Chapter II: Part 2

=Chacabuco=, Chili. 33S. 70W. Spaniards defeated by the Argentinians under San Martin and the allied revolutionaries, 1817 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Chalco=, on lake of name, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés marches along Lake of, on his way to Mexico, 1519; Mexicans defeated by Spaniards under Sandoval, 1521; noted for its 'floating gardens.' (See Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

=Chaleur Bay.= 47N. 65W. So named by Cartier, 1534.

=Champion Hills=, Hind's Co., Miss. 32N. 90W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Grant, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Champlain, Lake.= 44N. 73W. Named after the explorer who reached the lake and there defeated the Iroquois, 1609; American fleet under Arnold defeated by English, 1776; English fleet by American, 1814.

=Chancellorsville=, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Army of the Potomac defeated by the Confederates, and 'Stonewall' Jackson mortally wounded, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Chantilly=, near Washington, Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates driven back, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Chapultepec=, near the cap., Mexico. 19N. 99W. Ancient res. of kings of Mexico. Hill forts stormed by Gen. Scott, and Mexicans heavily defeated, 1847 (Mex. W.).

=Charcas=, Mexico. 23N. 101W. Gonzalo Pizarro at, to explore the Potosi mines, 1543.

=Charleston=, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. The people of old Charlestown on the Ashley removed here, 1680; French and Spanish defeated, 1706; British fleet under Parker repulsed, 1776; surrendered to Clinton, 1780; evacuated by English, 1782; capture of Fort Sumter by S. Carolinians, 1861 (beginning of Civil W.); attacks on Forts Wagner and Sumter by Gen. Gillmore, 1863; town besieged till 1865, when evacuated by Confederates and national flag raised.

=Charlestown=, W. Virginia. 39N. 77W. John Brown, abolitionist, hanged, 1859.

=Charlestown=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Part of Boston; Bunker's Hill in; burnt by Gage, 1775; taken by British, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=Chattanooga=, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Victory of Confederates on Chickamanga Field, Sept. 20; defeat of Confederates by Grant (Look-out Mountain and Missionary Ridge), Nov. 23-25, 1863.

=Chesapeake Bay= (known to early explorers as Bay of St. Mary). 38N. 76W. Discovered by explorers sent by Q. V. de Ayllon, 1521; Verazzani off, 1524; De Ayllon in, 1526; expedition to, under Newport, in which John Smith took part, 1607; English Admiral Graves forced to retire, 1781 (W. of Ind.); sc. hostilities during war of 1814.

=Chiahuitzlan=, Mexico. 39N. 30W. Cortés at, with his troops, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

=Chicago=, Illinois. 41N. 87W. French fur-traders at, 1654; Marquette at, 1673, and during winter 1674-5; fort built by French, 1683; abandoned when Canada ceded to English; American fort (Dearborn) built, 1804; raid and massacre by Indians, 1814; small beginning of present town laid out, 1830; terrible fire, 1871; World's Fair, 1893.

=Chickahominy River=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Explored by John Smith, 1607; a series of battles fought on, ending in victory for Confederates under Lee, 1862. (See Richmond.)

=Chickamanga=, see Chattanooga.

=Chickasaw Bayou=, arm of the Yazoo river. 32N. 90W. Sherman repulsed by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Chihuahua=, Mexico. 28N. 106W. Hidalgo, Mexican patriot, shot, 1811.

=Chili= (Chile), S.A. 32S. 70W. Almagro as conqueror in, 1536; Valdivia invades, 1540; Santiago f. by, 1541; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; supremacy of Spain renewed, 1814; defeat of Spaniards at Chacabuco, 1817; national independence finally proclaimed after battle of Maypo, 1818; recognised at Madrid, 1844; alliance with Peru and declaration of war with Spain, 1865-6; Valparaiso bombarded by Spanish fleet, 1866; treaty with Spain, 1879; war with Peru and Bolivia, 1879-83; Balmaceda president, 1886; revolution in and revolt of navy, 1891; complications with U.S. concerning the 'Matta Note' affair, peaceably settled, 1892.

=Chiloe=, island. 42S. 73W. Spanish fleet defeated off by Peruvians and Chilians, 1866; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').

=Chimborazo=, see Andes.

=Chincha Islands=, Peru. 13S. 76W. Seized by the Spaniards when at war with Peru, 1864; restored on conclusion of peace, 1865.

=Chippawa= (or Chippewa), Ontario. 43N. 79W. Gen. Riall defeated by Americans, 1814.

=Cholula=, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Famous pyramid at, four times the size of the pyramid of Cheops; massacre of the Cholulans by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

=Chonos Islands=, S.A. 44S. 74W. Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').

=Chrysler's Field=, Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence. 44N. 75W. Fierce but indecisive action, 1813.

=Chupas=, Peru. 12S. 75W. Defeat of the Spaniards under Almagro by Vaca de Castro, commissioner sent out by Spanish Government, 1542. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Chuquisaca= (now Sucre), cap. of Bolivia. 19S. 64W. F. by one of Pizarro's followers, 1529; independence of Bolivia proclaimed at, 1825; said to be oldest university in S. America.

=Churubusco=, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Santa Anna defeated by Americans, 1847 (Mex. W.).

=Cincinnati=, city, Ohio. 39N. 84W. Block-house erected by Ensign Luce, 1788, and first known as Losantiville.

=Ciudad Bolivar=, see Angostura.

=Clarksburg=, Harrison Co., W. Virginia. Bp. Thomas Jonathan Jackson ('Stonewall' Jackson), Confederate general (1824), killed at Chancellorsville, 1863.

=Cleveland=, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Named in honour of its founder, 1796.

=Coaque=, Peru. 0. 77W. Taken by Pizarro, 1531.

=Cod, Cape=, Mass. 42N. 70W. Discovered by Gosnold, who so named it, 1602; Champlain off during his second expedition to Canada, 1604-7, and called by him Cape Fortune; explored by John Smith, 1614; first land sighted by Pilgrim Fathers.

=Cold Harbour=, near Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary and indecisive battle between Grant and Lee, 1864 (Civil W.). (See under Richmond for former battle, 1862.)

=Colombia=, S.A. 3N. 75W. Coasts, etc., explored by Columbus (from whom the present name derived), and earlier and later navigators, 15th-16th centuries; named New Granada by Quesada, conqueror of Bogota, 1538; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; independence established after Bolivar's victory at Boyaca, 1819; Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from confederation, 1830; name changed to 'United States of Colombia,' 1861; constant revolutions.

=Colorado=, U.S. 39N. 105W. Explored by Vasquez de Coronado, 1540; Pike's Peak discovered by mountaineer of that name, 1806; Frémont in, during his expedition over the Rocky Mountains, 1842-4; organised as a territory, 1861; sided with Federals in Civil W.; admitted to Union, 1876.

=Colorado River=, Colorado, N. America. 34N. 114W. Discovered by Hernando Alarçon on his expedition to California, 1540; explored last century by Yves, White, and Powell.

=Columbia=, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Battle of Duck Run, and earlier encounter, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Columbia=, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. Taken and burnt by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Columbia=, river, Oregon. 46N. 124W. Discovered by Capt. Grey, 1792; the same year Lieut. Broughton, under directions from Vancouver, sailed up; later explorations by Lewis and Clarke, 1805; navigation of granted to England by treaty, 1846.

=Columbia University=, New York. Originally King's College, chartered, 1754; Columbia College, 1784; University, 1896.

=Concepcion=, town, Chili. 36S. 73W. F. by Valdivia, 1550. (See account of earthquake, Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Concord=, Mass. 42N. 71W. First battle fought during W. of Ind. was at Lexington (six miles off) and Concord, 1775 (see Emerson's hymn to the 'embattled' farmers). Sleepy Hollow and Walden Pond are both near. Res. and burial-place of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, who was also born here (1817-62); Hawthorne wrote his 'Mosses from an Old Manse' in Emerson's house; other literary names are ass. this place, which has been called the American Weimar.

=Conestoga=, Pennsylvania. Indians at massacred by the 'Paxton boys,' 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)

=Connecticut=, U.S. 41N. 72W. One of the thirteen original North-American states; discovered by Dutch, 1613; Dutch in possession of valley till 1635-6, when English settled in; war with the Pequods, 1636; Windsor settled, 1637; charter granted to by Charles II. (1662) secreted in 'Charter Oak' to preserve it from James II.'s envoy, 1687-8; became independent, 1776.

=Contreras=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. American victory over Mexicans under Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).

=Copan=, on river of name, Honduras. 14N. 89W. Gigantic remains of ancient temple and pyramids.

=Cordoba=, cap. province, Argentina. 31S. 63W. F. by Jerome Cabrera, 1573.

=Corinth=, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1862; later the same year they were defeated in the battle of Oct. 3-4.

=Coronation Gulf=, Arctic Ocean. 68N. 110-116W. Reached by Sir J. Franklin, 1821.

=Corrientes=, Argentina. 38S. 57W. Three days' naval fight between Garibaldi, on behalf of the Montevideans, and Admiral Brown, commander of Rosas' fleet, 1846.

=Costa Rica=, Republic of, Cent. A. 10N. 84W. East coast discovered by Columbus, 1502; west coast reached by Espinoza about 1514; early Spanish colonies, and final conquest of country by Coronado, 1561-5; Indians rise along the Atlantic coast and win their independence, 1709; independent state since 1821; part of Confederation of Cent. A., 1824-9; constitution promulgated, 1870.

=Cotopaxi=, volcano, Ecuador, 0S. 78W. The earliest recorded eruption took place during Pizarro's invasion; the first complete ascent was made by Dr. Reiss, 1872.

=Cowpens=, near Spartanburg, S. Carolina. 34N. 81W. English under Tarleton defeated by Morgan. 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Cozumel=, island, Yucatan. 20N. 87W. Cortés and his forces land on, 1519.

=Crampton's Gap=, near Barkittsville, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Battle of South Mountain fought at, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Crosskeys=, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Indecisive action between 'Stonewall' Jackson and the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Crown Point=, Lake Champlain. 43N. 73W. English caught in ambuscade near, and Indian King Hendrick killed; French under Dieskau, who was taken prisoner, finally forced to fall back on Crown Point, 1755; captured by English under Amherst, 1759.

=Cuba=, island, W. Indies. 21N. 79W. Discovered by Columbus, who named it Guana, 1492; further explored by, 1494; Ocampo off coast, 1508; Ojeda stranded on, 1509-10; final conquest of by Velasquez, 1511; De Soto made captain-general, 1537; Hawkins off, 1564-5; taken by English, 1762, and restored to Spain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; Black Eagle rebellion, 1829; insurrection of blacks, 1844; further rebellion against Spain, 1868-78; further revolution, 1895; autonomy granted to, 1897; the 'Maine' blown up, 1898; armed intervention of U.S. and liberation of island from Spanish rule, 1898; control of island formally transferred to Cuban Government, 1902; insurrection, 1906, and provisional government of U.S. till 1909.

=Cuernavaca=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of palace and church built by Cortés.

=Cumana=, Venezuela. 10N. 64W. Destroyed and inhabitants massacred by Royalist Gen. Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Cumberland Bay=, N.A. 64N. 65W. Davis in, 1585.

=Cummington=, Mass. 42N. 72W. Bp. of William Cullen Bryant, poet (1794-1878).

=Curaçao=, island, Antilles. 12N. 69W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499; Spanish settlement on, 1527; in Dutch possession since 1632; taken by English during continental wars and restored to Dutch by Treaty of London, 1814.

=Curiana= (or Pearls), Gulf of, Nicaragua. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499.

=Cuttyhunk=, island, Buzzard's Bay, Mass. English colony under Gosnold on, 1602.

=Cuzco=, the 'Holy City,' Peru. 13S. 72W. F. by Manco Capac, 11th century; ancient res. and burial-place of the Incas, and site of famous Temple of the Sun, now occupied by a Dominican convent; its buildings despoiled by Pizarro's emissaries to complete the Inca's ransom, 1532; entered by Pizarro as conqueror, 1533; besieged and burnt by Peruvians, 1535; Almagro, Pizarro's rival, makes himself master, 1537; Hernano Pizarro enters as victor, and Almagro executed, 1538; Francesco Pizarro again in, 1538; the younger Almagro in power for a while and executed by Vaca de Castro, 1542; insurrection under Gonzalo Pizarro, 1544; won back for the crown by Centeno, 1547; return of F. Pizarro after victory of Huarina, 1547; Gonzalo Pizarro executed, 1548; remains of gigantic fortress and other Peruvian relics. Bp. of Garcilasso de la Vega, historian of Peru (1539, d. after 1617). (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Dakota, N. and S.= 42N. 97W. Gold-fields in; Pembina f. by French, 1780; Sioux Falls by Americans, 1857; uprising of Sioux Indians, 1862; campaign against and destruction of Custer's force, 1876; re-rising, death of Sitting Bull, and final suppression of, 1890; admitted to Union, 1889.

=Dallas=, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Federals defeated, May 25, Confederates, May 28, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Dalton=, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1864.

=Danbury=, Connecticut. 41W. 73N. Burnt by Governor Tryon, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Darien Isthmus=, S. America. 9N. 89W. Bastidas and Columbus off (see Panama); F. Pizarro reached, 1509; crossed by Nuñez de Balboa, who was the first European to sight the Pacific, 1513; by Drake, 1572; Scottish settlement on (New Caledonia) forced to evacuate by Spaniards, 1698-9; treaty conferring right on U.S. of constructing canal across, 1869. (See sonnet by Keats.)

=Darwin Sound, and Mount Darwin=, King Charles's South Land, Tierra del Fuego. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Davis Strait=, N.A. 65N. 57W. Named after the explorer who discovered it in 1585.

=Deerfield=, Mass. 42N. 72W. Attacked by Indians and saved by the fugitive regicide, Colonel Goffe, 1674; sc. destruction and massacre by French and Indians, 1704.

=Delaware=, U.S. 38N. 75W. One of the 13 original states; bay discovered by Hudson, 1609; first entered by Lord de la Warr, 1610; Dutch colony settled in, 1631; Wilmington settled by Swedes, 1638; latter driven out by Dutch, who were succeeded by English, 1655, 1664; Penn became proprietor, 1683; declared an independent state, 1776; first of the 13 states to ratify the Federal constitution.

=Delaware River.= 40N. 74W. Passage of, by Washington, 1776.

=Demerara=, British Guiana, S.A. 6N. 57W. Colonised by Dutch, 1580; taken by the English, 1796 and 1803; finally surrendered to England, 1814.

=Detroit=, Michigan. 42N. 83W. In possession of French in 17th century; colony planted by Cadillac, 1701; taken by the English under Rogers, 1760; six months' siege by Pontiac, finally relieved by Col. Bradstreet, 1763-4; Americans in possession, 1796; surrendered to British, 1812; finally ceded to America, 1813. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Dismal Swamp=, Virginia and N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Former hiding-place of runaway slaves. (See poems, Longfellow and Moore.)

=Dominica=, W. Indies. 15N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus on a Sunday (hence its name) in 1493; Sir J. Hawkins at, 1565, 1568; taken by English, 1761, and ceded to them by Treaty of Paris, 1763; taken by French and restored to England, 1770, 1783; attempts by French on, 1795 and 1805; negro insurrection, 1802.

=Dominican Republic=, see Santo Domingo.

=Dorchester=, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. of J. Lothrop Motley, historian (1814-77).

=Dranesville=, Fairfax Co., Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates defeated, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Durango= (Ciudad de Victoria, or Guadiana), Mexico. 24N. 104W. F. by Velasco, 1559.

=Dustin's Island=, Merrimac River, near Concord, N.H. 42N. 71W. So called from Hannah Dustin, who escaped with her two companions from the Indians, after killing and scalping their captors, 1697.

=Duxbury=, Mass. 42N. 70W. Ocean telegraph from Brest terminates at this point; here died in 1687 John Alden, one of the Pilgrim Fathers, commemorated by Longfellow in his 'Courtship of Miles Standish.'

=Easter Island= (Davis's Land), Pacific. 27S. 109W. Discovered by Davis, 1686; Roggewein at, 1722; Cook at, 1774.

=Eastport=, Moose Island, Passamaquoddy Bay. 45N. 67W. Surrendered to British squadron, 1814.

=East Windsor=, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Jonathan Edwards, theologian (1703-58), and of Lorrin Andrews, missionary and Hawaiian scholar (1795-1868).

=Eatonton=, Georgia. 33N. 83W. Bp. of Joel Chandler Harris, A. of 'Uncle Remus,' etc. (1848-1908).

=Econochaca= (or Holy Ground), Alabama River, Lourdes Co., Miss. 31N. 88W. Indians surprised and scattered by Gen. Claiborne, 1813 (W. with Creek Indians).

=Ecuador= (Equator), S.A. 2S. 78W. Part of the Inca's territory conquered by Pizarro in the 16th century; it formed part of the presidency of Quito; first revolt against Spanish rule in 1809; finally liberated after defeat of Spaniards at Pichincha, 1822; became part of Colombia, and finally separated as an independent republic under its present name, 1830; continual civil war in after this; the dictator Moreno assassinated at Quito, 1875; frequent revolutions since.

=El Caney=, near Santiago, Cuba. 20N. 76W. Defended by Vera de Rey against Americans, victory of latter and death of Spanish commander (Spanish-American W.), 1898.

=El Molino del Rey=, capture of, see Chapultepec.

=Emucfau=, Alabama. 32N. 85W. Fierce encounter near, between Jackson and Creek Indians, 1814.

=Erie Canal=, running 363 miles between Buffalo and Albany, connecting the upper lakes and Hudson river, completed, 1825.

=Erie, Lake=, 42N. 81W. Heavy defeat of British by Commander Perry in Put-in Bay, 1813.

=Esopus=, near Kingston, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Warfare between Dutch and Indians known as the 'Esopus War,' 1655-64.

=Espanola=, see Haiti.

=Essequibo=, British Guiana, S.A. 5N. 58W. Colonised by Dutch, 1580; taken by the English, 1796 and 1803; finally surrendered to England, 1814.

=Essequibo=, river (mouth of), 7N. 58W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499.

=Eutaw Springs=, Charleston Co., S. Carolina. 53N. 80W. The battle was indecisive; the Americans under Greene gained a complete victory over the English under Stuart during the first great conflict, but were forced to give way during a renewed fight of some hours, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Exeter=, New Hampshire. 42N. 71W. English colony settled at, 1638.

=Fair Oaks= (or Seven Pines), on the Chickahominy. 37N. 77W. One of the series of battles known as the 'Seven days of Richmond.' The Confederates after gaining considerable advantage over enemy were finally driven back, May 31-June 1, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Falkland Islands=, S. Atlantic. 52S. 60W. Discovered by Davis, 1592; Hawkins off, 1594; the present name was given first to the sound by John Strong, captain, in 1690; in 1710 they were christened Malonines by French from St. Malo; finally, after various countries had established settlements in, it passed, 1833, into English possession, and is one of the crown colonies; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').

=Farmville=, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Confederates under Lee defeated by Sheridan, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Fayette=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Indecisive action between Federals and Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fayetteville=, N. Carolina. 35N. 78W. Surrendered to Confederates, 1861; retaken by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Filbert Island= (Isle aux Condres), St. Lawrence. 47N. 70W. So named by Cartier, 1535.

=Fire Island Beach=, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli) and her husband and child drowned off, 1850.

=Fisher's Hill=, near Woodstock, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Confederates defeated by Sheridan, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Five Forks=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Defeat of Confederates under Lee, March 31-April 1, 1865.

=Florida=, U.S. 29N. 82W. The Cabots off, during voyage, 1498-9; discovered and named by Ponce de Leon, who landed on Palm Sunday (Pascua Florida), 1513; expedition to, under Pineda, 1519; disastrous expedition to, under Narvaez, 1528; colonising expedition to, under De Soto, 1539; expeditions sent to by Coligny, 1562, 1564 (see Fort Caroline); St. Augustine f. by Spaniards, 1565, and taken by Drake, 1586; invasion of, under Oglethorpe, 1740; ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; invaded by Spaniards, 1779, and Pensacola seized by, 1781; restored to Spain by treaty, 1783; purchased by U.S., 1819, and transferred to, 1821; war with Seminole Indians, 1835-42; admitted to the Union, 1845; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

=Florida=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Bp. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) (1835-1910).

=Fort Bowyer=, Mobile Bay. 30N. 87W. British fleet repulsed, 1814; besieged for two days and surrendered to English, 1815.

=Fort Carolina=, St John's R., Florida. 30N. 81W. Small Huguenot colony settled by Ribault, 1562; Laudonnière joins, 1564; attacked and massacred by Spaniards under Menendez, 1565; revenge taken on Spaniards by De Gourges, 1568.

=Fort Chambly=, St. Lawrence. 45N. 73W. Captured by Americans, 1775 (W. of Ind.).

=Forts Clinton and Montgomery=, Hudson R. 41N. 73W. Taken by Sir Henry Clinton's forces, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort Detroit= (see Detroit). Surrendered by Gen. Hull to the English, 1812.

=Fort Donelson=, near Dover, Tennessee. 36N. 87W. Surrendered by Confederates to Gen. Grant, 1862; attack on by, and repulse of, Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Fort Du Quesne=, Penn. 40N. 79W. Built by French on site of present city of Pittsburg, 1754; disastrous expedition against, under Braddock, 1755; taken by English and name changed to Fort Pitt (q.v.), 1758.

=Fort Erie=, Ontario. 42N. 78W. Bombarded by English, Aug. 7-15, when the bastion they had taken blew up; a sortie of the defenders, Sept. 17, finally left the victory to the Americans, 1814.

=Fort Fisher=, Wilmington, N. Carolina. 34N. 77W. Bombarded and captured by the Federals, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Fort Frontenac=, Lake Ontario. 44N. 76W. Garrison surrendered to English, 1758.

=Fort George=, see Lake George.

=Fort George=, Long Island. 40N. 73W. Garrison surrendered to Americans under Tallmadge, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort George=, Niagara. 43N. 79W. British garrison forced to retreat, 1813.

=Fort Harrison=, Richmond. 37N. 77W. Taken by Federals, and renamed Fort Burnham, in honour of the commander who fell, 1864; failure of Confederates under Lee to recapture later the same year (Civil W.).

=Fort Harrison=, near Terre Haute, Indiana. 39N. 87W. Attacked by Indians, under the instigation of "the Prophet," and with difficulty saved by the enfeebled garrison, 1812.

=Fort Henry=, Tennessee R. 36N. 87W. Surrendered by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fort Hindman=, Arkansas. 34N. 91W. Confederates surrender, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Fort Lee=, near Jersey City, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Narrow escape of Gen. Greene from English forces under Cornwallis, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort McHenry=, Whetstone Point, Baltimore. 39N. 76W. Heavily bombarded by Admiral Cochrane, who was forced to withdraw, 1814. (During the bombardment, F. Scott Key, who was in custody on an English vessel, wrote 'The Star-spangled Banner.')

=Fort Meigs=, Maumee R., Indiana. 41N. 85W. Besieged by British and Indians, who were forced to retire, 1813.

=Fort Mercer=, near Philadelphia. 39N. 74W. Fierce bombardment by British forces under Donop, who died of his wounds; the attack was a failure, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort Miami=, Maumee R., Indiana. 41N. 85W. Surrendered to Indians, 1763 (Pontiac W.).

=Fort Mifflin=, opposite Fort Mercer (q.v.). Besieged by British for six days, when the remainder of defenders escaped, 1777.

=Fort Mims=, near junction of Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers. 31N. 87W. Slaughter of men, women, and children by Indians, under the chief Weathersford, during the rising of Tecumseh and his brother the prophet, 1812.

=Fort Montgomery=, see Fort Clinton.

=Fort Moultrie=, Sullivan Island, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. Unsuccessfully assaulted by English fleet under Sir Peter Parker, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort Necessity=, Monongahela R. 39N. 78W. Surrendered by Washington, 1754; a previous encounter near was the first blood shed in French and Indian war.

=Fort Niagara=, Lake Ontario. 43N. 79W. Begun by La Salle, 1673; strongly fortified by French, 1725; taken by English, 1759; concourse of Indians at, 1764; seized by English and part of garrison massacred, 1813.

=Fort Ouatanon=, near Lafayette, Wabash R. 40N. 86W. Taken by Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

=Fort St Philip=, Mississippi R. 29N. 89W. Fierce naval battle near, ending in victory to the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fort Pillow=, near Memphis, Tennessee. 35N. 89W. Taken, and garrison massacred, by Gen. Forrest, Confederate leader, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Fort Pitt.= Name given to Fort Du Quesne (q.v.) after it fell into the hands of the English, 1758; saved from Pontiac's assault by Col. Bouquet, 1763. (See Parkman, op. cit.)

=Fort Pulaski=, Savannah R. 32N. 80W. Taken by Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fort Schuyler= (on site of village of Rome), Oneida Co., N.Y. 43N. 75W. Taken by English and Indian allies, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort Spring Hill=, Richmond. 37N. 77W. Carried by the Federals, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Fort Sumter=, see Charleston.

=Fort Ticonderoga=, see under T.

=Fort Wagner=, Charleston, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. Assault on by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Fort Washington=, Manhattan Island, N.Y. 40N. 74W. Captured by the English, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort Watson=, Santee R., near Camden. 34N. 80W. Capitulation of English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Fort Wayne=, Maumee R., Indiana. 41N. 85W. Repulse of attack on by English and Indian allies, 1812.

=Fort William and Mary=, Newcastle, Portsmouth Harbour. 43N. 70W. Attack on and seizure of ammunition by patriots under Sullivan, 1774.

=Fort William Henry=, Lake George. 43N. 73W. Taken by Montcalm, and English garrison massacred by the Indian allies, 1757. (See Louisburg.)

=Franklin=, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Fierce battle ending in defeat of the Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Franklin= (formerly included in Salisbury), N. Hampshire. 43N. 71W. Bp. Daniel Webster, orator (1782-1852).

=Frazier's Farm=, near Richmond. 37N. 77W. One of the fierce battles fought near Richmond. Confederates finally driven back (also known as battle of Glendale), 1862.

=Frederica=, Georgia 31N. 81W. Spanish attack on repulsed by Oglethorpe, 1742.

=Frederick=, Frederick Co., Maryland. 39N. 77W. Sc. Barbara Frietchie's patriotic courage in continuing to wave the Union flag, 1862. (See poem by Whittier.)

=Frederick Co.=, Maryland. Bp. Francis Scott Key, A. of 'The Star spangled Banner' (1779-1843).

=Fredericksburg=, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victory of Confederates under Lee, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fredericksburg=, Penn. 40N. 76W. Bp. James Lick, to whom the observatory is due (1796-1876).

=Fredericktown=, Missouri. 38N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Fredericton=, N. Brunswick. 45N. 66W. Bp. W. Bliss Carman, poet (1861).

=Frenchtown= (now Monroe), Michigan. 41N. 83W. Taken by Americans, 1813; recaptured by English two days later, when Indians massacred the sick and wounded.

=Frobisher Bay.= 62N. 65W. Named after the discoverer, 1576; Hudson off, 1610.

=Front Royal=, Virginia. 39N. 78W. Victory of Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Fulton=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Fundy, Bay of.= 45N. 66W. Explored by Champlain, 1604-7, during his second expedition to Canada.

=Fury and Hecla Strait.= 69N. 84W. Discovered by Parry, 1821.

=Gaines's Mill=, Chickahominy R. One of the series of engagements near Richmond (q.v.), fought between Lee and McClellan, 1862.

=Galapagos Islands=, S.A. 0S. 91W. Marked on early map of 1570; Dampier on, 1684; explored by Capt. Colnett, 1794.

=Galveston=, Texas. 29N. 95W. Surrendered to Federals, 1862; attacked and retaken by Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Gaspe=, Quebec. 48N. 64W. Cross erected on the shore by Cartier, who landed here, 1534.

George, Lake, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Sc. action during French and Indian war, 1755-9; its chief forts were William Henry (q.v.), George, and Ticonderoga (q.v.). French under Dieskau, who was mortally wounded, defeated, 1755. (Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')

=Georgia=, U.S. 33N. 83W. One of the 13 original states; named in honour of George II.; colony f. (for debtors and others) by Oglethorpe, 1733; Wesleys and Whitefield in, 1736, 1738; Spaniards repulsed from Frederica by Oglethorpe, 1742; Savannah in English occupation, 1778-82 (W. of Ind.); seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1870.

=Georgian Bay=, Lake Huron. 45N. 81W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9.

=Germantown=, suburb of Philadelphia, Penn. 39N. 75W. F. by Germans, 17th century; first Bible (German) printed in America, 1743; English victory over Americans, 1777.

=Gettysburg=, Penn. 39N. 77W. Battles, July 1-2, and July 3, in which the Confederates under Lee were finally defeated, 1863.

=Gibraltar=, Gulf of Maracaybo, Venezuela. 9N. 70W. Spanish ships sunk and captured by the buccaneer Morgan, 1669.

=Glendale=, see Frazier's Farm.

=Gloucester=, Cape Ann, Mass. Bay. 42N. 70W. Settled by English colonists known as Dorchester Adventurers, 1623.

=Goldsboro=, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Taken by the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Gorgona=, island, S.A. 2N. 78W. Pizarro on with his few followers for seven months awaiting help, 1527.

=Gracias-a-Dios=, Honduras, S.A. 15N. 33W. F. by De Chaves, 1536.

=Gracias-a-Dios=, cape, Nicaragua. 15N. 83W. Discovered and so named by Columbus, 1502.

=Granada=, Nicaragua. 12N. 85W. F. 1523 by Cordova; sacked by buccaneers, 1666, burnt by the filibuster Walker, 1856.

=Grand Gulf=, Mississippi, U.S. 32N. 91W. Forts on taken by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Grand Pré= (or Lower Horton), Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. Expatriation of Acadians, 1755. (See Longfellow's 'Evangeline.')

=Great Bethel=, see Big Bethel.

=Great Bridge=, Elisabeth R., Dismal Swamp. 36N. 76W. British repulsed, 1775.

=Great Meadow=, near Cumberland. 39N. 78W. Washington attacked at, by French, 1754.

=Great Salt Lake=, Utah. 41N. 112W. First mention of by La Hontan, 1689; discovered by Bridger, 1825; explored by Bonneville, 1833; by Frémont and others, 1843; settlement on by Mormons under Brigham Young, 1847.

=Green Bay= (Bay of Puan), Lake Michigan. 44N. 87W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9.

=Greenbriar=, river, Virginia. 37N. 80W. Encounter on, between Federals and Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Greenland.= 70N. 40W. Norsemen settled in, 10th-11th centuries (see saga of 'Eric the Red'); the Venetian Nicolo Zeno off, about 1390; the Cortereals off, 1501; Frobisher off, 1576, 1577, and 1578; Davis off, 1585-7 (part of the coast he named Desolation); Weymouth off, 1602; Hudson, 1607; explored and colonised by the Norwegian Hans Egede ('Apostle of the North'), 1721-35. (See Baffin's Bay.)

=Greenville=, Ohio. 40N. 84W. Treaty between Gen. Wayne and N.W. Indian tribes, after war 1793-4, 1795.

=Grenada= (Granada), Antilles. 12N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; aborigines exterminated by French, 1650; English possession, 1762-79; retaken by French and restored to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

=Grenadines=, islands, Antilles. 12N. 61W. Ceded to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

=Greytown= (San Juan del Norte), Nicaragua. 11N. 83W. Founded by Spaniards; old town bombarded and destroyed by U.S. vessel, 1854.

=Grijalva=, river, Tabasco, N.A. 17N. 93W. Named after the explorer, who first skirted this part of the Gulf of Mexico, 1518; Cortés at mouth of, 1519.

=Griswoldville=, near Macon, Georgia. 32N. 83W. Confederates defeated, 1864.

=Groveton=, see Bull Run.

=Guadeloupe=, island, W. Indies. 16N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus during his second voyage, 1493-6; taken by French, 1635; four times captured by English, 1759-1815; finally restored to France, 1816.

=Guadalupe-Hidalgo=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Treaty between U.S. and Mexico, whereby the former gained a large increase of territory, 1848.

=Guadino=, see Durango.

=Guamanga=, former name of Ayacucho (q.v.). F. by Pizarro; name changed after victory of A. gained at a small place near.

=Guanahani=, see San Salvador.

=Guanaja= (Bonacca), island, Honduras. 16N. 85W. Discovered by Columbus, who called it Isle of Pines, 1502.

=Guanajuato=, Cent. Mexico. 21N. 100W. Bp. Lucas Alamán, statesman, A. of 'Historia de Méjico' (1792-1853).

=Guancabamba= (Huancabamba), Peru. 5S. 79W. De Soto at when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532.

=Guatemala=, Cent. A. 13-17N. 88-92W. Conquered by Don Pedro de Alvarado, 1524; threw off Spanish yoke and became a republic, 1821.

=Guatemala=, city. 14N. 90W. The old city was destroyed by earthquake, 1773; present town lies to the N.E. of the old.

=Guayama=, Porto Rico. 18N. 66W. Captured by Americans, 1898.

=Guayaquil=, Gulf of, Ecuador. 2-4S. 80-81W. Pizarro sailed into, 1527.

=Guiana (British=, Dutch (Surinam), and French). 3N. 53W. Columbus off coast, 1498; coast captured by Pinzon, 1500; expeditions to by Raleigh, 1595 and 1617. (See Orinoco.)

=Guilford=, Long Island Sound, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Fitzgreene Halleck, poet (1790-1867).

=Guilford Court House=, near Greensboro, N. Carolina. 36N. 79W. Victory of Americans, and end of British dominion in the Carolinas, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Hadley=, Mass. 42N. 72W. Saved from the Indians by Col. Goffe, the fugitive regicide, 1675.

=Hagerstown=, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Gen. Lee and Confederates in occupation, 1862-4.

=Haiti= (Hayti), island, W. Indies. 19N. 71W. Discovered by Columbus, whose ship was wrecked off, 1492; Cortes lands on, 1504; Hawkins at, trading in negroes, 1562-3; attacked by Drake, 1585; western division guaranteed to France by Treaty of Ryswick, 1697; negro revolts, 1722, 1791; surrender of Spanish possession to France, 1795; revolt of negroes under Toussaint l'Ouverture, 1801; his surrender to French, 1802; negroes again in power under a king or president, 1803-25; France recognises independence of island, 1825; Dominican republic f., 1843; continued disturbances in for some time after. (See San Domingo.)

=Hakluyt's Isle=, Baffin's Bay. 77N. 74W. Name given to by Bylot, 1616.

=Halifax=, Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. F. on old village of Chebucto, or Chedabucto, by English, and made capital of Acadia, 1749.

=Hampton=, Virginia. 36N. 76W. British blockaders driven from, 1775, first encounter in Virginia of the W. of Ind.; entered and pillaged by the English, 1813; fired by order of the Confederate general, 1861 (Civil W.).

=Hampton Roads=, Virginia. 36N. 76W. Naval encounter between the Confederate vessel 'Merrimac' and the 'Monitor,' the latter remaining victor, 1862; meeting of President Lincoln and the Confederates, Feb. 3, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Hanging Rock=, Catawba R., S. Carolina. 34N. 45W. Encounter during W. of Ind., 1780.

=Hanover=, near Gettysburg, Penn. 39N. 77W. Confederates repulsed, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Hanover= (or Hanover Court House), Virginia. 37N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Hardin Co.=, Kentucky. 37N. 85W. Bp. Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President U.S. (1809, ass. 1865).

=Harlem Plains=, N.Y. 40N. 74W. Desperate encounter during W. of Ind. in which Washington took part, 1776.

=Harmony=, near Pittsburg, Penn. F. by the German religious sect formed by the brothers Rapp, 1803; afterwards sold to Robert Owen, 1824.

=Harper's Ferry=, Virginia. 39N. 77W. U.S. arsenal captured by the heroic John Brown, abolitionist, who the next day was made prisoner, 1859; arsenal, etc., blown up by the U.S. garrison early in the Civil W., and Confederates entered for a while into possession; captured by 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Harrisonburg=, Virginia. 58N. 78W. Victory of Confederates under 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862.

=Hartford=, Conn. 41N. 72W. Settled by English emigrants from Massachusetts, 1635; convention for reform of the national constitution, 1814. Bp. Noah Webster, lexicographer (1758-1843); John Fiske, mis. writer (1842-1901).

=Harvard University=, Cambridge (q.v.). F. 1636; first president, Henry Dunster, 1640-54.

=Hatchee=, river, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Defeat of Confederates near Corinth, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Hatcher's Run=, near Petersburg, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Severe struggle, in which the Federals were repulsed, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Havana=, Cuba. 23N. 82W. Formerly Puerto de Carenas, so called by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508; f. by Velasquez, 1515; taken by buccaneers, 16th century; by English, 1762; restored to Spain, 1763; blockaded by U.S. fleet, 1898. The remains of Columbus were removed to the cathedral from San Domingo, 1795; taken to Seville, 1898.

=Haverhill=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Massacre of inhabitants by Indians, led by Hertel de Rouville, 1708. Bp. John Greenleaf Whittier poet (1807-92).

=Havre de Grace=, mouth of Susquehanna R., Maryland. 39N. 76W. Attack on by British squadron, 1813.

=Hawaii= (or Owyhee). 19N. 154W. Discovered by Cook, 1778, who was killed at, the following year; queen deposed and republic organised, 1894; annexed to U.S., 1898; organised as a territory, 1900.

=Helena=, Phillips Co., Arkansas. 34N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Hispaniola=, see Haiti.

=Hobkirk's Hill=, near Camden, S. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Americans forced to retreat, 1781 (W. of Ind.).

=Hoboken=, N. Jersey. 40N. 71W. Massacre of Indians by the Dutch, 1643.

=Holly Springs=, Mississippi. 35N. 89W. Captured by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Honda=, Bay of, Cuba. 22N. 83W. Landing place of De Soto, Spanish navigator, on his expedition for the reduction of Florida, 1538.

=Honduras=, Cent. A. 15N. 86W. Discovered by Columbus, 1502; further discovery by Avila, 1522; colony planted by Spaniards, 1524; Truxillo f., 1525; one of the states of the republic of S.A. after revolt from Spain, and finally an independent republic, 1839.

=Honduras=, British. 17N. 88W. Or Belize, name said to be derived from Scotch buccaneer Wallis; settled by English, 1667; visited by Dampier, 1674; conflicts between English and Spanish, 1754, 1779; latter repulsed, 1783.

=Horn= (Hoorn), Cape, S.A. 55S. 67W. Drake off, 1578; so named by Schouten in honour of his bp., 1616.

=Huacachula=, see Quauhquechollan.

=Huamanga=, Peru. F. by Pizarro, 1539; name changed to Ayacucho (q.v.) since battle fought near.

=Huarina=, Lake Titicaca. 15S. 69W. Fierce battle, and victory of Gonzalo Pizarro over Inca's forces lead by Centeno, 1547.

=Hudson's Bay.= 60N. 85W. Discovered by the Dane Anskold; reached possibly by Cabot, 1498; named after the discoverer Hudson, who was here cast adrift and left to perish, 1610; H.B. Company incorporated, 1670.

=Hudson River=, U.S. 41N. 73W. Verazzani on, 1524; named after the explorer Hudson, 1609; trial of first steamship in America by Robert Fulton, 1807.

=Huntingdon=, Long Island, N.Y., 40N. 73W. Bp. Walt Whitman, poet (1819-92).

=Huron=, Lake, N.A. 44N. 82W. Discovered by Champlain, 1615.

=Icy Cape=, N.A., 70N. 162W. Discovered by Cook, 1778.

=Idaho=, state. 44N. 114W. Territory created from portion of Oregon territory, 1863; the territories of Montana and Wyoming were cut off from, 1864, 1868; admitted to Union, 1890.

=Illinois=, U.S. 40N. 89W. First explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1673; French settlement at Kaskaskia, 1720; passed under English jurisdiction, 1763; separated, 1775; admitted to Union, 1818.

=Illinois River=, U.S. 40N. 80W. Joliet and Marquette on, 1673; explored by La Salle, 1682.

=Indiana=, U.S. 40N. 86W. Early colonised by French; missionary station at Vincennes, 1730; under English jurisdiction, 1763 till W. of Ind.; organised as a territory, 1800; war with Indians, who were finally crushed by victory of Tippecanoe, 1811; admitted to Union, 1816.

=Iowa=, U.S. 42N. 93W. First European colony settled by Du Buque, 1788; Burlington settled by English, 1833; originally part of Louisiana, and after having in turns belonged to other territories it was organised as a separate one, 1838; admitted to Union, 1846.

=Irwinville=, Georgia. 31N. 83W. Jefferson Davis, president of Confederate States, taken prisoner, 1865.

=Isabella=, Haiti. 19N. 71W. F. by Columbus, first European settlement in the New World, 1493.

=Island Number Ten=, near New Madrid, Mississippi R. 35N. 89W. Bombarded and surrendered by Confederates, 1862 (Civil War.).

=Ithaca=, N.Y. 42N. 76W. Cornell University organised, 1865.

=Ituzaingo=, S.A. Brazilians defeated by Argentinians, 1827. (See Crichfield, op. cit.)

=Itzolan=, near Cholula, Mexico. Stormed and taken by Cortés, 1520.

=Iztapalapan=, Mexico. 23N. 99W. Sack of by Cortés, 1521.

=Jackson=, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Entered by Grant after defeat of Confederates near, 1863.

=Jamaica=, W. Indies. 18N. 77W. Discovered by Columbus, 1494; Spaniards settle on, 1509; taken by the English sent by Cromwell, 1655; English confirmed in possession by Treaty of Madrid, 1655; negroes in power over part of island, 1730-37; Maroon revolts, 1795, 1831; emancipation of slaves, 1834; disturbances under Gen. Eyre, 1865. Jamaica was a headquarters of buccaneers in 17th century.

=James River= (Powhatan), Virginia. 37N. 78W. Explored by John Smith, 1607.

=Jamestown=, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Colony settled by expedition under Newport, John Smith, and others, 1607; the first permanent English settlement in N.A.; Pocahontas, the saviour of John Smith, married at to John Rolfe, 1613; entered and burnt by Bacon, who died here shortly after, 1676; cap. of Virginia till 1698.

=Jan Mayen=, island, Arctic Ocean. 71N. 8W. Discovered by Dutch explorer of this name, 1611.

=Jersey City=, see Paulus Hook.

=Jimaguayú=, Cuba. Battle (Cuban insurrection), 1873.

=Jordan River=, Florida. Huguenot colony settled on by Ribault, who gave the harbour the name of Port Royal, 1562. (See Port Royal.)

=Juan Fernandez=, island, Chili. 33S. 79W. Here Alexander Selkirk, the prototype of Robinson Crusoe, was marooned, 1704, and lived for over four years.

=Juncal=, Brazil. Brazilian fleet defeated by Argentines under Admiral Brown, 1827.

=Juncal=, Playon del, near Barcelona, 10N. 64W. Defeat of Royalists under Morales by Piar, 1816 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Kamchatka=, 55N. 158E. Coast explored by Bering, 1728.

=Kansas=, U.S. 38N. 98W. Explored by Spaniards, 1541; became property of U.S. as part of the Louisiana purchase from France, 1803; organised as a territory, 1854; admitted to the Union, 1861.

=Kaskaskia=, Illinois. 38N. 89W. Captured by Americans under Clarke, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

=Kelly's Ford=, see Rappahannock.

=Kenesaw Mountain=, Georgia, 33N. 84W. Confederates, after repulsing the enemy under Sherman, were finally forced to retreat, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Kennett Square=, Chester Co., Penn. 40N. 76W. Bp. Bayard Taylor, A. (translator of 'Faust') (1825-78).

=Kentucky=, U.S. 36N. 82W. Christopher Gist in the Blue Grass region exploring for Ohio Company, 1750-2; explored by Col. Smith, 1766; by John Finley, 1767; by Daniel Boone, 1769; and James Knox, 1770; earliest settlements in: Harrodsburg, 1774; and Boonesboro, 1775; sc. sanguinary conflicts between native tribes, and between whites and natives; admitted to Union, 1792; sc. warfare during Civil W.; parties in divided.

=King's Ferry=, Hudson River. 41N. 73W. Surrendered to Clinton, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

=King's Mountain=, between N. and S. Carolina. 35N. 81W. British defeated, 1780 (W. of Ind.).

=Kingston=, Canada. 44N. 76W. Fort built by Frontenac, 1673.

=Kingston=, N.Y. 41N. 74W. Burnt by Clinton, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

=Kingston=, Jamaica. 18N. 76W. F., 1693, after destruction of Port Royal by earthquake; earthquake at, 1907.

=Kirtland=, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Formerly occupied by the Mormons.

=Knoxville=, Tennessee. 35N. 83W. Federals besieged, and relieved by Sherman, Nov.-Dec., 1863 (Civil W.).

=Labrador=, Canada. 55N. 62W. Norsemen in, 10th-11th centuries; the Cabots off coast during voyages, 1497, 1498-9; the Cortereals off, 1500 and 1501; south coast explored by Cartier, 1534; voyage of Frobisher to, 1576.

=Laguna=, Santa Caterina, Brazil. 28S. 51W. Garibaldi helps in capture of, 1839; native town of Anita Riberas, G.'s wife.

=La Navidad=, Haiti. Fort built by Columbus, 1493, first Spanish settlement in the New World.

=Lancaster=, Ohio. 39N. 82W. Bp. W. T. Sherman, general (1820-91).

=Lancaster=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Hideous assault on by Indians, 1676 (account of by Mary Rowlandson, a survivor).

=Lancaster Sound.= 74N. 80W. So named by Baffin, 1616.

=Lapland.= 68N. 25E. Sir Hugh Willoughby and his crew starved to death, 1554.

=La Puerto=, Venezuela. Bolivar's army almost completely destroyed by the Royalist forces under Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Las Guasimas=, Cuba. Repulse of Americans, campaign of Santiago (Spanish-American W.), 1898.

=Las Piedras=, Uruguay. Spaniards severely defeated by Gen. Artigas and the Uruguayan Guachos, 1811.

=Las Salinas=, near Cuzco. 13S. 72W. Almagro's forces defeated by Hernano Pizarro, 1538. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

=Leesburg Heights=, see Ball's Buff.

=Leon=, Nicaragua. 12N. 86W. F. by Cordova, 1523.

=Lexington=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Battle of, first encounter between British and Americans (W. of Ind.), 1775. Bp. Theodore Parker, scholar and transcendentalist (1810-60).

=Lima=, cap. of Peru. 12S. 77W. F. by Pizarro as Ciudad de los Reyes, 1535; Pizarro assassinated by followers of Almagro, 1541; Vaca de Castro in command of, 1542; Blasco Nuñez, viceroy, deposed, 1544; Gonzalo Pizarro proclaimed Governor of Peru, 1544; enters town after battle of Añaquito, 1546; is forced to abandon it, 1547 (see Prescott, op. cit.); evacuated by Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.); taken by Chilians, who destroyed Public Library, 1881; sc. three days' hideous massacre during civil conflict, March 1895. (See 'Peru.')

=Litchfield=, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. Ethan Allan, a leader of the 'Green Mountain Boys' (1737-89); J. Pierpont, poet (1785-1866); H. Ward Beecher (1813-87); Mrs. Beecher Stowe (1812-96).

=Little Rock=, Arkansas. 34N. 92W. Surrendered by Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

=Long Island=, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Defeat of Americans by British under Howe, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Longwoods=, Thames R., Upper Canada. English defeated by Americans, 1814.

=Look-out Mountain=, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Confederate position stormed, 1863. (See Chattanooga.)

=Louisburg=, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. 45N. 60W. Fortress built by French, 1713; taken by Sir W. Pepperell, 1745; restored to France by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; surrendered after seven weeks' siege to British under Amherst and Wolfe, 1758; ceded to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763.

=Louisiana=, U.S. 31N. 92W. Taken possession of in name of Louis XIV. by La Salle, 1682; later French colonists were Iberville (who built Fort Biloxi, 1699) and Crozat; concession to English financier Law for Mississippi Company, 1717; became a Crown colony, 1733; ceded to Spain, 1762; passed back to French by secret treaty, 1800; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1812; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.

=Lucayos=, see Bahamas.

=Lundy's Lane=, near Drummondville, Ontario. 45N. 72W. British driven from the field and their battery seized; they returned next morning and took possession of lost battery; both sides claim victory, 1814 (also known as battle of Bridgewater, and Niagara Falls).

=Macaco=, Lake, Florida. Seminole Indians defeated by Col. Taylor, 1837.

=Magellan=, Straits of, S.A., 52S. 69W. Named after Magalhaes, the Portuguese discoverer, 1520, who called it the Strait of the Eleven Thousand Virgins; Drake sailed through, 1578.

=Maguaga=, near Detroit. 42N. 83W. British and Indian allies defeated by Americans, 1814.

=Macon=, Georgia. 32N. 83W. Bp. Sidney Lanier, poet (1842-81).

=McDowell=, near Staunton, Virginia. 38N. 79W. Victory of Confederates under 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Maine=, U.S. 45N. 69W. Cabot possibly off, 1498; northern limit of Verazzano's exploration of American coast, 1524; coast explored by Gosnold, 1602; by Martin Prynne, 1603; French colonists in, 1604-5; George Weymouth in, 1605; unsuccessful expedition to by Plymouth Company, 1607; coast explored by Capt. Smith, 1613; Bristol f., 1625; charter of territory in granted by Charles I. to Sir F. Gorges, and province named Maine in honour of queen; purchased by Massachusetts, 1677; suffered greatly from incursions of Indians, and during war of 1812; admitted to Union, 1820. Bp. Charles Farrar Brown (Artemus Ward) (1778-1820).

=Maipu= (Maipo) or Maypo, river, Chili. 33S. 71W. Victory on by San Martin over Spaniards securing Chilian independence, 1818 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Maldonado=, Uruguay. 34S. 54W. Captured by British, 1806. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

=Manassas= (or Manassas Junction), see Bull Run.

=Manhattan Island=, N.Y. 40N. 72W. Verazzani on, 1524; explored by Hudson, 1609; early Dutch trading station on; purchased by Dutch from Indians, 1626. (See New Amsterdam.)

=Manitoba=, Canada. 57N. 98W. Early French and English traders in; purchased from Hudson's Bay Company and colony f. by Earl of Selkirk, 1812; repurchased by Hudson's Bay Company, 1836; became property of Imperial government, 1869; organised as a territory, 1870, when the N.-W. Provinces became part of Canada.

=Maracaibo=, town, Venezuela, 10N. 71W. Sacked by Morgan and his buccaneers, 1669; naval engagement, defeat of Spaniards and evacuation of town by Morales, 1823 (S. A. W. Ind.).

=Maracaibo=, Lake of, Venezuela, 10N. 71W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499.

=Margarita=, island, Caribbean Sea. 11N. 64W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; Ojeda and Vespucci on, 1499.

=Marietta=, Ohio. 39N. 81W. F. and named after Marie Antoinette by Putnam and emigrants from New England, 1788; oldest town in Ohio.

=Mariposa=, Yosemite Valley. 37N. 119W. Famous for its mammoth trees (Sequoia gigantea); the age of one now no longer standing was reckoned at 3400 years.

=Martinique=, Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 14N. 61W. These islands were discovered by Columbus, 1493, and he was at Martinique, 1502; French refugees in, 1625; settled by French, 1635; Admiral Ruyter at Fort-de-France (Fort Royal) about 1675; ravaged by English, 1693; surrendered to Rodney, 1762; restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 1763; thrice retaken and restored finally in 1816; revolt of slaves, 1831; slaves enfranchised, 1833; destructive eruptions of Mont Pelée, May and August 1902. Bp. Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie, first wife of Napoleon I. (1763-1814).

=Martin's Ferry=, Ohio. 40N. 80W. Bp. W. Dean Howells, A. (1837).

=Maryland=, U.S. 39N. 76W. One of the original 13 states of the Union; first colonised by Virginians, 1631; grant to Lord Baltimore, 1632 and English colony settled, 1634; alternate property of Baltimores and Crown till 1774; constituted a state, 1776.

=Massachusetts=, U.S. 42N. 73W. One of the 13 original states of the Union. The land along the coast of Massachusetts Bay is identified as the Vinland of the old Norse saga of 'Eric the Red,' 10th-11th centuries; Cabot off coast, 1498; Verazzani, 1524; first recorded English expedition to under Gosnold, 1602; bay explored by Champlain, 1604; by John Smith, 1614; first colony planted by Puritans from the 'Mayflower', 1620; the colony of Massachusetts Bay was settled with Endicott as governor, 1628; Winthrop elected governor, 1630; first code of laws drawn up by John Cotton; New Plymouth incorporated with, 1692; religious revival in under Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards, 1727.

=Matamoras=, Mexico. 25N. 97W. Mexicans defeated by Americans, 1846 (Mex. W.).

=Matto Grosso=, prov., Brazil. 13S. 56W. Southern part captured by Lopez (Brazil-Paraguayan W.), 1865.

=Mechanicsville=, Chickahominy, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary engagement between McClellan and Lee, and defeat of Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.) (battle also known as that of Ellison's Mill).

=Mecklenburg Co.=, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Declaration of independence, 1775.

=Medfield=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. Hannah Adams ('View of Religious Opinions,' etc.), first woman in America to make literature a profession (1755-1832).

=Melville Island=, Polar Sea. 75N. 110W. Here Parry wintered, 1819-20.

=Melville Sound.= 73N. 110W. Reached by Parry, 1819.

=Mendoza=, Argentine Republic. 32S. 68W. Destroyed by terrible earthquake, 1861.

=Merida de Yucatan=, Mexico. 20N. 89W. F. by Spaniards, 1542.

=Mexico=, state, N.A. 24N. 102W. Legend of Buddhist mission to in 5th century; coasted by Cordova, 1517; coast explored by Grijalva, 1518; landing of Cortés for conquest, 1519; further exploration of coast by De Avila, 1522; Antonio de Mendoza first viceroy of Mexico, 1535; revolt under Hidalgo, 1810; under Morelos, 1811-15; Royalist commander Iturbide joins forces with revolutionary chief Guerrero, and 'Plan of Iguala' promulgated, 1821; Iturbide declared emperor, 1822; forced to abdicate, 1823, and shot, 1824; constitution under a president established, 1824; civil dissensions and Santa Ana made dictator, 1835; continuation of civil war, and war with U.S., 1847; Upper California and New Mexico ceded to U.S., 1848; continued civil dissensions, and standard of revolt raised by Juarez, 1858; forces of England, Spain, and France occupy Vera Cruz, 1861; French take possession of Mexico city and crown accepted by Archduke Maximilian, 1863; Maximilian captured and shot by Juarez, 1867; further revolutions, and Diaz made president, 1877. (See also Yucatan.) The country is rich in fine ruins dating from an earlier and later (Aztec) period.

=Mexico=, city. 25N. 99W. F. by the Aztecs (Tenoch-titlan), 1325; entry of Cortés and his army, and magnificent reception by Montezuma, 1519; Montezuma made prisoner, 1519; murder of the Aztec nobles by Alvarado during absence of Cortés, 1520; rise of natives, death of Montezuma, retreat of Spaniards amid fearful slaughter, 1520; siege of and destruction of city by Cortés, 1521; city rebuilt by Cortés; burial-place and monument of conqueror since 1629; entry of American troops, 1847; Maximilian crowned emperor, 1864. (See Mexico, state.)

=Mexico=, Gulf of, N.A. 25N. 90W. Explored by Pineda, 1519.

=Michigan=, U.S. 44N. 85W. French in, 1610; mission established by Marquette, 1668; Detroit f., 1701; passed into English possession, 1763; suffered during the Pontiac conspiracy; evacuated by English, 1796; admitted to the Union, 1837. (See Detroit.)

=Michigan, Lake=, U.S. 43N. 87W. Explored by Jean Nicolet, who reached Green Bay, 1639; Joliet and Marquette on, 1673.

=Michillimackinac=, Michigan. Slaughter of garrison by Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

=Milan=, Ohio. 41N. 82W. Bp. Thomas A. Edison, electrician (1847).

=Millsprings=, Kentucky. 37N. 84W. Confederates repulsed, 1862 (Civil W.).

=Minisink=, N.Y. 41N. 74W. Attack on and massacre by Mohawk Indians under Joseph Brant, and defeat of volunteer force in pursuit of, 1779 (monument at Goshen).

=Minnesota=, U.S. 46N. 94W. French explorers in, 1659; St. Paul f. by Americans, 1846; organised as a territory, 1849; admitted to Union, 1858; war with Sioux Indians under Little Crow, 1862-3.

=Miraflores=, Peru. 12N. 77W. Peruvians defeated by Chilians, 1881.

=Missionary Ridge=, see Chattanooga.

=Mississippi=, U.S. 32N. 89W. De Soto in, 1540; La Salle, 1682; the latter took formal possession of the country in name of Louis XIV.; French settlements at Biloxi and Natchez, 1712, 1716; created a territory, 1798; admitted to Union, 1817; seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1870.

=Mississippi River.= 33N. 91W. Estuary of discovered by Pineda, who named it Espiritu Santo, 1519; crossed by Cabeza de Vaca during his years of wandering, which ended 1536; by De Soto, 1541, who died on its banks; partly explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1673; by Hennepin, 1680; La Salle, who named the river Colbert, descended it to the Gulf of Mexico, 1682; further explored by Le Sueur, 1700.

=Missouri=, U.S. 38N. 92W. Formerly part of Upper Louisiana; Fort Orleans f., 1719; St. Genevieve f., 1755; St. Louis, 1764; sold to U.S., 1803; 'Missouri Compromise' concerning slave holders, 1820; admitted to Union, 1821; divided in allegiance during Civil W.; World's Fair at St. Louis, 1904.

=Missouri River=, U.S. 40N. 95W. Explored by Du Tisné, 1719; by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6.

=Mitla=, Mexico. 16N. 96W. Ruins of ancient tombs and other remains.

=Mobile=, cap. of county, Alabama, U.S. 30N. 88W. F. by French, 1702; ceded to English by Treaty of Paris, 1763; taken by Spain, 1780; evacuated by Spaniards and entered by Wilkinson and U.S. troops, 1813; besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1865 (Civil W.).

=Mobile Bay=, U.S. 30N. 87W. Explored by Iberville, 1700; Confederate fleet defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Monhegan (Manheigin) Island=, Maine. 43N. 69W. Discovered by Capt. Weymouth, 1605.

=Monk's Corner=, Charleston. American cavalry surprised, 1780. (See Charleston.)

=Monmouth= (Court House), N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Victory of Americans under Washington, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

=Monocacy=, river, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Confederates held in check for some hours by small force of Federals, which was finally defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).

=Monongahela=, river, branch of Ohio. 40N. 79W. Terrible defeat of Braddock by French and their Indian allies, 1755, in which encounter Washington took part as a boy. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

=Monroe's Creek=, Virginia. Bp. James Monroe, President of U.S. (1758-1831).

=Montana=, U.S. 47N. 110W. Organised as separate territory, 1864; admitted to Union, 1889.

=Monte Caseros=, Uruguay. Overthrow of Rosas, 1851. (See Uruguay).

=Monterey=, Upper California. 36N. 121W. First town f. by Spaniards, 1770; destroyed by French buccaneers; capital of California till 1847, when the country was annexed by U.S.

=Monterey=, Mexico. 25N. 100W. Taken by U.S. forces after three days' assault, 1846.

=Monte Video=, Uruguay. 34S. 56W. Hill so named by Magelhaes when off coast, 1520; town f., 1726; taken by English but shortly after evacuated, 1807; revolt under Artigas against Spanish viceroy, 1811; siege of by Artigas, 1811-14; Spanish fleet destroyed and surrender of fortress to anti-Royalists, 1814; Portuguese take possession of, 1817; expelled, 1822; sanguinary war with Buenos Ayres (1843-52), when Garibaldi and his Italian legion gave help to the Montevideans, and during which the town was blockaded for several years; besieged by Flores with his Brazilian and allied forces, 1864; Flores enters and proclaims himself president, 1865; revolutionaries prepare to attack and forced to retire, 1870; in hands of revolutionaries, 1875; mutiny of garrison, 1899. (See Uruguay.)

=Montmorenci=, river, Quebec. 46N. 71W. Heights of assaulted by English under Wolfe, 1759.

=Montreal= (on site of Indian village of Hochelaga). 45N. 73W. Discovered by Cartier, 1535; Pontgravé and Champlain at, 1603; f. by French settlers in 1642; massacre by Indians, 1689; taken in turns by English and Americans, and again by England, 1760, 1775, 1776.

=Montserrat=, island, W. Indies. 16N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; colonised by English, 1632; twice taken by French, and twice restored to England, by Treaty of Breda, 1667, and by Treaty of Versailles, 1783.

=Moore's Creek Bridge=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Loyalist Scotch defeated, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

=Moron=, Argentine Republic. 34S. 58W. Rosas defeated, 1851.

=Morristown=, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. Washington's headquarters, 1777-8 and 1779-80 (W. of Ind.).

=Motupe=, Peru. 5S. 80W. Pizarro at, 1532.

=Mountain Meadow=, Utah. 40N. 35W. Massacre of immigrants by Mormons and Indians, 1857.

=Mount Auburn=, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Graves of J. L. R. Agassiz, the great naturalist (1807-73), of Longfellow, Lowell, Prescott, Motley, Holmes, and many other eminent men.

=Mount Hamilton=, near San Francisco. Lick Observatory at.

=Mount Vernon=, Fairfax Co., Virginia. 38N. 77W. Home and grave of Washington.