Chapter LXX: Section 3: The Church of Scotland

[Sidenote: St. Columba.]

The country of the Southern Picts, christianized by St. Ninian (see p. 76), having fallen into the hands of the heathen Anglo-Saxons, something like a fresh evangelization became necessary; and this was accomplished by the labours of St. Columba and his successors, who, having crossed over from Ireland (first about A.D. 560) for the purpose of preaching to the Northern tribes of Scotland, extended their mission southward. [Sidenote: Irish or Scotch missionaries in England.] The monastery of Iona, or Icolmkill, was for some time inhabited by Irish missionaries, and became the chief source of missionary labour not only in Scotland, but also in the North of England, the Scotch or Irish missionaries using all the weight of their influence to uphold the independence of the National Church against the Roman tendencies of St. Augustine and his successors. St. Aidan (died A.D. 651), Bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, and the head of the mission for the conversion of the Saxon kingdom of Mercia, was a monk of Iona. His diocese included {153} Yorkshire, and extended to Scotland; and, in consequence of this, the Archbishops of York long laid claim to exercise metropolitan authority over the whole of North Britain.

Roman influence gradually made itself felt in Scotland, in great measure through the monastic system, which received a great impetus under David I. (A.D. 1124-A.D. 1153). [Sidenote: Longings for reformation.] The constant wars with England, and the confusion and bloodshed they entailed, had a very unfavourable effect on the prosperity and spiritual activity of the Church of Scotland, so that from Scotland, no less than from England and Ireland, there arose that cry for a return to older and purer ways, which ended in the Reformation.

[1] The native Clergy seem to have laboured chiefly in the north, where they were aided by Scotch and Irish missionaries. St. Aidan, Bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island (who died A.D. 651), may be mentioned as a successful agent in the conversion of Northumbria and Mercia.

[2] This dispute between St. Anselm and the English king was another form of the long strife between the Popes and the Emperors of the West, which is known as the War of Investitures.

[3] Many of the Bishops, at this time, were foreigners, who lived away from their sees, and did not even understand the native language of their flocks. The Kings of England and the Bishops of Rome seem to have equally abused their powers of patronage in this respect.

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INDEX

Abendon, Dr., at Constance, 150
Abyssinia, Church of, 82
Africa, Church in, its early history, 80
------, Church in, its mediaeval history, 120
Aidan, St., 144, 152
Alban, St., his martyrdom, 73
Albigenses, 122
Alexandria, Church of, 80
------, School of, 81
Altar, its arrangements in Eastern and Early English Churches, 54
Ambrosian Liturgy, 123
"Angels" or Bishops, The Seven, 49, 52, 85
Annates, Payment of, 149
Anselm, St., 146
Anti-Popes, 109
Antioch, Church of, 23, 28, 84
------, St. Paul and St. Barnabas at, 28
"------ St. Peter's Throne at," 28
------ first sends Missionaries to heathen, 29
Antioch disturbed by disputes about circumcision, 34
Antioch, Probable visit of St. Peter to, 36
Apocalypse, The, 52
"Apology against Heathenism," The first Christian, 32
"------ Judaism," The first Christian, 20
Apostle, St. Matthias chosen to be, 8
Apostles, extent of their labours, 43
------ trained by our Lord, 5
------ taught by the Holy Ghost, 5, 6, 48
------, Commission given to the, 6
------ a living Gospel, 12
------ Creed, an instance of traditional teaching, 13
------ St. Paul and St. Barnabas complete the number of, 30
------, how they differ from Bishops, 31
------, their deaths, 43
Apostolic office, Nature of, 5 _n._
------ Doctrine, 12
------ Fellowship, 18
Apostolical Succession in England, 144
Appeals from England to Rome, 148
Arabia, Church of, 86
Arianism, 68, 81
------ in Greece, 79
------ in France, 78
------ of the Goths, 77
------ prepares for Mahometanism, 88
Arles, Council of, 78
Armenia, Church of, 85
Athanasius, St., 70, 72, 81
Athens, its intellectual pride, 39
------, St. Paul at, 39
Augustine, St., 82
------, and Church of England, 142
Authority of the Jerusalem Council, 36
Avignon, The Popes at, 108, 123

Baptism, Nature of, 2, 3, 4
------, its necessity, 26
------ of St. John different from that of our Lord, 7 _n._
------ of the Three Thousand, 10
Barchochebas, 83
Barnabas, St., Conversion of, 11
------, ordained Apostle, 30
Basil, St., 111
Basle, Council of, 110
Becket, St. Thomas à, 147
Benedictine rule, The, 111
Bible, The, in Middle Ages, 117
Bishop, Meaning of the word, 33 _n._
------ and Priest originally one office, 5 _n._
Bishops, Consecration of, by the Apostles, 33
------ rarely appointed at first, 46, 47
------ especially subject to persecution, 65
Bohemia, Church of, 129
Boniface, St., in Germany, 128
Books, Christian, kept hidden, 63
Bread, The Breaking of the, 7, 13
Breakspear, Nicholas, 106
Bulgaria, Conversion of, 136

Canute, Conversion of, 145
Cashel, Synod of, 151
Catacombs, Use of the, 63
Corinthians, Heresy of the, 50
Chalcedon, Fourth Council of, 71
Charlemagne, 122, 124, 128
China, Church of, 87
Chrysostom, St., 84
Church, Definition of, 1
------, a Kingdom, 1
------, the fruit of the Incarnation, 2
------ the New Jerusalem, 8
------, its gradual development, 47, 48
------, its Divine Foundation proved by persecution, 62
Church, Growth of, unchecked by persecution, 62
Church Militant, a preparation for Church Triumphant, 4
------, Outward recognition of the, 66
------ Government modified by persecution, 65
Churches, Primitive, their arrangement, 53
Circumcision, Apostolic Decision respecting 35
------, Wish to impose it on Converts, 27, 34
Columba, St., 76, 152
Confirmation by the Apostles, 22, 24, 32, 37, 40
Continental Churches, their early history, 76-80
------ in Middle Ages, 120
Constance, Council of, 110
Constantine, his English parentage, 73
------, Conversion of, 66
------, Council summoned by, 69
Constantinople, Creed of, 70
------, Building of, 67, 80
------, Second Council of, 70
------, Fifth Council of, 71
------, Sixth Council of, 71
------, Fall of, 138
Conversion of the Three Thousand, 10
------ Five Thousand, 11
------ of Gentiles, Obstacles to, 29
Conversions after appointment of Diaconate, 17
Corinth, its luxury and unbelief, 40
------, St. Paul at, 40
Cornelius, Conversion of, 25, 26
Council of the Church, First, 35
------, Second, at Jerusalem, 46
Councils, General, their nature, 69 _n._
------ guided by the Holy Ghost, 36
Creed, Apostles', 13
Crusades, 113, 125
------, Effect of, in the East, 137
Cyprian, St., 82
Cyril, St., 81

Danes, Conversion of, 145
------ and Church of England, 144
Deacon, Meaning of the word, 17 _n._
Deacons, their work, 18
Decretals, The false Papal, 103
Denial of Cup to Laity, 119
Denmark, Church of, 133
Development, Intellectual, in the Church, 72
Diocesan system, its late development in Ireland, 75
Dioclesian, his false boasting, 62
Discipline, its strictness increased by persecution, 64
------ relaxed, 68
Division between East and West, 95
Docetae, Heresy of the, 50
Domitian's persecution, 49, 59

Eastern Church, 83
------, its want of missionary zeal, 136
East and West, Division of, 94
Elders. _See_ Priests.
Endowment of Church, 67
England, Church of, its early history, 73
------, in Middle Ages, 142
------, its Liturgy, 143
English Bishops at early Councils, 74
Ephesus, St. John at, 49
------, Heresies at, 50
------, Council of, 85
------, Liturgy of, 124
------, Third Council of, 71
Episcopacy, its permanent organization, 46
Ethiopia, Church of, 82
Eucharist, Daily, 7, 13
------, the chief act of worship, 14, 56
Eucharistic Sacrifice, 2, 3, 13, 14, 56
Eutyches, his heresy, 71
Expectation, Days of, 7

Fathers, value of their writings, 72
Ferrara, Council of, 110
Florence, Council of, 110
Forty Days, The teaching of the, 6
Foundation of Church, its Divine Origin, 4, 7
France, Church of, its early history, 77
------, its mediaeval history, 124
------, its Liturgy, 78
French Bishops from Asia, 77
French interference in Papal affairs, 107
Friars, Franciscan and Dominican, in England, 112, 148

Gallican Liturgy, 124
General Councils, 69-71
Gentiles called into the Church, 26
Germany, Church of, 127
Gnosticism, Simon Magus the author of, 22, 51
------ at Corinth, 40
------ at Ephesus, 51
Gospels, Holy, great reverence shown to them, 54
"Grecians," Who meant by, 16
Greek Church, What meant by, 80 _n._
------, its early history, 79
------, its mediaeval history, 135
------ under Turkish rule, 139
------ Empire, End of, 139
Greeks, their liability to heresy, 79
Greenland, Conversion of, 135
Gregory, St., 103
------, and Church of England, 142
------ VII., 106
"Hebrews," Definition of, 17
------ and Grecians, Dispute between, 17
Hegira, the Mahometan Era, 89 _n._
"Hellenists" or "Grecians," Definition of, 16
Heresy, how opposed, 69
Hilary, St., 102
Hildebrand, 105
Hincmar, 104
Hungary, Church of, 131

Iceland, Church of, 133
Iconoclast controversy, 95, 121
Ignatius, St., 84
Ignorance, Causes of, in Middle Ages, 115
Incense, its burning made a test, 59
------, its use in heaven, 55
India, Church of, 87
Indulgences, 109, 118
Innocent III., 107
Inquisition, Origin of, 107
Interdict, England placed under, 147
Investiture, Disputes about, 106, 147
Iona, Monastery of, 76
Ireland, Church of, its early history, 74
------, its Liturgy and customs, 78, 151
------, its mediaeval history, 151
------, English influence in, 152
Irenaeus, St., 78
Irish missionary labours, 151
Italy, Church of, its early history, 76
------, its mediaeval history, 121
------, its Liturgy, 123

James, St., the Great, his martyrdom, 27
------ the Less, first Bishop of Jerusalem, 27, 35, 83
------ presides at the First Council, 35
Jerusalem, The Apostolic Church in, 27, 83
------, First Council at, 35
------, Second Council at, 46
------ taken by Saracens, 113
Jewish Worship, and scheme of Redemption, 4, 56
John, St., his special work in the Church, 45, 47, 49
------, his sacramental teaching, 47, 52
------, his universal patriarchate, 51
------, his writings, 51
------, his Epistles, 52
------, his Revelation, 52
------, his martyrdom in will, 57 _n._
------, King, Unconstitutional conduct of, 147
Judicial powers first exerted in the Church, 16
Julian the Apostate, 83

Koran, The, 90

Labours, Apostolic, Extent of, 43
Lanfranc, 146
Langton, Stephen, 147
Lapland, Conversion of, 135
Latin, Use of, in Middle Ages, 116
Law, Christ's obedience to the, 15
Lay investiture, Disputes about, 106
Letters of Peace, 64
Lollards, The, 149
Love of the First Christians, 13
Luke, St., joins St. Paul, 37

Macedonius, his heresy, 70
Mahometanism, 88
------ in Spain, 127
Martyrdom, seeking it forbidden, 63
Martyrs, Immense number of the, 61
Matthias, St., chosen to be Apostle, 8
Mediaeval Church, its true state, 119
Meletian schism, 81
Middle Ages, Learning in, 117
------, Religion in, 116
Ministry, Christian, Three-fold nature of, 2, 5 _n._
------, Jewish, replaced by Christian, 4
Miracles, Gift of, 11
Monastic Orders, The, 111
Monasticism, its good results, 112
Moors in Spain, 126
Moravia, Church of, 128
Mozarabic Liturgy, 127
Music, its use in heaven, 55

Nero's persecution, 49 _n._, 59
Nestorius, his heresy, 71, 82
Nicaea, Council and Creed of, 70
Nicolas of Antioch, 18
Ninian, St., his mission in Scotland, 76
Norman influence on English Church, 146
Northmen, Conversion of, 124
Norway, Church of, 134

Ordinances or traditions, 13 _n._

Paganism not revived by persecution, 62
Papal supremacy, its dangers, 101
------ Supremacy in France, 125
------ aggression, The first, 102
Parochial system, its late development in Ireland, 75
Parthia, Church of, 85
Passover replaced by Eucharist, 3
Patrick, St., his mission to Ireland, 75
Paul, St., Conversion of, 23.
------, his fitness for the Apostolate, 24
Paul, St., ordained Apostle, 30
------, the Chief Apostle of the Gentiles, 31
------, his first Apostolic journey, 31
------, his second Apostolic journey, 36
------, his third Apostolic journey, 40
------, a prisoner, 42
------, in England, 73
------, Martyrdom of, 43
Pelagianism, 78
Pella, Flight to, 83
Penances, their severity, 64
Pentecost, The Day of, 8
------, The effects of, 9
Persecution, Causes of, 57
------ under Herod Agrippa, 27
------, Progress of, 11, 57
Persecutions, Nature and extent of, 61
------, Table of, 60
------, Effect of, on the Church, 63
------ cease under Constantine, 66
Persia, Church of, 85
Peter, St., results of his first Sermon, 10
------, his special work in the Church, 45
------, his first Apostolic journey, 24
------, his imprisonment and deliverance, 28
------, Martyrdom of, 43
Peter the hermit, 125
Pharisees, their opposition to the Gospel, 19
Philip, St., the Deacon, 21
Pisa, Council of, 109
------, English Bishops at, 150
Poland, Church of, 132
Pomerania, 130
Popes of the Middle Ages, 102-111
------, Worldliness of the later, 110
------ and anti-Popes, Disputes between, 109
Portugal, Church of, its early history, 78
------, Church of, its mediaeval history, 126
Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons, 77
Praemunire, Statute of, 149
Presbyters. _See_ Priests.
Priest, Meaning of the word, 32 _n._
Priests, First ordination of, 32
------, their functions, 33
Prussia, Church of, 129
Purgatory, 118

Reformation, what it was, 102
------, Longings for, 123, 131, 150
Reunion between East and West attempted, 137
Ritual, Early Christian, 53
------ checked by persecution, 63
------, Heavenly, as shown in the Apocalypse, 53
------ developed in prosperity, 67
Roman Empire, its decay, 77
Roman influence in Middle Ages, 118
------ influence in Germany, 131
Rome, St. Paul at, 42
------, its influence in extending the Faith, 67
Russia, Church of, its foundation, 80, 139
------, Church of, its independence, 140

Sacrifice, The Christian, 2, 3, 13, 14, 56
Sacrifices under the patriarchal dispensation, 3
------ under the Mosaic dispensation, 3
Sadducees, their opposition to the Gospel, 12, 19
Samaria, Conversion of, 21
Sarum Use, 143
Satan, his enmity against the Church, 58, 62
Saul of Tarsus, 19
Saxon and English Church, 74, 142
Scandinavian Churches, 133
Schism, The first, in the Church, 16
------ between East and West, 98
------, The forty years', 109
Scotland, Church of, its early history, 75
------, its mediaeval history, 152, 153
------, Saxon influence in, 152
------, Roman influence in, 153
Seven Churches, The, 84
Simon Magus, his unbelief and end, 21, 22
Sin, First deadly, in the Church, 16
Spain, Church of, its early history, 78
------, Church of, its mediaeval history, 126
------, Church of, its Liturgy, 127
Stephen, St., ordained Deacon, 18
------, his preaching and inspiration, 19
------, results of his Martyrdom, 21
Supremacy, Papal claims to, 100
Sweden, Church of, 133

Table of "Fields of Apostolic Labour," 44
------ Persecutions, 60
------ Councils, 72
Teaching of the Church, Reserve in, 49, 63
------ its gradual development, 49
Temple Services, Attendance of the Apostles on, 13, 15
Temporal power of the Popes, its rise, 100
"Theological Gospel," The, 47
Theotokos, 71
Timothy, St., his circumcision, 37
------, Bishop of Ephesus, 33, 41
Titus, St., Bishop of Crete, 33, 41
Tongues, The gift of, 9, 11
Tradition, its value, 13
"Traditores," 64
Turkey, European Church in, its early history, 79
------ in Europe, Church in, its medieval history, 135
Turks, their inroads in the East, 138

"Universal Bishop," Title of, 95
Universities in Middle Ages, 117

Vernacular Bibles in Middle Ages, 116
Visigoths, Arianism of, 79

Waldenses, 122
Wales the refuge of British Clergy, 74
Wickliffe, 149
Worship, Jewish and Christian, 3