Chapter II: Part 2

=Amu Daria=, Turkestan. 37N. 73E. Ancient river Oxus, occurring as Amoo in 'The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan.' (See Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.')

=Anantapur=, Madras. 15N. 78E. F. by Chikkappa Udaiyar, 1364; attacked by Mahrattas, 1757.

=Aneysa=, Arabia. 26N. 45E. Bp. of Abdul-Wahab, founder of Wahabis. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')

=Angkor=, Indo-China. 13N. 104E. Ruined city, near which are ruins of Angkor-Vat, a famous Cambodian temple. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Angora=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 33E. Supposed to have been f. by Midas. Scene of Christian Councils, 314, 358. Contains temple erected to Augustus. Sultan Bejazet I. captured by Tamerlane, 1402.

=Ani=, Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 43E. Ancient Armenian capital. Taken by Greeks, 1045; by Seljuks, 1064. Destroyed by earthquake, 1319.

=Anjangaon=, Berar. 21N. 77E. Treaty signed between British and Daulat Rao Sindhia after second Mahratta War, 1803.

=Anjengo=, Madras. 9N. 77E. Bp. of historian, Robert Orme, and res. of Eliza Draper, friend of Laurence Sterne.

=Anjidiv=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Island visited by Ibn Batatu, 1342; by Vasco da Gama, 1498. Occupied by Portuguese, 1505. Mentioned by Ptolemy.

=Ankai Tonkai=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Conquered by Shah Jehan, 1635; occupied by British, 1818.

=Antioch=, Syria. 36N. 36E. F. by Seleucus Nicator, c. 300 B.C. Scene of St. Paul's first ministry. Destroyed by earthquakes, 526, 1872. Ruined by Persians, 538; taken by Saracens, 658; by Turks, 1516. Bp. of Archias, St. Luke, and Chrysostom. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=An-tung=, Manchuria. 40N. 125E. General Kuroki established here during Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')

=Anupshahr=, United Provs. 28N. 78E. Occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1757; by British, 1773.

=Arafat= ('the mountain of mercy'), Arabia. 21N. 40E. Mountain on which Adam and Eve are alleged to have met after the fall. Scene of many Mohammedan pilgrimages. (See Burton's 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')

=Arantangi=, Madras. 10N. 79E. Seized by Raghunatha Levan, c. 1646, 1698.

=Ararat=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 44E. One of mountains in Asia on which Noah's ark is said to have rested. Parrot first ascended Great Ararat, 1829. Severe earthquake experienced, 1840. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Arcot= ('six deserts'), Madras. 13N. 79E. Contains ruins of Nawab's palace. Mentioned by Ptolemy. Clive defended city successfully against siege, 1751.

=Ardahan=, Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 43E. Successfully stormed by Russians, 1877; ceded to Russia by Turkey, 1878.

=Argaum=, Berar. 21N. 77E. Mahrattas defeated by Wellesley, 1803.

=Arginusæ Is.=, off W. coast of Asia Minor. 39N. 27E. Spartan fleet defeated by Athenians near these islands, 406 B.C.

=Arjesh=, Turkish Armenia. 39N. 43E. Taken by Jelal-ed-Din, 1228. Destroyed by earthquake, 1246.

=Arni=, Madras. 13N. 79E. Clive defeated Raja Sahib and French forces, 1751.

=Aror=, Bombay. 28N. 69E. Captured by Mohammedans, c. 712.

=Arpad=, Syria. 37N. 37E. Taken by Tiglath Pileser II., 740 B.C.

=Arrah=, Bengal. 26N. 85E. In Indian Mutiny 12 Englishmen and 50 Sikhs held out against 3000 Sepoys for 8 days, 1857.

=Artaxata=, Russian Armenia. 39N. 45E. Ancient capital of Armenia, now in ruins. Hannibal supposed to have superintended building of city; named after Artaxis I., c. 180 B.C. Destroyed by Romans, 58; by Persians, 370. Joseph, the patriarch, presided over ecclesiastical council, 450.

=Ashdod=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Captured by Jonathan, 147 B.C. Mentioned by Herodotus. Contained famous temple of Dagon. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Ashta=, Central India. 23N. 77E. Contains fort built by Dost Mohammed Khan, 1716; captured by Mahrattas, 1745; stormed by Kudsia Begam, 1837.

=Ashta=, Bombay. 18N. 75E. British defeated Baji Rao Peshwa, 1818.

=Asirgarh=, Central Provs. 21N. 76E. Massacre of garrison by Ala-ud-din Khilji, 1295; captured by Akbar, 1600; by General Wellesley, 1803; besieged by British, 1819.

=Askelon=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient seat of worship of Astarte, and of Dagon and Dercetis, whose temple was plundered by Scythians, 630 B.C. Bp. of Herod I., who embellished it. Godfrey de Bouillon defeated Egyptians, 1099; city taken by Crusaders, 1153; by Saladin, 1187; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1270. (See Scott's 'The Talisman.')

=Assaye=, Haidarabad. 20N. 76E. Mahrattas conquered by Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1803. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Athni=, Bombay. 17N. 75E. Visited by French traveller Mandelslo, 1639. Yielded to Rajah Sahu of Satara, 1730; British possession, 1839.

=Atrauli=, N.W. Provs. 28N. 78E. Held for three months by Mohammedans during Mutiny, 1857.

=Attock=, Punjab. 34N. 72E. Contains fort built by Akbar, 1581; captured by Ranjit Singh, 1812.

=Augur=, Central India. 24N. 76E. F. by Agra Bhil; destroyed by Bapuji Sindhia, 1801; suffered during Mutiny, 1857.

=Aurangabad= ('the abode of Aurungzebe'), Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. F. in 1620. Contains Buddhist caves, and mausoleum built by Aurungzebe in memory of his daughter.

=Ava= ('a fish-pond'), Burma. 22N. 96E. F. by Thadominpaya, 1364. Former capital of Burma. Ruined by earthquake, 1839.

=Ayodhya=, United Provs. 27N. 82E. Famous in legend as city of Dasa-ratha, father of Rama. (See 'Ramayana.')

=Ayuthia=, Siam. 14N. 101E. Founded in 1351; capital of Siam until nearly destroyed by Burmese, 1767. Chief ruin is a Buddhist temple, the 'Golden Mount.' (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Baalbek= ('city of Baal'), Syria. 34N. 36E. Contains Temple of the Sun, built by Antoninus Pius. Taken by Arabs, 748; by Tamerlane, 1400. Destroyed by earthquake, 1170, 1750. (See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Babylon= ('the gate of the god'), Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 45E. First mentioned, 3800 B.C.; capital of Babylonia, c. 2300 B.C. Destroyed by Sennacherib, 689 B.C.; attained eminence under Nabopolassar, 625-604 B.C.; under Nebuchadnezzar, 604-561 B.C. Surrendered to Cyrus, 539 B.C. Alexander the Great died in palace of Nebuchadnezzar, 323 B.C. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Badami=, Bombay. 16N. 76E. Contains famous cave-temple, f. 650. Captured by General Munro, 1818; by Arabs, 1840.

=Badarpur=, Bengal. 25N. 93E. British defeated Burmese, 1824.

=Badnera=, Berar. 21N. 78E. Partially destroyed by Rajah Ram, 1822.

=Bagalkot=, Bombay. 16N. 76E. Captured by Peshwa of Savanur, 1775; by Hyder Ali, 1778; by General Munro, 1818.

=Baghdad=, Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 44E. F. by Caliph Al-Mansur, c. 762; embellished by Harun-al-Rashid; taken by Hulaku Khan, 1258; by Tamerlane, 1393; by Amurath IV., 1638. Contains tomb of Zobeida, wife of Harun-al-Rashid, and is famous by means of the 'Arabian Nights.' (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name,' Gosse's 'Firdausi in Exile,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Baghput=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Said to be the Vyaghraprastha mentioned in the 'Mahabharata.'

=Bahera=, Punjab. 32N. 73E. Captured by Babar, 1519; pillaged by Nur-ud-din, 1757.

=Bahraich=, United Provs. 28N. 82E. Contains tomb of Mohammedan saint, Masaud.

=Baj-Baj=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. Fort captured by Clive from Siraj-ud-daula, 1756.

=Bajwara=, Punjab. 32N. 76E. Rajah Sansar Chand conquered Sirdar Bhup Singh, 1801; fort captured by Ranjit Singh, 1825.

=Balkh=, Afghan Turkestan. 37N. 67E. Zoroaster first preached his doctrine, 549 B.C.; died at Balkh. Visited by Chinese explorer, Fa Hian, 402; Hiouen Thsang, 643; by Marco Polo, 1263. Besieged and taken by Ninus, 1933 B.C.; pillaged by Genghis Khan, 1221; destroyed by Tamerlane, 1390. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Bamian=, Afghanistan. 35N. 68E. Destroyed by Genghis Khan, 1221.

=Bander Abbas= ('harbour of Abbas'), Persia. 27N. 56E. Ancient Harmozia. Portuguese driven out by Shah Abbas the Great with help of British, 1623. (See Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' story of 'The Fire-Worshippers.')

=Bandhogarh=, Central India. 24N. 81E. Attacked by Asaf Khan, 1563; captured by Patr Das, 1597; yielded to Anup Singh, 1658. Said to be bp. of Akbar.

=Banera=, Rajputana. 26N. 75E. Conquered by Akbar, 1567; fort built in 1726; captured by Rajah of Shahpura, c. 1756.

=Bangalore=, Mysore. 13N. 78E. F. by Hyder Ali, 1537. Taken by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Contains palace of Tippoo Sahib, and Central College.

=Bangkok=, Siam. 14N. 101E. Ceded to Louis XIV., 1687; became royal residence, 1767. Contains famous temples, and a colossal statue of Buddha. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Banias=, Syria. 33N. 36E. Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.'

=Bankapur=, Bombay. 15N. 76E. First mentioned, 898. Stormed by Firoz Shah, 1406; conquered by Hyder Ali, 1776; ceded to British, 1802.

=Bantam=, East Indies. 6S. 106E. Described in first part of 'Purchas His Pilgrimes' as celebrated town of Java.

=Baragaon=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Visited by Hiuen Tsiang, who here studied religion.

=Bardwan=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Scene of the third story of the vampire in Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire.'

=Bareilly=, United Provs. 28N. 79E. New town f. by Rajah Makrand-Mughals, 1657. Taken by English, 1801; Europeans massacred during Mutiny, 1857; recaptured by Sir Colin Campbell, 1858.

=Baroda=, Bombay, 22N. 73E. Tributary to Great Britain, 1802; Malhar Rao succeeded Sayaji Rao III., 1875.

=Barpeta=, Bengal. 26N. 91E. Sankar Deb, follower of Vishnu, here f. a religious college. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1897.

=Barrackpur=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Prominent town in Sepoy mutinies, 1824, 1857. Contains Lady Canning's tomb.

=Barsana=, United Provs. 28N. 77E. Fabled to be a res. of Radha, mistress of Kishna. Pillaged by imperial troops, 1774.

=Barwani=, Central India. 22N. 75E. Said to have been f. by Rana Chandra Singh, c. 1650. Near town is sacred hill of Jains, and temple with inscription dating from 1166.

=Basarh=, Bengal. 26N. 85E. Visited by Buddha, and sacred town of Buddhists. Visited by explorers Fa Hian and Hieun Tsiang.

=Basavapatna=, Mysore. 14N. 76E. Captured by Bijapurs, 1637; destroyed by Hyder Ali, 1763; plundered by Mahrattas, 1791. Ancient res. of Baba Budan.

=Basra= ('fortress'), Asiatic Turkey. 30N. 48E. F. under Omar, 656. Contains tomb of Zobeir. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Bassein=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Ceded to Portuguese, 1534; taken by Mahrattas, 1765; by British, 1780.

=Batala=, Punjab. 32N. 75E. F. by Rai Ram Deo, c. 1465. Contains tomb of Shamsher Khan, foster-brother of Akbar.

=Batavia= ('good land'), East Indies. 6S. 107E. First European settlement f. by Pieter Both, 1610; new city f. by Jean Koen, 1621. Unsuccessfully besieged by Kings of Bantam and Jacantra, 1619. Earthquake experienced, 1699.

=Bayana=, Punjab. 26N. 77E. Contains temple with inscription dated 1043. Fort near captured by Mohammed Ghori, 1196; by Sikanda Lodi, 1492; by Humayun, 1535.

=Bayazid=, Turkish Armenia. 39N. 44E. Captured by Russians, 1828, 1854, 1877. Yielded to Turkey by Treaty of Berlin, 1878.

=Bednore= ('bamboo city'), Mysore. 14N. 75E. Capital of Rajah of Ikari, 1645. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1763; by General Matthews, 1783; by Tippoo Sahib, 1784.

=Beer-Sheba= ('well of the oath'), Palestine. 31N. 35E. Only ruins remain of ancient city famous in Biblical history from time of Abraham's digging a well and planting a grove.

=Begampur=, Bombay. 18N. 76E. Contains tomb of daughter of Aurungzebe.

=Behar= ('monastery'), Bengal. 25N. 86E. Famous as ancient centre of Buddhism, and as city in which Buddha preached.

=Behistun= ('place of the gods'), Persia. 34N. 47E. Rock on which cuneiform inscriptions recounting deeds of Darius I. are engraved; discovered by Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1835.

=Beit Jibrin=, Syria. 32N. 35E. Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.'

=Bela=, Baluchistan. 26N. 66E. Contains tomb of Sir Robert Sandeman.

=Belgaum=, Bombay. 16N. 75E. Taken by Aurungzebe, 1686; by Hyder Ali, 1776; by British, 1818.

=Bellary=, Madras. 15N. 77E. Captured by Sivaji, the Mahratta, c. 1678; ceded to British, 1800.

=Benares= ('the splendid'), N.W. Provs. 25N. 83E. Visited by Hsuan Tsang in 7th century A.D. Religious capital of India, containing many temples. Taken by Sultan Mahmoud, 1190; ceded to England, 1775; outbreak during Indian Mutiny, 1857. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia,' Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire.')

=Bencoolen=, Sumatra. 4S. 102E. F. by British, 1685; Fort Marlborough built, 1714. Formerly chief British possession in Sumatra; ceded to Holland in exchange for Malacca, 1824.

=Bendemeer=, Persia. 30N. 52E. (See Thos. Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' story of the 'Veiled Prophet of Khorassan.')

=Berasia=, Central India. 24N. 77E. Contains tomb of his father built by Dost Mohammed.

=Berea=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Battle fought in which Judas Maccabæus was killed, 161 B.C.

=Berezov=, Siberia. 64N. 65E. F. in 1593. Partially burnt, 1719, 1808. Prince Menshikov died in exile, 1729; Prince Dolgoruki, 1730. General Ostermann exiled, 1742; died, 1747.

=Berghama=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Ancient capital of Pergamus, and contains many magnificent ruins; bequeathed to Romans by Attalus III., 133 B.C. Bp. of Galen and Apollodorus.

=Berhampur=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Indian Mutiny originated here, 1857.

=Besika=, Asia Minor. 40N. 26E. Bay used as station for British fleet, 1853-1854, 1877-1878.

=Bethany=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible as the house of Lazarus, Martha and Mary, Simon the leper. Contains alleged tomb of Lazarus, and village is now called 'El-Azariyeh,' the 'Place of Lazarus.'

=Bethel= ('house of God'), Palestine. 32N. 35E. Supposed to have been f. by Abraham or Jacob. Rachel and Deborah died at Bethel.

=Beth-horon= ('place of caves'), Palestine. 32N. 35E. The Syrians under Prince Sorom vanquished by Judas Maccabæus.

=Bethlehem= ('house of bread'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Bp. of David and of Christ. Devastated by Hadrian, 132. Contains Church of the Nativity built by Constantine; enlarged by Justinian; embellished by Manuel Comnenus, 1170; by Edward IV. and Philip of Burgundy, 1482. Burial-place of Jerome. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Beyrout=, Syria. 34N. 35E. Destroyed by Tryphon, 140 B.C.; taken by Arabs, 635; by Baldwin, 1111; re-captured by Saladin, 1187; by Turks, 1763. Lamartine's only daughter died here, 1832. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Bhadaur=, Punjab. 30N. 75E. F. by Sirdar Dunna Singh, 1718; res. of Bhadaur chiefs.

=Bhagalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Contains famous Jain temples, and native monument to Augustus Cleveland.

=Bhagwangola=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Unsuccessfully besieged by Mahrattas, 1743; burnt by Mahrattas, 1750. Temporary res. of Surajah Dowlah.

=Bhainsrorgarh=, Rajputana. 25N. 76E. Said to have been f. by Bhainsa Sah; captured by Ala-ud-din, c. 1303.

=Bhanpura=, Rajputana. 25N. 76E. Res. and burial-place of Jaswant Rao Holkar.

=Bhartpur= ('city of Bhurat'), Rajputana. 27N. 78E. Unsuccessfully stormed by Lord Lake, 1805; taken by Lord Combermere, 1826. Under British administration, 1853. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Bhatner=, Punjab. 30N. 74E. Captured and partially destroyed by Tamerlane, 1398.

=Bhilsa=, Rajputana. 24N. 78E. Contains mosques built by Akbar, 1583; by Aurungzebe, 1682. Plundered by Altamsh, 1235; seized by Ala-ud-din, 1290.

=Bhojpur=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Contains stones bearing ancient carvings and inscription dating from c. 200 B.C.

=Bhubaneswar=, Bengal. 20N. 86E. Sacred city of the followers of Siva; of great antiquity.

=Bhuj=, Bombay. 23N. 70E. Taken by storm by Sir William Kier, 1819.

=Bidar=, Haidarabad. 18N. 78E. Captured by Ulugh Khan, 1321; by Aurungzebe, 1656.

=Biderra=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Colonel Forde conquered Dutch under Colonel Roussel, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Bijanagur= ('city of triumph'), Madras. 16N. 77E. F. in 1336; destroyed by Mohammedan kings, 1564. Contains temples made of granite.

=Bijapur= ('city of victory'), Bombay. 17N. 76E. Taken by Aurungzebe, 1686; given to Rajah of Satara by British, 1818.

=Bilsa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Remarkable Buddhist remains discovered by English travellers, 1822; contains tomb of Mussulman, Djelal-ed-din Bhokhary.

=Bimlipatam=, Madras. 18N. 83E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1754; ceded to British by Dutch, 1825.

=Bindraban=, Bengal. 26N. 88E. Krishna is supposed to have passed his childhood here, and several temples are erected in his honour.

=Birsinha=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, writer of 'Sitar Banabas.'

=Bisauli=, United Provs. 28N. 79E. Res. and burial-place of Dunde Khan.

=Bithur=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. One of chief centres of worship of Brahma. Nana Sahib here defeated by Havelock during Mutiny, 1857.

=Bitlis=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 42E. Supposed to have been f. by Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 648. Scene of defeat of Solyman by Persians, 1554.

=Blagovieshtchensk= ('city of the annunciation'), Siberia. 50N. 146E. F. in 1856; capital of Amur district, 1858. Attacked unsuccessfully by Chinese, 1900. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Boca Tigris= ('the tiger's mouth'), China. 23N. 114E. Entrance to the Canton river, containing fortified islands taken by British, 1841, 1856.

=Bodinayakkanur=, Madras. 10N. 77E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1776.

=Bokhara= ('a church'), Turkestan. 40N. 65E. Burnt by Djenghis-Khan, 1221. Contains 360 mosques and many colleges. Scene of youth of Zelica and Azim in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'

=Bombay=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Ceded to Portugal, 1530; part of marriage-portion of Catherine of Portugal, 1661; British established themselves here, 1666.

=Borsad=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Res. of Rangoji, 1741; here made prisoner, 1748.

=Botad=, Bombay. 22N. 72E. Town near which is tomb of Pir Hamir Khan, Mussulman saint.

=Brahmakund=, Bengal. 28N. 96E. Pool which was the scene of an incident in which Parasu Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, took part.

=Brahmapuri=, Bombay. 18N. 76E. Res. of Aurungzebe from 1695 to 1700.

=Brahmini=, Bengal. 21N. 86E. Famous as scene of wooing of Matsya Gandha, mother of alleged compiler of 'Mahabharata' and the Vedas.

=Broach=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Captured by British, 1772; ceded to Scindia, 1783; re-captured by British, 1803.

=Brusa=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 29E. Former capital of Bithynia. F. by Prusus II., King of Bithynia. Captured by Sultan Orkhan of Turkey, 1326; plundered by Tartars, 1402; suffered from earthquakes, 1855.

=Budaun=, United Provs. 28N. 78E. Supposed to have been f. c. 905. Seized by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; joined in Mutiny, 1857. Res. of Ala-ud-din.

=Buddha-Gaya=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Formerly centre of worship of Buddha, and contains sacred pipal-tree under which Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood. Visited by Hieun Tsiang, 635.

=Budihaul=, Madras. 14N. 76E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1771, 1790.

=Budrum=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 27E. F. on site of ancient Halicarnassus. Contains a fortress built by the knights of Rhodes, 1402. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.

=Burhanpur=, Central Provs. 21N. 76E. F. by Nasir Khan, c. 1400; adorned by Akbar, 1600. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1685; captured by Wellesley, 1803.

=Buxar=, Bengal. 26N. 84E. Mir Kasim defeated by Sir Hector Munro, 1764. Of literary interest as res. of writers of Vedic hymns.

=Cæsarea=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Herod the Great on site of Strato's Tower. Famous in biblical history as city in which St. Peter preached to Cornelius, and St. Paul was incarcerated for two years. Vespasian became emperor, 69; Eusebius was bishop, 315-318; captured by Crusaders but regained by Saladin, 1101; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1265. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Calah=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. One of ancient capitals of Assyria; f. by Shalmaneser I., c. 1300 B.C.; rebuilt by Asurnazirpal, 880 B.C. Ruins discovered by Sir A. H. Layard, 1845.

=Calcutta=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Governor Job Charnock, 1686; Fort William established, 1696; besieged by Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, and captives imprisoned in the 'Black Hole,' 1756; recaptured by Clive, 1757; chief seat of British government, 1773. (See Kipling's 'City of Dreadful Night.')

=Calicut=, Madras. 11N. 76E. Covilham landed here, 1486; Vasco da Gama, 1498; Captain Keeling, 1615. Don Fernando Coutinho repulsed, 1509; devastated by Hyder Ali, 1765; taken by British, 1782; by Tippoo Sahib, 1788; re-taken by British, 1790. (See Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Cambay=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Taken by General Goddard, 1780; given to Mahrattas, 1783; ceded to British, 1803. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Cana=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Famous in biblical history as scene of Christ's first miracle. Bp. of his disciple Simon.

=Cannanore=, Madras. 12N. 75E. Visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498.

=Canton=, China. 23N. 113E. Bogue forts captured by British, 1841; city occupied by French and British forces, 1857. (See Little's 'Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Capernaum= ('village of Nahum'), Palestine. 33N. 36E. City in which Christ resided, and performed many miracles; home of St. Matthew. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Carchemish=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Captured by Tiglath-pileser I., c. 1120 B.C.; Josiah killed by Necho II. of Egypt, 609 B.C.; Necho vanquished by Nebuchadnezzar, 605 B.C.

=Carmel=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Mountain on which Elijah slaughtered the priests of Baal. Napoleon used one of the monasteries situated here as a hospital, 1799. Visited by Lamartine, 1832.

=Cawnpur= ('city of Krishna'), United Provs. 26N. 80E. Scene of the massacre of Europeans by Nana Sahib during Mutiny, 1857. (See Trevelyan's 'Cawnpore.')

=Cayster=, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. River made famous by Virgil in the 'Georgics' and Ovid in the 'Metamorphoses.' Remains of Ephesus are near its mouth.

=Celebes=, Malay Archipelago. 4S. 121E. Discovered by Portuguese, 1512; established fort at Macassar, 1525; driven out by Dutch, 1660; taken by British, but yielded to Dutch, 1814.

=Ceylon=, Indian Ocean. 8N. 81E. Visited by Portuguese, 1505; driven from island by Dutch, 1658; ceded to Britain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802; annexed, 1815.

=Chakan=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Captured by Malik Ahmad, 1486; by Shaista Khan, 1662; by Lieut.-Col. Deacon, 1818.

=Chakdaha=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Karta Baba, who f. the Kartabhaja sect.

=Champaner=, Bombay. 22N. 74E. Taken by Mahmoud Begara, 1484; plundered by Humayun, 1535.

=Chanar=, United Provs. 25N. 83E. Supposed to have been f. by Bhartrinath. Taken by Humayun, 1537; by Akbar, 1575; attempted seizure by Major Munro, 1763. Near fort is tomb of Saint Shah Kasim Sulaimani.

=Chandaur=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Taken by the Mogols, 1635; by Aurungzebe, 1665; by Colonel Wallace, 1804; British possession, 1818.

=Chanderi=, Central India. 25N. 78E. Seized by Ghiyas-ud-din, 1251; by Mahmoud Khilji I., 1438; by Jean Baptiste Filose, 1811; by Sir Hugh Rose, 1858.

=Chandernagore= ('city of the moon'), Bengal. 23N. 88E. Ceded to French by Aurungzebe, 1688; taken by British, 1757; restored to French, 1816.

=Chandragiri=, Madras. 14N. 79E. Said to have been f. by Immadi Narashima Yadava Rayalu, 1000. Res. of deposed Vijayanagar kings. Conquered by Hyder Ali, 1782.

=Charsadda=, Punjab. 34N. 72E. Mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian; visited by Hieun Tsiang.

=Chaul=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1516; pillaged by Gujerat troops, 1529; Ahmadnagar army defeated by Portuguese, 1594; taken by Mahrattas, 1740.

=Chemulpo=, Korea. 37N. 127E. In Russian-Japanese war, Russians defeated by Admiral Urin, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')

=Chengalput=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Timmarajah. Captured by French, 1751; by Clive, 1752; place of refuge of British troops, 1780.

=Chetwai=, Madras. 11N. 76E. Occupied by Dutch, 1717; taken by Hyder Ali, 1776; British possession, 1790.

=Chhapia=, United Provs. 27N. 82E. Bp. of Swami Narayan, incarnation of Krishna.

=Chidambaram= ('the atmosphere of wisdom'), Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken by French, 1753; unsuccessfully attacked by British, 1759; captured by Major Monson, 1760; unsuccessfully attacked by Sir Eyre Coote, 1781.

=Chi-fu=, China. 38N. 122E. Convention held between Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hung Chang, 1876; meeting-place of blockade runners, 1904-5.

=Chiknayakanhilli=, Madras. 13N. 77E. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1791. Burial-place of Dodda Deva Rajah.

=Chillianwallah=, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs defeated in doubtful battle by Lord Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Chinchvad=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Res. of Moroba, incarnation of Ganpati, and scene of his miracles.

=Chin-Kiang=, China. 35N. 108E. Partially destroyed by Tai-pings, 1853.

=Chinsurah=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Dutch, 1656; routed by British under Colonel Forde, 1758; occupied by British, 1795; restored to Dutch, 1814; ceded to British, 1825.

=Chitakul=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Captured by Portuguese, 1752; by Fazl-ullah Khan, 1763.

=Chitrakut=, United Provs. 25N. 81E. Mentioned in the 'Ramayana' as scene of wanderings of Rama and Sita, and here they were sought out by Bharat.

=Chittagong=, Burma. 22N. 92E. Visited by Portuguese, 1618; belonged to Mogol empire, 1666; taken by British, 1760.

=Chupni=, Bengal. 25N. 92E. Bp. of Akhay Kumar Datta, prose-writer of Bengal.

=Cnidus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Triopas. Famous for the worship of Venus. Near the coast of Cnidus Conon defeated the Spartan fleet, 314 B.C. Bp. of Eudoxus, Ctesias, and Sostratus.

=Cochin=, Madras. 10N. 76E. Taken from the Portuguese by Dutch, 1633; captured by British, 1795; ceded by treaty to British, 1814. Visited by Vasco da Gama, 1502; by St. Francis Xavier, 1530. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Coimbatore=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1799.

=Colgong=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Death of Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmoud, last king of Bengal, took place here, 1539.

=Colombo=, Ceylon. 7N. 80E. Taken by Portuguese, 1517; ousted by Dutch, 1603; conquered by British, 1796.

=Colophon=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Andracmon of Pylos or by Mopsus. Bp. of Homer, Mimnermus, and Nicander.

=Colossæ=, Asia Minor. 38N. 29E. Now represented by Khonas, bp. of Nicetas Khoniates. Mentioned by Xenophon and Herodotus. St. Paul sent a letter to its church during his imprisonment at Rome.

=Conjeveram=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Captured by Mussulmans, 1310, 1646; by Mahrattas, 1677; by Clive, 1752; burnt by French, 1757.

=Coringa=, Madras. 17N. 82E. Became British possession, 1759. Inundated and partially destroyed by ocean, 1787, 1832.

=Cossimbazar=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. British defeated by Surajah Dowlah, 1757. Contains tomb of first wife of Warren Hastings.

=Covelong=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Captured by French, 1750; by Clive, 1752.

=Cranganore=, Madras. 10N. 76E. Fortress erected by Portuguese, 1505; ceded to Dutch, 1660; sold to Rajah of Travancore.

=Cunaxa=, Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 44E. Cyrus the Younger killed here in a battle with his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, 401 B.C.

=Cydnus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 35E. River up which Cleopatra sailed to meet Antony.

=Cyprus=, Asiatic Turkey. 35N. 33E. Seat of worship of Aphrodite; bp. of Barnabas. Conquered by Arabs, 646; retaken by Greeks, 648; secured by Haroun-al-Raschid, 802; by Comnenus, 1184; ruled by Guy de Lusignan, 1193; occupied by Turks, 1570; ruled by British, 1878. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Dafar=, Arabia. 17N. 54E. Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo' as Dulfar.

=Damalcheruvu Pass=, Madras. 13N. 79E. Mahrattas defeated and killed Nawab Dost Ali, 1740.

=Daman=, Bombay. 20N. 73E. Portuguese possession since 1531.

=Damascus=, Syria. 34N. 36E. Supposed to have been f. by Uz. Conquered by David, by Jeroboam II., Tiglath-Pileser, Sennacherib, and Nebuchadnezzar. Subdued by Pompey, 64 B.C.; by Mohammedans, 635; conquered by Nureddin, 1154; Saladin died here, 1193; Egyptians defeated by Tamerlane, 1401; taken from Turks by Selim I., 1516; captured by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832; ceded to Turkey, 1840. Massacre of Jews, 1840; of Christians, 1860. The English historian Buckle died here. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Daminya=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of Mukunda Ram Chakrabarti.

=Daulatabad= ('abode of prosperity'), Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. F. by Bhillama I., c. 1187 A.D.; seized by Ala-ud-din Khilji, 1294; by Mohammedans, 1307, 1310; Rajah Harpal flayed alive, 1318; captured by Nijam Shakis from Bahmanis, 1526; from Emperor Akbar, 1595; taken by Malik Amber, 1607; by Shah Jahan, 1633; Abul Hasan imprisoned here by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Dead Sea=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Frequently mentioned in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Deglur=, Haidarabad. 19N. 78E. Contains tomb of Shah Zia-ud-din Rifai.

=Delhi=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Captured by Mohammedans, 1193; by Tamerlane, 1398; Sultan Baber established Mogol dynasty, 1526; burnt by Mahrattas, 1736; taken by Persians, who plundered it of treasures, including Koh-i-noor diamond, 1739; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1789; seized by Lord Lake, 1803; scene of terrible massacre of British in Mutiny, 1857; Durbar of Edward VII. held here, 1903; of George V., 1911. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters' and 'India through the Ages,' Madhu Sudan Datta's 'Captive Ladie,' Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.')

=Deogarh=, United Provs. 25N. 78E. Contains carvings dating from 1097. Captured by Colonel Baptiste, 1811.

=Deogurk=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Contains many temples to Siva, and is famous place of pilgrimage.

=Deraiyeh=, Arabia. 25N. 46E. Ancient capital of Wahabis; destroyed by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1818.

=Devanhalli=, Madras. 15N. 78E. F. in 1501; captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Bp. of Tippoo Sahib.

=Devikottai=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken from Pratap Singh by British, 1749; occupied by British garrison, 1760.

=Dhampur=, United Provs. 29N. 79E. Captured by Dunde Khan, c. 1750; by Amir Khan, 1805.

=Dhar=, Central India. 23N. 75E. Destroyed by Jaya Sinha, 1020; yielded to Aurungzebe, 1658. Bp. of Baji Rao II., and contains mausoleum of Abdullah Shah Changal, Mohammedan saint.

=Dharapuram=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Taken by Colonel Wood, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.

=Dharwar=, Bombay. 15N. 75E. Fort said to have been f. by Dhar Rao, 1403; captured by Ali Adil Shah, 1573; by Aurungzebe, 1685; by Hyder Ali, 1778; British possession, 1818.

=Dholka=, Bombay. 23N. 72E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1736; ceded to British, 1804.

=Dholpur= ('the town of Dholan'), Rajputana. 27N. 78E. Alleged to have been f. by Dholan Deo. Taken by Sikander Lodi, 1501; by Babar, 1526.

=Dhulia=, Bombay. 21N. 75E. Devastated by Holkar, 1803; British possession, 1818.

=Diarbekr=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 40E. F. on the site of ancient city of Amida. Fortified by Constantius, 340; captured by Persians, 502; by Arabs, 640; by Sultan Selim I., 1515.

=Dig=, Rajputana. 27N. 77E. Fell to Najaf Khan, 1776; General Frazer conquered Holkar in the vicinity, 1804.

=Dindigull=, Madras. 10N. 78E. Overcome by Rajah of Mysore, 1755; taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1783, but given back, 1784; ceded to British, 1792.

=Dipalpur=, Punjab. 31N. 74E. Conquered by Tamerlane, 1398; besieged by Babar, 1524; by Mahrattas, 1758.

=Diu=, Bombay. 21N. 71E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1515; fortified, 1535; plundered by Arabs, 1670.

=Dolon-nor=, Mongolia. 42N. 116E. Contains many Buddhist temples, and the ruins of Changtou described by Marco Polo are near this city.

=Dondra Head= ('island's end'), Ceylon. 6N. 80E. Most southernly point of island, considered sacred by the Hindus. Ibn Batouka, the Arabian geographer, visited this place, 1344. Destroyed by Portuguese, 1587.

=Dumdum=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Scene of Sepoy rising in Mutiny, 1857.

=Dwarka=, Bombay. 22N. 69E. Taken by British, 1816. Associated with Krishna, and sometimes said to be his birthplace.

=Ecbatana= ('an assembly'), Persia. 35N. 48E. Ancient capital of Media, supposed to have been f. by Deioces, c. 705 B.C.; now known as Hamadan. Conquered and plundered by Seleucus, 313; by Alexander, 331 B.C. Contains tombs alleged to be those of Mordecai and Esther, also mosque of Avicenna.

=Efsene=, Turkestan. 40N. 65E. Bp. of Avicenna, Persian philosopher and physician.

=Ekron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city of Philistia, frequently mentioned in the Bible. Taken by Thothmes III., c. 1500 B.C.; by Sennacherib, 701 B.C.

=Elburz=, Persia. 37N. 50E. Mountains, on one of which Saum exposed his son Zalzer. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')

=El Elah=, Arabia. 26N. 39E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Elephanta=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Sacred island in Hindu mythology, containing many temples.

=Ellichpur=, Berar. 21N. 77E. F. by Rajah Ellon. Besieged by Mahrattas, 1772; taken by Ala-Eddin, 1794.

=Ellora=, Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. Contains wonderful temples to Buddha hewn out of rock. The Kailasa temple possesses sculptures of scenes from the 'Ramayana' and the 'Mahabharata.'

=Endor=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Place where witch summoned before Saul the spirit of Samuel, who foretold his defeat and death.

=Engedi= ('goat's spring'), Palestine. 31N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially as the wilderness to which David fled from Saul. Pliny refers to it as a ruin.

=Enoshima=, Japan. 35N. 140E. An island near Yokohama containing celebrated shrine. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Ephesus=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Said to have been f. by Amazons, or by Androcles, son of Codrus. Taken by the Arabs from the Persians, 1283. Famous as a sacred city of Artemis. The first Christian church established here, of which Timothy was bishop. John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary are said to have died in this city. Bp. of Heraclitus, Hermodorus, Hipponax, and Parrhasius. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')

=Erbil=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 44E. Darius finally defeated by Alexander, 331 B.C.

=Erivan=, Transcaucasia. 40N. 45E. Taken by the Turks 1582; by Shah Abbas, 1604; stormed by Turks, 1615; unsuccessfully attacked by Heraclius, 1780; by Russians, 1804; taken by Paskevich, 1827; ceded to Russia, 1828. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1679. (See Bodenstedt's 'Tausend und ein Tage im Orient' for Tatar poem in celebration of Russian victory.)

=Erode=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Captured by British, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.

=Erzerum=, Turkish Armenia. 40N. 41E. Taken by Seljuks, 1201; by Mogols, 1242; by Turks, 1517; by Russians, 1828, 1878; but restored to Turks, 1878. Experienced severe earthquake, 1859.

=Erzingan=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 40E. Home of St. Gregory. Greatly suffered from earthquake, 1774.

=Esdraelon= ('God has sown'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Plain frequently occurring in biblical history, notably at the time of Barak's defeat of Sisera, Gideon's victory over Midianites, and Philistines over Saul, also in the time of Ahab.

=Eskishehr=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 30E. Contains several tombs of Mohammedan saints. Near the city Godfrey of Bouillon defeated Soliman.

=Etchmiadsin=, Transcaucasia. 40N. 44E. Ecclesiastical capital of Armenia, with famous monastery. Taken by Russians during Russo-Persian war, 1827; ceded to Russians, 1828.

=Euphrates=, Asiatic Turkey. 30N. 48E. Most important river of the world. One of the four rivers of Eden; on its banks Nimrod f. the Babylonian empire, and the Old Testament patriarchs dwelt.

=Eurymedon=, Asia Minor. 37N. 31E. River at whose mouth Persians were defeated by Cimon, 466 B.C.

=Everest=, Mount, Nepal. 28N. 87E. Highest known peak in the world, the altitude of which was discovered by Sir George Everest, 1841; named in his honour by Sir Andrew Waugh, 1856.

=Falta=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. Scene of British retreat after capture of Calcutta, 1756.

=Famagousta=, Cyprus. 35N. 34E. F. by Ptolemy Philadelphus. Taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191; Guy de Lusignan crowned here. Captured by Genoese, 1376; yielded to Turks, 1571.

=Fatehgarh=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. F. by Nawab Mohammed Khan, c. 1714; stormed by Mahrattas, 1751; Lord Lake defeated Holkar, 1804.

=Ferozeshah=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Hardinge defeated Sikhs, 1845. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Firospur= ('city of Firuz'), Punjab. 28N. 77E. Battle fought between Sikhs and British, which gave Punjab to Britain, 1845.

=Formosa= ('beautiful'), China. 24N. 121E. Portuguese landed, 1590. Dutch f. Fort Zelandia, 1624; withdrew, 1662. Attached to China, 1683; opened to foreigners, 1858; Anping and Zelandia occupied by British, 1868, but restored to China; island invaded by Japanese, 1874; captured by French, 1884; ceded by China to Japan, 1895. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Fort St. David=, Madras. 12N. 80E. F. by Hindu, Chinnia Chetti; purchased by British, 1690; Clive became its governor, 1756; captured by French under Lally, 1758; given up, 1760; recaptured, 1782; restored to British, 1785.

=Fu-chau= ('happy region'), China. 26N. 119E. The walled capital of Fu-kien. Open to foreign trade, 1842; contains an arsenal constructed by two Frenchmen, 1867; bombarded by French, 1884.

=Fuji Yama=, Japan. 35N. 139E. Supposed to have sprung up in a single night, 285 B.C. Highest mountain in Japan, held in religious veneration, famous in legend, poetry, and art. It is volcanic, the last outbreak taking place in 1707. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Fulia=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Krittibas, translator into Bengali of 'Ramayana.'

=Furruckabad= ('happy abode'), Bengal. 25N. 88E. Lord Lake defeated Mahratta Holkar, 1805.

=Futtehghur=, Rajputana. 26N. 75E. Nearly entire European inhabitants massacred, 1857.

=Futtipur-Sikri= ('city of victory'), United Provs. 27N. 78E. F. by Akbar, 1570. Res. and burial-place of Saint Salim Chishti. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'Prince of Dreamers.')

=Fyzabad=, Afghanistan. 37N. 70E. Destroyed by Murad Beg, 1829; rebuilt by Faiz Muhammed Khan, 1865.

=Galle=, Ceylon. 6N. 80E. F. by Portuguese, 1518; taken by Dutch, 1642; by British, 1796.

=Galna=, Bombay. 21N. 75E. Pillaged by Sivaji, 1679; captured by Aurungzebe, 1705; by Colonel Wallace, 1804.

=Gamala=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Unsuccessfully besieged by Agrippa; captured by Vespasian in Jewish war, 66-70.

=Gaur=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Ancient capital of Bengal. Seized by Mohammedans, 1204; embellished by Akbar, 1575. (See Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire,' 7th story.)

=Gaya=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Sacred city of the Buddhists, being the bp. of Buddha.

=Gaza=, Palestine. 32N. 34E. City from which Samson is said to have taken the gates. Burnt by Syrian king, Alexander Jannæus, 96 B.C.; captured by Omar, 634; occupied by Templars, 1152; taken by Saladin, 1187. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Gerasa=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Taken by Alexander Jannæus, 83 B.C.; rebuilt by Romans, 65 B.C.

=Gethsemane=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Scene of Christ's vigil on the eve of his crucifixion. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Ghaziabad=, United Provs. 29N. 77E. F. by Ghazi-ud-din, 1740. Suraj Mal killed by Rohillas, 1763.

=Ghazipur=, United Provs. 26N. 84E. Capital of district of Ghazipur; contains many magnificent ruins. Lord Cornwallis died here, 1805. (See Kipling's 'In an Opium Factory.')

=Ghazni=, Afghanistan. 34N. 68E. Seized by Nadir Shah, 1738; by Lord Keane, 1839; by General Nutt, 1842. Contains tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, 1030.

=Gheriah=, Bombay. 17N. 73E. Bombarded by British fleet under Admiral Watson, and captured by Clive, 1756; British possession, 1818.

=Ghodbandar=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Mahrattas unsuccessfully stormed town, 1672; captured from Portuguese, 1737.

=Ghoraghat=, Bengal. 25N. 89E. Mentioned in the 'Mahabharata' as place of refuge of Virat Rajah.

=Gibeah=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Res. of King Saul, and alleged to be his birthplace.

=Gibeon=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Famous in Old Testament history, especially for Joshua's defence of the city against the Amorites.

=Gilboa=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Range of hills, on one of which King Saul and his three sons were killed in battle.

=Gingi=, Madras. 12N. 79E. Captured by Bandaullah Khan, 1638; by Sivaji, 1677; besieged for eight years by Zulfikar Khan, 1690; taken by French, 1750; by British, 1761; abandoned to Hyder Ali, 1780.

=Giria=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Celebrated for defeat of Sarfaraz Khan, 1740; and Mir Kasim, 1763.

=Giridhi=, Bengal. 24N. 86E. Centre of Karharbari coal-fields, and described in Kipling's 'Giridih Coal-Fields.'

=Goa=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Taken by Mohammedans, 1469; by Albuquerque, 1510; by British, 1807; recaptured by Portuguese, 1815. Contains tomb of St. Francis Xavier. (See Marryat's 'Phantom Ship,' Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Gobardanga=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Alleged place where Krishna guarded his flocks.

=Gobardhan=, Rajputana. 27N. 77E. Said to have been a favourite res. of Krishna.

=Gokana=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Contains tomb of Saint Shah Zia-ud-din Mohammed.

=Gokarn=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Place of pilgrimage for Hindus; mentioned in 'Mahabharata' and 'Ramayana.'

=Golconda=, Haidarabad. 18N. 78E. A ruined city, f. by Rajah of Warangal; destroyed by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Gooruncondah= ('horse-hill'), Madras. 14N. 79E. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1768; yielded to Trimbak Rao, 1771; captured by Tippoo Sahib, 1773; British possession, 1800.

=Granicus=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. River on the banks of which Alexander the Great first defeated the Persians, 334 B.C.; Lucullus defeated Mithridates, 74 B.C.

=Gujranwala=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Bp. of Ranjit Singh, and burial-place of his father and of himself.

=Gujrat=, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs conquered by Sir Hugh Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Gulbarga=, Haidarabad. 17N. 77E. Taken by Zafar Khan, 1347; by Mir Jumla, 1657. Contains tomb of Khwaja Band Nawaz, Mussulman saint.

=Gumush-Khaneh= ('place of silver'), Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 38E. Pasha of Trebizond defeated by Russians, 1829.

=Gutti=, Madras. 15N. 78E. Res. of Morari Rao. Fell to Hyder Ali, 1775; British possession, 1800.

=Gwalior=, Central India. 26N. 78E. Contains palace of Man Singh, f. 1486, and Victoria College; also tombs of Sheik Mohammed Ghaus and of Tan Sen. Maharajah faithful to England, though his army rebelled during Mutiny, 1857.

=Haidarabad=, Haidarabad. 17N. 79E. Capital of the Nizam's dominions; f. by Cuttub-Shah, 1585. Taken and plundered by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Hakata=, Japan. 34N. 130E. Formerly an independent town; now forming part of Tukuoka. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East.')

=Halicarnassus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Mausoleum erected here by Artemisia in honour of her husband, Mausolus. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.

=Hamadan=, Persia. 35N. 48E. F. on the site of ancient Ecbatana, containing tombs alleged to be of Mordecai and Esther, also those of Avicenna, Attar, and Abul-Hasi.

=Hamah=, Syria. 35N. 37E. Often mentioned in the Old Testament. Fell into the hands of Tancred, 1108; of Togtekin, 1115; of Saladin, 1178. Abulfeda, the Arabian geographer, was emir, 1342-54.

=Hami=, China. 43N. 94E. Described in the 'Travels of Marco Polo.'

=Hang-Chau=, China. 30N. 120E. Capital of Che-kiang. Visited by Marco Polo and Barrow. Successfully stormed by Taiping rebels, 1861; open to foreign trade and res., 1896. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Han-kau= ('Han-mouth'), China. 31N. 114E. Greatest commercial city of empire; mentioned by F. J. Little in 'The Far East.'

=Hanoi= ('within the river'), Indo-China. 21N. 106E. F. by a Chinese governor, c. 767, became capital of Annam. Citadel built in 808. Contains a colossal Buddha, also statue to Paul Bert. French possession since 1882. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Hansi=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Alleged to have been f. by Anang Pal. Seized by Masud, 1036; by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192. Contains tomb of Kulb Jamal-ud-din.

=Hanumangarh=, Rajputana. 30N. 74E. Tamerlane defeated by Dul Chand, 1398; taken by Kamran, 1549.

=Harbin=, Manchuria. 46N. 127E. Military base of Russians during Russo-Japanese War. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Hardwar= ('gate of Vishnu'), United Provs. 30N. 78E. Famous resort of pilgrims; battle between two rival sects, 1760; terrible epidemic of cholera, 1847.

=Harnai=, Bombay. 18N. 73E. Attacked by Commodore James, 1755; captured by Colonel Kennedy, 1818.

=Hattia=, Bengal. 23N. 91E. Captured by Portuguese pirates, 1607. Destroyed by cyclone, 1876.

=Hayil=, Arabia. 28N. 42E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Hebron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially in connection with David. Traditionally supposed to have been f. by Adam. The cave of Macpelah reputed to be here, containing Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah. The tombs are shown of Ruth, Jesse, and Abner. Conquered by Saladin, 1187; destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha, 1834 and 1837. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Hei-ku-tai=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Seized by the Russians, 1904.

=Herat=, Afghanistan. 34N. 62E. Foundation attributed to Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 661; by Nadir Shah, 1730; Persians defeated by British, 1837; fell to Yar Mohammed Khan, 1842; to Dost Mohammed, 1862. (See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')

=Heshbon=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Mentioned in the Bible, and described by C. M. Doughty in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Hikone=, Japan. 35N. 137E. Contains remains of ancient Daimio castle. Battle of Sekigahare fought near here, 1600.

=Hinomizaki=, Japan. 35N. 132E. Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'

=Hissar=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. F. by Firoz Shah Tughlak, 1356; captured by the adventurer, George Thomas, 1783; mutinied 1857.

=Homs=, Syria. 35N. 37E. Aurelian conquered Zenobia, 272; city captured by Saracens, 636; by Crusaders, 1099; Turks defeated by Ibrahim Pasha in command of Egyptian forces, 1832. Bp. of Heliogabalus. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Honawar=, Bombay. 14N. 74E. Visited by Ibn Batatu, 1342. Occupied by Portuguese, 1505; captured by British, 1783, 1799.

=Hong-Kong= ('fragrant streams'), China. 22N. 114E. Occupied by British troops, 1841; ceded to Britain, 1842. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Hor= ('mountain'), Arabia Petræa. 30N. 36E. Mountain on which tradition relates the death of Aaron took place.

=Horeb=, Arabia Petræa. 29N. 34E. Mountain on which Moses is said to have seen the burning bush, and to which Elijah fled from Jezebel. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Hsi-ngan= ('west tranquil city'), China. 34N. 109E. Visited by Marco Polo; contains oldest mosque in China and tablet with Chinese and Syriac inscription dating from 781. Emperor and dowager empress sought refuge here, 1900.

=Hubli= ('old village'), Bombay. 15N. 75E. Captured by Muazzam, 1685; by General Munro, 1818.

=Hue=, Indo-China. 16N. 108E. Capital of Annam; forts taken by French, 1883. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Hugli=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. F. by Portuguese, 1537; besieged by Shah Jahan, 1629; Mohammedans made it royal port, 1632; East India Company established factory, 1640; destroyed by fire, 1685.

=Ida=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. Range of mountains celebrated by Homer. In them the Simois, Granicus and Scamander had their origin, and Troy lay in the valley. Supposed scene of rape of Ganymede and judgment of Paris.

=Ipsus=, Asia Minor. 39N. 31E. Seleucus and Lysimachus conquered Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, 301 B.C. or 300 B.C.

=Irkutsk=, Siberia. 52N. 104E. F. by Cossacks, 1653; proclaimed town, and first church built, 1686; government headquarters, 1736; devastated by fire, 1879. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Isker=, Siberia. 58N. 67E. Captured by Russians under Yermak, 1579.

=Ismid=, Asia Minor. 41N. 30E. Formerly capital of Bithynia under name of Nicomedia; given to the Romans by Nicomede III. Destroyed by Goths, and by earthquake, 358. Taken by Turks, 1326.

=Isnik=, Asia Minor. 40N. 30E. F. by Antigone. Nicene creed formed here by a council held against Arius, 325.

=Ispahan=, Persia. 33N. 52E. Said to have been f. by Jews who were taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar; former capital of Persia. Tamerlane massacred the inhabitants, 1392; besieged and plundered by Afghans, 1722; re-taken by Nadir Shah, 1729. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Issus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 36E. Alexander the Great conquered Darius in a decisive battle, 333 B.C.; Septimus Severus defeated Niger, 194; Heraclius overthrew Persians, 622.

=Istalif=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Destroyed by British, 1842.

=Jabbok= ('copious river'), Palestine. 32N. 36E. River on the banks of which Jacob is supposed to have wrestled with an angel. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')

=Jaffa=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Celebrated in heathen mythology as the scene of the adventure of Perseus and Andromeda, in Scripture history as the port from which Jonas embarked and city in which Peter raised Tabitha. Cæsar yielded town to the Jews, but it returned to Rome, 6; taken by El-Malik el-Adil, Saladin's brother, 1188; ceded to Christians, 1204; restored by Frederick II., 1228; fortified by St. Louis, 1252; dismantled by Beybars, 1267; taken by Napoleon, 1799; by Mehemet Ali, 1832; by Turks, 1840. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1838. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Jalalabad=, Afghanistan. 34N. 70E. F. by Akbar, 1570. Sir Robert Sale made a successful resistance against Afghans, 1842.

=Jalandhar=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Visited by Hiuen Tsiang. Destroyed by Sikhs, 1757; taken by Ranjit Singh, 1811.

=Jamalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Chief locomotive centre of East Indian Railway, described by Kipling in 'Among the Railway Folk.'

=Jaypur=, Rajputana. 27N. 76E. F. by Sawai Jai Singh, 1728; greatest city of Rajputana. (See Kipling's 'Letters of Marque.')

=Jericho=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city frequently mentioned in biblical history, and also by Josephus and Strabo. It was destroyed by Joshua, but rebuilt in Ahab's reign. Here Christ healed blind Bartimæus. (See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Jerusalem=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient capital of Palestine, mentioned in Egyptian record c. 1400 B.C. Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, 586 B.C.; Jews permitted to return by Cyrus, 536 B.C.; Jews massacred by Antiochus IV., 168 B.C.; fortified by Judas Maccabæus, 165 B.C.; captured by Pompey, 63 B.C.; taken and destroyed by Titus, 70; new city f. by Hadrian, 71; Godfrey de Bouillon reigned, 1099; passed into hands of Ottoman Turks, 1516. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Firdausi's 'Sha Name,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Jezreel= ('God sows'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. A town near which Saul fell in battle, containing the res. of Jezebel and Ahab.

=Jhansi=, Central India. 26N. 79E. F. by Bir Singh Deo. Massacre of Europeans in the Mutiny, 1857.

=Jhelum=, Punjab. 31N. 72E. The Hydaspes of classical literature, on the banks of which Alexander the Great defeated the Indian chief Porus.

=Jidda=, Arabia. 22N. 39E. Taken by Turks, 1840; massacre of Christian missionaries, 1858. Contains supposed tomb of Eve. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')

=Jind=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Attacked by Gajpat Singh, 1755; Rahim Dad Khan here met his death, 1775.

=Joonir=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. F. by Malik-ut-Tujar, 1436; pillaged by Sivaji, 1657.

=Jordan=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Chief river of Palestine, of which mention occurs frequently in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Jugduluk=, Afghanistan. 35N. 70E. British troops massacred, 1842.

=Kabbaldurga=, Madras. 12N. 77E. Chama Rajah imprisoned here in 1734, and Morari Rao by Hyder Ali.

=Kabul=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739; by British, 1839; massacre of British soldiers, 1842; retaken by British, 1842; by Shere Ali, 1868; massacre of Major Cavagnari, 1879; Lord Roberts subdued city in his campaign, 1878-80. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')

=Kagoshima=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Destroyed by British fleet, 1863; Satsuma Rebellion had its origin here, but was crushed, 1877.

=Kaithal=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Contains tomb of Mohammedan saint Salah-ud-din of Balkh. Captured by Bhai Desu Singh, 1767.

=Kalat=, Baluchistan. 29N. 67E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1758; captured by British, 1839.

=Kalgan=, China. 41N. 115E. Walled city mentioned by A. J. Little in 'The Far East.'

=Kallinjar=, Bengal. 25N. 80E. Connected with worship of Siva. Attacked by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1023; captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1203; besieged by Humayun, 1530; taken by Akbar, 1569; by British, 1812.

=Kalpi=, United Provs. 26N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Basdeo. Captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; by Humayun, 1527; by British, 1798.

=Kalyan=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Captured by Portuguese, 1536; by Mohammedans, 1660; by British, 1780.

=Kamagawa=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Town at which treaty was signed opening Japan to Europeans, 1854.

=Kamakura=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Former capital of Shogunate, and contains colossal statue of Buddha. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Kampil=, Bengal. 28N. 79E. Mentioned in 'Mahabharata' as scene of wedding of Draupadi.

=Kan-chow=, China. 39N. 101E. Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo.'

=Kanchrapara=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. Bp. of Iswar Chandra Gupta.

=Kandahar=, Afghanistan. 32N. 66E. F. by Ahmed Shah, 1747, near site of city f. by Alexander the Great, 330 B.C. Taken by British, 1839, 1879. Stormed by Ayub Khan, but relieved by Lord Roberts, 1880.

=Kandy=, Ceylon. 7N. 81E. Contained temple in which was supposed to be a tooth of Buddha; destroyed by Portuguese. Capital of Ceylon, 1592; taken by Portuguese, 1796; entered by British, 1803; became British possession, 1815.

=Kang-hwa= ('river-flower'), Korea. 38N. 127E. Plundered by French under Admiral Roze, 1866; attacked by Americans, 1871; peace established by treaty, 1875.

=Kangra=, Punjab. 32N. 76E. Pillaged by Firoz Shah, 1360; taken by Sansar Chand, 1785.

=Kapilavastu=, Nepal. 28N. 83E. Site of city not definitely known, but was ancient capital of Sakyas, and bp. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')

=Karachi=, Sind. 25N. 67E. F. in 1725; ceded by Talpur Amirs to British, 1842.

=Karakoram=, China. 46N. 102E. Said to be ancient capital of Genghis Khan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Karazan=, China. 25N. 103E. Capital of province of Yun-Nan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Karikal=, Madras, 11N. 80E. Ceded to French by Rajah of Tanjaur, 1739; seized by British, 1803; restored to French, 1814.

=Karnal=, Punjab. 30N. 77E. Contains tomb of Bu-Ali Kalandar. Pillaged by Ibrahim Husain Mirza, 1573; captured by Mahrattas, 1787; by British, 1805.

=Kars=, Armenia. 41N. 43E. Taken by Turks, 1546; fortified, 1579; conquered by Persians, 1744; by Russians, under Paskevitch, 1828; Ismael Pasha and General Williams held it unsuccessfully against Russians, 1855; stormed by Russians, 1877; and ceded to them, 1878.

=Karur= ('embryo town'), Madras. 11N. 78E. Seized by British, 1760; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.

=Kashgar=, Eastern Turkestan. 39N. 76E. Rebelled against China, and became capital of Yakub Beg's dominions, 1865; retaken by Chinese, 1877. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Kashmir, Vale of=, Kashmir. 34N. 75E. Scene of the story of 'The Light of the Haram' in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'

=Kasur=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. Alleged to have been f. by Kusa, son of Rama. Besieged by Bhangi chiefs, 1763, 1770; Ranjit Singh defeated Kutb-ud-din Khan, 1807.

=Katwa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Sacred town as res. of apostle Chaitanya.

=Kaveripak=, Madras. 13N. 79E. Rajah Sahib and French defeated by Clive, 1752. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Kaveripatnam=, Madras. 12N. 78E. Taken from Hyder Ali by British, 1767.

=Kendubilwa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Bp. and burial-place of Jayadeva, composer of 'Gita Govinda.' (See R. C. Dutt's 'Lit. of Bengal.')

=Kerbela=, Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 44E. Hosein, son of Caliph Ali, killed in battle with rival Yazid, 680; chief building of the city, visited by many pilgrims, is mosque containing Hosein's tomb. Subdued by Turks, 1843.

=Kerkouk=, Kurdistan. 35N. 44E. Stormed and taken by Nadir Shah, 1741. Tomb is shown supposed to be of Daniel and other 'children of the furnace.'

=Kerman=, Persia. 30N. 56E. Taken and plundered by Mahomed Khan, 1794.

=Khaiba=, Arabia. 26N. 40E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Khaiber Pass=, Afghanistan. 34N. 71E. In Afghan wars opposition to British passage overcome, 1839; terrible loss encountered in retreat, 1842; held by neighbouring Afridis, 1879.

=Khatmandu=, Nepal. 28N. 85E. Believed to have been f. c. 723. Massacre of British, 1846.

=Khios=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 26E. Famous as bp. of Ion, Theocritus, and Theopompus; contained the 'school of Homer.'

=Khiva=, Russian Turkestan. 42N. 60E. Captured by Russians under General Kaufmann, 1873. (See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')

=Khuldabad=, Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. Contains many tombs of famous men, among others those of Nasir Jang and Aurungzebe.

=Kiakhta=, Siberia. 50N. 107E. Described by Bishop Sheepshanks in 'My Life in Mongolia and Siberia.'

=Kidron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Valley which was the scene of many incidents in biblical narratives; David crossed the River Kidron when fleeing from Absalom. Believed will be scene of Last Judgment. Mentioned by Jerome and Eusebius.

=Kin-chau=, Manchuria. 39N. 121E. Japanese defeated Russians, 1904.

=King-te-shen=, China. 29N. 117E. Partially destroyed by Tai-ping rebels, 1855.

=Kioto=, Japan. 35N. 136E. F. by Kuwammu. Former capital of Japan. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Kirtipur=, Punjab. 32N. 75E. Nanek, founder of Sikh religion, and compiler of 'Adi-Granth' died here.

=Kishon=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Scene of defeat of Sisera, and Elijah's destruction of the prophets of Baal. Battle fought on banks of river between Turks and French, 1799.

=Kizuki=, Japan. 35N. 133E. Great centre of Shinto religion in Japan. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')