Chapter C: MARINÆ. Four genera (3)

Shell ovate or conoid, aperture round and entire, with an operculum; outer lip disunited from the body at the top; columella arched and truncated at the base.

Monodonta bicolor.
M. pagodus.
M. tectum Persicum.
M. papillosa.
M. coronaria.
M. Egyptiaca.
M. carchedonius.
M. tectum.
M. labio.
M. Australis.
M. canalifera.
M. viridis.
M. fragarioides.
M. constricta.
M. modulus.
M. articulata.
M. lugubris.
M. punctulata.
M. tricarinata.
M. canaliculata.
M. Seminigra.
M. rosea.
M. lineata.

_M. coronaria._ The crowned Monodonta.

Species in which the columella greatly projects, and the spire is entirely flat; covered with numerous small tubercles; colour white; the columella tinged with red.

_M. labio._ The double-lipped Monodonta. Pl. 23, fig. 2.

Species sub-globular, umbilicated, spiral whorls rounded; the columella terminated by a tooth.

_M. fragarioides._ The strawberry-shaped Monodonta.

Species more or less globular, of which the columella, almost straight, offers but a little obstacle to its junction with the margin.

4. Turbo. The Turban Shell. Thirty-four species.

Distinguished from the Monodonta by never having the columella truncated at the base; and from the Trochus by being solid, with the whorls constantly convex and never flattened. Like the Trochus, when decorticated, the Turbo exhibits splendid pearly, gold, or silver irridescent colours.

Shell thick, pearly in the interior; depressed, conical, or sub-turreted; umbilicated or not, little or not carinated at its circumference; aperture round or little depressed; the middle of the external edge not bent, but sometimes hollowed or sloped in some part; the edges rarely joined by a callosity; the columella arched, rarely twisted, and not truncated at the base; operculum calcareous or horny; the spire visible externally in the latter and interiorly in the former; the exterior often thickened and curved.

Turbo marmoratus.
T. imperialis.
T. torquatus.
T. diaphanus.
T. rugosus.
T. coronatus.
T. sarmaticus.
T. cornutus.
T. argyrastomus.
T. Chrysostomus.
T. radiatus.
T. margaritaceus.
T. setosus.
T. Spenglerianus.
T. petholatus.
T. undulatus.
T. pica.
T. versicolor.
T. smaragdus.
T. cidaris.
T. crenulatus.
T. hippocastanum.
T. muricatus.
T. littoreus.
T. ustulatus.
T. Nicobaricus.
T. neritoides.
T. retusus.
T. rudis.
T. obtusatus.
T. pullus.
T. cærulescens.
T. cancellatus.
T. costatus.

_T. pica._ The Magpie Turbo. Pl. 24, fig. 6.

Species in which the aperture is oblique; the columella losing itself entirely in its continuation with the margin, the umbilicus always uncovered; colour black and white.

_T. setosus._ The bristly Turbo.

Thick, transversely and deeply sulcated, longitudinally striated; spire short, volutions rounded, lip crenulated; inside pearly, variegated with white, green, and brown.

_T. rugosus._ The rough Turbo.

Species of which the aperture is perfectly round in the direction of the axis; the operculum horny.

5. Planaxis. Two species.

Shell marine, generally small, solid, of an oval conical form, oblong, a little sloping in front; columella flattened and truncated anteriorly; right margin furrowed or radiated within, and thickened by a callosity running to its origin; operculum oval, thin, horny, and sub-spiral.

Planaxis sulcata.
Planaxis undulata.

_P. sulcata._ The furrowed Planaxis. Pl. 27, fig. 4.

Imperforate, furrowed transversely; outer lip crenulated and striated internally; colour grayish white, spotted with black, forming oblique longitudinal bands.

6. Phasianella. The Pheasant Snail. Ten species.

This genus of shells is celebrated for the beauty and variety of the colouring, disposed in such a manner as to resemble the plumage of a pheasant.

They are marine shells, many of which are rare and valuable; they possess a very distinctive character, that of a slightly projecting angle running along the columella.

Shell rather thick, oval, smooth, without epidermis, spire pointed; aperture oval, larger in front, with disunited edges; the right sharp; the columella uniting itself a little with the left edge, and offering interiorly a longitudinal callosity; operculum calcareous, oval, oblong, sub-spiral, the summit at one of its extremities.

Phasianella bulimoides.
P. rubens.
P. variegata.
P. elegans.
P. Peruviana.
P. lineata.
P. nebulosa.
P. sulcata.
P. Mauritiana.
P. angulifera.

_P. picta._ The painted Phasianella. Pl. 24, fig. 2.

Species smooth, oval, glossy, volutions inflated; reddish white, with crimson or reddish brown spots; aperture sub-ovate.

7. Turritella. The Screw Shell. Thirteen species.

This genus is easily distinguished from all screwlike shells by a sinus on the right margin of the aperture, not existing in any other shell of similar form.

Shell marine, turreted, not pearly, rather thin, striated according to the turning of the spire, which is very pointed, and has numerous whorls; aperture rounded; the edges disunited posteriorly; the right extremity thin, and, when perfect, having a light sinus about the middle; operculum horny.

Turritella duplicata.
T. terebra.
T. imbricata.
T. replicata.
T. fuscata.
T. cornea.
T. brevialis.
T. bicingulata.
T. trisulcata.
T. exoleta.
T. carinifera.
T. Australis.
T. Virginiana.

_T. bicingulata._ The twice-girdled Turritella. Pl. 24, fig. 5.

Species that answers to the above description.

_T. terebra._ The auger Turritella.

Taper, pointed, acute transverse striæ, the intermediate spaces prominent and acute; white, reddish, or cream coloured.

FAMILY XVI.
CANALIFERA. Eleven genera.

1. Cerithium. Thirty-six species.

A beautiful and numerous genus of turreted shells, with an expanded outer lip and short beak; the greater part are marine; many are found at the mouths of rivers, and a few in lakes, though none can properly be called river shells. In appearance they are like an elongated pyramidal cone, and the spire is at least two thirds the length of the shell. The exterior is seldom smooth, but striated, tuberculated, granulated, or spinous.

Shell more or less turreted, generally tuberculated; aperture small, oval, oblique; the columellar edge hollowed, callous; the right edge sharp, and dilating a little with age; operculum horny, oval, rounded, sub-spiral, and striated.

Cerithium giganteum.
C. palustre.
C. sulcatum.
C. telescopium.
C. ebeninum.
C. erythræonense.
C. muricatum.
C. radula.
C. crassum.
C. decollatum.
C. nodulosum.
C. vulgatum.
C. obeliscus.
C. granulatum.
C. aluco.
C. echinatum.
C. subulatum.
C. heteroclites.
C. zonale.
C. semiferrugineum.
C. torulosum.
C. tuberculatum.
C. morus.
C. obtusum.
C. semigranosum.
C. asperum.
C. lineatum.
C. vertagus.
C. fasciatum.
C. ocellatum.
C. literatum.
C. atratum.
C. eburneum.
C. punctatum.
C. lima.
C. perversum.

_C. vertagus._ The curved beak Cerithium. Pl. 24, fig. 3.

Species with evidently a small canal, very short, and recurved obliquely towards the back.

_C. aluco._ The caterpillar Cerithium.

Species with a canal much smaller, but entirely straight, and a sinus well formed at the posterior union of the two edges.

_C. semigranosum._ The semi-granulated Cerithium.

Fusiform, turreted; apex acute; the suture with double spiral rows of large granules; minutely striated transversely, with sulcated granulations; colour reddish brown.

2. Pleurotoma. Twenty-three species.

Distinguished from the Cerithium by having a notch or slit in the right margin.

Shell fusiform, rather rugged, spire turreted; aperture ovate, small, terminated by a canal variable in length; the right edge sharp, more or less notched; operculum horny.

Pleurotoma imperialis.
P. auriculifera.
P. muricata.
P. echinata.
P. fascialis.
P. bimarginata.
P. buccinoides.
P. cingulifera.
P. flavidula.
P. interrupta.
P. crenularis.
P. cincta.
P. unizonalis.
P. lineata.
P. spirata.
P. virgo.
P. Babylonia.
P. undosa.
P. marmorata.
P. tigrina.
P. crispa.
P. albina.
P. nodifera.

_P. Babylonia._ The Tower of Babel Pleurotoma. Pl. 24, fig. 1.

Species in which the tube is rather long, and the notch is a little posterior to the middle of the edge.

_P. auriculifera._ The eared Pleurotoma.

Species in which the tube is short, and the notch entirely against the spire.

_P. nodifera._ The knotty or Javanese Pleurotoma.

Species with outer lip largely notched and deeply crenulated; upper volution smooth; under volution and body striated transversely, with angulated oblique nodules at the suture; colour reddish yellow.

3. Turbinella. Twenty-three species.

By Linnæus this genus was classed with the Voluta, though they are more closely allied to the Murex; differing, however, from them by having no varices.

Shell generally turbinated, but sometimes turreted, rugged, and thick; spire variable in form; aperture elongated, terminated by a straight canal, often rather short; the left edge almost straight, and formed by a callosity which hides the columella; the right edge entire and sharp; the columella with two or three unequal, almost transverse plaits.

Turbinella scolymus.
T. rapa.
T. napus.
T. pyrum.
T. pugillaris
T. leucozonalis.
T. rustica.
T. cingulifera.
T. polygonia.
T. carinifera.
T. rhinoceros
T. cornigera.
T. ceramica.
T. capitellam.
T. mitis.
T. globulus.
T. infundibulum.
T. craticulata.
T. lineata.
T. nassatula.
T. triserialis.
T. variolaris.
T. ocellata.

_T. rapa._ The turnip Turbinella.

Species fusiform and almost smooth.

_T. scolymus._ The artichoke Turbinella.

Species turbinated and spinous.

_T. infundibulum._ The funnel-shaped Turbinella.

Species turreted and fusiform.

_T. pyrum._ The pear-shaped Turbinella.

Species with spire short, mucronate; apex mammiliform, beak long; columella with four plaits; colour yellowish white, with irregular reddish brown spots.

4. Cancellaria. Twelve species.

This genus is not given by De Blainville precisely like Lamarck, as he has removed those that are greatly canaliculated either to the Murex or Turbinella. They are all marine shells, and greatly approximate the last-mentioned genus.

Shell oval, globular, ventricose, rugged; the spire middling, pointed; aperture ovate, enlarged, grooved, and sometimes sub-canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge effuse, concave, sharp; the left or columellar edge almost straight, and marked in the middle by two or three plaits; operculum horny.

Cancellaria reticulata.
C. asperella.
C. scalaria.
C. scalariformis.
C. nodulosa.
C. cancellata.
C. senticosa.
C. citharella.
C. spirata.
C. obliquata.
C. rugosa.
C. Ziervogeliana.

_C. reticulata._ The reticulated Cancellaria. Pl. 25, fig. 5.

Oval, strong, ventricose; columella with three plaits; distant, coarse, reticulated striæ; sometimes with yellow or orange bands; aperture white.

5. Fasciolaria. Eight species.

This genus was separated by Lamarck from the Murex of Linnæus on account of having no varices.

Shell fusiform or sub-fusiform; aperture middling, elongated, almost symmetrical, terminated by a rather long straight tube; external edge sharp; the columellar edge with two or three oblique plaits.

Fasciolaria tulipa.
F. distans.
F. trapezium.
F. aurantiaca.
F. coronata.
F. filamentosa.
F. ferruginea.
F. tarentina.

_F. tulipa._ The tulip Fasciolaria. Pl. 25, fig. 4.

Species fusiform, not tuberculated.

_F. trapezium._ The striped tower Fasciolaria.

Species fusiform, volutions tuberculated, ventricose; reddish fawn coloured, with transverse double, slightly undulated lines; inside of aperture with reddish striæ.

_F. filamentosa._ The threaded Fasciolaria.

Species turreted and tuberculated.

6. Fusus. Thirty-six species.

Likewise taken from the Murex; they are marine shells, of an elongated fusiform shape, with whorls ventricose in the middle or at the lower extremity.

Shell covered with epidermis, rough, fusiform, or ventricose in the middle; prolonged behind by the spire, but particularly forward by the canal; aperture oval; the columellar edge straight or nearly so; the exterior edge sharp; operculum oval, horny, with sub-concentric elements, and summit lateral.

Fusus colosseus.
F. longissimus.
F. colus.
F. tuberculatus.
F. Nicobaricus.
F. distans.
F. torulosus.
F. incrassatus.
F. multicarinatus.
F. sulcatus.
F. antiquus.
F. despectus.
F. carinatus.
F. proboscidiferus.
F. Islandicus.
F. morio.
F. coronatus.
F. cochlidium.
F. corona.
F. raphanus.
F. filosus.
F. polygonoides.
F. verruculatus.
F. lignarius.
F. Syracusanus.
F. strigosus.
F. varius.
F. crebricostatus.
F. Afer.
F. rubens.
F. sinistralis.
F. Nifat.
F. articulatus.
F. buccinatus.
F. aculeiformis.
F. scalarinus.

_F. colus._ The spindle Fusus. Pl. 25, fig. 3.

Species turreted or sub-turreted, not umbilicated; outer lip entire, columella smooth.

_F. filosus._ The threaded Fusus.

Species sub-turreted and umbilicated.

7. Pyrula. Twenty-eight species.

Distinguished from the Fusus by having a short depressed spire, and the last whorl very large and ventricose, giving this shell the shape of a pear.

Shell pyriform by the depression of the spire, the canal conical, very long or middling, sometimes a little sloped; aperture oval, very large; columella smooth.

Pyrula canaliculata.
P. carica.
P. perversa.
P. candelabrum.
P. ternatana.
P. bezoar.
P. rapa.
P. papyracea.
P. tuba.
P. bucephala.
P. vespertilio.
P. melongena.
P. reticulata.
P. ficus.
P. ficoides.
P. spirata.
P. spirillus.
P. elongata.
P. galcodes.
P. angulata.
P. squamosa.
P. nodosa.
P. citrina.
P. abbreviata.
P. neritoidea.
P. deformis.
P. lineata.
P. plicata.

_P. melongena._ The open-mouth Pyrula. Pl. 25, fig. 6.

Species ventricose, tube or canal short; aperture very large and effuse; tuberculated, striated longitudinally.

_P. ficus._ The fig Pyrula.

Spire very short; volutions rounded above; very thin and ventricose; colour yellowish brown, with dark brown spots; covered with decussated striæ.

8. Struthiolaria. Two species.

The shells of this genus are marine, inhabited by mollusca, that, by frequently moving in and out of the shell while wandering on the shore in search of food, produce singular callosities on the two edges of the aperture. They generally resemble the Murex and Buccinum, but are distinguished by a thickened marginal lip on the right side.

Shell ovate, spire produced; aperture sinuous, terminated at the base by a very short canal; straight, and without a notch; columellar edge callous and effuse; right edge with a thickened varix.

Struthiolaria nodulosa.
Struthiolaria crenulata.

_S. nodulosa._ The nodulous Struthiolaria. Pl. 25, fig 1.

Ovate, grooved and striated transversely; top of volutions flattened and nodulous; cream-coloured, with undulated, brownish-yellow longitudinal lines; interior of lip yellowish.

9. Ranella. Fourteen species.

This genus of shells has two rows of varices or thickened bands, arranged on either side in rows, so that it forms a distinct division between the Struthiolaria and the Murex.

Shell oval, as if depressed by the preservation of each side of a longitudinal thickened band; aperture oval, almost symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge, terminating anteriorly by a short canal, often a little sloping; a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges.

Ranella gigantea.
R. leucostoma.
R. candisata.
R. Argus.
R. ranina.
R. spinosa.
R. bufonia.
R. granulata.
R. granifera.
R. semigranosa.
R. bitubercularis.
R. crumena.
R. anceps.
R. pygmæa.

_R. ranina._ The froglike Ranella. Pl. 25, fig. 2.

Species not umbilicated.

_R. granulata._ The granulated Ranella.

Species not umbilicated.

_R. spinosa._ The prickly Ranella.

Species of which the varices have elongated spines; beak sulcated; outer lip internally crenated; acute, short, distinct muricated tubercles; fawn coloured.

10. Murex. The Trumpet Shell. Sixty-six species.

Though so greatly divided by Lamarck, this is a beautiful and numerous genus, comprehending only such shells as have three or more varices on each whorl.

These varices show the number of times the animal has increased the size of its shell, and what proportion is added at each increase.

The shells are generally irregular in form, arising from their surfaces being usually armed with spines, knobs, striæ, or foliations.

Shell generally oval; the spire always but little elevated, armed with longitudinal transverse varices or thickened bands; aperture small; very oval and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge, formed by a plate applied on the columella, terminated anteriorly by a middling sized canal, sometimes very long and close; the right edge more or less adorned with varices; operculum horny, oval, complete, almost circular, with sub-concentric partitions; summit terminal.

Murex crassispina.
M. Haustellum.
M. acanthopterus.
M. tenuispina.
M. rarispina.
M. inflatus.
M. elongatus.
M. palmarosæ.
M. brevifrons.
M. calcitrapa.
M. adustus.
M. rufus.
M. axicornis.
M. cervicornis.
M. aculeatus.
M. microphyllus.
M. brassica.
M. saxatilis.
M. endivia.
M. radix.
M. melanomathos.
M. hexagonus.
M. scorpio.
M. secundus.
M. Tarentinus.
M. scaber.
M. costularis.
M. cornutus.
M. brandaris.
M. ternispina.
M. brevispina.
M. tenuirostrum.
M. motacilla.
M. asperrimus.
M. phyllopterus.
M. capucinus.
M. tripterus.
M. trigonularis.
M. uncinarius.
M. hemitripterus.
M. gibbosus.
M. triqueter.
M. trigonulus.
M. quadrifrons.
M. turbinatus.
M. trunculus.
M. anguliferus.
M. melonulus.
M. Magellanicus.
M. lamellosus.
M. erinaceus.
M. cinguliferus.
M. subcarinatus.
M. torosus.
M. polygonulus.
M. vitulinus.
M. angularis.
M. crispatus.
M. fenestratus.
M. cingulatus.
M. lyratus.
M. concatenatus.
M. granarius.
M. fimbriatus.
M. pulchellus.
M. aciculatus.

_M. crassispina._ The thick-spined Murex. Pl. 26, fig. 3.

Species with tube very long and spiny.

_M. adustus._ The burnt Murex. Pl. 26, fig. 1.

Species with three ramified varices.

_M. Haustellum._ The Snipe Murex. Pl. 26, fig. 4.

Species with tube very long, and without spines.

_M. acanthopterus._ The prickly Murex.

Species with three varices on each whorl.

_M. melanomathos._ The black-spined Murex.

Species which have whorls with more than three varices; the tube almost close.

_M. lyratus._ The lyre-shaped Murex.

Species sub-turreted.

_M. vitulinus._ The young Murex.

Species sub-globular; the spire and the canal rather short, very open; the aperture sub-effuse.

11. Triton. Thirty-one species.

In this genus the varices are in longitudinal rows or series, but alternating, few in number, sometimes only one on each whorl. They are never spinous or foliated, though frequently plaited or tuberculated.

The Triton variegatus type of this genus is one of the largest spiral shells.

Shell oval, with spire and canal straight, middling, generally rough, garnished with varices, rare, scattered, and preserved in longitudinal rows; aperture sub-oval, elongated, terminated by a short, open canal; the columellar edge less hollowed than the right, and covered with a callosity; operculum horny, oval, rounded, and rather large.

Triton variegatus.
T. nodiferus.
T. Australis.
T. lampas.
T. scrobiculator.
T. Spengleri.
T. corrugatus.
T. succinctus.
T. pilearis.
T. lotorium.
T. femoralis.
T. subdistortus.
T. cancellatus.
T. maculosus.
T. clandestinus.
T. pyrum.
T. cynocephalum.
T. tripus.
T. canaliferus.
T. retusus.
T. clavator.
T. tuberosus.
T. vespaceus.
T. chlorostomus.
T. anus.
T. clathratus.
T. rubecula.
T. cutaceus.
T. dolarius.
T. Tranquebaricus.
T. undosus.

_T. variegatus._ The trumpet Triton. Pl. 26, fig. 5.

The smoothest species, oblong, ventricose, tubiform; aperture dilated; suture of the spire crenulated; pillar lip grooved obliquely; colour pale purple, clouded and spotted with brown.

_T. cutaceus._ The rough-skin Triton.

Species with spire rather short, always very tuberculated, often umbilicated; a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges.

_T. anus._ The grinning Triton.

Species similar to the T. cutaceus, but having the aperture surrounded by a thin dilated membrane and irregular teeth.

FAMILY XVII.
ALATA. Three genera.

1. Rostellaria. Three species.

Lamarck formed this genus from the Strombus of Linnæus on account of having a sinus in the lower part of the right margin contiguous to the canal. The beak is generally curved, and short in comparison to the length of the spire, but sometimes it is straight, and equal in length to the other part of the shell.

The R. rectirostris is one of the most rare shells known.

Shell sub-depressed, turreted, with spire produced and pointed; aperture oval by the excavation of the columellar edge; the right margin dilating by age, and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates the shell.

Rostellaria curvirostris.
R. rectirostris.
R. pes-Pelicani.

_R. curvirostris._ The curved beak Rostellaria. Pl. 27, fig. 2.

Species with the right edge digitated.

_R. pes-Pelicani._ The Pelican’s foot Rostellaria.

Species turreted, with four digitations on the right edge; body and volutions ribbed longitudinally and crowned with papillæ; flesh-coloured or white.

2. Pteroceras. Seven species.

Formed from the Strombus, being distinct from it by not having the canal at the base shortened or truncated. It greatly resembles the Rostellaria, but the sinus of the right margin is distant from the body. From its digitation or long recurved claws it has often been called the Spider Shell.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, canal elongated, attenuated, and often closed; right margin dilating by age into an expanded, digitated wing, attached to and covering a short spire, with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the body.

Pteroceras truncata.
P. lambis.
P. millepeda.
P. pseudoscorpio.
P. scorpio.
P. aurantia.
P. chiragra.

_P. chiragra._ The Devil’s Claw. Pl. 28, fig. 3.

Tuberculated, with six digitated, canaliculated rays, closed in the adult shell; outer lip internally striated.

_P. scorpio._ The Scorpion Pteroceras.

Species with digitations on the external edge, varying in number from six to ten.

3. Strombus. The Wing Shell. Thirty-two species.

As now defined and characterized by Lamarck, is easily distinguished by not having the winged aperture on the right side dentated or digitated, and the sinus therein always separated from the canal.

In some species the exterior is variously striated, smooth, wrinkled longitudinally, or tuberculated; the interior presents vivid and beautiful colours.

These shells frequently attain a large size and great solidity.

Shell thick, sub-involute, diconic, or ventricose, terminated like a cone before and behind; aperture very long, narrow, terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated, recurved; the edges parallel; the external dilating with age, offering behind a gutter at its attachment to the spire, and before a sinus more posterior than the canal, through which passes the head of the animal; operculum horny, long, and narrow, with elements as if imbricated; the summit terminal.

Strombus gigas.
S. accipitrinus.
S. latissimus.
S. tricornis.
S. Canarium.
S. Isabella.
S. vittatus.
S. epidromis.
S. gallus.
S. bituberculatus.
S. cristatus.
S. dilatatus.
S. bubonius.
S. lentiginosus.
S. auris-Dianæ.
S. pugilis.
S. pyrulatus.
S. gibberulus.
S. Luhuanus.
S. Mauritianus.
S. colomba.
S. succinctus.
S. troglodytes.
S. tridentatus.
S. urceus.
S. plicatus.
S. Floridus.
S. papilio.
S. lineatus.
S. marginatus.
S. turritus.
S. cancellatus.

_S. polyfasciatus._ The many-banded Strombus. Pl. 28, fig. 2.

Species distinguished by its bands, and by having the margin of the outer lip thickened.

_S. auris-Dianæ._ Diana’s Ear Strombus.

Oblong-ovate; spire acute, tuberculated, and transversely striated; base recurved, outer lip thick, anterior lobe with a finger-like termination.

_S. pugilis._ The fighting, or thick-spined Strombus.

Anterior lip prominent, rounded, smooth; spire crowned with spines, the outermost whorl cancellate; columella much reflected; beak three-lobed, obtuse, flesh-coloured, and polished within.

FAMILY XVIII.
PURPURIFERA. Eleven genera.

1. Cassidaria. Five species.

Marine shell, sometimes confounded with the Cassis, but distinguished by the canal which terminates the aperture being ascendant, very little arched, and not suddenly recurved.

Shell sub-globular, ventricose, tuberculated, or fluted; spire short and pointed; aperture long, oval, sub-canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge effuse and folded back; the columella covered over with a broad, smooth callosity, uniting behind to the right edge; operculum horny.

Cassidaria echinophora.
C. Tyrrhena.
C. cingulata.
C. striata.
C. oniscus.

_C. echinophora._ The tuberculated Cassidaria. Pl. 27, fig. 5.

Species oval, sub-globular, canal sub-ascendant, with tuberculated belts or ribs.

_C. Tyrrhena._ The Tyrrhenian Cassidaria.

Species ovate, grooved transversely, volutions convex; apex with one tubercle; tawny colour.

2. Cassis. The Helmet Shell. Twenty-five species.

This genus was formed from the Buccinum, from which it is easily distinguished; the latter having only a notch at the base, and the Cassis with a canal abruptly turned towards the back of the shell.

Shell inflated oval, sub-involute, spire very little projecting; aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly by a very short canal, sloped and recurved obliquely towards the back; the right edge more or less concave, reflected backward, and often dentated within; the columella covered with a large callosity, denticulated or wrinkled in all its length; operculum horny.

Cassis cornuta.
C. tuberosa.
C. Madagascariensis.
C. flammea.
C. fascinata.
C. glauca.
C. rufa.
C. pennata.
C. testiculus.
C. achatina.
C. crumena.
C. plicaria.
C. areola.
C. zebra.
C. decussata.
C. abbreviata.
C. sulcosa.
C. granulosa.
C. saburon.
C. canaliculata.
C. pyrum.
C. Ceylanica.
C. semigranosa.
C. vibex.
C. erinaceus.

_C. tuberosa._ The tuberous Cassis. Pl. 28, fig. 5.

Species in which the aperture is long, the external edge almost straight, and the spire with thickened bands.

_C. flammea._ The flaming Cassis.

Species in which the aperture is sub-oval, and the external edge excavated; spire short, base triangular; columella rugose; outer lip thickened.

_C. areola._ The draught-board Cassis.

Smooth, shiny, white, with square orange tesselated spots; spire short and conical, with decussated striæ; lower part of columella rugose.

3. Ricinula. Nine species.

Shell oval or sub-globular, thick, armed with points or tubercles, with a depressed spire; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes canaliculated anteriorly, and digitated externally; the left edge more or less callous, sometimes denticulated; operculum horny, oval, transverse, with elements slightly imbricated.

Ricinula horrida.
R. clathrata.
R. arachnoidea.
R. miticula.
R. digitata.
R. pisolina.
R. aspera.
R. morus.
R. mutica.

_R. horrida._ The horrid Ricinula. Pl. 26, fig. 2.

Species without a canal; exterior covered with strong, obtuse black tubercles, with the interstices white, striated transversely; interior rich purple colour; outer lip with five triangular grooved radii, between which at their base the margin is crenulated.

_R. digitata._ The digitated Ricinula.

Species canaliculated; two long palmated digits at the side of the aperture.

4. Purpura. Fifty species.

This genus has its name from the purple liquid produced by the animal, from which the ancients extracted the Tyrian purple dye. This is the last genus that presents the appearance of a canal at the base of the aperture, and therefore rightly precedes the remaining genera of this family, all of which are without a canal.

Shell oval, thick, generally tuberculated; spire short; the last whorl much greater than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly dilated, terminated anteriorly by a canal short, oblique, and notched at the extremity; the columellar edge almost straight, covered with a callosity pointed anteriorly; operculum horny, flat, almost semicircular, with transverse striæ slightly marked; the summit behind.

Purpura Persica.
P. Rudolphi.
P. patula.
P. collumellaris.
P. succincta.
P. consul.
P. armigera.
P. bitubercularis.
P. hippocastanum.
P. undata.
P. hæmastoma.
P. manicella.
P. bufo.
P. callosa.
P. neritoides.
P. planospira.
P. callifera.
P. coronata.
P. sacellum.
P. squamosa.
P. rugosa.
P. textilosa.
P. sertum.
P. Francolinus.
P. limbosa.
P. ligata.
P. cruentata.
P. lapillus.
P. imbricata.
P. lagenaria.
P. cateracta.
P. bicostalis.
P. plicata.
P. fiscella.
P. thiarella.
P. rustica.
P. carinifera.
P. scalariformis.
P. hystrix.
P. deltoidea.
P. unifascialis.
P. retusa.
P. trochlea.
P. semi-imbricata.
P. echinulata.
P. clavus.
P. fasciolaris.
P. vexillum.
P. bizonalis.
P. nucleus.

_P. Persica._ The Persian Purpura. Pl. 28, fig. 4.

Transversely sulcated and striated between the ridges; colour burnt-umber, ridges yellowish, with dark brown spots; upper ridge and the superior edges of the volutions mucronate; interior sulcated and striated.

_P. lapillus._ The common Purpura.

Species small, white, sometimes banded with yellow or brown, with a scaly surface.

5. Monoceros. The Unicorn. Five species.

Derived its name from the long, conical-pointed, somewhat recurved tooth in the outer lip, by which alone it can well be distinguished from the Purpura; and with this characteristic difference the description of the shell of the Purpura will answer for this genus.

Monoceros cingulatum.
M. imbricatum.
M. striatum.
M. glabratum.
M. crassilabrum.

_M. cingulatum._ The belted Monoceras.

Cylindrical, columella not smooth, but irregularly plaited or wrinkled, and the tooth does not extend within the interior of the whorls as in the other species, but appears affixed only to the edge of the lip; volutions flattened in their upper edges; transverse spiral brown bands.

6. Concholepas. One species.

Formerly considered a Patella, but distinct from it on account of having an operculum. It is particularly distinguished by having two teeth at the base of the right side.

Shell wide, rough, oval, spire very short, not projecting; aperture very large, oval, effuse, sloped anteriorly; the edges united; the right or external very thick, dentated; the two teeth which limit the slope are a little larger than the others; muscular impression visible, and almost in form of a horseshoe; operculum horny and rudimentary.

_C. Peruvianus._ The Peruvian Concholepas. Pl. 28, fig. 1.

The type of this genus; exterior dark brown, interior white.

7. Harpa. The Harp Shell. Eight species.

This genus of shells is truly beautiful; it was classed by Linnæus with the Buccinum, but Lamarck considered that they were, for their beauty, worthy of forming a genus by themselves.

Shell oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel ribs, formed by the preservation of the thickening of the right margin; the spire very short, pointed, the last whorl much longer than all the others together; aperture large, ovate, widely notched anteriorly; the right edge much excavated and thickened outwardly; the columella smooth, and terminated in a point anteriorly.

Harpa imperialis.
H. ventricosa.
H. conoidalis.
H. nobilis.
H. articularis.
H. rosea.
H. minor.
H. striata.

_H. imperialis._ The imperial Harp.

Species in which the number of ribs far exceeds that of any other, and occasions it often to be called the many-ridged harp; a small spiral keel round the summit. A rare and valuable species.

_H. nobilis._ The noble Harp. Pl. 29, fig. 2.

A regular species.

_H. rosea._ The roseate Harp.

Oblong-ovate; flesh coloured, with roseate interrupted bands; ribs remote; columella of a fine rosy hue.

8. Dolium. The Tun Shell. Seven species.

The shells of this genus are generally large, thin, and globose, with a wide aperture, and toothed or crenated outer lip; they have a brittle and light structure, and although some of them grow to a very large size, they retain their characteristic fragility and thinness.

Shell sub-globular, very ventricose, thin, encircled by decurrent flutings; the spire very short; the last turn much larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, very large, by the great excavation of the right edge, which is crenated through all its length; columella twisted; operculum unknown.

Dolium galea.
D. olearium.
D. maculatum.
D. fasciatum.
D. pomum.
D. variegatum.
D. perdix.

_D. perdix._ The Partridge Dolium. Pl. 29, fig. 4.

Species sub-umbilicated, ovate-oblong, thin, thickly ribbed, and convex; colour reddish brown, clouded and spotted with white.

_D. galea._ The brown Tun.

Species not umbilicated; sometimes exceeds ten inches in diameter.

9. Buccinum. The Whelk. Fifty-eight species.

Notwithstanding the divisions of the Linnæan Buccinum into so many different genera, it still presents a great variety and diversity of species.

Shell slightly covered with epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire middling elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, and sometimes sub-canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge thick, not reflected; columella simple and swelled at the upper part; operculum horny, complete, oval, with sub-concentric elements; the summit slightly marked and marginal.

Buccinum undatum.
B. glaciale.
B. Anglicanum.
B. papyraceum.
B. annulatum.
B. lævissimum.
B. crenulatum.
B. reticulatum.
B. Tranquebaricum.
B. lineatum.
B. fuscatum.
B. lineolatum.
B. maculosum.
B. politum.
B. suturale.
B. mutabile.
B. inflatum.
B. retusum.
B. ventricosum.
B. gemmulatum.
B. Coromandelianum.
B. fasciatum.
B. miga.
B. lyratum.
B. arcularia.
B. coronatum.
B. Thersites.
B. pauperatum.
B. neriteum.
B. testudineum.
B. achatinum.
B. glans.
B. papillosum.
B. olivaceum.
B. canaliculatum.
B. tricarinatum.
B. Brasilianum.
B. semiconvexum.
B. fasciolatum.
B. vinosum.
B. tenuiplicatum.
B. sub-spinosum.
B. Ascanias.
B. lævigatum.
B. flexuosum.
B. aciculatum.
B. corniculatum.
B. cribrarium.
B. grana.
B. coccinella.
B. zebra.
B. dermestoideum.
B. aurantium.
B. pedicular.
B. gibbolusum.
B. pullus.
B. marginulatum.
B. polygonatum.

_B. undatum._ The common Whelk, or waved Buccinum.

Species oval, slightly ventricose, and sub-carinated on the whorls of the spire; sulcated obliquely; striated transversely and longitudinally; volutions convex; aperture white or yellow; covered with a yellowish epidermis.

_B. papillosum._ The prickly-lip Buccinum. Pl. 29, fig. 1.

Species with the spire elevated, more or less tuberculated, the edges of the aperture separated posteriorly by a narrow, rather deep sinus; the right dentated anteriorly.

_B. reticulatum._ The reticulated Buccinum.

Species short, ventricose, sub-globular.

_B. achatinum._ The Agathine Buccinum.

Species smooth, the spire rather elevated; the aperture wider anteriorly.

10. Eburna. Five species.

Shell oval or elongated, smooth; the spire pointed, its whorls as if rounded; aperture ovate, elongated, effuse, and widely notched anteriorly; the right margin entire; the columella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, sub-canaliculated at its external or right side.

Eburna glabrata.
E. Ceylanica.
E. spirata.
E. areolata.
E. lutosa.

_E. Ceylanica._ The Ceylon Eburna. Pl. 29, fig. 3.

Species smooth, white, with irregular large purplish spots; apex acute, tipped with blue; sutures with an elevated line; umbilicus filled with spines.

11. Terebra. The Needle Shell. Twenty-four species.

This genus of shells is remarkable for their sharp, lengthened, and spiral form, which obtained for them the common name of Needles.

Shell elongated oval, spire pointed, slightly elevated, or sub-turreted; aperture wide, oval, strongly notched anteriorly; lower end of the columella twisted or oblique.

Terebra maculata.
T. flammea.
T. crenulata.
T. dimidiata.
T. striatula.
T. chlorata.
T. cerithina.
T. raphanula.
T. muscaria.
T. subulata.
T. oculata.
T. duplicata.
T. Babylonia.
T. corrugata.
T. Senegalensis.
T. cærulescens.
T. cingulifera.
T. myuros.
T. scabrella.
T. strigilata.
T. lanceata.
T. aciculina.
T. granulosa.
T. vittata.

_T. Buccinoides._ The Buccinum-shaped Terebra. Pl. 27, fig. 3.

Answers to the above description.

_T. vittata._ The filleted Terebra.

Species smooth, pale fawn coloured; transversely striated, with transverse purplish fillets.

_T. maculata._ The spotted Terebra. Pl. 27, fig. 1.

Species very long, spire pointed; aperture oval, small, widely notched anteriorly; the external edge thin and sharp, the left with an oblique thickening at its extremity.

FAMILY XIX.
COLUMELLARIA. Five genera.

1. Columbella. Eighteen species.

The shells of this genus are short, small, and rather thick; found in the seas of hot countries.

The C. mercatoria is very common on the shores of the Atlantic in warm latitudes, and was formerly used as money.

Shell thick, turbinated; spire short, obtuse; aperture narrow, elongated, terminated by a very short canal or notch, rendered narrow by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge, and by some plaits on the columella; a very small horny operculum.

Columbella strombiformis.
C. rustica.
C. mercatoria.
C. Hebræa.
C. flavida.
C. semipunctata.
C. bizonalis.
C. reticulata.
C. pardalina.
C. scripta.
C. ovulata.
C. nitida.
C. zonalis.
C. fulgurans.
C. mendicaria.
C. turturina.
C. punctata.
C. unifascialis.

_C. strombiformis._ The Strombus-shaped Columbella. Pl. 29, fig. 6.

The type of this genus, partly characterized by its name.

_C. mercatoria._ The merchant Columbella.

Ovate, white, sulcated, transversely clouded with brown or yellow; outer lip dentated internally.

2. Mitra. The Mitre Shell. Eighty species.

A numerous and elegant genus of shells, separated by Lamarck from the Voluta on account of possessing several strong distinctive characters. The spire is always pointed, and the columellar plaits, diminishing in size, are always transverse and parallel to each other.

The exterior is sometimes most beautifully marked with transverse grooves, striæ, punctures, or granulations; the colour of almost every hue.

Shell turreted, sub-fusiform, and oval; the spire always pointed at the summit; the aperture small, triangular, wider and strongly notched anteriorly; the external edge sharp, almost straight, always longer than the columella, which is formed by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique parallel plaits, of which those anterior are the shortest.

Mitra episcopalis.
M. papalis.
M. pontificalis.
M. puncticulata.
M. millepora.
M. cardinalis.
M. archiepiscopalis.
M. versicolor.
M. sanguinolenta.
M. pediculus.
M. lactea.
M. cornicularis.
M. lutescens.
M. striatula.
M. subulata.
M. cornea.
M. tringa.
M. melaniana.
M. ferruginea.
M. terebralis.
M. adusta.
M. granulosa.
M. crocata.
M. casta.
M. nexilis.
M. olivaria.
M. scabriuscula.
M. granatina.
M. crenifera.
M. serpentina.
M. tæniata.
M. plicaria.
M. corrugata.
M. costellaris.
M. lyrata.
M. melongena.
M. cinctella.
M. vulpecula.
M. Caffra.
M. sanguisuga.
M. stigmataria.
M. filosa.
M. fissurata.
M. arenosa.
M. clavulus.
M. literata.
M. Peronii.
M. obliquata.
M. oniscina.
M. scutulata.
M. dactylus.
M. fenestrata.
M. crenulata.
M. texturata.
M. conulus.
M. limbifera.
M. aurantiaca.
M. amphorella.
M. coronata.
M. paupercula.
M. cucumerina.
M. patriarchalis.
M. muriculata.
M. torulosa.
M. ebenus.
M. harpæformis.
M. semifasciata.
M. retusa.
M. microzonias.
M. ficulina.
M. nucleola.
M. unifascialis.
M. bacillum.
M. conularis.
M. plumbea.
M. larva.
M. pisolina.
M. dermestina.
M. granulifera.
M. tabanula.

_M. episcopalis._ The episcopal Mitre. Pl. 31, fig. 7.

Species turreted, with spiral whorls very wide and entire; the aperture effuse anteriorly.

_M. papalis._ The papal Mitre.

Species with coronated whorls.

_M. pontificalis._ The pontifical Mitre.

Species covered with a yellowish epidermis, beneath which are interrupted fillets of orange coloured spots; spire crowned with tubercles.

_M. micozonias._ The small white-banded Mitre.

Species sub-ovate, spire very short, generally tubercled.

_M. dactylus._ The six-plaited Mitre.

Species oval, spire very short, and generally latticed.

_M. tæniata._ The riband Mitre.

Species flaring, turreted, ribbed; spire more than half the length of the shell; aperture very narrow, long, sub-canaliculated, with one plait.

3. Voluta. The Volute or Wreath. 44 species.

This genus, as established by Linnæus, included shells of different families, promiscuously blended together, rendering it difficult to determine satisfactorily respecting shells under examination. As arranged and classified by Lamarck, it is still a numerous and beautiful genus, containing some of the most rare and costly shells, particularly V. Junonia or Peacock Volute, of which very few are known. They vary considerably in size; some are very minute, and others large; they are found chiefly in the seas of the torrid zone or southern hemisphere.

Shell oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of the spire mamillose; aperture in general much more long than wide, strongly and obliquely notched anteriorly; the right edge a little reflected, entire; the columellar edge excavated, and adorned with great plaits, more or less oblique, and a little variable in number with age.

Voluta nautica.
V. diadema.
V. armata.
V. ducalis.
V. tesselata.
V. Neptuni.
V. cymbium.
V. olla.
V. proboscidalis.
V. porcina.
V. Æthiopica.
V. melo.
V. imperialis.
V. pellis-serpentis.
V. vespertilio.
V. Hebræa.
V. musica.
V. chlorosina.
V. lævigata.
V. polyzonalis.
V. nodulosa.
V. magnifica.
V. ancilla.
V. Magellanica.
V. Pacifica.
V. fulminata.
V. Junonia.
V. scapha.
V. Brasiliana.
V. mitis.
V. nivosa.
V. serpentina.
V. thiarella.
V. carneolata.
V. Guinaica.
V. fulva.
V. sulcata.
V. nucleus.
V. undulata.
V. lapponica.
V. vexillum.
V. volvacea.
V. festiva.
V. mitræformis.

_V. Æthiopica._ The Æthiopian Volute. Pl. 30, fig. 2.

Species large, oval, convex, ventricose; spire papillary, with whorls coronated with elevated hollow spines.

_V. musica._ The music Volute.

Species oval, marked like musical notes set in scores on its surface; spire sub-tuberculated.

_V. Magellanica._ The Magellan Volute.

Species sub-fusiform, elongated, and sub-turreted; no spines or tubercles on the whorls.

4. Marginella. Twenty-four species.

Distinguished from the Voluta, from which it was taken, by having the outer lip thickened.

Shell smooth, polished, ovate, oblong, sub-conic, spire short and papillary; aperture narrow, sub-ovate, by a light curve of the right edge, which is inflated or reflected, slightly notched anteriorly; the columellar edge marked with three distinct oblique plaits.

Marginella glabrella.
M. radiata.
M. quinqueplicata.
M. limbata.
M. rosea.
M. lifasciata.
M. faba.
M. dentifera.
M. dactylus.
M. bullata.
M. cornea.
M. avellana.
M. nubeculata.
M. cærulescens.
M. aurantia.
M. bivaricosa.
M. longivaricosa.
M. muscaria.
M. eburnea.
M. formicula.
M. persicula.
M. lineata.
M. tessellata.
M. interrupta.

_M. lineata._ The lineated Marginella. Pl. 30, fig. 3.

Species with aperture as long as the shell; spire not projecting, sometimes sunk or umbilicated.

_M. faba._ The Bean Marginella.

Species with aperture shorter than the shell, and the spire projecting.

_M. cærulescens._ The cerulean Marginella.

Species with surface bluish white; spire short and acute; four plaits on the columella; interior lip brownish purple.

5. Volvaria. Five species.

The connecting genus between those shells that have a columella and those that are evolved upon their own axis. Distinguished from the Marginella by not having a thickened outer lip. The shells are marine, and generally very small.

Shell cylindrical, convolute; spire obsolete or concealed; aperture narrow, the whole length of the shell, with one or more plaits on the columella at the lower part.

Volvaria monilis.
V. pallida.
V. triticea.
V. oryza.
V. miliacea.

_V. monilis._ The Necklace Volvaria. Pl. 29, fig. 5.

Species greatly involuted; aperture very narrow and very long; plaits on the anterior part of the columellar edge; the exterior edge thin.

FAMILY XX.
CONVOLUTA. Six genera.

1. Ovula. The Egg. 12 species.

This is the first genus of Lamarck’s arrangement of convoluted shells; it is nearly allied to the Cypræa, but easily distinguished from it by the want of spire, and by not having teeth on the columellar lip; the right lip is reflected inwardly, sometimes wrinkled and sometimes smooth.

Shell oblong, convex, resembling the Cypræa in form, with the two extremities of the aperture notched, and more or less prolonged like a tube; the left margin dentated.

Ovula oviformis.
O. angulosa.
O. verrucosa.
O. hordacea.
O. spelta.
O. birostris.
O. lactea.
O. carnea.
O. triticea.
O. gibbosa.
O. acicularis.
O. volva.

_O. volva._ The Weaver’s Shuttle. Pl. 34, fig. 4.

Species in which the right edge is not thickened or dentated, and with each extremity elongated, producing a long, straight tube, which increases with age. One of the most rare shells of this genus.

_O. oviformis._ The egg-shaped Ovula. Pl. 34, fig. 1.

Species ovate, much inflated, ventricose in the centre, very glossy and white; right edge dentated, the tube of each extremity very prominent; interior of aperture reddish purple.

_O. gibbosa._ The belted Ovula. Pl. 34, fig. 2.

Species gibbous, neither end dentated; tubes little marked, and with the body of the shell encircled by a blunt keel.

_O. verrucosa._ The warty Ovula. Pl. 34, fig. 3.

Species in which the right end is dentated, with a notch and a knob above at each extremity.

2. Cypræa. The Cowrie. 68 species.

This genus derived its name from the Cyprian goddess, on account of the beauty of its polished shells. They are generally smooth, of great brilliancy of colour, and elegantly marked with dots, zigzag lines, undulations, or stripes, and covered with an enamel-like glaze. They are found buried in the sand at the bottom of the sea, and are covered by the animal with a thin membrane, which preserves the polish and prevents other testaceous bodies from adhering to them. This membrane consists of two parts, and arises on both sides of the shell in the form of wings, furnishing the testaceous and colouring matter; in some species they do not quite meet on the back of the shell, and the uncovered space is marked by a coloured dorsal line; when these membranous wings overlap each other, this line is nearly obsolete.

These shells often differ much with age; at first in thickness, then because the edges are thin, sharp, hardly dentated, unless internally; and, lastly, sometimes in the outline; this is because the two lobes of the mantle, by turning over the primitive shell during the creeping of the animal, deposite new calcareous matter. De Blainville cannot admit the hypothesis of Bruguiere, that these animals can completely abandon their shell to form a new one.

Shell, when full grown and mature, is solid, oval, convex, very smooth, involute; the spire entirely posterior, very small, often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the lobes of the mantle, leaving in some species a small cavity like an umbilicus; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, slightly curved, as long as the shell, with edges internally dentated, and notched at each extremity.

Shell, when young and immature, is very thin, the edges of the aperture not dentated; the right margin sharp and not reflected.

Cypræa cerina.
C. exanthema.
C. tigris.
C. tigrina.
C. Argus.
C. testudinaria.
C. Mauritiana.
C. mappa.
C. Arabica.
C. histrio.
C. scurra.
C. rattus.
C. stercoraria.
C. mus.
C. ventriculus.
C. Aurora.
C. lynx.
C. adusta.
C. erosa.
C. caurica.
C. Isabella.
C. ocellata.
C. cribraria.
C. turdus.
C. olivacea.
C. stolida.
C. hirundo.
C. undata.
C. zigzag.
C. flaveola.
C. sanguinolenta.
C. poraria.
C. ursellus.
C. asellus.
C. moniliaris.
C. stercus-muscarum.
C. talpa.
C. carneola.
C. lurida.
C. vitellus.
C. caput-serpentis.
C. cinerea.
C. zonata.
C. sordida.
C. icterina.
C. miliaris.
C. variolaria.
C. rufa.
C. cicercula.
C. lota.
C. globulus.
C. ovulata.
C. helvola.
C. Arabicula.
C. staphylæa.
C. pustulata.
C. nucleus.
C. limacina.
C. moneta.
C. obvelata.
C. annulus.
C. radians.
C. oniscus.
C. pediculus.
C. oryza.
C. coccinella.
C. Australis.
C. albella.

_C. exanthema._ The measly Cypræa.

Species oblong-ovate, brown, with round white spots; dorsal line grayish; marginal teeth brown; spire not quite concealed.

_C. Pantherina._ The Panther Cypræa. Pl. 31, fig. 4.

Species regular, beautifully spotted like a panther.

3. Terebellum. One species.

Shell convolute, thin, shining, sub-cylindrical, pointed behind, truncated before; aperture longitudinal, edges entire, columella truncated.

_T. subulatum._ The awl-shaped Terebellum. Pl. 31, fig. 3.

Answers to the above description, being the only living species known.

4. Ancillaria. Four species.

An intermediate genus between the Terebellum and the Oliva; distinguished from the former by a callous oblique band at the base of the columella; and from the latter by not having the spiral whorls separated by a groove.

Shell smooth, oval, oblong, pointed behind, enlarged and truncated before; the columella covered anteriorly by a callous oblique band; the right lip obtuse.

Ancillaria cinnamomea.
A. ventricosa.
A. marginata.
A. candida.

_A. cinnamomea._ The cinnamon Ancillaria. Pl. 30, fig. 5.

Species with spire nearly obsolete; shell chestnut colour, with white bands; varix of the columella reddish and somewhat striated.

5. Oliva. The Olive. Sixty-two species.

An oval, involuted, internal shell, distinguished from the Ancillaria by a narrow canal continued from its upper angle around the sutures of the spiral whorls. It was formerly classed with the Voluta, which genus has not the canal, so that they cannot be mistaken for each other. There is a callosity uniting with the spiral canal, and another at the base of the columella.

Shell thick, solid, smooth, oval, elongated, sub-cylindrical; the spiral whorls very small, separated by a canal; aperture long, narrow; the columellar edge reflected anteriorly by a callosity, and striated obliquely through all its length. The shells are generally clouded or covered with waved lines of a brownish colour, more or less dark.

Oliva porphyria.
O. textilina.
O. erythrostoma.
O. pica.
O. tremulina.
O. angulata.
O. maura.
O. sepulturalis.
O. fulminans.
O. irisans.
O. elegans.
O. episcopalis.
O. venulata.
O. guttata.
O. leucophæa.
O. undata.
O. inflata.
O. bicincta.
O. harpularia.
O. hepatica.
O. ustulata.
O. avellana.
O. tessellata.
O. carneola.
O. espidula.
O. oriola.
O. candida.
O. volutella.
O. tigrina.
O. Brasiliana.
O. utriculus.
O. reticularis.
O. flammulata.
O. granitella.
O. araneosa.
O. literata.
O. scripta.
O. tricolor.
O. sanguinolenta.
O. mustelina.
O. lugubris.
O. funebralis.
O. glandiformis.
O. Peruviana.
O. Senegalensis.
O. fusiformis.
O. auricularis.
O. acuminata.
O. subulata.
O. luteola.
O. testacea.
O. hiatula.
O. obtusaria.
O. Ceylanica.
O. nebulosa.
O. fabagina.
O. conoidalis.
O. undatella.
O. eburnea.
O. nana.
O. zonalis.
O. oryza.

_O. subulata._ The awl-shaped Olive. Pl. 30, fig 1.

Species elongated, with very projecting spire.

_O. undata._ The waved Olive. Pl. 30, fig. 4.

Species oval, spire hardly projecting.

_O. cruenta._ The bloody Olive.

Species cylindrical, suture canal deep; fawn colour, with triangular spots of purple, and two dark brown spots on the edge of the outer lip.

6. Conus. The Cone. One hundred and eighty-one species.

A genus valued on account of the beauty, symmetry, and variety of its species; some of its shells are very rare and remarkable for their richness of colouring; some are coronated, and others have a plain spire. They are all covered with an epidermis, beneath which is generally a smooth surface, with sometimes a high polish; a few are granulated and tuberculated. They are found in great abundance in the seas of warm climates.

Shell conic, covered with a membranous periosteum, thick, solid, involuted; the summit of the cone anterior; the spire little or not at all projecting; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, turning towards its anterior extremity; the external edge straight, with oblique plaits in its anterior part; operculum very small and horny, sub-spiral, with summit terminal.

Conus marmoreus.
C. Bandanus.
C. nocturnus.
C. Nicobaricus.
C. araneosus.
C. zonatus.
C. imperialis.
C. fuscatus.
C. viridulus.
C. regius.
C. tulipa.
C. geographicus.
C. punctatus.
C. tæniatus.
C. musicus.
C. miliaris.
C. mus.
C. lividus.
C. Barbadensis.
C. roseus.
C. cedo-nulli.
C. aurantius.
C. nebulosus.
C. minimus.
C. sulcatus.
C. Hebræus.
C. vermiculatus.
C. arenatus.
C. pulicarius.
C. fustigatus.
C. obesus.
C. varius.
C. millepunctatus.
C. literatus.
C. eburneus.
C. tesselatus.
C. generalis.
C. Maldivus.
C. Malacanus.
C. lineatus.
C. monile.
C. centurio.
C. vitulinus.
C. vulpinus.
C. flavidus.
C. virgo.
C. daucus.
C. pastinaca.
C. capitaneus.
C. classiarius.
C. vittatus.
C. mustelinus.
C. vexillum.
C. Sumatrensis.
C. figulinus.
C. quercinus.
C. cardinalis.
C. Magellanicus.
C. distans.
C. pontificalis.
C. Caledonicus.
C. sponsalis.
C. puncturatus.
C. Ceylanensis.
C. lamellosus.
C. pusillus.
C. exiguus.
C. asper.
C. hyæna.
C. miles.
C. ammiralis.
C. genuanus.
C. papilionaceus.
C. Siamensis.
C. Prometheus.
C. glaucus.
C. Suratensis.
C. monachus.
C. ranunculus.
C. anemone.
C. achatinus.
C. cinereus.
C. stramineus.
C. zebra.
C. lacteus.
C. cingulatus.
C. vicarius.
C. mercator.
C. ochraceus.
C. betulinus.
C. Mediterraneus.
C. puncticulatus.
C. Proteus.
C. leoninus.
C. augur.
C. pertusus.
C. nivosus.
C. fulgurans.
C. acuminatus.
C. amadis.
C. Janus.
C. flammeus.
C. lithoglyphus.
C. testudinarius.
C. venulatus.
C. quæstor.
C. muscosus.
C. Narcissus.
C. Mozambicus.
C. Guinaicus.
C. Franciscanus.
C. informis.
C. rattus.
C. Jamaicensis.
C. amabilis.
C. Omaicus.
C. nobilis.
C. aurisiacus.
C. terminus.
C. striatus.
C. gubernator.
C. granulatus.
C. terebra.
C. verulosus.
C. raphanus.
C. magus.
C. spectrum.
C. bullatus.
C. Mauritianus.
C. fumigatus.
C. eques.
C. luzonicus.
C. catus.
C. verrucosus.
C. acutangulus.
C. mindanus.
C. Japonicus.
C. pusio.
C. columba.
C. madurensis.
C. nemocanus.
C. cancellatus.
C. fusiformis.
C. cærulescens.
C. Aurora.
C. Taitensis.
C. Adansonii.
C. tinianus.
C. Portoricanus.
C. crocatus.
C. strigatus.
C. glans.
C. mitratus.
C. nussatella.
C. aulicus.
C. auratus.
C. colubrinus.
C. clavus.
C. auricomus.
C. omaria.
C. rubiginosus.
C. pennaceus.
C. prælatus.
C. panniculus.
C. cervus.
C. stercus-muscarum.
C. Timorensis.
C. nimbosus.
C. dux.
C. tendineus.
C. præfectus.
C. melancholicus.
C. archiepiscopus.
C. canonicus.
C. episcopus.
C. abbas.
C. legatus.
C. textilis.
C. pyramidalis.
C. gloria-maris.
C. Australis.

_C. textilis._ The embroidered Cone. Pl. 31, fig. 2.

Species ovate, slightly elongated; the spire rather projecting, pointed, not coronated.

_C. imperialis._ The imperial Cone.

Species conic, spire coronated, projecting, or flat.

_C. striatus._ The striated Cone.

Species oblong-ovate, gibbous, not coronated, clouded and strongly striated transversely.

_C. generalis._ The general Cone.

Species conic, spire projecting, not crowned with tubercles; colour reddish brown, or clouded with orange and interrupted fillets.

_C. mustelinus._ The Weasel Cone. Pl. 31, fig. 1.

Species with base sub-truncated; spire channelled and banded with orange spots; body whitish, encircled in the middle by orange-spotted bands.

FAMILY XXI.
NAUTILACEA. Two genera.

1. Spirula. One species.

An involute, symmetrical, discoid shell, whose whorls do not touch each other; the septa or partitions are brilliant pearl, concave externally, pierced by a tube called the siphon or siphuncle, placed close to the inner edge of the aperture; covered with a thin epidermis.

_S. Peronii._ Peron’s Spirula. Pl. 36, fig. 2.

Answers to the above description; colour yellowish white.

2. Nautilus. Two species.

An elegant, well-known shell, more or less ventricose, discoid, slightly compressed, umbilicated or not, but never papillose; the septa simple, transverse, not visible externally, the last deeply sunk and perforated by a siphon running through them all; edges entire.

The N. Pompilius, when dissected, displays its beautiful pearly chambers; fine specimens are often converted into drinking-cups by the Orientals, who sometimes remove the outer coating, so that its whole appearance is pearly.

The Nautilis varies in size; some are microscopic; and although they have received different names, and on account of the animal have been made to form different genera, it was deemed unnecessary to treat of them here.

Nautilus Pompilius.
Nautilus umbilicatus.

_N. Pompilius._ The Pompilius Nautilus. Pl. 36, fig. 3.

Species not umbilicated; the back rounded; aperture round and pearly; siphon sub-central; pale yellow, with chestnut streaks and undulations.

_N. umbilicatus._ The umbilicated Pompilius. Pl. 36, fig. 1.

Species umbilicated, sub-orbicular; pale fawn colour, with chestnut undated transverse clouds.

FAMILY XXII.
HETEROPODA. Two genera.

1. Argonauta. The Paper Sailor. Three species.

The shells of this genus are remarkable for their fragility, delicacy, and elegance; they resemble a scroll, ornamented with various canaliculated grooves from the summit to the margin, which is bicarinated. The colour is usually bluish, but the keel is of a darker hue; they vary greatly in size.

Shell navicular, symmetrical, very thin, compressed, bicarinated, sub-involuted longitudinally in the same plane; aperture very large, entire, symmetrical, square in front, slightly modified by the turn of the summit, and provided on each side with an earlike appendage, with thick and smooth edges; lips sharp.

Argonauta argo.
A. tuberculosa.
A. nitida.

_A. argo._ The Portuguese man-of-war. Pl. 35, fig. 1.

Characterized above; shell whitish, fragile, keel rather narrow, with sharp-pointed tuberculations; sides striated transversely, wrinkled longitudinally.

_A. tuberculosa._ The tuberculated Argonaut. Pl. 35, fig. 2.

Species more convex at the sides, with nodulous elevations; keel broader, points more obtuse.

2. Carinaria. The glassy Nautilus. Three species.

In form and texture greatly resembling the Argonauta, but distinguished by only having one keel on the whole length of the back.

Shell symmetrical, carinated or not, very thin, slightly compressed, without spire, but with the summit slightly recurved posteriorly; aperture oval and very entire.

Carinaria vitrea.
C. fragilis.
C. cymbium.

_C. vitrea._ The glassy Carinaria.

Species very rare and beautiful, thin, papyraceous, very fragile and semitransparent; a serrated keel rises up its front, and the sides are decorated with ribs parallel to the base.

_C. fragilis._ The fragile Carinaria.

Species smaller, very thin, striated longitudinally, diverging from the summit to the margin; no keel.

_C. cymbium._ The minute Carinaria.

Species not larger than a grain of sand.

GLOSSARY
OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

A.

Abbreviated, shortened, cut short.

Abdomen, the belly.

Aculeated, furnished with, or ending in, prickles.

Acuminated, ending in a sharp point sharp pointed.

Adnate, adhering or growing together, adjoining.

Alated, winged, applied to the expanded lip of the Strombus genus, &c.

Ambitus, the circumference or outline of the valves.

Annulated, formed or divided into distinct rings.

Annulations, rings.

Antiquated, longitudinally furrowed, but interrupted by transverse
furrows, as if the shell had acquired new growth at each furrow.

Aperture, the mouth or opening of the shell.

Apex, the tip or point of the spire.

Apophysis, an excrescence.

Approximating, approaching near to, or near together.

Arcuated, bent in the form of an arch.

Arcuations, bendings, curvings.

Area, the surface contained between lines or boundaries.

Arenose, sandy.

Areola, a small area or circle.

Articulations, junctures, or joinings.

Ascititious, supplemental, additional.

Attenuated, thin, slender.

Aurated, eared, having ears as in the scallops.

Auricled, having appendages like ears.

Auriform, ear-shaped.

B.

Barb, anything that grows in place of a beard.

Base, in univalves, that part of the shell by which it is affixed to
rocks, &c., and in multivalves the opposite extremity to the apex.
In univalves, the opposite end to the apex.

Beak, the continuation of the body of univalves in which the canal is
situated.

Beard, the process by which some bivalves adhere to rocks, &c.

Bellying, distended in the middle.