Chapter C: MARINÆ. Four genera (2)

Shell very thin, transparent, symmetrical, convex below, flat above, valves unequal, form tricuspidated, cleft at the sides, open like a cleft anteriorly, and tridentated posteriorly; summit truncated.

Hyalæa tridentata.
Hyalæa cuspidata.

_H. tridentata._ The three-toothed Hyalæa.

Transparent, horn-coloured, globular; tridentated posteriorly; summit and two posterior sides open; finely striated transversely.

2. Clio. Has no Shell. Two species.

Clio Borealis.
Clio Australis.

3. Cleodora. Two species.

Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, transparent, in shape of a reversed pyramid or lanceolate truncated, only open at the summit.

Cleodora pyramidata.
Cleodora caudata.

_C. pyramidata._ The pyramidal Cleodora.

Like a pyramid, triangular, thin, transparent; aperture obliquely truncated.

4. Limacina. One species.

Shell papyraceous, very fragile, planorbis form, sub-carinated, involuted rather obliquely, in such a manner as to be deeply and largely umbilicated on one side, and the spine slightly projecting and pointed on the other; aperture large, entire.

_L. helicialis._ The Helix-like Limacina.

Thin, fragile, spiral; the volutions united in a discoid form.

5. Cymbulia. The Slipper. One species.

Shell or case cartilaginous, transparent, conical posteriorly where the animal adheres, and prolonged above like a long hollow semi-cylinder, under which the animal can take shelter.

_C. Peronii._ Peron’s Cymbulia.

Shell shaped like a shoe, somewhat gelatinous or cartilaginous, very transparent crystalline, oblong pointed at the vertex, truncated at the base.

6. Pneumodermon. Has no shell. One species.

P. Peronii.

FAMILY II.
PHYLLIDIACEA. Four genera.

1. Phyllidia. Three species.

The animals of this genus are covered with a coriaceous skin, but without a shell.

Phyllidia varicosa.
P. pustulosa.
P. ocellata.

2. Chitonellus. Two species.

Formerly classed with the Chiton; but as the testaceous plates of this genus are never joined, the two may be easily distinguished.

Shell elongated, multivalve; alternate pieces generally longitudinal; sides naked.

Chitonellus striatus.
Chitonellus larvæformis.

_C. striatus._ The striated Chitonellus.

Striæ radiating from the apex of each valve; margin serrated; base of the last valve obtuse.

_C. larvæformis._ The Caterpillar Chitonellus.

More or less cylindrical, almost naked; the valves of the shell very small, and almost entirely concealed under the skin; tufts hairy or silky between the parts of the valves near the margin.

3. Chiton. Six species.

This genus was so called from the resemblance of its testaceous covering to a coat of mail. The form of the Chiton is very similar to a well-known insect called the woodlouse, found in decayed timber; it generally adheres to rocks, or lies rolled up like a ball among seaweed and stones. In length it seldom exceeds an inch, except in tropical climates, where they are sometimes three or four inches long. In general there are eight valves, the termination of which is surrounded by a scaly or rough ligament, which enables the animal to expand or contract its shell freely. It presents a great variety of colour; in general it is dark brown, overcast with a shade of green, but some are beautifully variegated with pink, yellow, blue, or red; interior green or whitish.

Shell more or less elongated, consisting of a longitudinal series of eight very symmetrical calcareous pieces, more or less curved, and round at both extremities; summit more or less marked, and when imbricated, always from front to rear.

Chiton gigas.
C. squamosus.
C. Peruvianus.
C. spinosus.
C. fascicularis.
C. marginatus.

_C. squamosus._ The scaly Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 1.

Depressed, valves large, carinated, well imbricated; the interstices offering well-marked lateral spaces; the border of the mantle regularly scaly.

_C. marginatus._ The marginated Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 2.

Valves carinated and projecting over each other; finely shagreened, with a dusky reddish-brown margin.

_C. fascicularis._ The fasciculated Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 3.

Valves more narrow, imbricated, without distinct spaces; lateral parts of the skin naked or hairy, but always provided with silky or hairy tufts disposed in pairs between the junctions of the valve.

_C. spinosus._ The spiny Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 4.

Shell beset with long, thin, curved, tubular, hairy, blackish spines.

4. Patella. The Limpet or Dishlike Shell. Forty-five species.

The Patella of Linnæus was divided by Lamarck into several distinct genera, and now comprehends only such shells as are of a conical form, with an imperforated summit. The anterior is that part to which the summit inclines, and is always more narrow than the posterior part.

It derives its name from its resemblance to a little dish; the colour and structure are various; some are smooth, others granulated, and many are covered with elevated tuberculated ribs. The exterior is sometimes of a pale fawn colour, and the interior of a bright pink; some have a silvery hue, but the more general colour is bluish white or light brown.

This genus of shells is very numerous in all seas, but chiefly in hot countries, where they are found of a larger size; they generally adhere by their base to rocks, stones, and marine substances, from which it is difficult to detach them.

Shell oval or circular, sub-conic; summit right or more or less recurved anteriorly; the cavity simple, entire, more or less deep; the margin complete and entirely horizontal; a narrow muscular impression.

Patella apicina.
P. granatina.
P. oculus.
P. barbara.
P. plicata.
P. laciniosa.
P. saccharina.
P. angulosa.
P. barbata.
P. longicosta.
P. spinifera.
P. aspera.
P. luteola.
P. pyramidata.
P. umbrella.
P. plumbea.
P. cærulea.
P. radians.
P. scutellaris.
P. viridula.
P. pectinata.
P. Galathea.
P. Safiana.
P. testudinaria.
P. cochlear.
P. compressa.
P. granularis.
P. decaurata.
P. Magellanica.
P. stellifera.
P. vulgata.
P. mammillaris.
P. lineata.
P. leucopleura.
P. notata.
P. Tarentina.
P. punctata.
P. puncturata.
P. Javanica.
P. tuberculifera.
P. miniata.
P. pellucida.
P. tricostata.
P. Australis.
P. cymbularia.

_P. vulgata._ The common Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 1.

Conic, summit obtuse and vertical; sometimes ribbed from the vertex to the margin with divergent striæ, sometimes striated without ribs; exterior dark brown or greenish, internal blue or purple radiations.

_P. compressa._ The compressed or flat-sided Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 2.

Oval, elongated, compressed on the sides, having the summit sub-anterior, well marked, and curved; exterior fawn colour, interior of a silvery hue.

_P. deaurata._ The golden red Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 3.

Sub-conic, summit more anterior, with a slight forward inclination; colour yellowish red.

_P. cochlear._ The spoonlike Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 4.

Depressed, the summit hardly marked, and much more narrow in front than behind; exterior brownish, interior light blue.

_P. scutellaris._ The buckler Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 5.

Depressed, summit sub-anterior, radiated from the summit to the margin; brown colour, with a yellowish band parallel to the margin.

_P. pectinata._ The pectinated Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 6.

Oval, summit well marked and anteriorly inclined; ribbed from the summit to the margin, which is slightly convex in the middle.

_P. cymbularia._ The cymbular Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 7.

Oval, thin, pearly, with a festooned margin; summit nearly marginal; colour white, shaded with very light brown.

FAMILY III.
CALYPTRACEA. Seven genera.

The genera that constitute this family were separated by Lamarck from the Patella of Linnæus.

1. Parmaphora. The Duck’s-bill Limpet. Three species.

The characteristic distinctions of this shell were first pointed out by De Blainville.

Shell elongated, very depressed; the summit greatly post-medial, and evidently inclined behind; aperture as large as the shell; the lateral edges straight and parallel, the posterior rounded, the anterior sharp and notched in the middle; muscular impression large, elongated oval, slightly open in front.

Parmophora Australis.
P. brevicula.
P. granulata.

_P. Australis._ The Australian Parmophorus.

Shell oblong, depressed; vertex slightly recurved; striated concentrically; one margin rounded, and the other truncated.

2. Emarginula. The Slit Limpet. Four species.

Most of the shells of this genus are small; some are elevated, and others of a widely-depressed conical form.

Shell conical, recurved; summit entire; slit, or more or less hollowed on the anterior side; a muscular impression in form of a horseshoe, open behind and thicker at the beginning.

Emarginula Blainvillii.
E. marginata.
E. fissura.
E. rubra.

_E. Blainvillii._ Blainville’s Emarginula.

Shell with the notch or slit in the middle of the back, and not extending to the margin.

_E. fissura._ The slit Emarginula. Pl. 32, fig. 5.

Oval, compressed, summit well marked, with reticulated striæ and ribs; fissure extending half way from the margin to the summit; exterior light brown, interior white.

_E. marginata._ The marginated Emarginula.

More compressed than the preceding; summit distinct, anterior margin formed like a gutter.

3. Fissurella. The Keyhole Limpet. Nineteen species.

The perforation not being perfectly round, but generally ovate oblong, procured for this genus its common name, by which it is easily distinguished.

Shell simple, conical, depressed, recurved; summit perforated a little anterior in an oblong or oval manner, like a keyhole; the exterior surface ribbed longitudinally, slightly striated transversely.

Fissurella picta.
F. nimbosa.
F. crassa.
F. Græca.
F. nodosa.
F. Cayennensis.
F. lilacina.
F. rosea.
F. Barbadensis.
F. radiata.
F. viridula.
F. hiantula.
F. pustula.
F. fascicularis.
F. Javanicensis.
F. depressa.
F. Peruviana.
F. gibberula.
F. minuta.

_F. nimbosa._ The scaly-ribbed Fissurella.

Species of which the middle part of the edges of the aperture is hollowed in such a manner that, when placed on a level surface, they touch only at the extremities.

_F. rosea._ The rosy Fissurella.

Species more depressed, edges bent up lengthwise, forming a kind of canal.

_F. Græca._ The Greek Fissurella. Pl. 32, fig. 1.

Conical, ovate oblong; striæ cancellated and elevated; sections tuberculated; exterior yellowish brown or clouded, interior white or light blue.

4. Pileopsis. The Caplike Limpet. Four species.

Easily distinguished by its form, which gave rise to the common name.

Shell oblique, sharp pointed; cone bent forward, with a recurved, almost spiral summit, finely striated longitudinally and slightly wrinkled transversely; aperture a round oval; the margin at the base nearly round, more or less regularly crenated and indented, interior with a lengthened, arched, transverse muscular impression.

Pileopsis ungarica.
P. mitrula.
P. intorta.
P. subrufa.

_P. ungarica._ The Fool’s Cap.

Conical, vertex slightly spiral, pointed, and recurved; exterior pale fawn colour, and the outer margin bordered with a fringed epidermis; interior sometimes of a very bright pink or rose colour.

5. Calyptræa. The Cup and Saucer Limpet. Four species.

This genus of shells is remarkable for having in the interior cavity a transverse funnel or tongue-shaped testaceous appendage, from which originated its common name.

Shell conic, base orbicular; summit vertical and imperforated; cavity deep, having at its interior summit a tongue-like appendage. This appendage is sometimes vertical and sometimes like a horseshoe, having on it a muscular impression of variable form.

Calyptræa extinctorium.
C. lævigata.
C. equestris.
C. tectum-sinense.

_C. extinctorium._ The extinguisher Calyptræa.

Species in which the internal appendage is horn-shaped; colour brownish.

_C. equestris._ The equestrian Calyptræa. Pl. 32, fig. 4.

Species in which the internal appendage is like a horseshoe, open in front.

_C. tectum-sinense._ The Chinese roof Calyptræa.

Shell formed of separate, transverse, irregular round laminæ of uniform size, attached to each other by the summit on the exterior of each, presenting the appearance of a number of small flat Patellæ piled one on the other; colour yellowish, margin entire, very glossy within.

6. Crepidula. The Slipper Limpet. Six species.

Very similar to the Navicella, but distinguished from it by not having an operculum.

Shell irregular, form very variable, depressed or compressed; spire obliquely inclined to one side; margin entire; cavity large, divided by a horizontal partition, which gives it the form of a half-decked boat.

Crepidula fornicata.
C. porcellana.
C. aculeata.
C. unguiformis.
C. dilatata.
C. Peruviana.

_C. porcellana._ The brown-spotted Crepidula.

Shell thick, flat, summit not spiral.

_C. aculeata._ The prickly Crepidula.

Oval, brown, roughly striated, vertex recurved, interior blue or purple.

_C. sub-spirata._ The sub-spiral Crepidula. Pl. 32, fig. 2.

Species almost round, summit sub-spiral; colour yellowish white, with a bluish tinge towards the summit.

7. Ancylus. The Lake Limpet. Two species.

This is a fresh-water shell, found in the lakes of Europe.

Shell thin and brittle, obliquely conical; summit pointed and recurved; margins simple, base oval and smooth.

Ancylus oblongus.
Ancylus fluviatilis.

_A. oblongus._ The oblong Ancylus.

Aperture elongated, vertex turned to one side, striated concentrically; exterior pale yellowish colour, interior light blue.

_A. fluviatilis._ The river Ancylus. Pl. 32, fig. 3.

Simple, oval, almost symmetrical; summit pointed, compressed, very distinct; bent back a little to the right, but not marginal; the edges of the aperture entire and effuse.

FAMILY IV.
BULLACEA. Three genera.

1. Acera. Has no shell. One species.

Acera Carnosa.

2. Bullæa. One species.

Formerly classed with the Bulla, but separated from it on account of the shell being entirely covered by the animal, and never externally visible.

Shell oval, thin, fragile, more or less involuted on one side, rendering the aperture more or less wide.

_B. aperta._ The open Bullæa. Pl. 17, fig. 5.

Shell interior and very incompletely involuted, without spire or columella; sub-orbicular, white, transparent, faintly striated, and slightly wrinkled; almost entirely open.

3. Bulla. The Bubble. Eleven species.

The great confusion that existed in this genus, as classed by Linnæus, has been elucidated by the division and classification of Lamarck. This genus derived its name from the resemblance which some of the smaller species have to a bubble of water. Its shells are found in almost all parts of the world.

Shell external, oval, involuted; aperture very large, open the whole length of the shell, and generally wider at the base; outer edge sharp and smooth; summit umbilicated.

Bulla lignaria.
B. ampulla.
B. striata.
B. naucum.
B. physis.
B. fasciata.
B. aplustre.
B. hydatis.
B. cornea.
B. fragilis.
B. solida.

_B. aplustre._ The streamer-like Bulla. Pl. 17, fig. 7.

Species completely involute; the spire very distinct, visible, but not projecting, with a kind of thickening at the anterior part of the columellar edge.

_B. lignaria._ The woodlike Bulla.

Species sub-involute, no visible spire either within or without, but narrowed towards the top when it is slightly umbilicated; yellowish brown colour, with transverse pale striæ.

_B. hydatis._ The watery Bulla.

Species more solid, thicker, almost entirely involute; whorls of the spire slightly visible in an umbilicus projecting interiorly from the summit.

_B. naucum._ The sea-nut Bulla.

Species thin; the whorls of the spire visible externally, but without projection, and with a suture as if caniculated without thickening at the anterior part of the columellar edge.

_B. fragilis._ The fragile Bulla.

Species very thin, rather involute; the whorls of the spire distinct within as without; the suture deep, angular, and cleft in a greater or less part of its length.

FAMILY V.
APLYSIACEA. Two genera.

1. Aplysia. Three species.

This genus may almost be said to have no testaceous covering, as it appears more like the element of a shell.

Aplysia depilans.
A. fasciata.
A. punctata.

_A. depilans._ The bald Aplysia.

Shell dorsal, semicircular, of a thin yellow cartilaginous substance.

2. Dolabella. Two species.

Closely allied to the Aplysia; it is a singularly formed shell, difficult to describe, as it contains few of the characteristics which distinguish other shells.

Shell rudimentary, entirely flat, sub-spiral, with a summit thick and very callous.

Dolabella Rumphii.
Dolabella fragilis.

_D. Rumphii._ Rumphius’s Dolabella.

Base thick, callous, and sub-spiral; dilated above, thin, and wedge-shaped.

FAMILY VI.
LIMACINEA. Five genera.

1. Onchidium. Has no shell. Two species.

Onchidium Typhæ.
Onchidium Peronii.

2. Parmacella. One species.

Lamarck has given a description of the animal of this genus, but only mentions that the scutcheon contains a shell or solid crustaceous body.

Parmacella Olivieri.

3. Limax. Four species.

The animal belonging to this genus is furnished with a coriaceous shield, wrinkled.

Limax rufus.
L. albus.
L. cinerus.
L. agrestis.

4. Testacella. One species.

Shell external, very small, ear-shaped; very depressed, summit inclined posteriorly, not spiral; aperture oval, very large; the left edge sharp, a little rolled inward, especially behind.

_T. Haliotidea._ The Haliotis-shaped Testacella. Pl. 17, fig. 6.

Answering to the above description; very thin, transparent, and yellowish.

5. Vitrina. One species.

Shell proportionally very small, extremely thin, pellucid, almost membranous, oval or sub-globular; spire very short, of which the last whorl is very large; aperture large, semilunar; the edges sharp; the left edge arched, and extending itself interiorly to the summit.

_V. pellucida._ The pellucid Vitrina. Pl. 17, fig. 3.

Extremely thin, pellucid, and glossy; depressed, spire very short; aperture large and oval; colour pale yellowish green.

FAMILY VII.
COLIMACEA. Eleven genera.

1. Helix. The Snail. One hundred and seven species.

According to the systematic arrangement of Lamarck, this genus now consists of shells with peculiar characteristic distinctions.

By Linnæus, marine, land, and fresh-water shells were united in this genus, and so confounded that the naturalist would often look in vain for the distinguishing characters which would enable him to class and determine the genus of the object under examination.

Notwithstanding the divisions of Lamarck, its species are numerous; the shells are terrestrial, and found in all parts of the globe; some are rare and beautiful.

The term Helix was given to this genus from the spiral form of the shell.

Shell extremely variable in form, generally globular, sometimes ventricose, conoid, never turriculated; summit constantly obtuse and rounded; aperture generally of a medium size, but sometimes very large or very small, always modified by the turn of the spire; oval, semilunar, more wide than long, edges disunited, entering but very little into the formation of the interior; the right lip or margin thickened or reflected.

Helix vesicalis.
H. algira.
H. pomatia.
H. aspersa.
H. vermiculata.
H. alonensis.
H. lineolata.
H. picta.
H. mutata.
H. gigantea.
H. polyzonalis.
H. monozonalis.
H. pulla.
H. versicolor.
H. Naticoides.
H. Madagascariensis.
H. galactites.
H. hæmastoma.
H. melanotragus.
H. extensa.
H. lucana.
H. globulus.
H. melanostoma.
H. cælatura.
H. microstoma.
H. maculosa.
H. Richardi.
H. Bonplandii.
H. planulata.
H. labrella.
H. ungulina.
H. pellis-serpentis.
H. Senegalensis.
H. unidentata.
H. cepa.
H. heteroclites.
H. discolor.
H. lactea.
H. zonaria.
H. serpentina.
H. Niciensis.
H. variabilis.
H. fruticum.
H. neglecta.
H. cespitum.
H. ericetorum.
H. intersecta.
H. Carthusianella.
H. Carthusiana.
H. diaphana.
H. concolor.
H. velutina.
H. Javanica.
H. Peruviana.
H. simplex.
H. cidaris.
H. citrina.
H. guttata.
H. verticillus.
H. olivetorum.
H. planospira.
H. Barbadensis.
H. sinuata.
H. hippocastanum.
H. bidentalis.
H. argilacea.
H. vittata.
H. alanda.
H. arbustorum.
H. candidissima.
H. nemoralis.
H. hortensis.
H. sylvatica.
H. pisana.
H. splendida.
H. crenulata.
H. planorbula.
H. macularia.
H. maritima.
H. strigata.
H. muralis.
H. rugosa.
H. cornea.
H. linguifera.
H. incarnata.
H. cinctella.
H. cellaria.
H. nitida.
H. obvoluta.
H. Cookiana.
H. pileus.
H. papilla.
H. punctifera.
H. plicatula.
H. planorbella.
H. scabra.
H. cariosa.
H. plebeium.
H. personata.
H. hispida.
H. rotundata.
H. apicina.
H. striata.
H. conspurcata.
H. conica.
H. conoidea.
H. pulchella.

_H. algira._ The yellow Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 8.

Species shaped like a Planorbis, rough or hairy, more or less largely umbilicated, margin sharp.

_H. Naticoides._ The Natica-shaped Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 7.

Species ventricose.

_H. obvoluta._ The small white-lipped Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 9.

Species more or less depressed, umbilicated, Planorbis-shaped, the edges of the aperture thickened, callous, and even toothed.

_H. conoides._ The cone-shaped Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 4.

Species conoidal; the turns of the spire rounded.

_H. pomatia._ The edible Snail.

Species sub-globular, not umbilicated; the margin of the aperture thickened; aperture covered with a calcareous lid resembling an operculum.

_H. nitida._ The pellucid Snail.

Species depressed, more or less largely umbilicated; the edges sharp, but always thin and shining.

_H. nemoralis._ The grove Snail.

Species imperforated, semi-globular, thin, and sub-pellucid; not umbilicated, with a light inflexion at the place of the junction of the columella with the margin of the aperture; colour various, inner margin white or reddish brown; volutions five, with several dark brown bands.

_H. Carthusiana._ The Carthusian Snail.

Species sub-depressed, sub-umbilicated, with a sharp edge, thickened within by a roll.

_H. arbustorum._ The orchard Snail.

Sub-globular, sub-pellucid, sub-umbilicated, five volutions, finely striated longitudinally; mottled with greenish yellow, streaked with deep chestnut, a broad brown band commonly at the edge of the outer lip, and running round through the volutions to the apex.

2. Carocolla. Eighteen species.

All terrestrial shells in this genus, taken from the Linnæan Helix on account of the peculiarity of the shell, which is orbicular, more or less flat on the upper part; the circumference of the shells constantly carinated or sub-carinated; aperture ovate, transverse, contiguous to the axis of the shells; outer lip sub-angular, sometimes toothed within.

Carocolla acutissima.
C. albilabris.
C. angistoma.
C. labyrinthus.
C. lucerna.
C. inflata.
C. Gualteriana.
C. bicolor.
C. Mauritiana.
C. Madagascariensis.
C. marginata.
C. lychnuchus.
C. planata.
C. planaria.
C. hispidula.
C. lapicida.
C. albella.
C. elegans.

_C. lapicida._ The stone Carocolla. Pl. 19, fig. 1.

Species discoid, very umbilicated; edges thick, but not toothed; beautiful bands.

_C. elegans._ The elegant Carocolla.

Species with a conical spire a little elevated, the base flat, the aperture square, with sharp edges.

_C. labyrinthus._ The winding Carocolla.

Species discoid, umbilicated, with the aperture toothed.

3. Anostoma. Two species.

An extraordinary shell, sometimes called the antique lamp from its form.

Shell orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse; aperture round, toothed within, grinning, turned upward to the spire; margin reflected.

Anostoma depressa.
Anostoma globulosa.

_A. depressa._ The depressed Anostoma.

Sub-globular, depressed and sub-carinated in its circumference, not umbilicated; aperture round, the margin continued by a callosity, toothed, thickened, and turned towards the back of the shell.

_A. globulosa._ The globular Anostoma.

Globose, with two small punctures, one on each side of the lip; slightly carinated, smooth, and white; margin reflected.

4. Helicina. Four species.

A terrestrial shell, distinguished from the Helix by its transverse callous columella; depressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part.

Shell sub-globular or conoid, spire low, a little depressed; aperture semi-ovate, modified by the last turn of the spire; the edge of the aperture sharp or a little reflected in a roll, the left edge enlarged at its base in a large callosity, which entirely covers the umbilicus and joins obliquely with the columella, which is twisted and a little projecting; the operculum horny, complete, sometimes calcareous externally.

Helicina Neritella.
H. striata.
H. fasciata.
H. viridis.

_H. Neritella._ The Nerite-shaped Helicina. Pl. 19, fig. 4.

Species yellowish white, finely striated, the edge reflected in a roll.

_H. striata._ The striated Helicina.

Globular, striated, the right edge sharp, but reflected; the umbilical callosity rather thick, the operculum calcareous and solidified by a marginal roll and a vertical crosspiece.

5. Pupa. Twenty-seven species.

These shells are generally very small, some not more than an eighth of an inch in length; chiefly terrestrial.

Shell cylindrical, elongated, or sub-globular, ordinarily ventricose: summit obtuse; the turns of the spire numerous, almost equal; aperture round or oval, with margins almost equal, expanded, reflected; one or two plaits on the columellar edge, and several teeth, varying in number on the right margin.

Pupa mumia.
P. uva.
P. sulcata.
P. candida.
P. labrosa.
P. fusus.
P. tridentata.
P. fasciolata.
P. quadridens.
P. polyodon.
P. variabilis.
P. frumentum.
P. secalis.
P. zebra.
P. unicarinata.
P. maculosa.
P. clavulata.
P. ovularis.
P. Germanica.
P. cinerea.
P. tridens.
P. avena.
P. granum.
P. fragilis.
P. dolium.
P. umbilicata.
P. muscorum.

_P. Lyonetiana._ Lyonet’s Pupa. Pl. 18, fig. 5.

Species cylindrical, obtuse, aperture compressed and distorted by the last whorl in its adult state making suddenly a gibbous inflection to the left.

_P. muscorum._ The moss Pupa.

Species very small, oval or more or less spherical, obtuse, light brownish colour; aperture large, with one tooth; volutions convex; outer lip white and reflected.

_P. mumia._ The double-toothed Pupa. Pl. 19, fig. 2.

Species cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, aperture semi-ovate, with two teeth.

6. Clausilia. Twelve species.

Remarkable for having the termination of the lower whorl quite detached from the base of the shell.

Shell cylindrical, elongated, a little ventricose in the middle, generally fusiform, summit obtuse, the last turn smaller than the preceding; aperture small, irregular, oval; at least one plait, posterior to the columella, increasing with age so as to be separated, and forming at the posterior angle of the aperture a rounded sinus.

Clausilia torticollis.
C. truncatula.
C. retusa.
C. costulata.
C. corrugata.
C. inflata.
C. teres.
C. denticulata.
C. collaris.
C. papillaris.
C. plicatula.
C. rugosa.

_C. lævis._ The smooth Clausilia. Pl. 19, fig. 3.

A regular type of this genus.

_C. papillaris._ The pimpled Clausilia.

Pellucid, finely striped longitudinally, the margins of the volutions papillose; aperture with two plaits; brownish colour.

7. Bulimus. Thirty-four species.

The shells of this beautiful genus are all terrestrial, and differ from the Helix and Bulla of Linnæus in never being of an orbicular shape. The animals inhabiting them are said to be oviparous, and have eggs nearly as large as those of a pigeon.

Shell oval, oblong, sometimes sub-turriculated; the summit of the spire obtuse, and the last turn much greater than all the others taken together; aperture oblong oval, the edge disunited; the right reflected outward in adults; the columella smooth, with an inflection in the middle, at the point of junction of the columella with the mouth of the aperture which it forms.

Bulimus ovatus.
B. hæmastomus.
B. gallina sultana.
B. zigzag.
B. undatus.
B. ovoideus.
B. interruptus.
B. Peruvianus.
B. Favannii.
B. Kambeul.
B. calcareus.
B. decollatus.
B. Lyonetianus.
B. inflatus.
B. radiatus.
B. fragilis.
B. Guadaloupensis.
B. Richii.
B. inversus.
B. citrinus.
B. sultanus.
B. Pythogaster.
B. Mexicanus.
B. multifasciatus.
B. Bengalensis.
B. Caribæorum.
B. octonus.
B. terebraster.
B. articulatus.
B. acutus.
B. ventricosus.
B. montanus.
B. hordeaceus.
B. lubricus.

_B. montanus._ The mountain Bulimus.

Ovate oblong, umbilicated, slightly striated longitudinally, with several convex volutions; aperture semi-oval; brownish colour; outer lip white and reflected.

_B. hæmastomus._ The rose-lipped Bulimus.

Species oval or of ordinary form.

_B. ventricosus._ The ventricose Bulimus.

Species ventricose, from which circumstance it derived its name.

_B. radiatus._ The radiated Bulimus. Pl. 19, fig. 7.

Species turriculated.

_B. citrinus._ The citron Bulimus.

Species sinistral.

_B. multifasciatus._ The many-banded Bulimus.

Species slightly umbilicated.

8. Achatina. Twenty species.

This likewise is an elegant genus of shells, classed by Linnæus with the Bulla. They are the largest land-shells known, and greatly resemble the Bulimus, but never have their lips reflected or thickened. Sometimes the last whorl is compressed and attenuated at the base, and sometimes ventricose and not compressed.

Shell in form very variable, but generally sub-turriculated, ventricose, striated longitudinally; the summit papillose; aperture a little variable, but never thickened or reflected; the right edge always acute, the columellar margin rather strongly hollowed, entirely formed by the columella, of which the anterior extremity is constantly open and truncated.

Achatina perdix.
A. zebra.
A. acuta.
A. bicarinata.
A. Mauritiana.
A. castanea.
A. glans.
A. Peruviana.
A. albo-lineata.
A. fusco-lineata.
A. immaculata.
A. purpurea.
A. ustulata.
A. vexillum.
A. Virginea.
A. Priamus.
A. fulminea.
A. columnaria.
A. folliculus.
A. acicula.

_A. Virginea._ The Virginian Achatina.

Smooth, conoid, with aperture almost round; very short, grayish white, with red and black transverse bands; columella rose-coloured, with one plait; volutions ventricose; inside of the lips bluish; a transverse callosity in the interior.

_A. zebra._ The zebra Achatina. Pl. 18, fig. 1.

Species thin, oval, sub-ventricose, spire prominent, striped like a zebra.

_A. glans._ The acorn Achatina. Pl. 18, fig. 2.

Species sub-turriculated, of which the last whorl is attenuated anteriorly.

_A. columnaris._ The columnar Achatina. Pl. 18, fig. 3.

Species evidently turriculated.

9. Succinea. Three species.

A terrestrial shell, though the animal that inhabits it is almost amphibious; it greatly resembles the Bulimus, but is easily distinguished by never having the lip reflected or thickened.

Shell very thin, translucid, ovate-oblong, with a conical-pointed spire formed of a small number of whorls; aperture very large, oval, oblique; the edges disunited; the right always acute, the left acute and arched, formed by the columella.

Succinea cucullata.
S. amphibia.
S. oblonga.

_S. amphibia._ The amphibious Succinea. Pl. 24, fig. 4.

Species elongated, very thin and pellucid; spire short; aperture expanding; amber colour.

10. Auricula. Fourteen species.

This genus was so called from the resemblance which the aperture bears to the shape of an ear; many of the species are named from their resemblance to the ears of particular quadrupeds. It is a land-shell, found chiefly in the East and West India Islands.

Shell thick, solid, more or less smooth, oval, oblong, spire short and obtuse; aperture entire, oblong, enlarged, ear-shaped, much contracted behind; edges disunited; right lip sometimes thick and outwardly reflected; the left or columella with one or more teeth or thick callous plaits.

Auricula Midæ.
A. Judæ.
A. Sileni.
A. leporis.
A. felis.
A. Dombeiana.
A. coniformis.
A. scarabæus.
A. bovina.
A. caprella.
A. myosotis.
A. minima.
A. nitens.
A. monile.

_A. Judæ._ Judas’s Ear. Pl. 19, fig. 6.

Species thick, oblong, conical, with minute decussated striæ and granulations; light brown; two plaits on the columella; right outwardly reflected.

_A. scarabæus._ The Beetle’s Ear.

Species of which the columella has three plaits, and the whole internal side of the right edge denticulated.

_A. myosotis._ The dwarf Auricula.

Species minute, with two plaits on the columella, and one tooth behind.

_A. Sileni._ Silenus’s Ear.

Species very small, without plaits or teeth.

11. Cyclostoma. Twenty-eight species.

A terrestrial shell, varying considerably in form, but distinguished by a round aperture, reflected lip, and horny operculum.

Shell more or less elevated, volutions rounded, summit papillose; aperture round, the edges united circularly and reflected; the left having its origin very detached from the spire.

Operculum calcareous, complete, not spiral; summit sub-central.

Cyclostoma planorbula.
C. volvulus.
C. carinata.
C. sulcata.
C. unicarinata.
C. tricarinata.
C. obsoleta.
C. rugosa.
C. labeo.
C. interrupta.
C. ambigua.
C. semilabris.
C. flavula.
C. patulum.
C. fasciata.
C. mumia.
C. quaternata.
C. ferruginea.
C. decussata.
C. lineolata.
C. mamillaris.
C. ligata.
C. lincinella.
C. orbella.
C. fimbriata.
C. multilabris.
C. elegans.
C. truncatulum.

_C. elegans._ The elegant Cyclostoma. Pl. 19, fig. 5.

Species with spire slightly elevated, ovate, conical, umbilicated; volutions convex; finely striated transversely.

_C. fasciata._ The banded Cyclostoma.

Species with spire very elevated.

_C. Planorbula._ The Planorbis-shaped Cyclostoma.

Species with spire very depressed.

FAMILY VIII.
LYMNÆCEA. Three genera.

1. Planorbis. Twelve species.

Taken from the Helix of Linnæus to distinguish the aquatic from the terrestrial shells. This genus is found in fresh water, and has no operculum.

Shell thin, often sinistral, discoid, or involuted almost in the same vertical plane; the spire not projecting and entirely lateral, so that the shell is hollowed or depressed on each side; aperture small, transverse, with edges sharp, not reflected, disunited by the last whorl of the spire which modifies it; sometimes carinated.

Planorbis cornu-arietis.
P. corneus.
P. carinatus.
P. lutescens.
P. orientalis.
P. spirorbis.
P. vortex.
P. deformis.
P. contortus.
P. hispidus.
P. nitidus.
P. imbricatus.

_P. carinatus._ The keeled Planorbis.

Species with a keel; depressed, upper side concave.

_P. corneus._ The horny Planorbis. Pl. 20, fig. 4.

Species without a keel.

2. Physa. Four species.

This genus is generally heterostrophe (that is, with whorls turned to the left hand); found in fresh water; it greatly resembles the Lymnæa, but has not a widened aperture.

Shell often sinistral, oval, oblong, or globular, perfectly smooth; aperture oval, contracted posteriorly; the right edge sharp, advanced above the plane of the left edge; columella twisting obliquely, and enlarging to join itself to the anterior part of the columellar margin.

Physa castanea.
P. fontinalis.
P. hypnorum.
P. subopaca.

_P. fontinalis._ The fountain Physa. Pl. 20, fig. 2.

Volutions reversed, oval, ventricose, pellucid, horn-coloured; spire short and acute.

3. Lymnæa. Eleven species.

Shell aquatic, oval, turreted or conical, thin, smooth, spire pointed; aperture oval, entire; edges disunited, the left with a very oblique plait at the point of junction of the columella with the rest of the margin.

Lymnæa stagnalis.
L. palustris.
L. Virginiana.
L. luteola.
L. acuminata.
L. auricularia.
L. ovata.
L. peregra.
L. intermedia.
L. leucostoma.
L. minuta.

_L. stagnalis._ The pond Lymnæa. Pl. 20, fig. 1.

Ovate, ventricose; spire subulate and very acute; aperture large and ovate; horn coloured.

_L. leucostoma._ The shining Lymnæa.

Species sub-turreted, with the right edge thickened.

FAMILY IX.
MELANIDES. Three genera.

1. Melania. Sixteen species.

Likewise taken from the Helix of Linnæus.

Shell fluviatile, covered with epidermis, oval, oblong; spire slightly pointed, more or less turreted; the margin of the whorls often surmounted by spires; aperture oval, entire; columella smooth and arched; closed by a thin, horny, complete operculum.

Melania asperata.
M. truncata.
M. coarctata.
M. punctata.
M. corrugata.
M. subulata.
M. lævigata.
M. clavus.
M. decollata.
M. amarula.
M. thiarella.
M. spinulosa.
M. granifera.
M. carinifera.
M. truncatula.
M. fasciolata.

_M. amarula._ The crowned Melania. Pl. 20, fig. 3.

Covered with a black epidermis, under which the colour is deep chestnut; ovate oblong, with the whorls transversely keeled and coronated with triangular tubercles, from which emanate ciliated spines.

2. Melanopsis. Three species.

The shells of this genus are fluviatile, and distinguished from the Melania by having the upper part of the columella callous.

Shell oval or slightly sub-turriculated; aperture oval, without trace of tube, but hollowed anteriorly, without a posterior sinus; the columellar edge callous and rather deeply excavated; operculum horny, sub-spiral, rather complete.

Melanopsis Buccinoides.
M. costata.
M. lævigata.

_M. Buccinoides._ The Buccinum-shaped Melanopsis. Pl. 20, fig. 6.

Species turriculated; colour bluish white, clouded with purple; spiral whorls dentated.

_M. costata._ The ribbed Melanopsis.

Species sub-turriculated and ribbed.

_M. lævigata._ The polished Melanopsis.

Species ovate, smooth, chestnut colour.

3. Pirena. Four species.

This shell resembles the Melania, but is easily distinguished by having a sinus at the base and another at the summit.

Shell turreted, aperture oblong, closed by a horny operculum; right lip sharp, with a distinct sinus at the base and another at the summit; base of the columella inclined towards the right.

Pirena terebralis.
P. spinosa.
P. aurita.
P. granulosa.

_P. terebralis._ The wimble Pirena.

Subulate, longitudinally striated, covered with a dark-brown epidermis; aperture white, outer lip expanded.

FAMILY X.
PERISTOMIDES. Three genera.

1. Valvata. One species.

This genus contains shells found in fresh water. Shell sub-discoid or conoid, umbilicated, spiral whorls rounded; summit papillose; aperture round, not modified by the last whorl; the edges completely united, sharp; operculum complete, horny, and orbicular.

_V. piscinalis._ The Pond Valvata. Pl. 20, fig. 5.

Small, globular, conoid, deeply umbilicated; summit obtuse; wrinkled longitudinally, covered with a yellowish epidermis.

2. Paludina. Seven species.

Generally inhabits fresh water, though some have been found where it is quite saline.

Shell conoid, covered with epidermis, spiral whorls rounded; rather longer than broad, edges united, always sharp; the commencement of the left edge immediately attached to the last whorl of the spire; operculum horny, complete, or marginal, not spiral, with concentral elements.

Paludina vivipara.
P. achatina.
P. Bengalensis.
P. unicolor.
P. impura.
P. muriatica.
P. viridis.

_P. vivipara._ The viviparous Paludina. Pl. 21, fig. 1.

Thin, ovate, ventricose, wrinkled longitudinally; body with three brown bands: covered with a greenish epidermis; aperture almost round.

3. Ampullaria. Eleven species.

This genus is evidently intermediary to the Paludina and the Natica. Its species are probably all fluviatile; some attain a great size.

Shell thin, globular, ventricose; umbilicus small, forming a compressed funnel-shaped aperture, without interior callosity; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; aperture ovate, longer than broad, with margins united; right margin smooth and sharp; columellar lip thickened, projecting, and reflected over the umbilicus; operculum horny, rarely calcareous, thin, oval, not spiral, with concentric elements; summit sub-marginal, inferior, passing obliquely by the right edge of the aperture, but attached to the left.

Ampullaria Guyanensis.
A. rugosa.
A. fasciata.
A. canaliculata.
A. effusa.
A. Guinaica.
A. virens.
A. carinata.
A. avellana.
A. intorta.
A. fragilis.

_A. Guyanensis._ The Guiana Ampullaria.

Globular, thick, with unequal longitudinal striæ; covered with brown epidermis; inside golden colour.

_A. rugosa._ The rough Ampullaria. Pl. 21, fig. 3.

Species dextral.

_A. Guinaica._ The Guinea Ampullaria.

Species sinistral.

_A. carinata._ The carinated Ampullaria.

Species sinistral, with a very large umbilicus, spirally carinated.

FAMILY XI.
NERITACEA. Five genera.

1. Neritina. Twenty-one species.

Formerly classed with the Nerita, but separated from it because the Nerita is a marine shell, and those of this genus are fluviatile.

They are generally thin, smooth, or very finely striated; the right side of the aperture is not crenulated or dentated, and the animal dissolves the interior of the spire.

Shell thin, ovate, not umbilicated; aperture semilunar; inner lip reflected on the columella, and sometimes crenated; outer lip without teeth internally; operculum with a lateral tooth.

Neritina perversa.
N. pulligera.
N. dubia.
N. zebra.
N. zigzag.
N. gagates.
N. lugubris.
N. corona.
N. brevispina.
N. crepidularia.
N. auriculata.
N. Domingensis.
N. fasciata.
N. lineolata.
N. semi-conica.
N. strigilata.
N. meleagris.
N. Virginea.
N. fluviatilis.
N. viridis.
N. Bætica.

_N. fluviatilis._ The fresh-water Neritina.

Shell very small, oval; back convex, smooth, white, with black or brown spots; spire inclined, lateral lip slightly denticulated; right edge sharp, operculum very oblique.

_N. zebra._ The zebra or striped Neritina. Pl. 21, fig. 2.

Same as N. fluviatilis, but striped instead of spotted.

_N. corona._ The crown Neritina. Pl. 21, fig. 4.

Species provided with long spines, and with the columellar edge denticulated.

_N. auriculata._ The eared Neritina.

Species with the columellar edge denticulated; the two extremities of the right edge extending beyond the aperture, and forming with the callosity, which is reflected over the columella, a kind or ear, produced by the tentacular lobe of the animal.

_N. perversa._ The perverse Neritina.

Species shaped like a Calyptræa, with the superior summit vertical, spiral; the last whorl forming all the base of the shell.

2. Navicella. Three species.

A fresh-water shell, closely allied to the Neritina; it generally has the appearance of porcelain.

Shell ovate oblong, covered with epidermis, shaped like a Patella, summit not spiral, but straight, turned quite to the base, and concave beneath; no columella; the columellar edge replaced by a kind of sharp partition, which covers part of the aperture, with a sinus at its left extremity; muscular impression shaped like a horseshoe, open in front and interrupted behind; thin, calcareous operculum, with a subulate, lateral tooth adhering to the posterior margin; the other edges sharp.

Navicella elliptica.
N. lineata.
N. tessellata.

_N. elliptica._ The oval Navicella.

Shell covered with olive epidermis, under which it is smooth, shining, spotted and streaked with purple, blue, or brown; spire curved, prominent, extending beyond the margin.

3. Nerita. The Hoof Shell. Seventeen species.

A marine shell, never spined, but variously striated. Some species of this genus are very beautiful; they are frequently worn as ornaments by the Indians.

Shell solid, thick, more or less globular, flat beneath, spire but little, if at all, projecting, not umbilicated; aperture large, semilunar, very entire; the external margin very much hollowed; the internal or columellar straight, sharp, and shaped like a partition, often dentated; operculum horny or calcareous, sub-spiral; the summit entirely marginal at its extremity, implanted by teeth more or less marked, and sunk in the columellar margin, on which it seems articulated.

Nerita exuvia.
N. textilis.
N. undata.
N. peloronta.
N. chlorostoma.
N. atrata.
N. polita.
N. albicilla.
N. chamæleon.
N. versicolor.
N. Ascensionis.
N. Malaccensis.
N. lineata.
N. scabricosta.
N. plicata.
N. tessellata.
N. signata.

_N. peloronta._ The bleeding-tooth Nerita. Pl. 21, fig. 5.

Thick, transversely sulcated; inner lip with two crenulations, with a bloody mark at their base; under lip with two notches near its internal upper edge; colour yellowish, tinged with red, with variously coloured bands.

_N. exuvia._ The exuvia Nerita.

Species with the inner lip toothed and tuberculated.

_N. polita._ The smooth Nerita.

Species with both lips toothed; beautifully distinguished by having three or four bright crimson bands, on a dark mottled ground, running in a parallel direction with the convolutions of the shell. A favourite Indian ornament.

4. Natica. Thirty-one species.

A marine shell, formerly classed with the Nerita, but distinguished by being without teeth, and having an umbilicus modified by the callosity.

Shell smooth, rather thin, and not covered with epidermis; the spire evident, though low, umbilicated; the columellar edge not toothed, more or less callous, modifying the umbilicus; the right edge thin and not toothed interiorly; operculum calcareous or horny and smooth, semi-spiral, with concentric ribs fitting into a slight groove on the columella.

Natica glaucina.
N. albumen.
N. mamillaris.
N. mamilla.
N. ampullaria.
N. canrena.
N. cruentata.
N. millepunctata.
N. vitellus.
N. helvacea.
N. collaria.
N. monilifera.
N. labrella.
N. rufa.
N. uni-fasciata.
N. melanostoma.
N. aurantia.
N. conica.
N. plumbea.
N. lineata.
N. fulminea.
N. maculosa.
N. vittata.
N. castanea.
N. Marochiensis.
N. arachnoidea.
N. zebra.
N. zonaria.
N. Chinensis.
N. Javanica.
N. cancellata.

_N. canrena._ The Canrena Natica.

Sub-globular, smooth, umbilicus deep, bordered anteriorly by a kind of callous column; spire a little prominent; exterior fawn coloured, with bands and rays of reddish brown; interior white; operculum calcareous.

_N. castanea._ The chestnut Natica. Pl. 21, fig. 6.

Species with the umbilicus uncovered, and the operculum horny.

_N. mamilla._ The nipple Natica.

Species with the umbilicus entirely covered over by a large callosity; the spire papillose, and the operculum horny.

5. Janthina. Two species.

Formerly classed with the Helix, which it somewhat resembles in form, but properly separated, as it differs in every other respect.

It is a singular marine shell, often found in great numbers floating on the surface of the sea, suspended by a vesicular appendage, which stains the hand of a purple colour.

Shell sub-globular, ventricose, extremely thin and fragile; transparent, of a beautiful violet colour; the spire low, lateral, pointed, with sub-carinated whorls; aperture large, sub-angular, greatly modified by the last whorl of the spire; edges disunited, the left entirely formed by the columella, which is straight and continued beyond the base, the right edge sharp, often with a sinus in the middle.

Janthina communis.
Janthina exigua.

_J. communis._ The common Janthina. Pl. 18, fig. 6.

Very fragile, aperture triangular, with a small notch on the margin of the outer lip; beautiful violet colour.

FAMILY XII.
MACROSTOMIDES. Four genera.

1. Sigaretus. Four species.

Distinguished from the Natica by the great width of the aperture, and its short spiral columella.

Shell oval, more or less thick, very depressed, spiral short, little elevated, lateral; aperture very extended, entire, the left edge reflected and sharp; two lateral muscular impressions very disunited.

Sigaretus Haliotoideus.
S. convexus.
S. lævigatus.
S. cancellatus.

_S. convexus._ The convex Sigaretus. Pl. 22, fig. 2.

Very thin, smooth, back convex, spire white, rather prominent; aperture very expanded; umbilicus rather deep; yellow, with a reddish tinge, transversely striated.

_S. Haliotoideus._ The Haliotis-shaped Sigaretus.

Species thick, solid, depressed; spire flattish, aperture exposing the whole of the interior.

2. Stomatella. Five species.

To be easily distinguished from the Stomatia by not having a transversal rib.

Shell very depressed, orbicular or oblong; imperforate; interior pearly; aperture very large, oval, longer than wide; the right edge effuse, dilated, and open; summit pointed and incurved.

Stomatella imbricata.
S. rubra.
S. sulcifera.
S. auricula.
S. planulata.

_S. imbricata._ The imbricated Stomatella. Pl. 22, fig. 1.

Sub-orbicular, convex, sub-depressed, rough, covered with imbricated scales; colour grayish brown.

_S. auricula._ The ear-shaped Stomatella.

Species oval, elongated.

3. Stomatia. Two species.

Bearing a very great resemblance to the Haliotis, but is never perforated.

Shell ear-shaped, imperforate; oblong, spire elevated and recurved to one side; aperture entire, oblong; interior pearly; tuberculated, and with a transverse sub-carinated rib.

_S. phymotis._ The tumoured Stomatia. Pl. 22, fig. 6.

Elongated oval, striated, tuberculated; spire small, contorted; lip thin and sharp, colour white, interior pearly.

4. Haliotis. The Ear Shell. Fifteen species.

This genus is very beautiful, and derived its common name from its resemblance to the human ear. The exterior is generally tuberculated and loaded with marine substances, which gives it a rough and uncouth appearance, but the interior forms a splendid contrast by its natural iridescence. Each shell is furnished with a row of orifices near the margin, varying in number from eight upward; of these from three to seven are generally open, and the others close. These holes are made by the animal as it increases the size of the shell, to admit the passage of a short syphon.

They are found adhering to rocks like the Patella, and are detached with great difficulty.

Shell ear-shaped, pearly, recurving, very depressed, more or less oval, with spire very small, very low, almost posterior and lateral; aperture as large as the shell, with margins continued; the right thin and sharp, the left flat, enlarged, and sharp; a series of holes, complete or incomplete, parallel to the left margin; one large oval muscular impression.

Haliotis Midæ.
H. iris.
H. tubifera.
H. excavata.
H. Australis.
H. tuberculata.
H. striata.
H. asinina.
H. glabra.
H. lamellosa.
H. unilateralis.
H. rugosa.
H. canaliculata.
H. tricostalis.
H. dubia.

_H. asinina._ The asinine Haliotis.

Internal margin very broad, inside pearly, smooth, shining, iridescent, reflecting green, pink, and orange; back clouded with brown and green; striated longitudinally.

_H. costata._ The ribbed Haliotis. Pl. 22, fig. 4, interior. Pl. 32, fig. 6, exterior.

Species with disk rounded anteriorly.

_H. canaliculata._ The channelled Haliotis.

Species with disk elevated by a large parallel rib, hollowed interiorly, and with the anterior margin more or less irregular.

_H. tuberculata._ The tuberculated Haliotis.

Aperture open the whole length of the shell; outer lip irregular, exterior reddish brown, striated longitudinally and wrinkled transversely, with a few raised tubercles; interior pearly, reflecting the most beautiful shades of pink, blue, green, and yellow.

FAMILY XIII.
PLICACEA. Two genera.

1. Tornatella. Six species.

Shell thick, oval, convolute, the spire very short; the last whorl much larger than all the others united; the external thin, sharp, dentated interiorly; one or two large plaits on the columella, of which one serves to separate the two parts of the foot.

Tornatella flammea.
T. solidula.
T. fasciata.
T. auricula.
T. nitidula.
T. pedipes.

_T. fasciata._ The banded Tornatella.

Spire produced, apex acute, aperture straightened, with one plait on the columella; finely striated transversely, with two white transverse bands; colour purplish red.

_T. coniformis._ The cone-shaped Tornatella. Pl. 22, fig. 3.

Species like a cone; the spire entirely flat.

2. Pyramidella. Five species.

Shell smooth, not covered with epidermis, conical, elongated or sub-turriculated; aperture semi-oval, entire; the outer lip sharp, dentated interiorly, plaited, enlarged over the umbilicus, which it leaves more or less exposed.

Pyramidella terebellum.
P. dolabrata.
P. plicata.
P. corrugata.
P. maculosa.

_P. dolabrata._ The dentated Pyramidella. Pl. 22, fig. 5.

Answers to the above description; when placed on its base, it falls on one side.

_P. terebellum._ The wimble Pyramidella.

Smooth, glossy, white, with reddish-brown bands; columella recurved; inside of the lip smooth.

FAMILY XIV.
SCALARIDES. Three genera.

1. Vermetus. One species.

Resembling in appearance the shell of a Serpula; but the organization of the animal caused this to be made a distinct genus.

Its shells are usually found grouped together or intertwined with each other, and are very remarkable for being attached to marine bodies by the attenuated and pointed extremity of the spire.

Shell conical, tubular, thin, involute spirally, more or less close, with whorls almost completely disunited; free or adherent by intertwining; aperture straight, circular, with edges sharp and complete; several partitions not perforated towards the summit; operculum horny and complete.

_V. lumbricales._ The wormlike Vermetus. Pl. 23, fig. 3.

A flexuous shell, with a spiral, acute tip, very much resembling a corkscrew; colour reddish brown, sometimes clouded with a darker shade.

2. Scalaria. Seven species.

A marine shell, with a circular aperture like the Cyclostoma, but easily distinguished by its turreted form; longitudinal, elevated ribs, never connected together, rather oblique, and sharp; the shape of the shell is elegant, being a spiral cone, formed by gibbous whorls, unconnected by a columella, gradually increasing from the apex to the base. The colour is generally yellowish or brownish white. When perfect and of good size, they are of great value and highly prized.

Shell sub-turreted, the whorls of the spire more or less pressed and garnished with interrupted longitudinal ribs, formed by the successive preservation of the reflected margin of the aperture, which is small, perfectly round, with edges united, thickened, and outwardly reflected; operculum horny and thin.

Scalaria pretiosa.
S. lamellosa.
S. coronata.
S. varicosa.
S. communis.
S. Australis.
S. raricosta.

_S. pretiosa._ The precious Scalaria, more commonly called the Wentle Trap, or Winding Staircase. Pl. 23, fig. 1.

This shell has its spiral whorls separate, and appears like an attenuated tube evolved round a cone; spire detached, with a deep umbilicus; volutions connected by longitudinal ribs; body extremely ventricose; colour cream yellow.

_S. communis._ The common Scalaria, or false Wentle Trap.

More taper and elongated than the S. pretiosa. It has no umbilicus, and the whorls are closely united.

3. Delphinula. Three species.

A marine shell, which, like the Scalaria, has a round aperture, but its solidity and pearly substance distinguishes it from the Cyclostoma, which is terrestrial.

Shell thick, pearly in the interior, sub-discoid or conical; the spiral whorls sometimes detached, rounded, spiny, with a large umbilicus; aperture round or multrigonal, not modified; edges perfectly united with a small spire, tuberculated exteriorly.

Delphinula laciniata.
D. distorta.
D. turbinopsis.

_D. laciniata._ The fringed Delphinula. Pl. 23, fig. 5.

Shell depressed, umbilicus large, surrounded by large vaulted scales in spiral rows; strong waved spiral striæ; colour reddish purple, variegated with white.

FAMILY XV.
TURBINACEA. Seven genera.

1. Solarium. Seven species.

Some shells of this genus are highly valued for their beauty and rarity.

Shell orbicular, involuted almost in the same plane; Planorbis-shaped; the spire of the right side very depressed; umbilicus large and conical, with edges denticulated or not at the entrance; aperture not modified by the last whorl of the spire, which is entirely flat; no columella.

Solarium perspectivum.
S. granulatum.
S. lævigatum.
S. stramineum.
S. hybridum.
S. variegatum.
S. luteum.

_S. perspectivum._ The perspective Solarium. Pl. 23, fig. 4.

Species very carinated in their circumference; the aperture square; umbilicus large and crenated; colour yellowish, with brown and white bands on the sutures of the volutions.

_S. variegatum._ The variegated Solarium.

Species sub-carinated, aperture sub-orbicular.

2. Trochus. The Top Shell. Sixty-nine species.

This genus derived its name from its resemblance to a top.

The shells are marine, found in almost all parts of the world; some are smooth, but the greater number are covered, with knobs, spines, tuberculations, or undulations.

The long spines on the margin of the T. Solaris are placed at regular distances, and resemble the rays of the sun. Many, when decorticated, look like mother-of-pearl; others have a splendid metallic lustre. The T. agglutinans possesses the faculty of covering itself with extraneous substances, such as stones, corals, fragments of shells, &c. Of this species there are two kinds, which, though conchologically known only by one name, are familiarly known by two; the Conchologist and the Mineralogist; the former so called from being loaded with shells, and the latter with stones, &c. Sometimes the Conchologist is loaded with corals only, and then is called the Zoologist.

Shell thick, generally pearly, shaped like a top, spire sometimes depressed, sometimes elevated and pointed at the summit, sharp or carinated at its circumference, umbilicated or not; aperture depressed, angular or sub-angular, sometimes heart-shaped, with edges disunited; the right sharp; the columella arched, twisted, and often projecting forward; operculum horny, thin, with numerous spiral whorls, narrow, and increasing a little from the centre to the circumference.

Trochus imperialis.
T. longispina.
T. solaris.
T. Indicus.
T. radians.
T. pileus.
T. calyptræformis.
T. fimbriatus.
T. brevispina.
T. rotularius.
T. stella.
T. stellaris.
T. niloticus.
T. pyramidalis.
T. noduliferus.
T. cærulescens.
T. obeliscus.
T. virgatus.
T. asperatus.
T. rhodostomus.
T. spinulosus.
T. costulatus.
T. inermis.
T. agglutinans.
T. cælatus.
T. tuber.
T. magus.
T. merula.
T. argyrostomus.
T. Cookii.
T. conuloides.
T. conulus.
T. jujubinus.
T. Javanicus.
T. annulatus.
T. doliarius.
T. maculatus.
T. granosus.
T. squarrosus.
T. incrassatus.
T. flammulatus.
T. elatus.
T. marmoratus.
T. Mauritianus.
T. imbricatus.
T. triserialis.
T. crenulatus.
T. asperulus.
T. acutus.
T. concavus.
T. lineatus.
T. zizyphinus.
T. granulatus.
T. granatum.
T. moniliferus.
T. iris.
T. ornatus.
T. bicingulatus.
T. calliferus.
T. umbilicaris.
T. undatus.
T. Pharaonis.
T. sagittiferus.
T. carneolus.
T. cinerarius.
T. excavatus.
T. nanus.
T. pyramidatus.
T. erythroleucos.

_T. imperialis._ The imperial Trochus. Pl. 23, fig. 6.

Species umbilicated, spire very depressed, sharp and radiated at their circumference by the preservation of an angular canal from the middle of the right margin. This species is rare and beautiful, found in New-Zealand.

_T. zizyphinus._ The livid Trochus.

Species with strong transverse striæ; colour livid, with undulated streaks of red or brownish carnation.

_T. agglutinans._ The agglutinating or Carrier Trochus.

Species umbilicated, with spire very depressed; the base much enlarged, and as if excavated by the large projection of the angle of the right edge, which advances much beyond the rounded columellar edge; generally covered with shells, stones, or coral.

_T. niloticus._ The large marble Trochus.

Species not umbilicated, conical, with base flat and circular; the columella twisted; the aperture very angular.

_T. obeliscus._ The obelisk Trochus.

Species not umbilicated, conic, elevated, flat and circular base; the termination of the columella strongly twisted, but passing down by the margin, appearing sloped by the advance of an internal longitudinal plait.

_T. iris._ The iris Trochus.

Species not umbilicated, conic, base oblique; aperture large, slightly angular; the columella twisted, and forming a kind of tooth at its termination.

_T. granulatus._ The granulated Trochus.

Conic, imperforate at the base, spirally granulated and not marginated at the edges of the volutions; body swelling out; spire tapering abruptly; apex acute, flesh-coloured.

_T. umbilicaris._ The umbilicated Trochus.

Shell conico-convex, rather flat, rounded at the top; apex depressed, volutions sub-marginate; striated spirally; aperture compressed and angular; umbilicus large, extending to the apex; colour whitish.

3. Monodonta. Twenty-three species.

This genus occupies an intermediate space between the Trochus and the Turbo; distinguished from the former by the aperture being more round and slightly depressed, and from the latter by the toothlike projecting angle which the truncated columella occasions at the base of the aperture.