Chapter I: Part 1

EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY
EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS

REFERENCE

A LITERARY AND
HISTORICAL ATLAS OF
NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA

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London: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd.
New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO.

A LITERARY &
HISTORICAL
ATLAS OF
AMERICA

J G. BARTHOLOMEW LL.D

LONDON: PUBLISHED
by J·M·DENT & SONS LTD
AND IN NEW YORK
BY E·P·DUTTON & CO

INTRODUCTION

When General Hamilton spoke in the _Federalist_ over a century ago of "an empire, in many respects the most interesting in the world," meaning the United States of America, he did not, he could not, foresee the vast growth of his country and its northern and southern neighbours which this book portrays. The volume is the third in a series of small atlases, meant to cover in turn the whole globe, and to do it in a way to knit up geographical and historical knowledge with the facts of commerce and the literary record of each land or region. One chief purpose of these maps is to trace clearly the development of the United States, beginning with "the most remarquable parts" of the New England of the Pilgrim Fathers, described by Captain John Smith in 1614, and not forgetting the territories of the old American-Indian nations. Some inkling too is given in facsimile of the early charts, views, and maps by the explorers and cartographers who made a survey of the first settlements. For example, we have an old map of Guiana invaluable as a Sir Walter Raleigh record, giving the mouths of the Oronoke, or Orinoco, where his men tugged against the stream, and stretching southward to the Amazon itself, and we get from the map of Peru at the period of the Conquest a clear idea of the country in the time of Pizarro.

As with the great rivers, so with the great American cities. You can compare "old New York," as represented in one page, with the new New York and its environs which are a world's wonder to-day. Then again you can take the chart of the Early Highways that ran westward into the wilderness and estimate how the power of the engineer has, since the railway came, caught the States in an iron network and rearranged the Americas. Battlefields and sieges, by which the right of the new country to its national life and individuality was "wrenched," as Tennyson said in his address to the old country,[1] are not forgotten.

Note among the less familiar documents that we are able to include, the rare map of the territory in Virginia and North Carolina traversed by John Lederer in his three marches. Lederer was sent out by Governor Berkeley in 1669-70, and journeyed west as far as the top of the Apalatoean mountains. It seems doubtful how far he went in South Carolina. He did not penetrate far enough, according to Professor W. J. Rivers, to meet "the new-comers who were about founding the Commonwealth of Locke."

As for the local associations that have become familiar in American literature, you have a chart of the Concord neighbourhood showing Walden Pond, Forest Lake, Lexington, and Punkatasset Hill, associated with the name and fame of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and H. D. Thoreau. Fenimore Cooper recalls the old Indian Territory as it was in the wild prime of the Red Men; and you travel from the land of "Hiawatha" in Longfellow's poem southwards to the Mexico and Peru of Prescott, and then pause over something more amazing than any record in imaginative verse or prose—the plain statistics figured in the map of South America, and the emergence of Buenos Ayres with its million and a quarter inhabitants, Rio de Janeiro with its 860,000, San Paulo with 350,000, and Santiago with 330,000. Here are the elements of an immense new Latin civilisation which is going to count, and count enormously, just as China and its millions are bound to count enormously in the twentieth century.

We might have spoken at large of Canada and its huge dominion; of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, New "Scotia," and the chain of the Great Lakes in the North. But an Atlas speaks for itself with the accent of a world-bearer if one treats its pages as they ought to be treated, with a sense of the great perspective of history and of men and nations advancing along it to their fulfilment in the world. The Old World and the New have lately been drawn closer by the mysterious nerves that underrun the Atlantic and the understanding of a true world polity; and it is hoped that this volume will do something to foster that amity between states and nations.

We have again to acknowledge very gratefully the indispensable help given to our enterprise by Dr. Bartholomew with his unfailing knowledge and skill. Also to thank Miss Edwardes for her working gazetteer which makes reference easy, and Mr. G. C. Brooke of the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum for his notes on the coinage, and for his arrangements of the specimens which serve so vividly to illustrate the historical side of the atlas.

[1] "Be proud of those strong sons of thine Who wrenched
the right thou wouldst not yield."

CONTENTS

COLOURED MAPS

PAGE

Atlantic Ocean, Toscanelli, 1474 1

Discoveries of Columbus 2

Discoveries of the Norsemen 3

America, 1492-1522 3

America, 1522-1700 4, 5

North American Colonies, 1643 6

North America, 1740 7

North American Colonies, 1755-1763 8, 9

North American Colonies, 1783 10, 11

Canada, 1791 12, 13

United States, 1801 14

United States, 1845 15

United States—Civil War, 1861-65 16, 17

Cortes in Mexico, 1519 18

Mexico and West Indies, 1650 19

Mexico and West Indies, 1763 20

Mexico and West Indies, 1855 21

South America—Political Formation 22, 23

The World on Mercator's Projection, showing Routes to America 24, 25

America—Commercial Routes on Mercator's Projection 26, 27

America—January Temperature 28

America—July Temperature 29

America—Rainfall and Winds, January 30

America—Rainfall and Winds, July 31

Sketch Chart of the North Atlantic on Mercator's Projection 32, 33

Arctic Regions 34

Antarctic Regions 35

North America—Orographical 36

North America—Vegetation 37

North America—Political 38

North America—Population 39

Dominion of Canada 40, 41

Canada—Railways and Economic 42, 43

Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence 44

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, etc. 45

Quebec 46, 47

Ontario 48, 49

Manitoba and Part of Saskatchewan 50, 51

British Columbia, etc. 52, 53

United States—Political Acquisitions 54, 55

United States—Railways and Economic 56, 57

New York, Pennsylvania, and New England States 58, 59

New York and Environs 60, 61

Chicago 62

St. Louis 62

Boston 63

Philadelphia 63

Atlantic States 64, 65

Central States 66, 67

Southern States 68, 69

Western States 70, 71

The Yosemite Valley 71

California, etc. 72

Vancouver 73

San Francisco 73

Alaska 74

Philippine Islands 75

Mexico 76, 77

West Indies and Central America 78, 79

Cuba, Jamaica, etc. 80

Panama Canal 81

South America—Orographical 82

South America—Vegetation 83

South America—Political 84

South America—Population 85

South America—Railways and Economic 86, 87

Brazil and Guiana 88, 89

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 90, 91

Chile, Argentina, etc. 92, 93

Rio de Janeiro 94

Monte Video 95

Buenos Ayres 95

Patagonia 96

A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND
SOUTH AMERICA, by G. C. Brooke, B.A., Department
of Coins and Medals, British Museum 97

LINE MAPS

MAPS AND PLANS OF NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS CONNECTED WITH FAMOUS AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS

Battle of Bunker Hill, 17th June, 1775 117

Siege of Charleston, 1776 118

Battle of Long Island, 1776 118

Battle of Brandywine, 1777 119

Battle of Freemans Farm 119

Plan of West Point, showing Forts and Batteries, 1780 120

Siege of Yorktown 120

Maps showing Principal Battles of the War of Independence 121

A Plan of the Operations at the taking of Quebec and the Battle 122
fought near that City, September 13th, 1759

Port Royal, 1613 123

A Map of New England in 1631, as observed and described by 124
Captain John Smith

A Map of the Whole Territory traversed by John Lederer in his 125
Three Marches, 1672

A Map of the American Indian Nations adjoining to the 126
Mississippi, West and East Florida, Georgia, South and North
Carolina, Virginia, etc., 1775

New Amsterdam about 1650 127

New York about 1730 128

Plan of New York in 1746 129

Early Highways, showing expansion westwards 130

The Boston District 130

The Concord Neighbourhood—Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, etc. 131

Virginia in American Fiction 131

The El Dorado of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595 132

Map of Peru at the Period of the Conquest 133

Growth of Trade of the United States 134

Growth of Population of the United States 134

Immigration—United States, Canada, Argentine, Brazil 135

A Gazetteer of Towns and Places in America having a Literary or 137
Historic Interest

Index 169

A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

By G. C. BROOKE, B.A.

Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum.

The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 was made under the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain whose portraits appear on the remarkably fine gold coin (a Quadruple Escudo) figured on Plate I., No. 1; and it was therefore to the empire of Spain that the West Indian Islands on which he landed were annexed. The money circulated in these islands was Spanish, and after 1535 coins were struck specially for currency in these islands and other American colonies of Spain at the mint of Mexico which was established in that year (see Plate I., No. 6, and Plate VI., No. 2). This is the reason why countermarked Spanish "Pieces of Eight" or fractions of them were the regular currency in these islands during English and French occupation even so late as the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. English settlement in the West Indies began with Drake, Hawkins and Raleigh and continued through the first half of the seventeenth century; in many cases (_e.g._, St. Lucia, Dominique and Guadeloupe) their possession was long disputed with France and was not finally settled before the Napoleonic wars. All this time these countermarked Spanish pieces formed almost the only currency; on Plate I. are shown such pieces made current for Tortola (Fig. 2), St. Lucia (Fig. 3), Dominique (Fig. 4), and Guadeloupe (Figs. 5 and 6). The two last pieces of Guadeloupe are especially interesting as showing how a fraction was cut out of a "Piece of Eight" (_i.e._, 8 reals), and the remainder of the original coin also put into circulation; it was originally struck by Ferdinand VII. at the Mexican mint in the year 1811. In 1816 Guadeloupe became French and such pieces were put out of circulation in favour of regular issues of French colonial coins. The Bermuda Islands, discovered by Bermudez in 1515, were not inhabited till Sir G. Somers (from whom they were also called Somers islands) was wrecked there in 1609, and a colony was sent from Virginia a few years later; here were struck the first coins of any English colonies in America; shillings, sixpennies and threepennies were issued bearing on the obverse a hog and on the reverse a ship; a threepenny piece is figured on Plate I., Fig. 7; they are now commonly known, from the obverse type, as Hog-money; these coins were probably struck between 1616 and 1618, certainly before 1624 in which year John Smith published his _Historie of Virginia_, etc., in which he mentions their use during the government of Daniel Tucker; the type of the hog, says John Smith, is in memory of the abundance of hogs found at the first landing in the islands. At the end of the eighteenth century copper coins were issued for Barbadoes; a penny of 1788 is figured on Plate I., No. 8; the types are mercantile—a negro's head and a pine-apple; the slave trade was abolished in 1806, and a later halfpenny token bears the motto "Freedom without Slavery."

Five years after the first voyage of Columbus, John Cabot, sailing from Bristol, discovered Labrador and Newfoundland, and within forty years Verazzano and Cartier opened up the St. Lawrence River as far as Montreal for French settlement; before the end of the century Frobisher had explored Hudson Bay and Gilbert made the first attempt at colonising Newfoundland and Virginia; in 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed the _Mayflower_ into Cape Cod Bay, where five years later the colony of Massachusetts was planted. The coast settlements from Maine to Connecticut assumed in 1642 the name of New England, where were used the interesting silver pieces struck at Boston with N E and the mark of value (XII., VI. or III.); a sixpence is shown on Plate II., Fig. 9; Fig. 10 on the same plate is a Massachusetts shilling of 1652 with the inscription, which runs from obverse to reverse, "Masathusets in New England: An. Dom. 1652. XII." (=12 pence), which type was substituted in 1651 for the earlier New England pieces. The foundation of the Baltimore, or Maryland, plantation in 1632 is illustrated (Plate II., Fig. 11) by a shilling made, together with sixpennies and groats (or fourpennies), in England in 1659 under direction of Lord Baltimore, the founder, whose bust and title "Cecil, Lord of Maryland," and coat of arms are seen on the coins. Plate II., Fig. 12, is a pewter piece struck by James II. (who is seen on horseback) for circulation as small change in the American plantations; its chief interest lies in the fact that being rated as one twenty-fourth of the Spanish real it recognizes Spanish money as common currency. The next coin (Plate II., Fig. 13) is a penny token (dated 1694) of Carolina, the colony which Charles II. presented to his favourite nobles in 1668. In 1717 and 1722 George I. issued copper coins (twopence, penny, and halfpenny) for the American colonies, called the Rosa Americana series; those of the latter year (of which a penny is figured on Plate II., No. 14) were made by William Wood whose Irish halfpence of the same year were pilloried by Swift in the _Drapier Letters_. By the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the quarrel between French and English settlers was embittered by the ill-defined clause which gave to England "Acadia with its ancient boundaries;" Acadia never had any boundaries except the sea, but it was more or less identical with Nova Scotia. These quarrels culminated in the Seven Years' War, when after her victories at Louisburg, Quebec, Montreal, etc., England became possessed of Canada and the country between Mississippi and the Alleghanies by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. In the first half of the nineteenth century tokens played the part of copper money in British North America; on Plate II., Fig. 15, is a token of Prince Edward Island, which was originally part of Cape Breton and took its name in 1800 from the Duke of Kent; it became a province of Canada in 1873. Similar tokens, issued by banks, companies, or tradesmen, are illustrated on Plate III., Nos. 16 to 20; Fig. 16 is a halfpenny token of Upper Canada, Fig. 17 a sou of Lower Canada, Fig. 18 a halfpenny issued by Montreal Bank (a rare piece showing a corner view of the bank), Fig. 19 a halfpenny of Nova Scotia with a branch of mayflower on the reverse; earlier tokens had the thistle for reverse design to commemorate the Scottish settlements of 1623 in the French country of Acadia; Fig. 20 is a trade token of Newfoundland. Fig. 21 shows a gold Two-dollar piece of Newfoundland of 1870, and Figs. 22 and 23 (Canadian 25 Cent pieces of Victoria and Edward VII.) show the present currency issued for Canada by the English mint.

The exclusion of the French from North America by the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and the self-confidence acquired by the Americans in the Seven Years' War paved the way for the Independence of the American States; the arrogant legislation of the English Parliament caused a smouldering irritation which was finally exploded by the Quebec Act of 1774 which followed the series of Boston riots culminating in the "Tea-party" of 1773. The Declaration of Independence was made by the Thirteen States at Philadelphia in 1776; suggestions at this time for a federal coinage only resulted in the issue of proofs and tokens of which some bear the bust of Washington. In 1783 the Treaty of Versailles gave liberty to the United States. The coinage of the United States began in the year 1792; a selection of pieces to illustrate the ordinary denominations is shown on Plates IV. and V. The gold pieces are the Eagle or Ten Dollars (Plate IV., Fig. 24) and its parts, the Half Eagle (Fig. 25) and Quarter Eagle (Fig. 26); and the Gold Dollar (Fig. 27), which was first issued in 1849 and suppressed in 1890. The Silver Dollar of 1795 (Plate IV., No. 28) has fifteen stars round the head of Liberty to denote the number of the states, which had been increased in 1791 to fifteen by the inclusion of Vermont and Kentucky; Fig. 29, the dollar of 1797, has sixteen stars, Tennessee having been admitted to the Union in the previous year; on later dollars thirteen stars only, the number of the original states, appear. From 1873 to 1887 the ordinary dollar was replaced by the Trade Dollar (Plate V., Fig. 30), which was designed for commerce with the Far East. Figs. 31 and 32 show the Half and Quarter Dollar, Fig. 33 the Dime, or Ten Cents, and 34, 35 and 36 the Cent. These pieces have been chosen partly with a view to showing the various representations of Liberty at different periods. When the law which initiated the coinage came before the House of Representatives a clause ordering that every coin should bear the bust of the president in power at the time of its issue raised such a storm of indignation that the head of Liberty was substituted for that of the president; the early coins represent the head with wild flowing locks (Plate V., No. 34), the dollars of 1795 and 1797 (Plate IV., Nos. 28, 29) have a bust with the hair tied at the back by a bow of ribbon, and the same head is seen on the Ten-Dollar piece wearing a high cap (Plate IV., Fig. 24). The Quarter Eagle of 1836 (Plate IV., Fig. 26) shows the hair dressed in thick curls and bound by a fillet inscribed "Liberty," and on the Half Dollar of the same year (Plate V., Fig. 31) she wears also a small cap. On the Half Eagle of 1845 (Plate IV., Fig. 25) the hair is tied up in three curls at the back of the head and a _stephane_ takes the place of the fillet; on the Cent of 1856 (Plate V., Fig. 35) the head is similarly treated, but a double coil takes the place of the curls; on the gold Dollar of 1862 (Plate IV., Fig. 27) the hair again hangs loose and she wears a crown of plumes. On the Quarter Dollar of the following year (Plate V., Fig. 32) the full figure is represented seated supporting a shield and holding a staff and cap, and on the Trade Dollar (Plate V., Fig. 30) a similar figure is seen holding an olive spray and seated among goods of commerce. On the small Cent of the same year, 1878 (Plate V., Fig. 36) the head again is shown wearing a fillet and Indian feathers; on the Dime of 1892 (Plate V., Fig. 33) the hair is tightly bound in a cap wreathed in laurel. The reverse of the gold and silver coins bears an eagle sometimes supporting the shield, except the gold Dollar, which, like the copper coins, has simply the denomination within a wreath. The small nickel Cent was introduced in 1857 bearing an eagle on the obverse, which was changed in 1859 to the head of Liberty as seen on Plate V., Fig. 36; in 1864 the nickel Cent was supplanted by a copper coin of the same type.

The Five Dollar gold piece figured in Plate V., No. 37, illustrates the settlement of the Mormons under Brigham Young in Utah on the Salt Lake in 1847. This private issue includes pieces of 20, 10, 5, and 2½ dollars. On the obverse is seen the Eye of Providence with the inscription "Holiness to the Lord," and on the reverse the clasped hands of friendship, above which are the letters G.S.L.C.P.G. (Great Salt Lake City Pure Gold).

The coinage of Mexico and Central and South America takes us back to the sixteenth century, when American mints were opened and struck Spanish colonial coins, which, as we have seen above, formed the chief currency of the American continent for nearly three centuries. On Plate VI. are shown an Eight Real piece, or "Piece of Eight," struck in Peru by Philip IV. of Spain in 1677 (Fig. 38), and a Two Real piece struck by Charles IV. in 1795 (Fig. 39). The landing of Fernando Cortez in 1518 resulted in the complete reduction of Mexico within four years; Plate VI., Fig. 40, a Two Real piece of the Emperor Charles V. (Charles I. of Spain), is one of the earliest coins struck at the Mexican mint after it was opened in 1535. Until the end of the eighteenth century the Spanish colonies in America remained under the control of Spain, and the chief cause of their disaffection was the exposure of the weakness of Spain in the Napoleonic wars. Mexico was one of the earliest to revolt; the rebels were led by the priest Hidalgo in 1810 and, on his execution in the following year, by another priest, Morelos, under whom were struck coins of the type figured on Plate VI., No. 41, bearing on the obverse the date and mark of value, and on the reverse a bow and arrow and the word "Sud" implying his command of the southern army. Independence was declared in 1813, but Spanish control restored in 1820, and the country finally won its independence in the following year under Augustin Iturbide, who was later declared emperor. An Eight Real piece with a fine portrait of Augustin as Emperor of Mexico is shown on Plate VI., Fig. 42. In 1823 a federal republic was formed which received recognition from Spain ten years later.

Brazil is interesting as the seat of Portuguese colonisation in America. Originally annexed to Spain by Pinzon, it was accidentally discovered a second time in 1500 by the Portuguese admiral Cabral, who, in an attempt to follow Vasco da Gama's course by the Cape of Good Hope to India, so greatly exaggerated the circuit which was necessary to avoid contrary winds and currents that he struck the coast of Brazil; it was then found that it lay within Portuguese territory by the agreement of 1494, and a few years later Vespucci was sent by Portugal to colonise it. After the middle of the sixteenth century it passed into Spanish and Dutch possession and was recovered by Portugal in 1640. On the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1807, John VI. fled to Brazil, and it became the seat of government till 1821, when, on his father's return to Portugal, Pedro was left regent, and became emperor by a revolution in the following year; its independence was recognised in 1825. Plate VII., Fig. 43, shows a silver coin of Brazil struck in 1749 by John V.; the sphere on the reverse was the emblem adopted by Manoel about the year 1500 to typify the large additions to Portuguese dominions at that time. Fig. 44 is a gold piece of 4000 Reis with portrait of Pedro I. as emperor in 1824 and Fig. 45 a gold 10,000 Reis piece (the Reis having greatly depreciated by this time) struck in 1889, the first year of the Brazilian Republic.

French colonisation is seen in the island of Haiti, in which, though discovered by Columbus, a French colony settled in 1690, and by the treaty of Ryswick in 1697 the part of the island known as San Domingo was ceded to France. After long fighting between French and natives independence was declared under Dessalines, who took the title of James I.; after his assassination in 1806, Christophe seized power and in 1811 became king of the largest part of the island; his portrait and assumed title of Henry I. are seen on the silver coin figured on Plate VII., No. 46. Pétion, ruler of the other part, was succeeded by Boyer who united the whole island in 1822. In 1844 it was again divided as at the present time.

Plate VII., Fig. 47, shows an English Shilling countermarked by the Republic of Costa Rica, a practice which was much in vogue in Central America to supply the lack of small silver. Having become independent in 1821 Costa Rica joined in 1824 the Confederation of Central America and separated again in 1840. A gold Escudo of 1849 is seen on Plate VII., Fig. 48, on which is continued the type in use during the Confederacy. Guatemala, the head republic of this Confederacy, won its independence also in 1821; the Peso, or Eight Real piece, of the first year of the Confederacy, which is figured on Plate VII., No. 49, bears the mint-mark N.G. (New Guatemala).

The independence of the Spanish possessions in Central and South America was due mainly to Bolivar, a Venezuelan, whose portrait is seen on Plate VIII., Fig. 50; he was made dictator in 1813, and in 1819 united Venezuela and New Granada as the Republic of Columbia, in which Ecuador was included in 1822. On the death of Bolivar in 1830 these three states separated themselves, and New Granada formed in 1861 the United States of Columbia of which a fine gold 20 Peso piece (1863) is shown on Plate VIII., No. 51. In 1871 were formed the United States of Venezuela by which was struck the gold piece of 1886 on Plate VIII., Fig. 50, with the commemorative portrait of Bolivar. Plate VIII., Fig. 52, is a silver coin of Ecuador struck in 1884 commemorating by the portrait and the coin denomination (Half Sucre) the great general who fought under Bolivar for the independence of these republics; after his victory at Ayacucho in 1824 he became in the following year the first president of the new republic of Bolivia. Fig. 53 is a gold Five Peso piece of Chili of 1862, and Fig. 54 a 20 Soles piece of Peru of 1863. The last three pieces are all struck under the decimal system, which was established in most of the South American republics between 1860 and 1875; in the several republics various denominations were used, many of which were taken from the type; the gold Condor, for example, in Chili and other countries is named after the condor or vulture which appears on its reverse, the silver Sucre at Ecuador from the commemorative portrait to which we have referred above, and in Peru the Sol from the Sun on the shield beside Liberty (see Plate VIII., No. 54) or above the shield of arms.

MAPS AND PLANS OF NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS CONNECTED WITH FAMOUS AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS

The figures show the depth of water in fathoms.

A. Dwelling-house.

B. The Sieur de Champlain's garden.

C. Wooded walk made by the Sieur de Poitrincourt.

D. Island at the mouth of the river l'Equille.

E. Entrance to harbour of Port Royal.

F. Sandbanks which are dry at low water.

G. River St. Antoine.

H. Cornfields.

I. Mill erected by the Sieur de Poitrincourt.

L. Fields which are flooded at high tide. M. River l'Equille. N.
Sea coast. O. Mountain slopes. P. Island at the mouth of St.
Antoine. Q, R. Mountain streams. S. Mill stream. T. Lakelet.
V. Place where the Indians fish in the herring seasons. X.
Trout stream. Y. Walk made by the Sieur de Champlain.]

A GAZETTEER OF TOWNS AND PLACES IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA[2]

ABBREVIATIONS

A. Author
Ass. Associations with
Bp. Birthplace
Cap. Capital
F. Founded
Ind. Indies
Res. Residence
Sc. Scene (of, in)
W. War(s)
Cent. A. Central America
Conn. Connecticut
Mass. Massachusetts
Mex. W. Mexican War
N.A. North America
N.Y. New York
Penn. Pennsylvania
S.A. South America
U.S. United States
S. A. W. Ind. South American War of Independence

[2] A large number of the places are not marked in the maps,
but the latitude and longitude will enable the reader to
locate their position.

=Abancay=, Peru. 10S. 70W. Victory of Almagro, fellow-conqueror with Pizarro of Peru and Chili, over his Spanish rival Alvarado, Captain-General of Peru, 1537. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Peru.')

=Acadia=, see Nova Scotia.

=Acapulco=, Mexico. 16N. 99W. Old commercial centre; Spanish galleon from, captured by Anson, 1743; by Parker, 1762. (See Anson, 'Voyage Round the World.')

=Acul=, Haiti. 19N. 74W. Port named Saint-Thomas by Columbus.

=Alabama=, U.S. 31N. 85W. De Soto, discoverer of Mississippi (q.v.), had fierce combats with natives; first colonised by French 18th century (see Mobile); part transferred by France to Great Britain, 1763; formerly part of Georgia; became independent state, 1817; admitted to Union, 1819; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

=Alamo Fort=, San Antonio, Texas. 28N. 98W. Heroically defended by Texans against Mexicans under Santa Ana, who massacred the six left of the garrison after capitulation, 1836 (Texan struggle for independence).

=Alaska.= 55N. 140W. Formerly 'Russian America;' discovered by Bering, 1741; bought by the U.S. and organised as a territory, 1867.

=Albany=, cap. of N.Y. State. 42N. 72W. Dutch traders at, 1614; f. by Dutch (Fort Orange), 1622; present name given by English, to whom ceded, 1664; peace conference with the five nations at, 1689; colonial conventions, at which the six nations were represented, 1748, 1751, and 1754, when Benjamin Franklin assisted as delegate from Pennsylvania. Bp. Bret Harte (1839-1902); P. H. Sheridan, general (1831-88).

=Albemarle Sound=, N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Indecisive battle during Civil W.

=Alderman Jones's Sound.= 76N. 82W. So named by Baffin, 1616.

=Aleutian Islands=, N. Pacific. 53N. 173E. Discovered by Bering, 1741.

=Allatoona=, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.). (His signal 'Hold the fort' has been made popular in a well-known hymn.)

=Allumette=, island, Ottawa River, Quebec. 45N. 77W. Champlain at, 1612.

=Amaquemecan=, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés at, on his march to Mexico, 1519.

=Amazon= (Marañon), river, 0N. 50W. So called from the accounts given by Orellana of the warlike women he encountered on its banks. First seen at its mouth by Vincent Yañez Pinzon, 1500; Orellana, who accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro on his expedition from Quito into the interior, sailed down to the mouth from the Rio Napo, 1540; among later explorers were Lope de Aguirre, Pedro de Texeiro, La Condamine, and in the 19th century the naturalists Alfred Wallace, Walter Bates, Poeppig, Agassiz, Orton, and English, American, and French navigators.

=Ambato=, Ecuador. 1S. 79W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, brother Incas of Peru and Quito. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=America.= Visited by Northmen 10th century (see Massachusetts); mainland of the North sighted by John Cabot, 1497; discovered by Columbus during his third voyage, 1498; Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in expedition to, 1499 (there is uncertainty as to V.'s earlier voyage); further explorations of the east coast in 1498-9 by the Cabots; 1500-1 by the Cortereals; 1502 and 1504 by Columbus; 1524 by Verazzani; in 1500 Yañez Pinzon and Cabral discovered Brazil shortly after one another; 1513, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama and sighted the Pacific; other explorers of 16th-17th centuries: Cortés, Pizarro, Almagro, De Soto, Magalhaes, Cartier, Champlain, La Salle, Joliet, and Marquette; in the 18th the American travellers Lewis and Clarke, and Pike. The continent was first named after Amerigo Vespucci in a geographical work by Waldseemüller, 1507.

=Anaquito=, Plains of, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Battle between Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Nuñez, Viceroy of Peru, and defeat and death of latter, 1546, (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Anastasia Island=, Florida. 29N. 81W. Ribault and his Huguenot followers massacred by Menendez, 1565.

=Andes, The.= 18S. 65W. Passage of, by Pizarro, 1532. The highest summit is Aconcagua, in the Chilian Andes, ascended by Zurbriggen, 1897; a partial ascent of Chimborazo was made by Humboldt and Bonpland, 1802; Edward Whymper was the first to reach the summit, 1880; ascent of Cotopaxi by Thielmann, 1878; by Whymper, 1880; ascents of other heights were made by Conway, 1898.

=Angostura= (Ciudad Bolivar), Venezuela. 8N. 63W. F. by Jesuits, 1576, and formerly known as S. Tomas de Nueva Guayana; present name derived from the liberator Bolivar, who here held the congress which converted New Grenada and Venezuela into the single state of Colombia, 1819.

=Annapolis=, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts under Durand, 1649; formerly known as Providence; present name given in honour of Queen Anne; tea burned in harbour by American patriots, 1774; convention for establishing temporary government, 1775. Bp. J. H. Alexander, scientist (1812-67).

=Annapolis= (former Port Royal), Nova Scotia. 44N. 65W. F. by French, 1604; several times captured by English in following years; by Sir W. Phipps, 1690; again in 1710, and finally ceded to Great Britain, when the change of name took place.

=Anticosti=, island, Canada. 49N. 63W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534.

=Antietam Creek=, near Sharpsburg. 39N. 77W. Battle between McClellan and Lee, the former remaining victor, Sept. 16-17, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Antigua=, West Indies. 17N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.

=Appomattox= Court House, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Surrender of the Confederate Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 1865.

=Apurimac=, river, Peru. 13S. 73W. Perilous passage of, effected by Gasca's army, 1548. (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Aquidaban=, river, Paraguay. 20S. 55W. Paraguayans defeated at, and the despot Lopez killed, 1870 (war with Brazil).

=Aragua=, near Barcelona, Venezuela, 10N. 63W. Bolivar and Marino severely defeated by the Royalist forces under Morales, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Araucania=, Chili. 36-39S. 73W. The natives waged devastating warfare with the Spaniards from the first endeavour of the latter to subdue them; in 1773 independence was granted them by Spain; in 1858 M. de Tounens was made king by them; he was taken prisoner by the Chilians; fierce war raged with Chili, 1868-70; now nominally under Chili. An epic poem by Alonzo d'Ercilla commemorates the conflict of the 16th century in which the author himself took part.

=Arctic Regions.= Early explorers of 16th-18th centuries: Cabot, Sir H. Willoughby, Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, Baffin, Barentz, Bering, Phipps, Cook and Clerke; 19th century: Parry, Ross, Franklin, followed by many others, among the latest being Nansen ('Fram'), and Peary, who finally discovered the North Pole in the present century.

=Arena Islands.= 22N. 75W. So named by Columbus, 1492.

=Arequipa=, Peru. 16S. 71W. F. by Pizarro, 1536; Almagro and his Spaniards in, 1537; taken by Chilians, 1883.

=Argentine Republic= (La Plata), S.A. 35S. 65W. Revolted from Spain, 1810; republic established, 1816; war with Brazil, 1827-28; Rosas dictator, 1835-52; war with France and England, 1838-50; constitution drawn up, 1853; civil war continued till 1862; war with Paraguay, 1865-70.

=Arica=, Chili. 18S. 70W. Stormed by Chilians and taken from Peruvians, 1880.

=Arispe=, Sonora, Mexico. 30N. 109W. Count G. de Raousset Boulbon proclaimed a republic in 1853, but was taken and shot.

=Arizona=, U.S. 34N. 112W. Vasconcellos, follower of Cortés, in, 1526; mission established by Jesuits, 1687, later destroyed by Indians; sold by Mexicans to U.S. Government (Gadsden Purchase), 1850; explored by Lieut. Mowry, 1855; separated from New Mexico and made a territory of the U.S., 1863.

=Arkansas=, U.S. 35N. 92W. Discovered by De Soto, 1541; Father Marquette in, 1673; colonised by French, 1685; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1836; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

=Arkansas=, river. 35N. 92W. Explored by La Harpe, 1722.

=Astoria=, Oregon. 46N. 123W. Settled by Astor Company, 1810; captured by British and renamed Fort George, 1813; restored to U.S., 1818; boundary dispute settled, 1846. (See work by Washington Irving.)

=Asuncion=, Paraguay. 25S. 57W. First Spanish settlement in Paraguay f. by Mendoza, 1536 or 1537; Yrala and Cabeza de Vaca were in turn the first governors; overthrow of Belgrano, leader of Paraguayan revolutionaries, by Royalists, 1811 (S. A. W. Ind.). (See Paraguay.)

=Atacama=, desert of, Chili. 24S. 70W. Crossed by Almagro, the Spanish conqueror of Chili, 1536.

=Atlanta=, cap. of Georgia. 33N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Augusta=, Georgia. 33N. 81W. F. by British under Oglethorpe; surrendered to Americans, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Ayacucho= (formerly Huamanga), Peru. 13S. 74W. F. by Pizarro, 1539; Spaniards defeated by patriots and their power broken, 1824 (also known as battle of Candorcanqui) (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Ayohuma=, Argentine. Belgrano, leader of the Buenos Ayreans, defeated, 1813 (S. A. W. Ind.) (See Crichfield, 'Rise and Progress of S.A. Republics.')

=Baffin's Bay.= 72N. 67W. Named after the discoverer, 1616.

=Bahama Islands.= 25N. 77W. One of these (now identified as Watling Island) was the first land sighted by Columbus, and called by him San Salvador, 1492.

=Bahia.= 12S. 38W. Former cap. of Brazil; f. 1549 by Thomas de Souza. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Bahia Blanca=, Argentine. 38S. 62W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Ball's Buff= (or Leesburg Heights), on the Potomac. 39N. 77W. Defeat of Federals 1861 (Civil W.).

=Baltimore=, Maryland, U.S. 39N. 76W. First settler on site of, 1682; f. 1729, and named in honour of Lord Baltimore; attacked unsuccessfully by the English, 1814; Federal volunteers attacked by citizens, 1861; finally joined the Federal cause. (See Fort MacHenry and North Point.)

=Barbadoes=, Windward Islands. 13N. 59W. Actual discoverers unknown, perhaps the Portuguese; sighted by English, 1605; in power of English since first colonised by them, 1625, in which year Jamestown was f.

=Bastimentos=, Boca Toro. 9N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.

=Baylis's Creek=, James River, near Malvern Hill. 37N. 77W. Attack on driven back by Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Beagle= Channel, Tierra del Fuego. 54S. 67W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Belle Isle Strait.= 50N. 55W. J. Cartier in, 1534.

=Belmont=, on the Mississippi. 36N. 89W. Fierce indecisive encounter during Civil W., 1861.

=Bemis's Heights=, near Albany, N.Y. 42N. 72W. Battles Sept. and Oct., and final defeat of English, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Bennington=, Vermont, U.S. 42N. 73W. Victory of Stark and his New England farmers over part of Burgoyne's army, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Bentonville=, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated near, by Sherman, March 18-21, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Berbice=, S. America, 0N. 55W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499; Dutch settlement, 1580; in English possession, 1796-1802; retaken by English, 1803, and ceded to them by treaty, 1814; now part of British Guiana.

=Bering Island=, N. Pacific. 55N. 166E. Bering died on, from exhaustion, having been wrecked off coast, 1741.

=Bering Strait.= 65N. 170W. Named after the Danish navigator who first explored it, 1728; Cook during his third and last voyage (1776-9) endeavoured to make his passage through, but failed.

=Bermudas, The=, islands. 32N. 64W. Discovered by Juan Bermudez, 1522; the first Englishman on was the shipwrecked navigator May, 1593; colonised by Sir George Somers (or Summers), who with Sir T. Gates was shipwrecked on, 1609 (the account of this storm by Strachey possibly furnished source for part of 'Tempest'). (See poem by Waller.)

=Big Bethel=, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Victory of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Big Black River=, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Big Horn=, battle of, at junction of Big and Little Big Horn River. 44N. 106W. General Custer's force destroyed by the Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull, 1876.

=Bio-bio=, river, Chili. 38S. 72W. Fierce contests at, between Araucanians to the south, and Spaniards to the north, during the 16th century.

=Blackrock=, near Buffalo. 42N. 78W. Fort surprised by British, 1813.

=Blackstock's Plantation=, Charlotte, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Defeat of British by Sumter, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

=Blackwater=, river, Missouri. Surrender of Confederates, near Milford, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Bladensburg=, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Americans defeated by English, 1814.

=Blakely=, near Mobile, Alabama. 30N. 88W. Fort taken by Federals, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Block Island=, Connecticut. 41N. 71W. Taken by Endicott after murder of English traders by the Indians, 1636.

=Bloody Bridge=, near Detroit. 42N. 82W. Rout of English by Indians at Parent's Creek (Bloody Run) and death of Dalzell. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Boca del Sierpe.= 9N. 61W. So named by Columbus, 1498.

=Bogota=, cap. of Colombia. 4N. 74W. F. by the conqueror Quesada, and formerly known as Santa Fé, 1538; independence proclaimed at, 1811; taken by Spaniards, 1816; delivered by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).

=Bolivia=, S.A. 18S. 68W. Formerly Upper Peru. Rise of natives under Tupac Amaru, descendant of the Incas, who was cruelly put to death by the Spaniards, 1780-2; sc. successive battles during S. American War of Independence, 1809-25; independence secured by victory of Ayacucho, 1824; republic named after the liberator Bolivar; Santa Cruz president of B. and Lower Peru, 1828-39; Peru-Bolivian war with Chili, 1879-83; sc. frequent civil war.

=Boonesboro=, Kentucky. 39N. 84W. On site of fort built by Daniel Boone, the explorer of Kentucky (1735-1820), who was several times attacked in it by the Indians, and once made prisoner.

=Booneville=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Lyon, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Boothia Felix.= 70N. 94W. Northern extremity of the continent, discovered by Sir John Ross, 1829-30; named after Sir F. Booth, the financier of the expedition, during which Ross's nephew (James Clark Ross) discovered the magnetic pole.

=Borgne, Lake=, Louisiana. 30N. 89W. British naval victory, 1812.

=Boston=, Mass., U.S. 42N. 71W. Called Shawmut by the Indians and Trimountain by the English. In 1630 a settlement was made here by Winthrop, governor of Mass. Bay, and this year the present name was given, after the English town from which many of the colonists came; first congress of confederated colonies (Mass., Plymouth, Connect.,) 1643; seizure and expulsion of Andros, governor-general, 1688; seizure of the British sloop 'Liberty,' 1768, first action taken in the W. of Ind.; the Boston massacre, 1770; 'Boston tea party,' 1773; meeting in Faneuil Hall ('Cradle of American Liberty') denouncing the Boston Port Bill, 1774; warlike preparations begun by General Gage, 1774; besieged by Washington, 1775-6, when English evacuated; first charter, 1822. The city has suffered from several destructive fires, the latest in 1872. The 'Boston News Letter,' 1704, was the first newspaper printed in the U.S. Dr. Channing minister at Federal Street Church, 1803-40. Bp. Cotton Mather (1663-1728); T. Hutchinson, historian of Massachusetts (1711-80); Paul Revere, patriot (1735-1818) (see Longfellow's poem); W. Austin, A. of 'Peter Rugg, the Missing Man' (1778-1841); Ticknor, A. of 'History of Spanish Literature' (1791-1871); Parkman, historian (1823-93); R. Waldo Emerson (1803-82); Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49); Benjamin Franklin (1706-90); Francis J. Child, scholar (1825-96); Mrs. Craigie, novelist (1867-1906).

=Boston Bay.= Expedition to, under Miles Standish, 1621.

=Boyaca=, Colombia. 5N. 73W. Decisive victory by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).

=Boydton Plank Road=, near Petersburg, Virginia. 56N. 78W. Battle, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Braceti= (Brazito), Texas. 30N. 109W. Mexicans defeated, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Braintree=, near Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. John Adams, second president of the U.S. (1735-1826), and John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the U.S. (1767-1848).

=Brandywine Creek=, near Wilmington. 39N. 75W. Defeat of Washington by Howe, Lafayette wounded, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Brazil=, S.A. 10S. 52W. Discovered by the Spaniard Yañez Pinzon, 1500, and shortly after by the Portuguese Cabral; Vespucci reached the bay of Rio de Janeiro on New Year's Day, 1502 or 1504, and named it accordingly; Hawkins in 1528 and 1530, bringing a Brazilian king home with him from this latter voyage; traversed by Cabeza de Vaca, 1540-2; French colony of short duration planted at Fort Coligny by Villegagnon, 1555; Portuguese and Dutch in possession in turns; latter driven from, 1654; Portuguese court take refuge from Napoleon at Rio, 1807; independence declared and Pedro I. crowned emperor, 1822; war with Paraguay, 1865-70; emancipation of slaves, 1885; country revolts against Pedro's son and declares itself a republic, 1889; revolt of fleet and civil war, 1893-5; campaigns against Indians (Jaguncos), 1897; attempt to assassinate President Barros, 1897; disturbances continue. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')

=Brier Creek=, Georgia. 32N. 81W. Americans defeated by English under Gen. Prevost 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=British Columbia= (formerly New Caledonia). 49N. 114W. Cook off, 1778; coast explored by Vancouver during voyage of 1793-5; in 1858 it received its present name, and in 1871 was incorporated with the dominion of Canada.

=Brook Farm=, West Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Association at organised by G. Ripley and Dr. Channing, 1841; among its members and the visitors to B. Farm were Hawthorne, Dana, Margaret Fuller, W. H. Channing, Emerson, Alcott, Brownson, Miss Peabody (the 'Miss Birdseye' of H. James's 'Bostonians'), etc.; Fourierism was adopted by the community in 1843, and in 1847 the community broke up. (See Hawthorne's 'Blithedale Romance.')

=Brooklyn Heights=, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Occupied by British, 1776. (See Long Island, battle of.)

=Brown, Fort=, Rio Grande, Texas. 25N. 97W. Defended by Brown against attack on by Mexicans, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Buena Vista=, near Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 101W. Defeat of Santa Ana, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Buenos Ayres=, province, Argentine. 34S. 58W. Independence proclaimed, 1816; separated from other provinces, 1853; rejoined, 1860; La Plata made the capital, 1882.

=Buenos Ayres=, cap. of Argentine Republic since 1882, formerly cap. of province. 34S. 60W. F. by Mendoza, 1535; Spaniards driven from by Indians, 1539; re-colonised, 1580; attacked by English and Portuguese, 1763; taken by English under Admiral Popham and Beresford, who were soon forced to surrender, 1806; two days' fighting in streets ending in defeat of English under Whitelocke, 1807; blockaded by French and English, 1835 (see Argentine). (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Buffalo=, Erie, N.Y. 42N. 78W. Taken and destroyed by British and Indian allies, 1813; Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.

=Buffington Island= (St. George's Creek), Ohio. Capture of Confederate raiders under Morgan, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Bull Run=, near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victories of Confederates, 1861 and 1862 (battle of Groveton).

=Bunker Hill=, Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. First great battle of the W. of Ind., fought actually on Breed's Hill, in which the Americans gained a substantial victory, 1775.

=Burburata=, Venezuela. Sir John Hawkins at, trading in slaves, 1565.

=Burlington=, New Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Quakers, 1677. Bp. of James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851).

=Burnt Corn Creek=, near Pensacola. 50N. 37W. Victory of McQueen and his Indians over Caller's force, 1813 (Creek W.).

=Bushy Run=, about 25 miles from Fort Pitt (q.v.). Victory of Bouquet over the Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Buzzard's Bay=, Mass. 41N. 70W. Early trading station of the Plymouth Fathers.

=Cabo de la Vela=, Colombia. 12N. 74W. Furthest point reached by Ojeda, who was the first to sight this cape, 1499.

=Cahokia=, St. Claire Co., Illinois. 38N. 90W. Pontiac, Indian chief, killed in wood near, 1769 (see Parkman, op. cit.); prehistoric mounds near.

=Caimanera=, Cuba. 19N. 75W. Engagement between Americans and Spaniards, latter finally driven from their camp, 1898.

=Cajamarca= (Caxamarca), Peru. 6S. 79W. The Inca Atahuallpa treacherously made prisoner and his followers massacred by Pizarro, 1532; the Inca executed, 1533. (See Prescott 'Peru,' op. cit.).

=California, Gulf of.= 28N. 112W. Expedition of Narvaez to, 1527; explored by Cortés and his generals, 1528-35; reached by Cabeza de Vaca and survivors of expedition, the first explorers to cross the American continent, during their nine years' wanderings, 1527-36; Ulloa in, 1539; Alarçon, 1540; Viscayno. 1596.

=California, Lower, Mexico.= 28N. 113W. Discovered by Grijalva, 1534; taken possession of by Spaniards, 1602; colonised by Jesuits, 1642; part of Mexico since 1823.

=California, Upper=, U.S. 37N. 120W. Coast explored by Cabrillo, 1542; taken possession of by Drake for Elizabeth, and named by him 'New Albion,' 1578; expedition to, under Viscayno, 1602-5; colony in settled by Spaniards, 1698; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; revolted from Spain, 1823; exploring expedition under Frémont, 1844; ceded by Mexico to U.S., 1848; admitted to Union, 1850; decides against joining Confederates, 1860.

=Callao=, Peru. 12S. 77W. Known to early Spanish founders as Ciudad de los Reyes: former town destroyed by tidal wave, 1746: last stronghold in Peru held by Spaniards, who capitulated, 1826; Spanish fleet defeated off, 1866; bombarded by Chilians, 1882.

=Cambridge=, Mass. 42N. 71W. F. 1631, and originally named Newtown; Harvard University f. 1636; first printing press in U.S. set up by Day, 1638; the 'Bay Psalm Book,' first book printed in English America, 1640; first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, 1640-54; theological constitution known as the 'Cambridge Platform' framed at synod, 1646-8; congress for re-organising army, at which Franklin and Washington assisted, 1775; Washington here took command of the continental army, 1775. Bp. R. H. Dana, poet and essayist (1787-1879); Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94); James Russell Lowell (1819-91); res. Lowell, Longfellow (see Mount Auburn).

=Cambridgeport=, Mass. (now part of Cambridge). 42N. 71W. Bp. of S. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), drowned off Long Island (1810-50).

=Camden=, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. English victory under Cornwallis, 1780; engagement near, between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon, 1781; evacuated by English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Campbell's Station=, near Knoxville, Tennessee. 36N. 83W. Federals forced to withdraw from, after repelling Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Campeche=, Yucatan, Mexico. 19N. 90W. Discovered by Cordova, 1517; Spaniards settled at, 1539; taken by English, 1659; by the buccaneer Louis Scot, 1678; and again by buccaneers, 1685.

=Campeche Bay=, Gulf of Mexico. 20N. 93W. Cortés sails down, 1519.

=Canada= (New France). 46N. 55W. The Cabots discover Labrador and Newfoundland, 1497, 1498; further discoveries by the Cortereals, 1500, 1501; Verazzani in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1524; explored by Cartier, 1534, who was the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, 1535; small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; voyages of exploration and discoveries by Champlain, founder of Quebec, 1602-35; taken by the English, 1759-60; finally ceded to, by Treaty of Paris, 1763; divided into Upper and Lower, 1791; in 1840 reunited and known as East and West; Confederate Dominion formed, 1867; original provinces joined in 1870 by the N.W. Territories; in 1871 by British Columbia, and in 1873 by Prince Edward Island.

=Canelas= (Land of Cinnamon). 25N. 105W. Gonzalo Pizarro in, during his expedition into Quito, 1540-2.

=Cape Breton Island.= 46N. 60W. Probably discovered by Cabot, 1497; settled by French, 1712; ceded to England by Peace of Paris, 1763; incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819.

=Cape Desolation=, Greenland. 61N. 48W. So named by Davis, 1585.

=Cape Farewell=, Greenland. 60N. 44W. Davis off, 1585.

=Cape Horn=, S.A. 55S. 68W. Rounded by Magalhaes, 1520; sighted by Drake, 1578.

=Cape Mercy=, Cumberland, Baffin Land. 64N. 64W. So named by Davis, 1585.

=Carabobo=, Venezuela. 9N. 68W. Victory of Bolivar over Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Caracas=, Venezuela. 10N. 66W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; f. by Spaniards, 1567; sacked by buccaneer Amyas Preston, 1595; and by French, 1679; revolted, 1810, and after being twice retaken by Spaniards, finally delivered, 1821; destroyed by earthquake, 1812; now capital of Venezuela. Bp. Miranda, revolutionary leader (or at Santa Fé, N. Granada) (1756-1816); Bolivar, the 'Liberator' (1785-1830).

=Carenas=, Port, Cuba. Name given by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508.

=Caribees=, N. and S. (or Windward and Leeward) islands, W. Indies. 16N. 62W.; 13N. 60W. Name derived from the aboriginal tribe.

=Carnifex Ferry=, near Summersville, W. Virginia. 38N. 80W. Federal victory, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Carolina=, N. and S. (called Albemarle by refugees from Virginia, 1660). 34N. 80W. Discovered by Ponce de Léon, 1512; explored by expedition sent by De Ayllon, 1521; by Verazzani, 1524; Raleigh landed on Roanoke Island, 1584; 1663 conceded by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and other nobles, hence its present name; constitution drawn up by Locke, 1670; became crown colony, 1729; two of the 13 original United States; both N. and S. seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1868. (See Roanoke and Fort Carolina.)

=Cartagena=, Colombia, S.A. 10N. 75W. F. by Pedro de Heredia, 1533; Hawkins at, 1568; taken by Drake, 1586; resisted English attack under Vernon, 1741; captured by Royalists, 1815; retaken by revolutionaries, 1821. (See Colombia.)

=Carthage=, Jasper Co., Missouri. Confederates force Gen. Lyon to retreat, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Cary Islands=, off Ellesmere Land. 76N. 83W. Name given by Baffin, 1616.

=Caseros=, near Buenos Ayres. 34S. 58W. Final defeat of Rosas, by forces of Brazil and Uruguay, 1852.

=Caxas=, Peru. 10S. 79W. De Soto at, when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532. Painful march of Blasco Nuñez through valley of, pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro. 1544. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Cayenne=, cap. of French Guiana. 4N. 52W. In possession in turns of French, English, and Dutch, 1604-76; restored to French and taken by English, 1809; French possession since Peace of 1814; formerly French penal settlement.

=Cedar Creek=, Virginia. 39N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Cedar Mountain=, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Victory, and subsequent retreat, of 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Cempoalla=, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Cortés and his troops received in state by the cacique, 1519; Cortés destroys part of his fleet, 1519; his victory over Narvaez, envoy of Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, 1520. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.')

=Cerrito=, near Montevideo. Spaniards defeated by Argentine revolutionaries, 1812.

=Cerro=, S.A. Victory of Montevideans by aid of Garibaldi over the forces of Rosas, 1846.

=Cerro-Cora=, Paraguay. 22S. 55W. The dictator F. S. Lopez surprised and killed by Lacerda (Chico le Diable), 1870, thus putting an end to war between Brazil and Paraguay.

=Cerro Gordo=, Mexico. 26N. 105W. American victory over Mexicans and flight of Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).

=Ceutla, Plains of=, Tabasco, Mexico. Defeat of Indians by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.)