

[18] See on this matter Diccionario Mitologico de Filipinas, by Blumentritt; Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. II.

[19] This word is of Sanskrit origin and is common throughout Malaysia.

[20] Relacion de las Cosas de las Filipinas hecha por Sr. Domingo de Salazar, Primer obispo de dichas islas, 1583; in Retana, Archivo, vol. III.

[21] The foundation and character of this great colonial administration have been admirably described by the Honorable Bernard Moses, United States Philippine Commissioner and the first Secretary of Public Instruction, in his work, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America.

[22] Moses: Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, p. 12.

[23] Demarcacion del Maluco, hecha por el maestro Medina, in Documentos ineditos, vol. V., p. 552.

[24] This and subsequent voyages are given in the Documentos ineditos, vol. V., and a graphic account is in Argensola's Conquista de las Islas Molucas. They are also well narrated in English by Burney, Discoveries in the South Sea, vol. I., chapters V., XII., and XIV.

[25] Fray Gaspar de San Agustin: Conquista de las Islas Filipinas, lib. I., c. 13.

[26] One of the best paintings of the Filipino artist Juan Luna, which hangs in the Ayuntamiento in Manila, represents Legaspi in the act of the "Pacto de Sangre" with this Filipino chieftain.

[27] There is an old account of this interesting expedition by one who participated. (Relacion de la Conquista de la Isla de Luzon, Manila, 1572; Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. IV.)

[28] Morga: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 2d ed., p. 10.

[29] Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. P. 316.

[30] Conquista de la Isla de Luzon, p. 24.

[31] See the letter of Bishop Salazar to the king, explaining his motives, in coming to the Philippines. Retana, Biblioteca Filipina, vol, I.; Relacion, 1583, p. 4.

[32] Zuniga: Historia de Filipinas, pp. 195, 196.

[33] Both Van Noort and Morga have left us accounts of this sea-fight, the former in his journal, Description of the Failsome Voyage Made Round the World, and the latter in his famous, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.

[34] Montero y Vidal: Historia de Filipinas, vol. I., p. 199.

[35] Relacion de la Conquista de Luzon, 1572, p. 15.

[36] Relacion de las Encomiendas, existentes en Filipinas, Retana, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. IV.

[37] Ordenanzas ... para la Reparticion de los Indios de la Isla Espanola, in Documentos Ineditas, vol. I., p. 236.

[38] Historia de Filipinos, p. 157, et sq.

[39] Among other documents, which throw a most unfavorable light upon the condition of the Filipinos under the encomiendas, is the letter to the king from Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of the Philippines, which describes the conditions about 1583.

[40] Domingo de Salazar, Relacion de las Cosas de las Filipinas, 1583, p. 5, in Retana Archives, vol. 3.

[41] Relacion, pp. 13, 14.

[42] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 334.

[43] Las Costumbres de los Tagalos en Filipinas segun el Padre Plasencia. Madrid, 1892.

[44] Blumentritt: Organization Communale des Indigines des Philippines, traduis de l'Allemand, par A. Hugot. 1881.

[45] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 332.

[46] See Salazar's relation on this point.

[47] Chirino: Relacion, pp. 19, 20.

[48] Morga, p. 329.

[49] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 323.

[50] The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, ... by Richard Hakluyt, Master of Artes and sometime Student of Christ Church in Oxford. Imprinted at London, 1598. Vol. I., p. 560.

[51] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 347.

[52] Sucesos de las Filipinas, p. 352.]

[53] Laws of the Indies, VIII., 45, 46.

[54] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, chap. V., p. 23, and chap. XIII. p. 47.

[55] Ibid., p. 323.

[56] Ibid., p. 321.

[57] Morga: Sucesos, p. 324.

[58] Carta Relacion de las Cosas de la China y de los Chinos del Parian de Manila, 1590; in Retana, Archivo, vol. III.

[59] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, p. 18. See also Salazar, Carta Relacion.

[60] Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, p. 364.

[61] Zuniga: Historia de las Filipinas, p. 252.

[62] Historia General de Filipinas, vol. I., p. 187.

[63] Morris: The History of Colonization, vol. I., p. 215 sq.

[64] Raffles: History of Java, vol. II., p. 116.

[65] On the history of this notable expedition see Argensola, Conquista de las Islas Molucas. Madrid, 1609.

[66] An account of this victory, written the following year, Relacion Verdadera de la gran vitoria, que el Armada Espanola de la China tuuo contra los Olandeses Pirates, has been reprinted by Retana, Archivo Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. II.

[67] "Just before the naval engagement of Playa Honda, the Dutch intercepted junks on the way to Manila, bringing, amongst their cargoes of food, as many as twelve thousand capons."--Foreman: The Philippine Islands, p. 104.

[68] Historia de Filipinas, p. 282.

[69] How attractive the island appeared and how well they knew its peoples is revealed by the accurate descriptions in the first book of Combes' Historia de Mindanao y Jolo.

[70] Historia de Mindanao y Jolo, lib. IV., chap. 7.

[71] This important victory was commemorated in a number of writings, some of which have been reprinted by Retana. See Sucesos Felices, que por Mar y Tierra ha dado N. S. a las armas Espanolas, 1637. Another is published in the Appendix to Barrantes', Historia de Guerras Piraticas. The subject is also fully treated by Combes.

[72] The king did not confer the title of "Royal" until 1735, although the University was taken under his protection in 1680.

[73] Entrada de la Seraphica Religion, de Nuestro P. S. Francisco en las Islas Filipinas. Retana, vol, I.

[74] The Jesuits, on retiring with the Spanish forces from the Moluccas, brought from Ternate a colony of their converts. These people were settled at Marigondon, on the south shore of Manila Bay, where their descendants can still be distinguished from the surrounding Tagalog population.

[75] See the account of the "Settlement of the Ladrones by the Spaniards," in Burney's Voyages in the Pacific, vol. III.

[76] Some of the benefits of such a trade are set forth by the Jesuit, Alonzo de Ovalle, in his Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Chili, printed in Rome, 1649. In Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels, vol. III.

[77] Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias, lib. VIII., titulo 45, ley 78.

[78] Montero y Vidal: Historia de Filipinas, vol. I., p. 460.

[79] Relacion de la Entrada del Sultan Rey de Jolo, in Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, vol. I.

[80] Historia de Filipinas, p. 682.

[81] These orders and other documents dealing with the Jesuit expulsion are printed in Montero y Vidal, Historia de Filipinas, vol. II. p. 180 sq.

[82] But the conquest was almost valueless, and a few years later the inhabitants had to be transported to Cagayan because of the scarcity of food.

[83] Alava made a series of journeys through the different provinces of the Philippines, and on these trips he was accompanied by Friar Martinez de Zuniga, whose narrative of these expeditions forms a most interesting and valuable survey of the conditions of the Islands and the people at the beginning of the nineteenth century. "Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 6 mis viajes por este pais, por el Padre Fr. Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga. Publica esta obra por primera vez extensamente anotada W. E. Retana." 2 vols. Madrid, 1893.

[84] Jagor: Viajes por Filipinas, p. 81. Translated from the German. Madrid, 1895.

[85] See Estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1847, by D. Sinibaldo de Mas.

[86] Bowring: A Visit to the Philippine Islands, p. 387.

[87] The reports of the Dominican missionaries of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela show the extent and persistence of these raids. (See the files of the missionary publication, El Correo Sino-Annamita, and also the work by Padre Buenaventura Campa, Los Maybyaos y la Raza Ifugao, Madrid, 1895.

[88] Montero y Vidal: Historia de Filipinas, vol. III, p. 99.

[89] Montero y Vidal: Historia de Filipinas, vol. III., p. 209. The document is given in Appendix 4 of the same volume.

[90] See Rajah Brooke, by Sir Spencer St. John, London, 1899.

[91] Keppel: Expedition to Borneo of H. M. S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy, with extracts from the Journal of James Brooke, Esq. 2 vols. London, 1846. Keppel: A Visit to the Indian Archipelago in H. M. S. Moeandar. 2 vols. London, 1853.

[92] Spain established a permanent commission of censorship in 1856. It was composed of eight persons, one half nominated by the governor and one half by the archbishop.

[93] El Periodismo Filipino, por W. E. Retana. Madrid, 1895.

[94] An account of Rizal's trial and execution, together with many papers on the revolution, is printed by Retana. See Archivo, Tomo IV. Documentos politicos de Actualidad.

[95] See the decisions of the Supreme Court in the cases of American Insurance Co. v. Canter (1 Peters, 511), decided in 1828; National Bank v. County of Yankton (101 U. S. Reports, 129), decided in 1879; The Mormon Church v. United States (136 U. S. Reports, 1), decided May, 1890. On the domain of personal liberty possessed by the inhabitants of a territory, in addition to above cases, see also the cases of Reynolds v. United States (98 U. S. Reports, 154), 1878; and Murphy v. Ramsey (114 U. S. Reports, 15), 1884.

End of Project Gutenberg's A History of the Philippines, by David P. Barrows