Chapter VIII: The Religious Principles Inspiring The Reformation.(386) (4)

Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, his peasants did not revolt, 331;
helps John of Saxony, 334;
proposed a democratic constitution for the Church of Hesse, 337 _n._,
415 _f._;
a leader among the Protestant princes, 325, 341;
deceived by Pack, 344;
signed the _Protests_, 346, 371;
arranges for the _Marburg Colloquy_, 352;
admires Zwingli, 350;
further attempts to unite the Protestants, 359;
signs the _Augsburg_ Confession, 363, 368;
supposed to be ready for war, 369;
at Schmalkalden, 373;
aids Duke of Würtemburg, 376;
his bigamy, 380 _ff._;
tempted by Charles V., 383;
surrenders and is imprisoned, 389;
liberated, 394;
at Naumberg, 396.

Pico della Mirandolo, 48, 64;
a disciple of Savonarola, 160;
proposed to become a Dominican, 161;
buried in San Marco, Florence, 162.

Pictures, the, which influenced Luther, 198.

Pictures in churches, 312.

Pilgrim guide-books, 131 _ff._, 226.

Pilgrim songs, 128 _n._, 132 f. and _n._, 194.

Pilgrimage places, 194;
Niklashausen, 100 _ff._;
near Mansfeld, 127;
St. Michael’s Mount, 128;
Wilsnack, 129;
the Holy Land, 130;
Rome, 131 _f._;
Compostella, 131 _ff._

Pilgrimages, epidemic of, 100, 128;
of children, 128, 129.

Pirkheimer, Willibald, 60 _ff._, 249 and _n._, 309.

Platonic Academies, 48.

Platonism, Christian, 48, 64.

Platter, Thomas, a wandering student, 55.

_Plenaria_, 149.

Plethon, Gemistos, 48.

Podiebrod, George, 6.

_Pœnæ eternæ et temporales,_ 221 _f._, 225.

Poggio Bracciolini, 49.

Poliziano, Angelo, a disciple of Savonarola, 162.

Pollich, Dr., 205, 207.

POPES—
Nicholas I. (858-867), 2;
Gregory VII. (1073-1085), 2;
Innocent IV. (1243-1254), 4;
Urban II. (1088-1099), 224;
Boniface VIII. (1294-1303), 4;
Clement V. (1305-1314), 12;
John XXII. (1316-1334), 9, 10, 11, 12, 13;
Nicholas V (1447-1455), 49;
Boniface IX. (1389-1404), 16;
Eugenius IV. (1431-1447), 23;
Pius II. (1458-1464), 5, 6;
Paul II. (1464-1471), 6;
Sixtus IV. (1471-1484), 7, 29;
Innocent VIII. (1484-1492), 34;
Alexander VI. (1492-1503), 5, 12, 16, 34;
Julius II. (1503-1513), 6, 34, 49;
Leo X. (1513-1521), 5, 16, 22, 25, 34, 187, 229, 231, 240;
Adrian VI. (1522-1523), 16, 320, 322;
Clement VII. (1523-1534), 322, 380;
Paul III. (1534-1549), 378;
Paul IV. (1555-1559), 185.

_Pope’s House_, the Church is, 11, 194, 205, 235, 483.

Popular literature, on the Lutheran controversy, 300 _ff._;
on the Augsburg _Interim_, 392.

Portugal, 29.

_Postilla_, the, of Nicholas de Lyra, 117.

_Postills_, Luther’s, 409.

_Præmunire_, statutes of, 11.

_Pragmatic Sanction_ of Bourges, 24.

Preachers and towns, 310.

Preaching in the later Middle Ages, 117 _ff._

Prices, rise in, at close of Middle Ages, 112.

Prierias, Silvester Mazzolini of Prierio, 230, 247, 303.

Priesthood, conception of, in the mediæval Church, 3, 438;
made clear by an _interdict_, 439;
Colet refused to accept it, 170;
Luther emancipated men from, 193, 444;
the, of all believers, 240, 244, 380, 435 _ff._

Priests disliked, 96.

Princes, the, of Germany represented settled government, 36.

Printing made art and literature democratic, 45;
in Germany used from the beginning to spread devotional literature, 126.

Processions, ecclesiastical, 119, 362.

_Procurationes_, 13.

Proles, Andreas, 140, 163.

_Protest, the_, at Speyer, 346;
the second, 371.

Prussia, East, 326, 386.

_Rechtern, non fechten sondern_, 372 _n._

_Red Cross, the_, 214.

Regensburg (Ratisbon), conference at, 363, 379 f.

_Reichskammersgericht_, 372, 375, 377, 379.

_Reichsregiment, the_, 36, 38, 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 338.

_Relaxatio de injuncta pœnitentia_, 219.

Religious background of the claim for papal universal supremacy, 2.

Religious life at the close of the Middle Ages, 131;
a non-ecclesiastical religion, 139 _ff._

Religious pioneers have one method, 432.

Religious War, the, in Germany, 389 _f._

Renaissance, the, period of transition from the mediæval to the modern
world, 42;
beginning of science, 42 _f._;
geographical exploration, 43;
a revolution in art, 44;
religion of the, 45;
revival of letters, 46 _ff._

René of Provence, 23.

_Reservations_, papal, 9, 24.

_Resolutiones_ of Luther, 230 f.

Reuchlin, 67 _ff._

Reutlingen, 347, 363, 391.

Revival of religion in the fifteenth century, 127 _ff._

Revolts. See _Social revolts_.

Rhegius, Urban, 306, 310.

Rhodes, 19.

Robber-knights, 83.

Rohrbach, Jäklein, a leader in the Peasants’ War, 330.

_Roll-Brüder_, 53.

Roman Empire, Holy, 31 _f._

Roman Law and the peasants of Germany, 107.

Roman lawyers and their influence on theology, 168.

Romans, King of the, 31, 39, 360, 394.

Rome, ancient, the Papacy claims to succeed, 1 _f._

Rome, Luther in, 207; sack of, 266, 343.

Rostock, 374.

Roumania, 19.

Sachs, Hans, 93, 307 _n._, 310.

Sacrament of the Supper, 353 _ff._, 377;
Zwingli on the, 355, 357;
Wessel on the, 355;
Honius on the, 355;
Luther on the, 358, _f._;
Carlstadt on the, 356.

Sacramental efficacy, 232, 248, 478, _f._

Sacraments, Colet on the, 171.

Sacraments, the number of the, 242.

Safe-conducts for Luther, 267 _n._, 273 and _n._, 276.

St. Gallen, 347.

Salerno, University of, 46.

Salzburg, Peasants’ War in, 330.

Samlund, the Bishop of, a Lutheran, 306.

San Marino, 349.

Saracens, 18.

_Satisfactions_, 216 _f._, 447.

Savonarola, 22;
youth and education, 158;
sympathy with the New Learning, 159;
disciples among the Italian Humanists, 161 _f._;
a mediæval thinker, 163.

_Saxon Visitations_, 405 _f._

Saxony. Ernestine (_Electoral_ till 1547, then Ducal), secular
superintendence of the Church in the fifteenth century, 140,
259; 206, 214, 250, 316, 318, 347, 386, 407.

Saxony, Elector of, _Frederick_, makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 130,
258;
collects relics, 214, 258;
obtains an Indulgence for his church, 130, 214;
for a bridge, 259;
his family policy of controlling the Church, 141;
founds the University of Wittenberg, 205 _ff._;
forbids Tetzel to enter his territories, 213;
protects Luther, 232 _f._, 297;
his religious position, 258 _f._, 292;
at the Diet of Worms, 263, 292;
provides for Luther’s safety, 297;
troubled at the disturbances at Wittenberg, 316 _f._, 334;
death, 336.
_John_, brother of Frederick, 292, 316, 334, 341, 345;
signs the _Protests_, 346, 371;
refuses the nuncio’s benediction, 360, 361;
signs the _Augsburg Confession,_ 363 _f._;
joins the Schmalkald League, 373.
_John Frederick,_ son of John, signs the _Augsburg Confession_, 363;
marries Sibylla of Cleves, 382;
“the born Elector,” 394;
deprived of the Electorate and imprisoned, 384, 389;
death, 394;
_Frederick_ (Duke, not Elector), son of John Frederick, 397.

Saxony, Albertine (_Ducal_ till 1547, then Electoral), 214.

Saxony, Albertine, Duke of, _George_, at _Leipzig Disputation_, 237 _f._;
desires a Reformation, 257, 203, 325;
gives a safe-conduct for Luther, 273 _n._, 276;
interferes in the affairs of Wittenberg, 316;
published Edict of Worms, 319;
feared the Hussites, 238, 324;
member of the Roman Catholic League, 341;
his daughter married Philip of Hesse, 344, 380;
death, 377.
_Henry_, brother of George, 377.
_Maurice_ (Elector from 1547), son of Henry, married a daughter of
Philip of Hesse, 382;
received the Electorate, 384 and _n._;
took the Emperor’s side in the Religious War, 389;
the _Leipzig Interim_, 391 _n._;
attacked the Emperor, 393;
at the Conference at Passau, 393;
death, 395.
_Augustus_ (Elector), 395.

_Scala sancta_ at Rome, 207.

Scandinavia, 19; the Reformation in, 417 _ff._

Schappeller and the Twelve Articles of the Peasants, 333.

Scheurl, Christopher, of Nürnberg, 256.

Schism, the Great, 5, 136.

Schlettstadt in Elsass, school at, 52.

_Schmalkald Articles_, 374, 467 _n._, 468.

_Schmalkald League_, 373 _ff._, 380, 382, 383.

Schmalkalden, 373.

Schnepf, Erhard, Reformer of Tübingen, 391.

Scholastic, the New, 325.

_Scholastic Theology_, 55, 118, 125, 159, 161, 167, 169, 173, 181, 199
_ff._, 210, 219, 221, 223 _f._, 253;
condemned by Luther, 211;
teaches work-righteousness, 211, 450, 469;
is _sophistry_, 469;
_faith_ and _reason_ in, 469.

Schools in Germany, 51 _ff._

Schott, Peter, endows a people’s preacher for Strassburg, 118.

Schurf, Jerome, professor of Law at Wittenberg, 276, 280, 281, 317.

_Schwabach Articles_, 359.

Scientific, the scientific element in theology is the fleeting, 167.

Scotland, 21;
Luther’s books prohibited in, 299, 388.

Scotus, John Duns, 55, 169, 178, 196, 223, 449.

_Scripture, the doctrine of_;
Scripture, a personal rather than a dogmatic revelation, 165, 453;
mis-statement of the Reformation view, 453;
differences in meaning of word, 454;
unity in, natural and arbitrary, 455; theory of various senses, 165, 196
_n._, 456;
faith and, 459, 461;
Lacordaire on the Protestant doctrine of, 457;
gives direct communion with God, 460;
what is the infallibility of, 461 _ff._, 464;
Scripture and the word of God, 461 _f._;
human and divine elements in, 464, 465;
inerrancy, 464;
Calvin on the authority of, 465;
place for the Higher Criticism, 466 _f._;
in the Reformation Creeds, 467 _n._

Scriptures in the mediæval Church, 147 _f._, 454 _ff._;
reading the, a mark of heresy, 149.

Secular supervision of religious affairs in the fifteenth century, 140.

Servia, 19.

Sibylla of Cleves, wife of John Frederick of Saxony, 382, 389.

Sicily, part of Naples, 33;
Greek spoken in, 46.

Sickingen, Francis von, 268, 273, 295, 306 and _n._, 323.

Siebenberger, Maximilian, 281.

Simnel, Lambert, 21.

Sitten, Cardinal von, admires Luther, 257.

Social conditions at the close of the Middle Ages, 79 _ff._

Social revolts in the later Middle Ages, 95 _ff._;
not exclusively of peasants, 96;
detestation of priests, 96;
impregnated by religious sentiment, 97;
Hans Böhm, 99;
Bundschuh revolts, 103;
causes of the revolts, 106 _ff._

_Socius itinerarius_, 275.

Spain, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21;
divisions of, 29;
Inquisition in, 266.

Spalatin (George Burkhardt from Spelt), 66, 185, 232, 250, 274, 276, 278,
291 _n._, 292.

Spaniards at the Diet of Worms, 292.

Spanish merchants at Worms, 269.

Spanish troops in Germany, 389, 392.

Speyer, delegates from the German towns meet at, 38;
a National Council for Germany to meet at, 323.
See _Diet_.

_Spinning-room, the_, 94.

_Spiritual_, meaning of the word in the Middle Ages, 7.

_Spiritual Estate_, the false and the true, 243, 441.

Sprengel, Lazarus, of Nürnberg, 256.

State and Church, in France, 23 _f._;
in Spain, 29;
in Brandenburg, 141;
in Saxony, 140.

States of the Church, 32 _f._

States-General of France, 25.

Staupitz, Johann, 163, 185, 202, 205 _f._, 256.

Stoke-on-Trent, battle of, 21.

Stolle, Konrad, author of the _Thuringian Chronicle_, 99 _n._

Storch, Nicholas, one of the Zwickau prophets, 314.

Strassburg, Humanists in, 60;
population of, 87;
the _Brethren_ in, 152;
deputies from, at Worms, 282; 111, 309 _f._, 346, 347, 368.

Stubner, Marcus Thomä, 314.

Student-hostels, 54, 56;
dress, 56.

Students, wandering, 50, 54;
Breslau, the paradise of, 53;
burn Tetzel’s _Theses_, 233; 251.

Sturm, Caspar, the herald who conveyed Luther to Worms, 275 _f._

Styria, peasant revolts in, 330.

_Subsidies_, ecclesiastical, 13.

Sum of Christianity, the, 430.

_Superintendents_ in the Lutheran Churches, 404, 411.

Supremacy claimed by the Popes,
temporal, 5 _f._;
spiritual, 7 _f._;
Luther begins to doubt the, 235.

Suso, Heinrich, 203.

Swabia, the Peasants’ War in, 330, 333, 334.

_Swabian League_, 323, 340, 376, 377.

_Swan, the_, hotel in Worms, 274, 276.

Swaven, Peter, at Worms, 275.

Swiss, the, popular in Germany, 95 _f._

Synods in the Lutheran Churches, 413, 415.

Syria, 18.

Taborites (extreme Hussites), 97, 338.

_Taille_, the, 25.

Tausen, Hans, the Danish Luther, 420.

Temporal supremacy of the Pope, 5 _ff._

_Tertiaries_ of St. Francis, 116.

Tertullian on mitigation of ecclesiastical sentences, 217 _n._

Tetzel, John, an Indulgence-seller, 213, 229, 235.

_Textualis_, 202.

Theodore of Gaza, 47.

Theodosius, Code of, 44.

Theological proof of universal papal supremacy, 4.

Theological phraseology, Luther and technical, 210, 471.

Theology, Luther’s lectures on, 208.
See _Scholastic Theology._

_Thesaurus meritorum sire indulgentiarum_, 219, 229.

_Theses_, Luther’s, against Indulgences, 215 _ff._, 350;
make six assertions, 229;
wide circulation, 230;
Zwingli’s, 350.

_This is My Body_, 355.

Thomas Aquinas, on universal papal supremacy, 4;
his knowledge of Greek, 46 _n._;
studied by Savonarola, 159, 161;
on Indulgences, 221, 224; 55, 57, 167 _ff._, 449.

Thomas à Kempis, 126.

Thun, Frederick von, 287.

Thüringia, Peasants’ War in, 331; 193, 208.

Tithes, ecclesiastical, 12, 97 _f._, 104.

Tolomeo of Lucca, a canonist and theologian, 4 _n._

Tournaments, 371 _n._

Tours, 18.

Trade in England, 22;
in France, 25;
in Europe, 43 _f._, 83 _f._;
perils of, 83;
routes to the East, 85;
more a municipal thing than a national affair, 80.

Trading companies, English, 22;
German, 85 _ff._

_Treatises, the three Reformation_, 239 _ff._

Trent. See _Council_.

Trier, Archbishop of, 35, 270;
head of the commission to confer with Luther at the Diet of Worms, 294;
heard a statement from Luther under seal of confession, 295.

_Triumph of Truth, the_, 307.

Truchsess, general of the Swabian League, 330, 334.

Tübingen, 391.

Turkish invasions dreaded in Germany, 19, 129, 374.

Tunstall, Wolsey’s agent at Worms, 298 and _n._

_Twelve Articles_ in the Peasants’ War, 331, 336, 337.

Tyler, Wat, 20.

_Ubiquity_, doctrine of, 357, 478.

Ulm, 320, 346, 347, 391.

Ulrich, Duke of Würtemburg, 37, 376.

_Unitas Fratrum_ (1452), 154 _f._

Universities, of Paris, 12;
of Germany, 53.

Upsala, 422.

Urban, Heinrich, 66.

_Ursula’s, St., Little Ship_, 145.

_Utopia_ of Sir Thomas More, 186, 328.

Valdès, Alfonso de, on the Edict of Worms, 298 _f._

Valentia, 27.

Valla, Laurentius, 49.

_Valor ecclesiasticus_ of commuted _Annates_, 13 and _n._

Vasco da Gama, 85.

Vatican Library, 49, 262.

Venezuela, German colony in, 85.

Venice, 32 _f._;
Germans in, 50, 83.

_Vicars of God_, the Emperor and the Pope, 31.

Vienna, Concordat of, 11;
defence of, 19, 37, 374;
the _Latin War_ in, 56; 378.

Village, life in a, 90 _ff._;
government, 92;
a, sold to buy a velvet robe, 109.

Virgin, the Blessed, 123;
the Intercessor, 135;
confraternities of the, 135;
hymns in honour of, 135;
patroness of the Augustinian Eremites, 138;
of the University of Wittenberg, 205;
venerated in the social revolts, 97, 100, 135;
_Immaculate Conception_ of the, 135, 138.

_Visitations_, ecclesiastical, 405 _ff._;
Saxon, 405 _ff._

Vogler, Georg, at Worms, 274, 284.

_Vulgate, the_, studied in schools, 51;
its use in the mediæval Church, 147 _f._;
editions in the vernacular, 147, 149 _f._;
the _German_, 150, 309.

Waldenses, 238.

_Walfart und Strasse zu Sant Jacob_, 132, 226.

Wallachia, 19.

_Wandering Students_, 54.

Wanner, Johann, 310.

Warbeck, Perkin, 21.

Wartburg, the, 297, 402.

Wealth, based on possession of land, 80;
new sources of, in trade, 84 _ff._;
from farming Indulgences, 83.

Wehe, Jacob, a peasant leader, 330.

Weinsburg, the massacre at, 330.

_Weisthümer_, collections of village consuetudinary law, 90 _ff._, 103,
107.

Welser, the, family of capitalists, 85, 361.

Wesley, John, and Luther, 403.

Wessel, John, 58, 196.

Wiclif, John, 149, 238, 290.

_Wiclifites_, 150.

Wimpheling, Jacob, 52, 58, 257, 309.

Wimpina, Conrad, wrote counter-theses, 229.

Windsheim, 347.

Wissenberg, 347.

Wittenberg, town of, 204, 206, 234, 238, 389.

Wittenberg, the “tumult” in, 313, 320.

Wittenberg, University of, 205, 208, 232, 250, 311 _ff._

_Wittenberg Concord_, 377.

_Wittenberg Nightingale_, 310.

_Wittenberg Ordinance_ (1522), 315, 401.

Wolfenbüttel Library, Luther’s MSS. in the, 209.

Wolsey, Cardinal, 184, 298.

Worms, Edict of, 297, 298, 310, 319 and _n._, 342 _f._, 369, 345;
conference with Luther at, 293.
See _Diet_.

Würtemburg, Duchy of, seized by the House of Hapsburg, 37;
recovered by its Duke, 376 _f._, 392, 395.

Würzburg, the Bishop of, 334.

Zasius, Ulrich of Freiburg, 257.

Zell, Matthew, 350.

Zerbst, 214.

_Zimmerische Chronik_, 88, 134.

Zurich, 350.

Zwickau, 206, 314, 318.

_Zwickau Prophets, the_, 314, 320, 325.

Zwilling an Augustinian Eremite preacher, 313, 316.

Zwingli, relations with Luther, 347 _ff._;
influenced by Humanism, 348;
social environment, 348;
South German towns under his influence, 351;
at Marburg, 352 _ff._;
his doctrine of the Sacrament of the Supper, 356;
his death, 374; 333, 337, 352, 353, 388, 463, 467 _n._

FOOTNOTES

1 SOURCES: _Apparatus super quinque libris decretalium_ (Strassburg,
1488); Burchard, _Diarium_ (ed. by Thuasne, Paris, 1883-1885), in 3
vols.; Brand, _Narrenschiff_ (ed. by Simrock, Berlin, 1872);
Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum, quæ de rebus
fidei et morum a conciliis æcumenicis et summis pontificibus,
emanarunt_ (Würzburg, 1900), 9th ed.; Erler, _Der Liber Cancellariæ
Apostolicæ vom Jahre 1480_ (Leipzig, 1888); Faber, _Tractatus de
Ruine Ecclesie Planctu_ (Memmingen); Murner, _Schelmenzunft_ and
_Narrenbeschwörung_ (Nos. 85, 119-124 of _Neudrucke deutschen
Litteraturwerke_); Mirbt, _Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums_
(Freiburg i. B. 1895); Tangl, _Die päpstlichen Kanzleiordnungen von
1200-1500_ (Innsbruck, 1894); and _Das Taxwesen der päpstlichen
Kirche_ (_Mitt. des Instituts für österreichische
Geschichtsforschung_, xiii. 1892).

LATER BOOKS: “Janus,” _The Pope and the Council_ (London, 1869);
Harnack, _History of Dogma_ (London, 1899), vols. vi. vii.;
Thudichen, _Papsitum und Reformation_ (Leipzig, 1903); Haller,
_Papsitum und Kirchen-Reform_ (1903); Lea, _Cambridge Modern
History_ (Cambridge, 1902), vol. I. xix.

2 “In hac (_sc._ ecclesia) ejusque potestate duos esse gladios,
spiritualem videlicet et temporalem, evangelicis dictis
instruimur.... Ille _sacerdotis_, is manu regum et _militum_, sed ad
nutum et patienciam _sacerdotis_”; Boniface VIII. in the Bull, _Unam
Sanctam_.

3 A succinct account of these forgeries will be found in “Janus,” _The
Pope and the Council_ (London, 1869), p. 94.

4 Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vi. 132 n. (Eng. trans.).

5 Compare his _Opuscula contra errores Græcorum; De regimine
principum_. (The first two books were written by Thomas and the
other two probably by Tolomeo (Ptolomæus) of Lucca.)

_ 6 Apparatus super quinque libris Decretalium_ (Strassburg, 1488).

7 Full quotations from the Bulls, _Unam Sanctam_ and _Inter cætera
divinæ_, are to be found in Mirbt’s _Quellen zur Geschichte des
Papsttums_ (Leipzig, 1895), pp. 88, 107. The Bulls, _Execrabilis_
and _Pastor Æternus_, are in Denzinger, _Enchiridion_ (Würzburg,
1900), 9th ed. pp. 172, 174.

The Deed of Gift of the American Continent to Isabella and Ferdinand
is in the 6th section of the Bull, _Inter cætera divinæ_. It is as
follows:—“Motu proprio ... de nostra mera liberalitate et ex certa
scientia ac de apostolicæ potestatis plenitudine omnes insulas et
terras firmas inventas et inveniendas, detectas et detegendas versus
Occidentem et Meridiem fabricando et construendo unam lineam a Polo
Artico scilicet Septentrione ad Polum Antarticum scilicet Meridiem,
sive terræ firmæ et insulæ inventæ et inveniendæ sint versus Indiam
aut versus aliam quamcumque partem, quæ linea distet a qualibet
insularum, quæ vulgariter nuncupantur de los Azores y cabo vierde,
centum leucis versus Occidentem et Meridiem; ita quod omnes insulæ
et terræ firmæ, repertæ et reperiendæ, detectæ et detegendæ, a
præfata linea versus Occidentem et Meridiem per alium Regem aut
Principem Christianum non fuerint actualiter possesse usque ad diem
nativitatis Domini Nostri Jesu Christi proximi præteritum ...
auctoritate omnipotentis Dei nobis in Beato Petro concessa, ac
vicarius Jesu Christi, qua fungimur in terris, cum omnibus illarum
dominiis, civitatibus, castris, locis et villis, juribusque et
jurisdictionibus ac pertinentiis univeris, vobis hæredibusque et
successoribus vestris in perpetuum tenore præsentium donamus....
Vosque et hæredes ac successores præfatos illarum dominos cum plena,
libera et omnimoda potestate, auctoritate et jurisdictione facimus,
constituimus et deputamus.”

8 The excommunication, with its consequences, was used to threaten
Queen Elizabeth by the Ambassador of Philip II. in 1559 (_Calendar
of Letters and State Papers relating to English affairs preserved
principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 62, London, 1892).

_ 9 Scottish Historical Review_, i. 318-320.

10 The two English statutes of _Præmunire_ are printed in Gee and
Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London,
1896), pp. 103, 122.

11 For information about the English _annates_ and the _valor
ecclesiasticus_, cf. Bird, _Handbook to the Public Records_, pp.
100, 106.

12 H. C. Lea, _Cambridge Modern History_, i. 670.

13 J. Haller, _Papsttum und Kirchen-Reform_ (1903), i. 116, 117.

14 Sebastian Brand, _Das Narrenschiff_, cap. ciii. l. 63-66. Barclay
paraphrases these lines:

“Suche counterfayte the kayes that Jesu dyd commyt
Unto Peter: brekynge his Shyppis takelynge,
Subvertynge the fayth, beleuynge theyr owne wyt
Against our perfyte fayth in euery thynge,
_So is our Shyp without gyde wanderynge,_
_ By tempest dryuen, and the mayne sayle of torne,_
_ That without gyde the Shyp about is borne_.”

—_The Ship of Fools_, translated by Alexander Barclay, ii. 225
(Edinburgh, 1874).

_ 15 Cambridge Modern History_, I. iii, vii, viii, ix, xi, xii, xiv;
Lavisse, _Histoire de France depuis les Origines jusqu’ à la
Révolution_. IV. i, ii.

16 SOURCES: Boccaccio, _Lettere edite e inedite, tradotte et commentate
con nuovi documenti da Corrazzini_ (Florence, 1877); _Francisci
Petrarchæ, Epistolæ familiares et variæ_ (Florence, 1859); Cusani,
_Opera_ (Basel, 1565); Böcking, _Ulrici Hutteni Opera_, 5 vols.
(Leipzig, 1871); Supplement containing _Epistolæ Obscurorum
Virorum_, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1864, 1869); Gillert, _Der Briefwechsel
des Konrad Mutianus_ (Halle, 1890); Reuchlin, _De Verbo Mirifico_
(1552).

LATER BOOKS: Jacob Burckhardt, _The Civilisation of the Period of
the Renaissance_ (Eng. trans., London, 1892); Geiger, _Humanismus
und Renaissance in Italien und Deutschland_ (Berlin, 1882);
Michelet, _Histoire de France_, vol. vii., _Renaissance_ (Paris,
1855); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, v. i. p. 287 ff.; Symonds,
_The Renaissance in Italy_ (London, 1877); H. Hallam, _Introduction
to the Literature of Europe during the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and
Seventeenth Centuries_, 6th ed. (London, 1860); Kamptschulte, _Die
Universität Erfurt in ihrem Verhältniss zu dem Humanismus und der
Reformation_, 2 vols. (Trier, 1856, 1860); Krause, _Helius Eobanus
Hessus, sein Leben und seine Werke_, 2 vols. (Gotha, 1879); Geiger,
_Johann Reuchlin_ (Leipzig, 1871); Binder, _Charitas Pirkheimer,
Aebtissin von St. Clara zu Nürnberg_ (Freiburg i. B., 1893); Höfler,
_Denkwürdigkeiten der Charitas Pirkheimer_ (_Quellensamml. z. fränk.
Gesch._ iv., 1858); Roth, _Willibald Pirkheimer_ (Halle, 1874);
Scott, _Albert Dürer, his Life and Works_ (London, 1869); Thausing,
_Dürer’s Briefe, Tagebücher, Reime_ (Vienna, 1884); _Cambridge
Modern History_, I. xvi, xvii; II. i.

17 Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy, Revival of Letters_ (London, 1877),
p. 13.

18 There is evidence that Thomas Aquinas was not dependent, as is
commonly supposed, for his acquaintance with Greek philosophy on
translations into Latin of the Arabic translations of portions of
Aristotle, but that he procured Latin versions made directly from
the original Greek.

19 He embraced it, sighed over it, and told it how he longed to hear it
speak: Fracassetti, _Francisci Petrarchæ, Epistolæ familiares et
variæ_, ii. 472-475.

20 Professor Krauss, _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 6.

21 C. H. Delprot, _Verhandeling over de Brœderschap van Gerard Groote_
(Arnheim, 1856).

22 H. Hartfelder, _Der Zustand der deutschen Hochschulen am Ende des
Mittelalters. Hist. Zeitschr._ lxiv. 50-107, 1890.

23 Struver, _Die Schule von Schlettstadt_ (Leipzig, 1880).

24 Kriegk, _Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter_, neue Folge (Frankfurt
a. M. 1868), pp. 77 ff.

25 Boos, _Thomas und Felix Platter_ (Leipzig, 1878), pp. 20 ff.

26 H. Boos, _Thomas und Felix Platter_ (Leipzig, 1876); Becker,
_Chronica des fahrenden Schulers_ oder _Wanderbüchlein des Johannes
Butzbach_ (Ratisbon, 1869).

27 Scharpff, _Der Cardinal und Bischof Nicolaus von Cusa als Reformator
in Kirche, Reich und Philosophie_ (Tübingen, 1871).

28 Wessel’s most important Theses on Indulgences are given in Ullmann,
_Reformers before the Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1855), ii. 546 f.

29 Tresling, _Vita et Merita Rudolphi Agricola_ (Gröningen, 1830).

30 Wiskowatoff, _Jacob Wimpheling, sein Leben und seine Schriften _
(Berlin, 1867).

31 Roth, _Willibald Pirkheimer_ (Halle, 1887).

32 Krause, _Briefwechsel des Mutianus Rufus_ (Cassel, 1855), p. 32.

_ 33 Ibid._ p. 94.

_ 34 Ibid._ p. 93.

_ 35 Ibid._ p. 28.

_ 36 Ibid._ p. 427.

37 Krause, _Briefwechsel des Mutianus Rufus_ (Cassel, 1855), p. 79.

_ 38 Ibid._ p. 175: “Non sit vobiscum in castris (nostris) ulla
turpitudo.”

_ 39 Ibid._; cf. especially Letter to Urban, pp. 352, 353, and pp. 153,
190.

40 Geiger in his _Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und
Deutschland_ (Berlin, 1882, Oncken’s Series) has given a picture of
the insignia of the poet laureate on p. 457, and one of Conrad
Celtes crowned on p. 459.

_ 41 De Verbo Mirifico_ (ed. 1552), p. 71.

42 Kriegk, _Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter_, pp. 1 ff., 38-53.

43 A chronicle and the details of the Reuchlin controversy are to be
found in the second volume of the supplement to Böcking’s edition of
the works of Ulrich von Hutten. Good accounts are to be found in
Geiger’s _Renaissanc und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland_, pp.
510 ff. (Berlin, 1882, Oncken’s Series); in Strauss’ _Ulrich von
Hutten: His Life and Times_, pp. 100-140 (English translation by
Mrs. Sturge, London, 1874); and in Creighton’s _History of the
Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome_, vol. vi. pp. 37
ff. (London, 1897).

44 The second edition is entitled _Illustrium Virorum Epistolæ
Hebraicæ, Grecæ, et Latinæ ad Jo. Reuchlinum_; the first edition was
entitled _Clarorum Virorum_, etc. The letters are forty-three in
number—the first being from Erasmus, “the most learned man of the
age.”

45 The best edition of the _Epistolæ Obscurorum Vivorum_ is to be found
in vol. i. of the Supplement to Böcking’s _Ulrici Hutteni Opera_, 5
vols., with 2 vols. of Supplement (Leipzig, 1864, 1869). The first
edition was published in 1515, and consisted of forty-one letters;
the second, in 1516, contained the same number; in the third edition
an appendix of seven additional letters was added. In 1517 a second
part appeared containing sixty-two letters, and an appendix of eight
letters was added to the second edition of the second part.

46 Strauss, _Ulrich von Hutten_, 2 vols. (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1874),
translated and slightly abridged by Mrs. George Sturge (London,
1874).

47 SOURCES: Barack, _Zimmerische Chronik_, 4 vols. (2nd ed., Freiburg
i. B. 1881-1882); _Chroniken der deutschen Städte_, 29 vols. (in
progress); Grimm, _Weisthümer_, 7 vols. (Göttingen, 1840-1878);
Haetzerlin, _Liederbuch_ (Quedlinburg, 1840); Liliencron, _Die
historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom dreizehnten bis zum
sechzehnten Jahrhundert_ (Leipzig, 1865-1869); Sebastian Brand’s
_Narrenschiff_ (Leipzig, 1854); Geiler von Keysersberg’s
_Ausgewählte Schriften_ (Trier, 1881); Hans Sachs, _Fastnachspiele
(Neudrucke deutschen Litteraturwerke_, Nos. 26, 27, 31, 32, 39, 40,
42, 43, 51, 52, 60, 63, 64); Hans von Schweinichen, _Leben und
Abenteuer des schlessischen Ritters, Hans v. Schweinichen_ (Breslau,
1820-1823); Vandam, _Social Life in Luther’s Time_ (Westminster,
1902); Trithemius, _Annales Hirsaugienses_ (St. Gallen, 1590).

LATER BOOKS: Alwyn Schulz, _Deutsches Leben im 14ten und 15ten
Jahrhundert_ (Prague, 1892); Kriegk, _Deutsches Bürgerthum im
Mittelalter_ (Frankfurt, 1868, 1871); Freytag, _Bilder aus der
deutschen Vergangenheit_, II. ii. (Leipzig, 1899—translation by Mrs.
Malcolm of an earlier edition, London, 1862); the series of
_Monographien zur deutschen Kulturgeschichte_ edited by Steinhausen
(Leipzig, 1899-1905), are full of valuable information and
illustrations; Aloys Schulte, _Die Fugger in Rom_ (Leipzig, 1904);
Gothein, _Politische und religiöse Volksbewegungen vor der
Reformation_ (Breslau, 1878); _Cambridge Modern History_, I. i. xv;
v. Bezold, _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_ (Berlin, 1890);
Genée, _Hans Sachs und seine Zeit_ (Leipzig, 1902); Janssen,
_Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, seil dem Ausgang des
Mittelalters_, i. (1897); Roth v. Schreckenstein, _Das Patriziat in
den deutschen Städten_ (Freiburg i. B., no date).

48 Daenell, _Geschichte der deutschen Hanse in der zweiten Hälfte des
14 Jahrhunderts_ (Leipzig, 1897).

49 These figures have been taken from Dr. F. von Bezold (_Geschichte
der deutschen Reformation_, Berlin, 1890, p. 36). When the _Chron.
Episc. Hildesheim._ says that during a visitation of the plague
10,000 persons died in Nürnberg alone, the territory as well as the
city must be included.

_ 50 Hans von Schweinichen_, i. 185.

_ 51 Zimmerische Chronik_, ii. 68, 69.

52 Ephrussi, _Les Bains des Femmes d’Albert Dürer_ (Nurnberg, no date).

53 It has recently become a fashion among some Anglican and Roman
Catholic writers to dwell on the “coarseness” of Luther displayed in
his writings. One is tempted to ask whether these writers have ever
read the _Zimmer Chronicle_, if they know anything about the
_Fastnachtspiele_ in the beginning of the sixteenth century, of the
_Rollwagen_, of Thomas Murner and Bebel, Humanists; above all, if
they have ever heard of the parable of the mote and the beam?

54 The most complete collection of the _Weisthümer_ is in seven
volumes. Volumes i.-iv. edited by J. Grimm, and volumes v.-vii.
edited by R. Schroeder, Göttingen, 1840-1842, 1866, 1869, 1878.
Important extracts are given by Alwin Schultz in his _Deutsches
Leben im 14 und 15 Jahrhundert_, Vienna, 1892, pp. 145-178 (Grosse
Ausgabe).

55 In the interesting collection of mediæval songs, of date 1470 or
1471, _Liederbuch der Clara Hätzlerin_ (Quedlinburg and Leipzig,
1840), No. 67 (p. 259), entitled _Von Mair Betzen_, describes a
peasant wedding, and tells us what each of the pair contributed to
the “plenishing.” The bridegroom, Betze or Bartholomew Mair, gave to
his bride an acre (_juchart_) of land well sown with flax, eight
bushels of oats, two sheep, a cock and fourteen hens, and a small
sum of money (_fünff pfunt pfenning_); while Metze Nodung, the
bride, brought to the common stock two wooden beehives, a mare, a
goat, a calf, a dun cow, and a young pig. It is perhaps worth
remarking that, according to the almost universal custom in mediæval
Germany, and in spite of ecclesiastical commands and threats, the
actual marriage ceremony consisted in the father of the bride
demanding from the young people whether they took each other for man
and wife, and in their promising themselves to each other before
witnesses. It was not until the morning after the marriage had been
consummated that the wedded pair went to church to get the priest’s
blessing on a marriage that had taken place.

56 Barack, _Zeitschrift für deutsche Culturgeschichte_, iv. (1859) 36
ff.

57 Droysen, _Geschichte der preussischen Politik_, II. i. p. 309 ff. (5
vols., Berlin, 1855-1886); Boos, _Thomas und Felix Platter_
(Leipsic, 1876), p. 21.

58 These quotations have been taken from Seebohm, _The Era of the
Protestant Revolution_, pp. 57, 58 (London, 1875).

59 Liliencron, _Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom
dreizchuten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert_, ii. No. 146 (Leipzig,
1865-1869); cf. also 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138-147. Konrad
Stolle, pastor at Erfurt, collected all the information he could
from “priests, clerical and lay students, merchants, burghers,
peasants, pilgrims, knights and other good people,” and wove it all
into a _Thuringian Chronicle_ which forms the 33rd volume of the
_Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart_. It reflects the
opinions of the time almost as faithfully as the folk-songs do, and
contains the above quoted saying of Charles; cf. pp. 61 ff.

60 The best account of this movement is to be found in an article
contributed to the _Archiv des historischen Vereins von Unterfranken
und Aschaffenburg,_ XIV. iii. 1, where Hans Böhm’s sayings have been
carefully collected. Pastor Konrad Stolle’s _Chronicle_, published
in the library of the Stuttgart Literary Society (_Bibliothek des
literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart_, xxxiii.), is also valuable. A
list of authorities may also be found in Ullmann’s _Reformers before
the Reformation_ (Eng. trans.), i. 377 ff.

_ 61 Narrenschiff_, c. xi. l. 14-18.

_ 62 Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13 bis 16
Jahrhundert_, ii. No. 148.

_ 63 Omnium Gentium Mores_, III, xii. (first printed in 1576).

_ 64 Landsknecht_ or _lanzknecht_ (for the words are the same) is often
transliterated _lance-knight_ in English State Papers of the
sixteenth century. The English word, suggesting as it does cavalry
armed with lances, is very misleading. The victories of the Swiss
peasants, and their reputation as soldiers, suggested to the Emperor
Frederick, and especially to his son, the Emperor Maximilian, the
formation of troops of infantry recruited from the peasantry and
from the lower classes of townsmen. Troops of cavalry of a like
origin were also formed, and they were called _reiters_ or
_reisiger_. These mercenaries frequently gained much money both from
pay and from plunder, and were regarded as heroes by the members of
the classes from whom they had sprung. Liliencron’s _Die
historischen Volkslieder vom 13ten bis zum 16ten Jahrhundert_
contains many folk-songs celebrating their prowess. The history of
the gradual rise and growing importance of these peasant soldiers is
given in Schultz, _Deutsches Leben im 14ten und 15ten Jahrhundert_,
pp. 589 f. (Grosse Ausgabe), and in the authorities there quoted.

65 Willibald Pirkheimer in his book on the Swiss war, chap. ii. (German
ed., Basel, 1826).

66 Gothein, _Politische und religiöse Volksbewegungen vor der
Reformation_ (Breslau, 1878), p. 78.

67 To Sources given to Chapter IV. add: Wackernagel, _Das deutsche
Kirchenlied von der ältesten Zeit bis zum Anfang des 17
Jahrhunderts_ (Leipzig, 1864-1877) vols. i. ii.; “Rainerii Sachoni
Summa de Catharis et Leonistis” in _the Magna Bibliotheca Patrum_,
vol. xiii. (Col. Agrip. 1618), cf. “Comm. Crit. de Rainerii Sachoni
Summa” (_Göttingen Osterprogramm_ of 1834); Habler, _Das
Wallfahrtbuch des Hermann von Vach, und die Pilgerreisen der
Deutschen nach Santiago de Compostella_ (Strassburg, 1899);
_Mirabilia Romæ_ (reprint by Parthey, Berlin, 1869); Munzenberger,
_Frankfurter und Magdeburger Beichtbuchlein_ (Mainz, 1883); Hasak,
_Die letzte Rose_, etc. (Ratisbon, 1883); Hasak, _Der christliche
Glaube des deutschen Volkes beim Schluss des Mittelalters_
(Ratisbon, 1868); Höfler, _Denkwürdigkeiten der Charitas Pirckheimer
(Quellensamml. z. fränk. Gesch._ iv., 1858); Konrad Stolle,
_Thüringische Chronik_ (in _Bibliothek d. lit. Vereins_
(Stuttgardt), xxxiii.).

LATER BOOKS: v. Bezold, _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_
(Berlin, 1890); Janssen, _Geschichte des deutschen Volkesseit dem
Ausgang des Mittelalters_ (17th ed., 1897), vol. i.; Brück, _Der
religiöse Unterricht für Jugend und Volk in Deutschland in der
zweiten Hälfte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts_; Cruel, _Geschichte der
deutschen Predigt im Mittelalter_ (Detwold, 1879); Dacheux, _Jean
Geiler de Keysersberg_ (Paris, 1876); Walther, _Die deutsche
Bibelübersetzung des Mittelalters_ (Brunswick, 1889); Uhlhorn, _Die
christliche Liebesthätigkeit im Mittelalter_ (Stuttgart, 1887);
Wilken, _Geschichte der geistlichen Spiele in Deutschland_
(Göttingen, 1872).

68 Kalkoff, _Die Depeschen des Nuntius Aleander_, etc. (Halle a. S.
1897), pp. 26, 45-48.

69 No fewer than six editions of his _Postilla_ were published between
1471 and 1508.

70 v. Bezold, _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_, p. 91 f.

71 Heinzel, _Beschreibung des geistlichen Schauspiels im deutschen
Mittelalter_ (Hamburg and Leipzig, 1898); F. J. Mone, _Schauspiele
des Mittelalters_, 2 vols. (Karlsruhe, 1846).

72 Hampsen, _Medii Ævi Kalendarium_ (London, 1841), i. 140 f.

73 Tilliot, _Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la fête dts fous_
(Lausanne, 1751); cf. Floegel’s _Geschichte des Grotesk-Komischen_
(3rd ed., Leipzig, 1886), pp. 199-242.

74 The old Scottish version is, “To us is borne a barne of bliss,”
_Gude and Godlie Ballates_ (Scot. Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897),
pp. 51, 250.

75 This may be translated:

“Oh Jesus, Master, meek and mild,
Since Thou wast once a little child,
Wilt Thou not give this baby mine
Thy Grace and every blessing thine?
Oh Jesus, Master mild,
Protect my little child.

Now sleep, now sleep, my little child,
He loves thee, Jesus, meek and mild:
He’ll never leave thee nor forsake,
He’ll make thee wise and good and great.
Oh Jesus, Master mild,
Protect my little child.”

76 The old Scotch version was:

“In dulci jubilo,
Now let us sing with mirth and jo!
Our hartis consolation
Lies in præsepio;
And schynis as the Sonne
Matris in gremio.
Alpha es et O,
Alpha es et O!

O Jesu parvule,
I thirst sair after Thee;
Comfort my hart and mind,
O Puer optime!
God of all grace so kind,
Et Princeps Gloriæ,
Trahe me post Te,
Trahe me post Te!

Ubi sunt gaudia
In any place but there,
Where that the angels sing
Nova cantica,
But and the bellis ring
In Regis curia!
God gif I were there,
God gif I were there!”

—(_Gude and Godlie Ballates_ (Scot. Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897),
pp. 53. 250.)

There is a variety of English versions: “Let Jubil trumpets blow,
and hearts in rapture flow”; “In dulci jubilo, to the House of God
we’ll go”; “In dulci jubilo, sing and shout all below.” Cf. Julian,
_Dictionary of Hymnology_, p. 564.

77 Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied_, etc., ii. 483 ff.

78 The song began:

“Wöllent ir geren hören
Von sant Michel’s wunn;
In Gargau ist er gsessen
Drei mil im meresgrund.

‘O heilger man, sant Michel,
Wie hastu dass gesundt,
Dass du so tief hast buwen
Wol in des meres grund?’ ”

—(Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied_, etc. ii. 1003.)

79 Konrad Stolle, _Thüringische Chronik_, pp. 128-131 (_Bibliothek des
literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart_, xxxiii.).

80 Kolde, _Friedrich der Weise und die Anfänge der Reformation_, p. 14.

81 Lucas Cranach, _Wittenberger Heiligenthumsbuch vom Jahre 1509_, in
Hirth’s _Liebhaber-Bibliothek alter Illustratoren in
Facsimilien-Reproduktion_, No. vii. (Munich, 1896).

_ 82 Mirabilia Romæ_, ed. by G. Parthey: the quotations are from an old
German translation.

83 The title is _Hæ sunt reliquiæ quæ habentur in hac sanctissima
ecclesia Compostellana in qua corpus Beati Jacobi Zebedei in
integrum_.

84 No. i. of _Drucke und Holzschnitte des 15 und 16 Jahrhunderts_
(Strassburg, 1899).

85 “Zway par schuech der darff er wol,
Ein schüssel bei der flaschen;
Ein breiten huet den sol er han,
Und an mantel sol er nit gan
Myt leder wol besezet;
Es schnei oder regn oder wehe der wint,
Dass in die lufft nicht nezet;
Sagkh und stab ist auch dar bey.”

—(Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der aeltesten Zeit bis
zu Anfang des 17 Jahrhunderts_, ii. 1009.)

86 The hospital at Romans is much praised:

“Da selbst eyn gutter spital ist,
Dar inne gybt mann brot und wyn
Auch synt die bett hubsch und fyn.”

On the other hand, although the hospital at Montpelier was good
enough, its superintendent was a sworn enemy to Germans, and the
pilgrims of that nation suffered much at his hands. These hospitals
occupy a good deal of space in the pilgrimage song, and the woes of
the Germans are duly set forth. If the pilgrim asks politely for
more bread:

“Spitelmeister, lieber spitelmeister meyn,
Die brot sein vil zu kleine”;

or suggests that the beds are not very clean:

“Spitelmeister, lieber spitelmeister meyn,
Die bet sein nit gar reine,”

the superintendent and his daughter (der spitelmeister het eyn
tochterlein es mocht recht vol eyn schelckin seyn) declared that
they were not going to be troubled with “German dogs.”—Wackernagel,
_Das deutsche Kirchenlied_, etc., ii. 1009-1010.

_ 87 Zimmerische Chronik_ (Freiburg i. B. 1881-1882), ii. 314.

_ 88 Ibid._ iii. 474-475 iv. 201.

_ 89 Predigten_, i. 448.

90 Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied_, etc., ii. 554, 1016-1022.

91 Schwaumkell, _Der Cultus der heiligen Anna am Ausgange des
Mittelalters_ (Freiburg, 1893).

92 xix. p. 397 ff., xx. p. 159 ff., 329 ff., xxi. p. 43 ff.

_ 93 The Romance of the Rose_, ii. p. 168 (Temple Classics edition).

94 v. Bezold, _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_, pp. 95 f.

95 Kriegk, _Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter. Nach urkundlichen
Forschungen und mit besonderer Bezichung auf Frankfurt a. M._, pp.
161 ff. (Frankfurt, 1868). Uhlhorn, _Die christliche
Liebesthätigkeit im Mittelalter_, pp. 431 ff. (Stuttgart, 1854).

96 Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied_, ii. 768-769; it began:

“Ein zeyt hort ich mit gütter mer
von einem schyfflin sagen,
Wie es mit tugenden also gar
kostlichen war beladen:
Zu dem schyfflin gewan ich ein hertz,
Ich fand dar yn vil güter gemertz
in mancher hande gaden.”

97 The strongest prohibition of the vernacular Scriptures comes from
the time of the Albigenses: “Prohibemus etiam, ne libros veteris
Testamenti aut novi permittantur habere; nisi forte psalterium, vel
brevarium pro divinis officiis, aut horas B. Mariæ aliquis ex
devotione habere velit. Sed ne præmissos libros habeant in vulgari
translatos, arctissime inhibemus” (_Conc. of Toulouse_ of 1229, c.
xiv.). The _Constitutiones Thomæ Arundel_, for the mediæval Church
of England, declared: “Ordinamus ut nemo deinceps aliquem textum S.
Scripturæ auctoritate sua in linguam Anglicanam vel aliam transferat
per viam libri, libelii aut tractatus” (Art. VII., 1408 A.D.).

98 Pope Innocent III. reprobated the translation of the Scriptures into
the vernacular, because ordinary laymen, and especially women, had
not sufficient intelligence to understand them (_Epistolæ_, ii.
141); and Berthold, Archbishop of Mainz, in his diocesan edict of
1486, asserted that vernaculars were unable to express the
profundity of the thoughts contained in the original languages of
the Scriptures or in the Latin of the Vulgate.

_ 99 Maima Bibliotheca Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), xiii. 299.

100 Walther, _Die deutsche Bibelübersetzung des Mittelalters_
(Brunswick, 1889).

101 Gudenaus, _Codex Diplomatic. Anecdota_, iv. 469-475 (1758).

102 Walther, _Die deutsche Bibelübersetzungen des Mittelalters_
(Brunswick, 1889).

103 Sebastian Brand, _Narrenschiff_, Preface, lines 1-4:

“Alle Land ist jetz voll heilger Schrift,
Und was der seelen Heil betrifft
Bibel und heilger Vater Lehr
Und andrer frommen Bücher mehr.”

_ 104 Magna Bibliotheca Patrum_ (Coloniæ Agrippinæ, 1618), vol. xiii. pp.
290-301.

105 SOURCES: Casanova and Guasti, _Poesie di G. Savonarola_ (Florence,
1862); _Scella di Prediche e Scritti di Frà G. Savonarola, con nuovi
Documenti intorno alla sua Vita_, by Villari and Casanova (Florence,
1898); Bayonne, _Œuvres Spirituelles choisies de Jerome Savonarola_
(Paris, 1879); _The Workes of Sir Thomas More ... written by him in
the Englyshe tonge_ (London, 1557); Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, ed. Le
Clerc (Leyden, 1703-1706); Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus from
his earliest letters to his fifty-first year, arranged in order of
time_ (London, 1901); _Enchiridion Militis Christiani_ (Cambridge,
1685); _The whole Familiar Colloquies of Erasmus_ (London, 1877);
Sir Thomas More, _Utopia_ (Temple Classics Series).

LATER WORKS: Villari, _Girolamo Savonarola_, 2 vols. (Florence,
1887-1888; Eng. trans., London, 1890); Seebohm, _The Oxford
Reformers: John Colet, Erasmus, and Thomas More_, etc. (London,
1887); Drummond, _Erasmus, his life and character_ (London, 1873);
Woltmann, _Holbein and his Time_ (London, 1872); Fronde, _Life and
Letters of Erasmus_ (London, 1894); Amiel, _Un libre penseur du 16
siècle: Érasme_ (Paris, 1889); Emmerton, _Desiderius Erasmus of
Rotterdam_ (New York. 1899).

_ 106 The Workes of Sir Thomas More, Knyght, sometyme Lorde Chancellour
of England, Wrytten by him in the Englysh tonge_ (London, 1557), p.
6 C.

_ 107 The Works of Sir Thomas More, Knyght, sometyme Lorde Chancellor of
England, Wrytten by him in the Englysh tonge_ (London, 1557), p. 13
C.

_ 108 Ibid._ 5 A.

_ 109 Ibid._ 6 B.

_ 110 Ibid._ 6 C.

_ 111 Ibid._ 8 D.

_ 112 Ibid._ 6 D.

_ 113 The Works of Sir Thomas More, Knyght, sometyme Lorde Chancellour of
England, Wrytten by him in the Englysh tonge_ (London, 1557), 13 F.

_ 114 Ibid._ 12 D.

_ 115 Ibid._ 7 D.

_ 116 Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola_, p. 771 (Eng. trans.,
London, 1897).

117 Seebohm, _The Oxford Reformers: John Colet, Erasmus, and Thomas
More; being a history of their fellow-work_, 2nd ed. p. 125 (London,
1869). Mr. Seebohm seems to think that the Reformers clung to the
mediæval conception of the inspiration of Scripture. Calvin held the
same ideas as Colet, and expressed them in the same way. Cf. his
comments on Matt. xxvii. 9: “Quomodo Hieremiæ nomen obrepserit, me
nescire fateor, _nec anxie laboro_: certe Hieremiæ nomen _errore_
positum esse pro Zacharia, res ipsa ostendit”; and his comment on
Acts vii. 16: “quare his locus corrigendus est.”

118 Colet’s abstracts of the _Celestial_ and of the _Terrestrial
Hierarchies_ have been published by the Rev. J. H. Lupton (London,
1869), from the MS. at St. Paul’s School. Mr. Lupton has also
published Colet’s treatise _On the Sacraments of the Church_
(London, 1867). The best edition of the works of the
pseudo-Dionysius is that of Balthasar Corderius, S.J., published at
Venice in 1755. The actual writings of the pseudo-Dionysius are not
extensive; the editor has added translations, notes, scholia,
commentaries, etc., and his folio edition contains more than one
thousand pages.

119 “The radical conception is most often due to Dionysius; the passages
represent the effervescence produced by the Dionysian conceptions in
Colet’s mind.... The fire was indeed very much Colet’s. I find
passages which burn in Colet’s abstract, freeze in the
original.”—Seebohm, _The Oxford Reformers_, p. 76 (2nd ed., London,
1869). My knowledge of Colet’s sermons comes from the extracts in
Mr. Seebohm’s work.

120 Cf. Mr. Lupton’s translation of the _Ecclesiastical Hierarchies_, c.
ii. If it be permissible to adduce evidence from the _Utopia_ of Sir
Thomas More, the anti-sacerdotal views of the Oxford Reformers went
much further. In _Utopia_ confession was made to the head of the
family and not to the priests; women could be priests; divorce from
bed and board was permitted. Cf. the Temple Classics edition, p. 116
(divorce), p. 148 (women-priests), p. 152 (confession).

121 Seebohm, _The Oxford Reformers_, p. 221 (2nd ed. 1869).

122 Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_ (Leyden, 1703-1706), v. 140.

123 Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_ (Leyden, 1703-1706), v. 26. The sarcasm of
Erasmus finds ample confirmation in Kerler’s _Die Patronate der
Heiligen_ (Ulm, 1905), where St. Rochus, with fifty-nine companion
saints, is stated to be ready to hear the prayers of those who dread
the plague; St. Apollonia, with eighteen others, takes special
interest in all who are afflicted with toothache; the holy Job, with
thirteen companions, is ready to cure the itch; and St. Barbara with
St. George figure as protectors against a violent death; cf. pp.
266-273, 419-422, 218-219, 358-359.

124 Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, v. 35-36.

_ 125 Ibid._ iv. 465.

126 Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, iv. 481-484.

_ 127 Ibid._ iv. 471-474.

_ 128 Ibid._ iv. 445.

129 Leitschuh, _Albrecht Dürer’s Tagebuch der Reise in die Niederlande_
(Leipzig, 1884), p. 84.

130 SOURCES: Melanchthon, _Historia de vita et actis Lutheri_
(Wittenberg, 1545, in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, vi.); Mathesius,
_Historien von ... Martini Lutheri, Anfang, Lere, Leben und Sterben_
(Prague, 1896); Myconius, _Historia Reformations 1517-1542_
(Leipzig, 1718); Ratzeberger, _Geschichte über Luther und seine
Zeit_ (Jena, 1850); Kilian Leib, _Annales von 1503-1523_ (vols. vii.
and ix. of v. Aretin’s _Beiträge zur Geschichte und Litteratur_,
Munich, 1803-1806); Wrampelmeyer, _Tagebuch über Dr. Martin Luther,
geführt von Dr. Conrad Cordatus, 1537_ (Halle, 1885); Caspar
Cruciger, _Tabulæ chronologicæ actorum M. Lutheri_ (Wittenberg,
1553); Förstemann, _Neues Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der
evangelischen Kirchen-reformation_ (Hamburg, 1842); Kolde, _Analecta
Lutherana_ (Gotha, 1883); G. Loesche, _Analecta Lutherana et
Melanchthoniana_ (Gotha, 1892); Löscher; _Vollstündige
Reformations-Acta und Documenta_ (Leipzig, 1720-1729); Enders, _Dr.
Martin Luther’s Briefwechsel_, 5 vols. (Frankfurt, 1884-1893); De
Wette, _Dr. Martin Luther’s Briefe, Sendschreiben und Bedenken_, 5
vols. (Berlin, 1825-1828); J. Cochlæus (Rom. Cath.), _Commentarius
de actis et scriptis M. Lutheri ... ab anno 1517 usque ad annum
1537_ (St. Victor prope Moguntiam, 1549); V. L. Seekendorf,
_Commentarius ... de Lutheranismo_ (Frankfurt, 1692);
_Constitutiones Fratrum Heremitarum Sancti Augustini_ (Nürnberg,
1504); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. iv.

LATER BOOKS: J. Köstlin, _Martin Luther, sein Leben und seine
Schriften_, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1889); Th. Kolde, _Martin Luther. Eine
Biographie_, 2 vols. (Gotha, 1884, 1893); A. Hausrath, _Luther’s
Leben_, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1904); Lindsay, _Luther and the German
Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1900); Kolde, _Friedrich der Weise und die
Anfänge der Reformation mit archivalischen Beilagen_ (Erlangen,
1881), and _Die deutsche Augustiner-Congregation und Johann v.
Staupitz_ (Gotha, 1879); A. Hausrath, _M. Luther’s Romfahrt nach
einem gleichzeitigen Pilgerbuche_ (Berlin, 1894); Oergel, _Vom
jungen Luther_ (Erfurt, 1899); Jürgens, _Luther von seiner Geburt
bis zum Ablassetreil_, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1846-1847); Krumhaar, _Die
Grafschaft Mansfeld im Reformationszeitalter_ (Eisleben, 1845);
Buchwald, _Zur Wittenberg Stadt- und Universitätsgeschichte in der
Reformationszeit_ (Leipzig, 1893); Kampschulte, _Die Universität
Erfurt in ihrem Verkältniss zu dem Humanismus und der Reformation_
(Trier, 1856-1860).

_ 131 Albrecht Dürer’s Tugebuch der Reise in die Niederlande_. Edited by
Dr. Fr. Leitschuh (Leipzig, 1884), pp. 28-84.

132 Nicholas, born at Lyre, a village in Normandy, was one of the
earliest students of the Hebrew Scriptures; he explained the
accepted fourfold sense of Scripture in the following distich:

“_Litera_ gesta docet, quid credas _Allegoria_,
_Moralis_ quid agas, quo tendas _Anagogia_.”

Luther used his commentaries when he became Professor of Theology at
Wittenberg, and acknowledged the debt; but it is too much to say:

“Si Lyra non lyrasset,
Lutherus non saltasset.”

133 There is one persistent contemporary suggestion, that Luther was
finally driven to take the step by the sudden death of a companion,
for which a good deal may be said. Oergel has shown, from minute
researches in the university archives, that a special friend of
Luther’s, Hieronymus Pontz of Windsheim, who was working along with
him for his Magister’s degree, died suddenly of pleurisy before the
end of the examination; that a few weeks after Luther had taken his
degree, another promising student whom he knew died of the plague;
that the plague broke out again in Erfurt three months afterwards;
and that Luther entered the convent a few days after this second
appearance of the plague.—Cf. Georg Oergel, _Vom jungen Luther_
(Erfurt, 1899), pp. 35-41.

134 Cf. above, pp. 127 ff.

135 In my chapter on Luther in the _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. p.
114, where notes were not permitted, I have said with too much
abruptness that John of Paltz was “the teacher of Luther himself.”
Luther was certainly taught the theology of John of Paltz, and the
latter was residing in the monastery during two years of Luther’s
stay there; but it is more probable that Luther’s actual instructor
was Nathin.

136 In the _Tischreden_ (Preger, Leipzig, 1888), i. 27, the saying is
attributed to Bartholomæus Usingen, who is erroneously called
Luther’s teacher in the Erfurt convent. Usingen did not enter the
convent before 1512. He was a professor in the University of Erfurt,
not in the convent.

137 N. Selneccer, _Historia . . . D. M. Lutheri_: “Jussus est omissis
Sacris Bibliis ex obedientia legere scholastica et sophistica
scripta.”

138 Modern Romanists describe all this as the self-torturing of an
hysterical youth. They are surely oblivious to the fact that the
only great German mediæval Mystic who has been canonised by the
Romish Church, Henry Suso, went through a similar experience; and
that these very experiences were in both cases looked on by
contemporaries as the fruits of a more than ordinary piety.

_ 139 Resolutiones_, Preface.

140 Acts viii. 4.

141 Rom. xiii. 14.

142 Matt. x. 9.

143 Prov. ii. 1.

144 “If we review all the men and women of the West since Augustine’s
time, whom, for the disposition which possessed them, history has
designated as eminent Christians, we have always the same type; we
find marked conviction of sin, complete renunciation of their own
strength, and trust in grace, in the personal God who is apprehended
as the _Merciful One_ in the humility of Christ. The variations of
this frame of mind are innumerable—but the fundamental type is the
same. This frame of mind is taught in sermons and in instruction by
truly pious Romanists and by Evangelicals; in it youthful Christians
are trained, and dogmatics are constructed in harmony with it. It
has always produced so powerful an effect, even where it is only
preached as the experience of others, that he who has come in
contact with it can never forget it; it accompanies him as a pillar
of cloud by day and of fire by night; he who imagines that he has
long shaken it off, sees it rising up suddenly before him
again.”—Harnack’s _History of Dogma_, v. 74 (Eng. trans., London,
1898).

145 The Wolfenbüttel Library contains the Psalter (Vulgate) used by
Luther in lecturing on the Psalms. The book was printed at
Wittenberg in 1513 by John Gronenberg, and contains Luther’s notes
written on the margin and between the printed lines.

146 Luther’s indebtedness to Gerson (Jean Charlier, born in 1363 at
Gerson, a hamlet near Rethel in the Ardennes, believed by some to be
the author of the _De Imitatione Christi_) has not been sufficiently
noticed. It may be partially estimated by Luther’s own statement
that most experimental divines, including Augustine, when dealing
with the struggle of the awakened soul, lay most stress on that part
of the conflict which comes from temptations of the flesh; Gerson
confines himself to those which are purely spiritual. Luther, during
his soul-anguish in the convent, was a young monk who had lived a
humanly stainless life, _sans peur et sans reproche_; Augustine, a
middle-aged professor of rhetoric, had been living for years in a
state of sinful concubinage.

147 It is commonly said that Luther made use of the _mystical_ passages
found in these and other authors; but _mystical_ is a very ambiguous
word. It is continually used to express personal or individual piety
in general; or this personal religion as opposed to that religious
life which is consciously lived within the fellowship of men called
the Church, provided with the external means of grace. These are,
however, very loose uses of the word. The fundamental problem, even
in Christian Mysticism, appears to me to be how to bridge the gulf
between the creature and the Creator, while the problem in
Reformation theology is how to span the chasm between the sinful man
and the righteous God. Hence in mysticism the _tendency_ is always
to regard sin as imperfection, while in the Reformation theology sin
is always the power of evil and invariably includes the thought of
guilt. Luther was no mystic in the sense of desiring to be lost _in_
God: he wished to be saved _through_ Christ.

148 Of course, Luther’s intense individuality appeared in his language
from the first. Take as an example a note on Ps. lxxxiv. 4: “As the
meadow is to the cow, the house to the man, the nest to the bird,
the rock to the chamois, and the stream to the fish, so is the Holy
Scripture to the believing soul.”

149 The expression is interesting, because it shows that Luther’s
influence had made at least two of his colleagues change their
views. Nicholas Amsdorf and Andrew Bodenstein of Carlstadt had come
to Wittenberg to teach Scholastic Theology, and Amsdorf had made a
great name for himself as an exponent of the older type of that
theology.

150 An illustrated catalogue of Frederick’s collection of relics was
prepared by Lucas Cranach, and published under the title,
_Wittenberger Heiligthumsbuch vom Jahre 1509_. It has been reprinted
by G. Hirth of Munich in his _Liebhaber-Bibliothek alter
Illustratoren in Facsimile-Reproduktion,_ No. vi.

151 “Amore et studio elucidandæ veritatis hæc subscripta disputabuntur
Wittenbergæ, præsidente R. P. Martino Lutther, artium et sacræ
theologiæ magistro eiusdemque ibidem lectore ordinario. Quare petit,
ut qui non possunt verbis præsentes nobiscum disceptare, agant id
literis absentes. In nomine Domini nostri Hiesu Christi. Amen.”

152 SOURCES: Thomas Aquinas, _Summa Theologiæ, Supplementum Tertiæ
Partis_, Quæstiones xxv.-xxvii.; Alexander of Hales, _Summa
Theologiæ_, iv.; Bonaventura, _Opera Omnia; In Librum Quartum
Sententiarum_, dist. xx.; vol. v. 264 tf. (Moguntiæ, 1609);
Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum, quæ de rebus
fidei et morum a conciliis œcumenicis et summis pontificibus
emanarunt_, 9th ed. (Würzburg, 1900), p. 175; Köhler, _Documenta zum
Ablassstreit von 1517_ (Tübingen, 1902).

LATER BOOKS: F. Beringer (Soc. Jes.), _Der Ablass, sein Wesen und
Gebrauch_, 12th ed. (Paderborn, 1898); Bouvier, _Treatise on
Indulgences_ (London, 1848); Lea, _A History of Auricular Confession
and Indulgence in the Latin Church_, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1896);
Brieger, _Das Wesen des Ablasses am Ausgange des Mittelalters_
(Leipzig, 1897); Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vi. pp. 243-270; Götz,
“Studien zur Geschichte des Buss-sacraments” in _Zeitschrift für
Kirchengeschichte_, xv. 321 ff., xvi. 541 ff.; Schneider, _Der
Ablass_ (1881); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. iv.