Chapter IV: Part 4

The size of the house is 28'8" × 34'8" exclusive of porches and pantry.

Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.

A well-proportioned house with fine roof lines and charming brickwork which should arouse admiration throughout the country-side. It has been designed for the farmer and provides for the help.

There are two bedrooms with separate entrance and bath on the first floor, connected with the dining room. The living room, dining room, and porch form a very convenient group. The kitchen has a large pantry and a separate grade entrance on the basement stairs inside the house, a decided convenience.

Four bedrooms, with a closet each, a bathroom, a linen room, and a large storeroom, amply provide for the family.

Size 30'6" × 38'6". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 94.

Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be had for $22.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.

A simple, dignified home, relying for its beauty upon its proportions and the exquisite charm of the brickwork. It has been designed with the farmer's needs in view. The living room, with its low, open fireplace adjoins the dining room and both open directly on the main porch. The kitchen, which is large and conveniently arranged, may, on occasion, serve as a dining room for the family, and is provided with a commodious pantry. The basement stairs are inside the house, an appealing feature in cold or stormy weather. Particular attention is called to the bedroom arrangement, which provides two bedrooms on the first floor for the farm help, complete with closets, bath, and linen room. There is an individual entrance from outside and direct communication with the dining room, a feature readily appreciated by the woman on the farm.

The second floor is devoted to the family sleeping rooms, with exceptionally large closets and an ample storeroom. Size 30'6" × 38'6". This design and plan are the reverse of No. 93.

Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be had for $20.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.

This building has been planned for a seventy-five foot lot, which, together with its specially planned form, would give a maximum of light and air. A party wall divides the building so that either half, complete in itself, might be sold separately.

The hall, living, and dining rooms form a pleasant group. Particular attention is called to the arrangement of the bedrooms, which together with the bathroom, are isolated from the balance of the house. An inside stairway leads to the basement from the first floor. The rear porches which too often are quite unsightly on the rear of the building, are here recessed between the bedroom wings, a feature which also gives considerable protection to the porches in the winter months. The second floor is the same as the first except that there is an additional bedroom, 8'8" × 10'3" in each flat, over the entrance vestibules.

Full working drawing, specifications, and bill of materials may be had for $25.00 from The American Face Brick Association, 110 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.

USEFUL TABLES AND SUGGESTIONS

Mortar Mixes for Laying 1,000 Brick, 1/8" Joint

PROPORTIONS QUANTITIES

_Cement Mortars_ _Cement_ _Lime_ _Sand_

1 part cement 1-3/4 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd.
2 parts sand optional

1 part cement 1-3/8 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd.
2-1/2 parts sand optional

1 part cement 1/18 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd.
3 parts sand optional

_Lump Lime Mortars_

1 part lime 7/8 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd.
2 parts sand

1 part lime 3/4 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd.
2-1/2 parts sand

1 part lime 5/8 bbl. 1/2 cu. yd.
3 parts sand

_Hydrated Lime Mortar_

1 part lime 3-1/2 sacks 1/2 cu. yd.
2 parts sand

1 part lime 3 sacks 1/2 cu. yd.
2-1/2 parts sand

1 part lime 2-1/2 sacks 1/2 cu. yd.
3 parts sand

_Cement-Lime Mortars_

1 part cement 1 sack
1 part lime 1/2 bbl. hydrated, or 1/2 cu. yd.
6 parts sand 1/4 bbl. lump
lime

_Grout for 3/16"-1/4" Joints_

1 part cement approx. approx.
3 parts sand 3/4 bbl. 1/3 cu. yd.

Mortar Mixes for Laying 1,000 Tile, 1/2" Joint

_Size of Tile_ _Cement_ _Lime_ _Sand_

4" × 5" × 12" 1-2/3 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 2/3 cu. yd.

8" × 5" × 12" 3 bbls. 1/2 bbl. 1-1/3 cu. yd.

4" × 12" × 12" 1-3/4 bbls. 1/4 bbl. 3/4 cu. yd.

8" × 12" × 12" 4-1/4 bbls. 1/2 bbl. 1-3/4 cu. yd.

The above quantities are based on a 380 lb. barrel of Portland cement; a 180 lb. barrel of lump lime, and a 50 lb. sack of hydrated lime. Portland cement is sold by the bag or barrel. A bag of Portland cement weighs approximately 94 pounds. Four bags make one barrel of approximately 380 pounds. Lump lime is sold by the bushel or barrel. A bushel of lump lime weighs approximately 75 to 85 pounds. A barrel of lump lime weighs approximately 180 pounds, and equals 4 sacks of hydrated lime. Brick joints other than 3/8" will require about 1/3 more or less mortar for each 1/8" difference.

Estimating Quantities of Face Brick

[Sidenote: Size of Brick]

The dimensions of the standard size face brick adopted by the American Face Brick Association are 8" × 2-1/4" × 3-3/4"; but sometimes, due to special conditions in the clay or the kiln burn, these brick may slightly vary from the dimensions given. Besides, there are other sizes of brick used, such as pavers, Romans, etc., so that the contractor should always ascertain the exact size of the brick specified, whether standard size or not, and take into consideration the width of mortar joint desired, in order to calculate more accurately the number of bricks required for a given wall area.

The following table gives the number of standard size brick per square foot of wall surface, 4 inches or one brick thick, estimated for different widths of mortar joint up to 3/4-inch:

TABLE 1

Number of Face Brick per Square Foot

_Joint_ 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4"
_No. of Brick_ 7-1/2 7 6-1/2 6-1/8 5-3/4 5-1/2

[Sidenote: General Rule]

The method employed in getting these numbers is very simple and may be applied to any sized brick and joint whatsoever. Thus, take the brick given in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 58) and let us use, say, a 3/8" mortar joint. This makes a length of 8-1/4" + 3/8", or 8-5/8" and a height of 2-3/8" + 3/8" or 2-3/4". Hence, the total area occupied in the wall by this brick, with its mortar joint, is 8-5/8" × 2-3/4". You can work this out by tractions, thus, 69/8 × 11/4 = 759/32; or by decimals, thus, 8.625 × 2. 75 = 23.72, the area of the brick and mortar joint in square inches.

In either case, to get the number of brick required per square foot you, of course, divide into 144, the number of square inches in a square foot. That is, 144 ÷ 759/32 = 144 × 32/759 = 4608/759 = 6-54/759 or about 6-1/15. Or divide 144 by 23.72 and you get 6.07, which amounts to your previous figure. In estimating the whole number of brick you need, use no fraction less than the eighth next above the fraction obtained in your number for the square foot. Thus in the present example, you will count on using 6-1/8 brick for every square foot of wall area.

[Sidenote: Quantities for Various Bonds]

As Table 1 gives the quantities for standard size brick laid in Running Bond, additional allowances must be made for the number of brick when other bonds using headers are employed. The following percentages are to be added to the number of brick required, as calculated by the use of Table 1, when the face brick are laid in the bonds indicated:

TABLE 2

Percentages Added for Various Bonds

_Common_ (full header course
every 5th course) 20% (1/5)

_Common_ (full header course
every 6th course) 16-2/3% (1/6)

_Common_ (full header course
every 7th course) 14-1/3% (1/7)

_English or English Cross_ (full
headers every 6th course) 16-2/3% (1/6)

_Flemish_ (full headers every 6th
course) 5-2/3% (1/18)

_Double Header_ (two headers and
a stretcher every 6th course) 8-1/3% (1/12)

_Double Header_ (two headers and
a stretcher every 5th course) 10% (1/10)

For garden walls, porch walls, and other places where an 8-inch wall is used, with face brick on both sides, no additional brick are required for any type of bond.

For walks and floors where the brick are laid on edge, in any pattern except diagonal ones, calculate as you would for the number of face brick in a wall laid in running bond. For her- ring-bone pattern or other diagonal work, an additional number of brick will be required to compensate for the clipping of the ends of the brick at the borders. The exact additional amount depends on the total width of the walk or floor, as the wider the surface the smaller will be the average wastage per square foot. Walks and floors where the brick are laid flat require one-third less than the number required where the brick are laid on edge.

Provided with these tables, it is a simple matter to calculate the number of face brick required for every job.

Thus, estimate the total area of wall surface in square feet, deduct all openings, except those 10 square feet or less, and taking into consideration the mortar joint, multiply the result by the number of brick per square foot as shown in Table 1. This will give you the number required for Running Bond. For other bonds simply add to the number of brick obtained for Running Bond the percentages as given in Table 2. Soldier courses make no difference in the count; nor do rowlock courses, if half brick only are used. Although window sills laid rowlock fashion require additional brick, these are amply provided for in the usual allowances for wastage.

[Sidenote: Wastage]

If the workmen are careful to use bats for closures, instead of breaking whole bricks, no waste need be figured. The area of the small openings, not deducted in figuring quantities, and the doubling of brick at the corners, will give a certain number of extra brick; and, as it is the usual custom to order the brick to the quarter-thousand next above the actual number figured, the ordinary wastage on the job will be provided for.

If the number of square feet of face brick where there is no common brick or tile backing, such as chimneys, porch walls, steps, floors, etc., is kept separated from the number of square feet of face brick with backing, then the latter number of square feet, once obtained, may be used in figuring the number of common brick or tile required for backing, thus saving the contractor time in estimating.

Estimating Quantities of Common Brick

As the sizes of common brick, for all practical purposes, approximate the size of the standard face brick, their quantity may be calculated on the same basis. Thus, for a single thickness of common brick backing, the number required will be practically the same as that of the face brick laid in Running Bond. If, however, two or more thicknesses of backing brick are used, the proper deductions should be made for the thickness of the walls at the corners.

Two thicknesses of common brick backing will, of course, take just twice the number for one thickness, and so on. In a word, multiply the number required for face brick by the number of thicknesses or tiers of the common brick backing, always considering the turns at the corners, as just indicated. Where other than Running Bond is used in the facing brick, allowance should be made for the common brick displaced by the bonding face brick. The deduction in the number of common brick, it is evident, just equals the increased number of face brick required for the bond selected.

In estimating quantities of common brick for fireplaces, figure the portions projecting beyond the line of the wall, such as breast and ash pit, as if solid, that is, the number of brick for the surface multiplied by the number of tiers deep, and then deduct the number of bricks displaced by all flues and openings, face brick facing, and fire brick lining.

Estimating Quantities of Hollow Tile

Hollow tile for backing, as already indicated, may be obtained in the following sizes:

Stock Tile Sizes

4' × 5" × 12" (turned, 5" × 4" × 12")
4' × 12" × 12"
6' × 12" × 12" (sometimes 6" × 5" × 12")
8' × 5" × 12"
8' × 12" × 12"

When ordering the 5" × 12" tile shapes, which are laid on the side, the contractor should state that the usual allowance of 6-inch and 9-inch length cuts be included for use in piers and other narrow places, so as to reduce the cutting of tile on the job to a minimum; also, enough half and full closures should be ordered for use at window and door openings. See Fig. 59 and Hollow Tile Problem on opposite page. When it comes to the case of the 12" × 12" tile, it is an easy matter for bricklayers to split off one or more cells to get the proper shapes for closures, but the usual allowance of half-lengths should be ordered. Enough 1-inch tile slabs should be included for use in leveling up the wall for joist bearings.

Tile is calculated in terms of pieces, and to arrive at the number required, use the same square feet dimensions you would for common brick backing and multiply by the proper one of the following coefficients:

Coefficients for Tile Quantities

_Dimensions of
Tile Face_ _Coefficient_

4" × 12' 2.6
5" × 12' 2.15
12" × 12" 0.94

As the face brick is bonded to the tile backing by a double header bonding course, as shown on page 25, the amount of tile will have to be reduced accordingly. For instance, if 12" × 12" tile are used, the bonding course occurs every sixth course and one-sixth of the tile should be deducted, but at the same time, there must be added brick-size hollow tile at the rate of 12 to every 20 square feet of wall surface for use behind the stretchers in the bonding courses.

Or, if 5" × 12" tile are used, the bonding course occurs every fifth course and one-fifth of the tile should be deducted, and brick-size hollow tile at the rate of 12 to every 16 square feet of wall surface should be added for use behind the stretchers in the bonding courses. When the backing is 8 inches thick, an additional course of brick-size tile should be calculated behind every bonding course. If the brick-size tile cannot be obtained in the local market, an equal number of common brick will answer the purpose just as well. Two to three per cent should be added to all tile quantities calculated, to provide for waste.

In giving the following examples of estimating quantities it is not meant to indicate that each wall of the house is necessarily to be estimated by itself, but simply to show the way of estimating any extent of wall. Except in very elaborate and diverse elevations, the best way is to figure on the total surface of the four sides in one operation. This is the more easily done as, generally speaking, opposite sides of the house are of like area.

PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING QUANTITIES

Brick Problem

_To find the number of standard size brick, face and common, laid in a sixth course Common Bond with a 3/8-inch joint, for an 8-inch gable wall, 25 feet wide and 18 feet high from grade to eaves and thence to ridgepole 12 feet. The 12-inch basement wall is 7-1/2 feet high, 4% feet being below grade. There are 4 windows each requiring an opening of 3'-6" × 5'-2" and 1 window requiring an opening of 2'-6" × 4'-2". See window sizes page 22. The basement windows being less than 10 square feet are disregarded._

Face Brick

First find the area in sq. ft. for face brick:

Rectangle of wall 18' × 25' = 450 sq. ft.
Gable triangle 12' × 25' = 300 - 2 = 150 sq. ft.
Total area 600 sq. ft.
Deduct the 5 window openings, thus:
4 × 3'-6" × 5'-2" = 72-1/3 sq. ft.
1 × 2'-6" × 4'-2" = 10-5/12 sq. ft.
Window openings to be deducted 83 sq. ft.
---
=Total area to be covered with face brick= 517 sq. ft.
By Table 1, it takes 6.5 standard
size face brick per sq. ft. for Running
Bond with a 3/8" joint.
Hence, 517 × 6.5 = 3,360
Add 16-2/3% as per Table 2 560
-----
Number of face brick required 3,920
=Total of face brick to be ordered= 4,000

Common Brick

The common brick backing takes the
same number as face brick, except
that we deduct the 16-2/3% added
to the face brick quantity as per
Table 2. Hence, the number of
common brick for backing is 3,360 - 560 = 2,800
As the wall from grade to first floor
is three brick thick, the same as the
foundation wall, it requires two tiers
of common brick and, therefore, an
additional tier must be figured in.
Hence, 25' × 3' or 75 sq. ft. at 6.5 per sq. ft. = 488
The 4'-6" of foundation wall, being
three brick thick, gives us 25' × 4'-6"
× 3 or 388 sq. ft. to figure on. Hence,
common brick for foundation is 388 × 6.5 = 2,197
-----
Total common brick required 5,485
=Total common brick to be ordered= 5,500

Hollow Tile Problem

_By referring to pages 25 and 26, it will be seen that four courses of brick with a 3/8-inch joint equal in height two 5" × 12" tile, so that, in our present example, if we wish to use the 3/8-inch joint, we shall have to introduce our bonding course of brick every fifth instead of every sixth course. This would also naturally involve a slight change in the number of face brick required. That is, instead of adding 16-2/3% or we should have to add 20% or 1/5 to the number required for Running Bond, in order to get the right number for fifth course Common Bond and, in consequence, we subtract 20% or one fifth from the backing tile wanted. With these changes understood, our problem for a hollow tile backing for the gable wall will work out as follows:_

If the hollow tile backing is started at grade, the tile and face brick area will be the same. But as, in the present case, we start the tile backing from the first floor, we subtract the area of the wall from grade to first floor or 25' × 3' = 75', and get 517 - 75 or 442 sq. ft. to be backed with tile.

The closures for horizontal tile are figured separately. A full and a half closure are respectively 12 and 6 inches in length and amount to about one foot in height, and hence cover an area of 3/4 sq. ft. on each side or 1-1/2 sq. ft. on both sides of the opening. As the height of our five window openings is approximately 25 feet, we have 25 × 1-1/2 = 37-1/2 sq. ft. to be deducted from area of regular tile surface, giving 442 - 37-1/2 or 404-1/2 sq. ft.

As per coefficient table, page 106,
we have 404.5 × 2.15 = 870
Deduct 1/5 of tile for brick bond 174
---
696
Add 3% for wastage or 21
---
=Total number of tile to be ordered= 717

Requiring 4 closures, 2 full and 2
half, for each foot of height (both
sides), we need 25 × 4 or 100 closures
Add 3% for wastage or 3
---
=Total number of closures needed= 103

Order 52 of each size.

Brick-size tile, 12 to every 16 sq. ft.
needed. Hence, 442 ÷ 16 gives about
28, and 12 × 28 = 336
Add 3% for wastage or 10
---
=Total brick-size tile to be ordered= 346

Estimating Labor Required

[Sidenote: Placing Brick and Tile]

The usual method of estimating the labor bill for brickwork or tile is to reduce it to the amount per thousand brick or tile placed, which not only covers the bricklayers' time, but the mortar, the necessary labor for mixing it, and the labor tending the bricklayers. This, of course, varies in different localities and with the different kinds of brick or tile, mortar, and joints. The contractor is urged to keep an accurate record of the number of brick or tile laid per day, the amount of mortar of various kinds used, and the number of bricklayers for which one laborer is necessary, so that he may determine for himself, from the total, the unit costs per thousand for placing brick or tile according to different specifications.

It must be carefully noted that such items as arches, piers, panels, special bond patterns, etc., require additional time for execution, depending upon their nature. The contractor will have to be guided by his own experiences in making allowances for the additional labor necessary for this work.

[Sidenote: Building a Fireplace]

It is difficult to estimate the labor required for building a fireplace, due to the variety of designs and the necessary amount of cutting and fitting required. Therefore many masons estimate this work at so much per fireplace or at a unit price per thousand brick. It may be said that a bricklayer should lay the face of a fireplace 5 to 6 feet wide and 4 to 5 feet high in ten hours, and the fire brick lining in from 4 to 6 hours. It will take about 4 hours' time to lay the entire hearth. One-half hour of laborer's time should be allowed for every hour of bricklayers' time.

[Sidenote: Cleaning Brickwork]

The cost of cleaning and pointing face brickwork will vary with the kind of brick to be cleaned, as it is easier to clean brick with a smooth surface than with a rough texture. An experienced man should clean 95 to 100 smooth brick or 75 to 80 rough brick per hour.

[Sidenote: Waterproofing Foundation Walls]

For one-half inch plaster coating, composed of one part Portland cement to two parts sand, 2 bags Portland cement and 4 cubic feet of sand will be required to cover one square, that is, 100 sq. ft. of wall surface, and it will require one-half hour of laborer's time for mixing. An experienced workman and helper should cover from 40 to 45 sq. ft. of surface per hour.

For a coating either of hot asphalt or of pitch, to be well applied with a heavy mop, approximately 200 pounds of material and a half day for two men will be required to cover 10 squares of wall surface. About one gallon of creosote sizing would be required per square, with only one-half to a quarter as much labor as for the waterproofing.

Handling of Materials

The storage space for all materials should be convenient to the building, and where the team can reach it so that rehandling may be avoided.

[Sidenote: Face Brick]

When face brick are delivered on the job, they should be immediately compared with the sample, previously selected, for color, size, and quality, to prevent any misunderstanding later when they are laid in the wall. If shipped by freight, they should be examined before being unloaded from the car. Face brick should be stacked in neat piles, laid either on edge, face up and protected with straw, or on their sides in such a way as to protect the faces. Laborers, in carrying face brick to the mason, should place them face up for the convenience of handling.

[Sidenote: Common Brick and Tile]

Except on large jobs, common brick are not usually stacked. They are dumped in a pile which makes it easier to wet them down thoroughly as explained later. Hollow tile should be stacked in neat piles to prevent undue breakage, each size and shape being piled separately.

[Sidenote: Lime and Cement]

Lump lime should always be stored in a covered box to keep it dry. This box should have a hinged opening on one side, at the bottom, from which the lime may be conveniently removed. Lump lime should be slaked at least a week before used to allow for thorough hydration and cooling. Hydrated lime and cement should be carefully protected from the weather by stacking the sacks on planks laid on the ground and by a covering of planks and tarpaulin.

[Sidenote: Sand]

The sand pile should be located as near the mortar box as possible for convenience in handling. In case the sand needs screening, an the sand pile should be located at such a distance from the mortar box that when the sand is thrown through the sieve, it will form a pile adjacent to the mortar box.

[Sidenote: Wetting Common Brick]

All brick, especially the softer grades of common brick, should be thoroughly wetted just before being placed in the wall, but not made so wet as to cause sliding on the mortar. The object of this wetting is to prevent the bricks from absorbing moisture from the mortar which must be allowed to dry slowly so as to obtain a good bond. If they are laid dry, the bricks will quickly take up a large amount of water from the mortar, preventing proper setting and adhesion. Water increases the weight of brick and consequently the labor of handling, so that some workmen are inclined to lay them dry. This should not be allowed except in freezing weather, when the conditions require quicker setting. Good mortar bond is essential to a good wall.

Work Done in Cold Weather

In latitudes where the winter temperature is prevailingly below freezing, all material for mortar, including water, should be heated. If this is done, the mortar will take its initial set before it freezes and no damage will result. In extremely cold weather, added precautions should be taken in case of footings by protecting them with manure. The following suggestions will be found useful for cold weather work.

When being laid the brick should be thoroughly dry; and if possible warmed. No bricks with ice on them should be laid in the wall, and cement or cement-lime mortar should be used to get quick setting. For heating sand and gravel, a corrugated sheet metal culvert, about 20 inches in diameter and about 10 feet long, may be used. A wood fire is built in the ends of the pipe over which the sand and gravel are piled. This easy and simple method will melt all frozen lumps in the material and dry out the resulting moisture.

Where city water pressure is available, the water may be heated in a coil attached to the main and large enough to have a fire built in the center, a very simple and efficient method which any plumber can easily install. Place a sheet-iron guard around the coil to conserve the heat. This equipment proves very satisfactory, as it warms the water as fast as it is drawn off through the hose. The entire installation may be found on the market at a comparatively small cost. Without such an arrangement the water may be heated in an ordinary iron kettle over a wood fire. Water should never be heated to the boiling point, as too high a temperature will injure the setting properties of the mortar.

A temperature of about 165 degrees, or the same as generally required for household uses, is best.

If the above conditions are met, brickwork may be continued practically throughout the entire winter, except only so far as the comfort of the workmen dictates. They will usually quit at about 20 degrees above zero, depending somewhat upon other weather conditions. If it is not too windy, they will work outside in a lower temperature than when it is very windy. A shelter, however, may very easily be constructed for the workmen by nailing a few 2" × 4" scantlings upright to the scaffolding with another 2" × 4" nailed along the top as a support for a tarpaulin. A salamander behind this shelter will make it quite comfortable for the workmen as well as help the mortar to set. As the use of wood in the salamander makes a too intense and irregular heat, besides giving off more or less smoke, coke is recommended. The amount of coke required on an ordinary job is so small as to be almost negligible.

The wall at any one point should not be carried very high in one day. It is better to work around the entire building a few feet at a time rather than to work on one side and carry the wall six or more feet high. Walls thus erected are apt to get out of plumb from the alternating effect of the night cold and the day sun.

As soon as the floor joists of any story are set in place and floored, the window and door openings of the floor below should be tightly closed, either by the permanent sash or by temporary boarding or building paper, so that salamanders may be placed inside to dry out the building thoroughly. Once a day the building should be aired.

If the above suggestions are followed, there is no reason why brickwork should not be continued through the average winter months. The extra work accomplished during the usually dull season is worth more to the contractor than the trouble he has taken or the additional cost of labor.

GLOSSARY OF USUAL TERMS IN BRICK LAYING

_Angle Iron._ A structural piece of steel in the form of a 90° angle
used in certain situations to sustain brickwork.

_Backing._ The part of the wall behind the face brick.

_Bat._ Any part of a brick intentionally or accidentally broken off.

_Bed._ The horizontal surface on which the bricks of the wall lie in
courses. Also, the mortar on which the brick rest.

_Bed Joint._ A joint between two horizontal courses of brick.

_Belt Course._ A horizontal course of brick or other material usually
projecting, and generally in line with window sills or heads.

_Bench-Mark._ A well defined mark, accurately established, in
a protected location on some immovable object, as a point of
reference.

_Bond._ The overlapping of brick in various ways so as to give both
longitudinal and transverse strength to the wall, and at the same
time produce a pleasing appearance.

_Breaking Joint._ The placing of brick so that no two vertical or
head joints come immediately over one another.

_Buttered Joint._ A very thin mortar joint made by scraping a small
quantity of mortar with the trowel on all edges of the brick and
laying it without the usual mortar bed.

_Cell._ One of the hollow spaces in building tile.

_Centering._ The temporary frame or template on which an arch is
turned.

_Chase._ A vertical recess on the inside face of a wall formed by
omitting one or more bricks in each course to accommodate plumbing,
heating, or other pipes.

_Chimney Breast._ The projection on the interior or exterior face of
a wall caused by fireplace or flues.

_Closure._ A quarter or three-quarter brick to close, when required,
the end of a course, as distinguished from a half-brick. This term
equally applies to tile.

_Coping._ A row of brick, usually projecting, used to cap or finish
the top of a wall and protect it from the weather. It is usually
laid up in very rich Portland cement mortar with tooled joints.

_Corbel._ One or more courses of brick projecting from the wall to
form a support.

_Course._ A horizontal row of brick in a wall.

_Culling._ Sorting brick for size, color, and quality.

_Culls._ The brick rejected in culling.

_Diaper._ Any continuous pattern in brickwork of which the various
bonds are examples. It is usually applied however, to diamond or
other diagonal patterns.

_Edge-set._ A brick set on its narrow instead of on its flat side.

_Efflorescence._ The deposition of a white powder or crust on the
surface of brickwork, due to soluble salts usually in the mortar
but sometimes in the brick, and, drawn out with the moisture by
the sun, left as a deposit on the surface. Brick clays containing
these salts are now cured by using a carbonate of barium. Against
mortar efflorescence care should be taken to protect all brickwork
at eaves and sill courses from excessive moisture. Also Whitewash
or Whitewashing.

_Face Brick._ A well-burned brick, especially prepared, selected,
and handled to secure attractive appearance in the face of a wall,
as distinguished from common brick as used for backing or other
structural work.

_Face._ The long, narrow side of a brick, specially treated in the
manufacture of face brick to produce certain color tones and
textures.

_Fire Stop._ A projection of brickwork on the walls between the
joists to prevent the spread of fire or vermin.

_Flat Stretcher Course._ A course of stretchers set on edge and
exposing their flat sides on the surface of the wall. Frequently
done with brick finished for the purpose on the flat side, such as
enameled or glazed brick.

_Flue._ A passage in a chimney especially for the exit of smoke and
gases, one or more of which may be enclosed in the same chimney.

_Flue Lining._ A smooth one-celled hollow tile for protecting flues.

_Footing._ The broadened base of a foundation wall, or other
super-structure.

_Green Brickwork._ Brickwork in which the mortar has not yet set.

_Grout._ Rich mortar made very thin so that it will readily run into
the joints of brickwork and fill them.

_Header._ A brick laid on its flat side across the thickness of the
wall, so as to show the end of the brick on the surface of the wall.

_Header Course._ A course composed entirely of headers.

_Head Joint._ A joint between the ends of two bricks in the same
course. Also Vertical Joint.

_Hearth._ That portion of a fireplace level with the floor, upon
which the fire is built. The rear portion extending into the fire
opening is known as the back hearth.

_Lead._ A part of the wall at the corners, or elsewhere when needed,
built in advance of the rest of the wall as a guide to which the
line is attached.

_Lime Putty._ Slaked lime in a soft puttylike condition before sand
or cement is added.

_Line._ The string stretched taut from lead to lead as a guide for
laying the top edge of a brick course.

_Lintel._ A horizontal support for brickwork over an opening.

_Mantel._ A shelf projecting beyond the chimney breast above the
fireplace opening.

_Nogging._ A filling of brick between the roof rafters from wall
plate to roof boards for the purpose of making the building
wind-tight.

_Pointing._ Inserting mortar into the joints after the brickwork is
completed, in order to correct defects left in the progress of the
work.

_Quoins._ Projecting courses of brick at the corners of buildings as
ornamental features.

_Racking._ Laying the end of the wall with a series of steps so
that when work is resumed, the bond can be easily continued. More
convenient and structurally better than toothing.

_Reveal._ The vertical side of a window or door opening from face of
wall to frame.

_Rowlock Course._ A course of headers laid on the edge instead of on
the flat side of the brick as usual.

_Salmon Brick._ The softer brick of the kiln suitable for places
protected from outside exposure or where great crushing strength is
not required.

_Selects._ The bricks accepted as the best after culling.

_Shove Joint._ A vertical joint filled by shoving the brick, when it
is being laid in the bed of mortar, against the next brick. Also
Shoved Joint.

_Skewback._ In brickwork, a brick or stone cut to make an inclined
surface for receiving thrust or pressure, as of an arch.

_Slush Joint._ A vertical joint filled by throwing mortar in with the
trowel after the bricks are laid. Also Slushed Joint.

_Smoke Chamber._ The space in a fireplace immediately above the
throat, where the smoke gathers before passing into the flue, and
narrowed by corbeling to the size of the flue lining above. Also
Smoke Cavern.

_Soldier Course._ A course of stretchers set on end with the face
showing on the wall surface.

_Splay._ A slope or bevel, particularly at the sides of a window or
door.

_Story Pole._ A pole on which the height from joist to joist, as well
as all intermediate openings, brick courses, etc., is indicated.

_Stretcher._ A brick laid on its flat side so as to show its face on
the surface of the wall.

_Template._ Any form or pattern, such as centering, over which
brickwork may be formed.

_Thickness of Wall._ The thickness of a wall stated in terms of
brick, inches, or tiers, thus:

_In Number
of Brick._ _In Inches._ _In Tiers._
------------ ------------ ----------
One brick 4" 1 tier
Two " 8" or 9" 2 tiers
Three " 12" or 13" 3 tiers
Four " 16" or 17" 4 tiers

_Throat._ An opening at the top of a fireplace through which the
smoke passes to the smoke chamber and chimney.

_Tier._ One of the four-inch, or one-brick, layers in the thickness
of a wall. (Gilbreth).

_Toothing._ The method of building the end of a wall so that the end
stretcher of every alternate course projects one-half its length,
against which another wall may be built.

_Toothing-in._ Joining a new wall to an old toothed wall.

_Trimmer Arch._ A brick arch built in front of and below a fireplace
opening to support the hearth, abutting on the fireplace foundation
and thrusting against the header joist.

_Tuck-pointing._ The filling in of joints in old brickwork with fresh
mortar, usually cement.

_Vertical Joint._ Same as Head Joint.

_Washing Down._ Cleaning the surface of the brick wall, after it is
completed and pointed, with a mild solution of muriatic acid.

_Water Table._ A slight projection of the lower courses of brickwork
at the base of a building.

_Webb._ The thin wall bounding and separating the cells in hollow
tile.

Whitewashing, Whitewash. See Efflorescence.

_Wind Shelf._ The ledge back of the damper at the bottom of the smoke
cavern.

_Withe._ A partition between two flues in the same chimney.

INDEX

Additional copies of plans, etc. 41
Adobe, first brick made 5
in America 7
Aim of this Manual 5
America, brick manufacture and use in 7
American Bond 33
American Face Brick Association 104
Anchors, for joist 19
for roof plate 20
Angle Irons, use of 23
Angles in wall construction 21-22
best method for 22
Arches, face brick 23
Architectural Symbols table of 40
Asbestos Shingles 37-38
Ash Chute for hearth 30
Ash Pit for fireplace 18
Asphalt for waterproofing 18, 108
Asphalt Shingles 37-38

Babylonian origin of brick 5
Backing, common brick 15, 19, 105
hollow tile 15, 25, 106
Basket Weave Pattern 35
Bats, care in using 33
Bays, laying corners of 21
Beauty of House, economic value 11
Bill of Materials, see Quantity Survey
Bonding, face brick to common 18-19
face brick to frame 27
face brick to hollow tile 26
in foundation walls 17
Bonds, see Face Brick Bonds
Brick, burning of 7
common, see Common Brick
face, see Face Brick
manufacture and use in America 7
method of laying 17
on edge or flat 31
per square foot, table 104
story of 5
treatment for color 7
Brickmaking, ancient and modern 6-7
Brick Veneer, see Face Brick Veneer
Brickwork, extent of ancient use 5-6
in England and America 6-7
in Middle Ages 6
mortar joints used in 35
strength and rigidity of 33
Builder, opportunity for the 8
Building a Home, importance of 10
Buttered Joints 19, 25, 35

Casement Windows 23
Cement, for waterproofing 18, 108
handling 108
in mortar 36, 104
Cement-lime Mortar 36, 104
Cement Plaster, when used for flues 21
when used for waterproofing 18
Chimneys, interior and exterior 20, 21
with hollow tile construction 26
with veneer construction 27
China 6
Clays in brickmaking 7
Cleaning down wall 24, 26
labor for 108
Closing in building 109
Closures, brick 34
hollow tile 25, 106, 107
Coefficients for tile, table 106
Coke for salamanders 109
Cold Weather, work in 109
Color Effects, in brick wall 8
Comfort and Health, in brick house 11
Common Bond 33
Common Brick, compared with face 16
for backing 15, 19, 105
handling 108
hard-burned 6, 17
in place of tile 106
quantities required 105, 107
selected 16
wetting before use 108
Comparative Costs, in percentages 12
Concave Mortar Joint 35
Concealed Bond 19
Concrete, for footings 17
for step forms, path borders, etc. 31
Convex Mortar Joint 35
Copies, plans and specifications 41
Corbeling, between joists 19-20
for chimney support 18
in fireplaces 30
Corners of Wall, not right-angled 21-22
Costs, initial and final 9, 12
getting a unit of 108
percentage differences 12
Cradle of human civilization 5
Creosote in damp proofing 18

Dampness, how to prevent 15
Dean & Dean, architects 40
Depreciation, in value of house 10
Diamond Patterns 34
Door Frame Sizes, table of 23
Door Sills, in brick construction 22
in hollow tile construction 26
in veneer construction 28
Double Header Bond 19, 25
Drains, at base of foundation walls 17
Drying Brick, before setting in kiln 7
Drying out building 109
Dry-press Brick 7

Economic merits of face brick 9
Economic value of beauty 11
Effect of bond and mortar joint 9
Efflorescence 15
Egypt, brickmaking in 6
England, brickwork in 6
English and English Cross Bond 33-34
English Country Houses 6
Estimating, amount of common brick 105
amount of face brick 104
amount of hollow tile 106
Euphrates Valley 5

Face Brick, arches 23
artistic possibilities of 9, 36
bond or pattern in 9
bonding to common 18-19
bonding to frame 27
bonding to tile 26
bonds 33-35
care in making and handling 16
color and texture 7-8
handling on the job 108
inspection of 108
pre-eminent merits of 9
quantities required 104, 107
standard size of 104
veneer on old frame 16, 27
wastage 105
Face Brick Construction, comfort of 11
economy of 9, 12, 38
fire-safety of 38
solid 16,18
types of wall 15
Face Brick Veneer Construction 15, 26, 28
on old frame houses, etc. 16, 27, 28
Fire Brick, in fireplaces 30
Fireplaces, construction of 29
damper, flue, hearth 30
designs 30-31
foundation for 18
labor for 108
openings, table of 29
Fire Causes, interior and exterior, table 38
Fire Protection 11
fire-resistive shingles 37-38
interior protective measures 38
Fire Protection for the roof 37
to be increased 37
Fire Stops 19
check vermin 20
right and wrong practice 20
when not needed 24-25
Flat Brick Arches, construction of 23
Flemish Bond 34
Flemish influence in England 6
Floors and Walks of brick 31
Flues and Flue Linings 21
Flush-cut Mortar joint 35
Footings, for foundations 17
for veneer on old frame 28
Foundation Walls 17
waterproofing 18
Frame Construction, up-keep and depreciation 10
veneering old 16-27-28
weakness of 15
Frames, window and door 22-23
Freezing Weather, work in 109
Fundamentals of building 5
Furnace Flue Cleanout 21
Furring, kinds of 24
when, and when not, needed 15, 24, 25

Garden Walls, bond in 34, 105
of face brick 32
Gate Posts, face brick 32
General rule for brick quantities 104
Georges, The, days of 6
Gothic Epoch of building 6
Gravel, for wide mortar joints 36
Greek Crosses, seen in bonds 34
Green Brick 7
Green Brickwork, in wall 18
Grounds 24
Grouting of brick walks 31
Growing demand for brick building 8
Gypsum Board, as fire retardant 38

Handling Materials 108
Hearth, The 30
Henry VIII, times of 6
Herringbone Pattern 35, 105
Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall 24
Hollow Tile, backing for face brick 5, 15
bonding to face brick 26
brick-size 106
closures 25, 106, 107
construction 25, 26
handling 108
methods of laying 25
quantities required 106, 107
reinforced lintel 26
sizes of 25, 106
"split furring" 24
table of sizes 106
wastage 106
Home-building, importance of 10
Homes, shortage of 14
Hydrated Lime 37, 104

Increasing Profits 8, 28
India 6
Insurance, saving on 11
Israel in Egypt 5

Joints, slushing of 17, 19
Joist Anchors, beveling ends of 19
Joslin, Arthur W., on the hollow wall 24
Juergens, Alfred, artist 40

Labor Required 108
Lath, where and how placed 20
Laying out work for brick 23
for hollow tile 26
Leads, laying up at corners 17
Lime, handling 108
Lime, lump or hydrated 36, 37, 104
Lintels and Arches 23
Lumber 13-14

Magna Charta, days of 6
Maintenance or Upkeep 10
Mesopotamian Plain 5
Metal Wall Ties 19, 27
Mexico 7
Modern Brick Making 7
Mortar Colors 36
Mortar Joints 35
Mortars, mixing and tempering 36-37
table of mixes 104
Muriatic Acid, for cleaning walls 24

Nail Holds, for furring 20
Nails, as anchors or ties 24, 27, 28
National Board of Fire Underwriters 38
Nebuchadnezzar 5
Nogging, where, and where not, needed 20

Octagon or Splay brick 21
Offsets in chimneys 21
Openings 22
supports for 23
Origin of brickmaking 5
Ornamental Brickwork, outside 30-32

Patterns in brickwork 34-35
Paying Investments 27

Percentages, of brick added for bonds 105
of difference in costs 12
Pergola Posts, face brick 31
Persia 6
Peru 7
Pitch for waterproofing 18, 108
Plans and Specifications, prices 40-41
Plastering without furring 24-25
Pointing up wall 24
Porches, bond in walls of 105
of face brick on old buildings 28
Protection, of bricklayers in winter 109
of the day's work 19
Putty, lime 37

Quantities of Materials 104, 107
Quantity Survey 40
Queen Anne, days of 6

Raked Mortar Joint 35
Reinforcing, of pergola and gate posts 32
of tile lintels 26
Relieving Arches 23
Repp, Geo. W., architect 17
Reversal of Plans 40
Rodded Mortar Joint 35
Roman Brickwork 6
Roof, fire-resistive material for 37
point of danger in fire 37
Roof Plate Anchors 20
Rowlock Courses 18, 35
effect on quantities 105
in arches 23
Running Bond 33

Salamanders, use of 109
Sand, handling 108
for mortars 36
Sand-mold Brick 7
Sargon of Akkad 5
Scaffolding 18
Scribing Bead 23
Segmental Face Brick Arches 23
Semi-circular Face Brick Arches 23
Sentimental Value of the house 11
Sewage Disposal 40
Shingle Tile 37-38
Sills, window and door 22
Sizes, common brick 105
hollow tile 25, 106
standard face brick 104
Skewbacks, in arch construction 23
Slaking Lime 37
Slate Shingles 37-38
Slop-mold Brick 7
Slushing Joints 17, 19
Soldier Courses 18, 35
effect on quantities 105
Solid Face Brick Construction 15, 18
Spanish in Mexico and Peru, the 7
Specifications and Plans 40
Splay or Octagon Brick 21
Staff Bead or Brick Mold 23
Steel Lintels 23, 28
Steps, brick 31
Stiff-mud Brick 7
Storage Space 108
Store Fronts Veneered 28
Stretcher Bond 33
Striking Joints 17, 19
Stripped Mortar Joint 35
Struck Joint, the 35
when to avoid 19
Structural Merits of face brick 9
Stucco, veneering old 27
weakness of 16

Tables
Architectural Symbols 40
Coefficients for Tile Quantities 106
Comparative Costs 12
Door Frame Sizes 23
Fire Causes 38
Fireplace Openings 29
Flue Linings 21
Mortar Mixes for 1000 Brick 104
Mortar Mixes for 1000 Tile 104
Number Brick per Square Foot 104
Percentages Added for Bonds 105
Tile Sizes 106
Window Frame Sizes 22
Tar, for waterproofing 18, 108
Tempering Mortars 37
Terra Cotta Flue Linings 21
Texture of brick 8
Thickness of walls 18, 111
Tower of Babel 5

Upkeep, see Maintenance

Value of Face Brick House, artistic 11, 16
economic 9, 11
selling or renting 11
sentimental 11
Vaulted or Hollow Brick Wall 24
Veneering, see Face Brick Veneer
Vermin Stops, see Fire Stops
Vitruvius on elements in architecture 5, 9
V-tooled Mortar Joint 35

Walks and Floors of brick 31
estimating brick for 105
Walls, hollow tile 15, 25
methods of laying 12" 20
solid brick 15, 18
veneer 15, 26
when 8" or 12" 18
Washing down, see Cleaning down wall
Wastage, of brick 105
of hollow tile 106
Wastes of War 13
Waterproofing Foundation Walls 18
labor for 108
Water Tables 18
Weathered Mortar Joint 35
Wetting Common Brick 108
Wide Choice, in color and texture 8
Wide Mortar Joint, how secured 36
Window Frames and Sash 22
table of sizes 22
Window Sills, in brick construction 22
in hollow tile construction 26
in veneer construction 28
Wire-cut Brick 7
Withes in chimneys 21
Wood Shingles 37
Work in cold weather 109

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

HALF-TONES

Page
Frontispiece 4
Brickwork of Old Persian Tomb 6
Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia 7
Face Brick Bungalow, Evanston, Ill. 10
Face Brick Bank, Detroit, Mich. 10
Face Brick Bungalow, Windsor Park, Ill. 11
Face Brick Library, Coatsville, Ind. 11
Face Brick Store Front, Birmingham, Ala. 12
Face Brick School, Highland Park, Ill. 13
Face Brick Store Front, St. Louis, Mo. 13
Face Brick House, Buffalo, N. Y. 14
Face Brick Bungalow, Atlanta, Ga. 15
Veneering over Old Frame 16

ZINCS

Page

Brickmaking in Egypt 6
Brick Footing 17
Types of Basement Walls 18
Concealed Bond 19
Metal Wall Ties 19
Good and Bad Joist Anchors 19
True Corbeling between Joists 19
False Corbeling between joists 20
Rafters and Roof Plate 20
Chimney Height 21
Chimney Withes 21
Chimney Offset 21
Outside Angle Corners 21
Obtuse Angle Turns 22
Acute Angle Turns 22
The Solid Brick Wall 22
Brick Arches 23
Hollow or Vaulted Brick Wall 24
Face Brick on Hollow Tile 25
Hollow Tile and Steel Lintels 26
Veneer Construction 27
Nail Wall Ties 27
Veneering Old Frame 28
Perspective of Fireplace 29
Cross Section of Fireplace 29
Hearth Edge Set 30
Hearth Flat Set 30
Fireplace Designs 30
Steps, End Set Treads 31
Flat Set Treads 31
Edge Set Treads 31
Pergola Post 31
Fireplace Design 31
Porch or Pergola post 32
Gate Post 32
Bonding Strength 33
Common or American Bond 33
English Bond 33
English Cross or Dutch Bond 34
Flemish Bond 34
Garden Wall Bond 34
Diamond Bond Patterns 34
Checkerboard Pattern 35
Basket Weave Pattern 35
Herringbone Pattern 35
Mortar Joints 35
Pergola 41
Color Plates 42-102
Brick and Mortar Joint 104
Stock Tile Shapes 106

=The American Face Brick Association=

JOHN H. BLACK, President S. C. MARTIN, 1st Vice President
B. W. BALLOU, 2nd Vice President R. D. T. HOLLOWELL, Sec.-Treas.

=_Directors_=

B. W. BALLOU T. P. CUTHBERT
Kansas Buff Brick & Mfg. Co. Fallston Fire Clay Company
Kansas City, Mo. Pittsburgh, Pa.

GEORGE A. BASS W. H. HOAGLAND
Hydraulic-Press Brick Company Claycraft Mining and Brick Company
St. Louis, Mo. Columbus, O.

H. R. BEEGLE B. MIFFLIN HOOD
Beaver Clay Manufacturing Company Legg Brick Company
New Galilee, Pa. Atlanta, Ga.

P. B. BELDEN G. B. LUCKETT
The Belden Brick Company Crawfordsville Shale Brick Co.
Canton, O. Crawfordsville, Ind.

J. H. BLACK S. C. MARTIN
Jewettville Clay Products Company Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Co.
Buffalo, N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa.

W. H. BRECHT D. H. MILLER
Boone Brick, Tile & Paving Company Milton Brick Company
Boone, Ia. New York, N. Y.

F. W. BUTTERWORTH J. W. MOULDING
Western Brick Company Thomas Moulding Brick Company
Danville, Ill. Chicago, Ill.

CHAS. C. STRATTON
Alumina Shale Brick Company
Bradford, Pa.

=_Members._=

ALABAMA

Alphons Custodis Chimney Const. Co. Ragland
Birmingham Clay Products Co. Birmingham
Stephenson, L. L. Lovick

ARKANSAS

Fort Smith Brick Co. Fort Smith

GEORGIA

Legg Brick Co. Atlanta

IDAHO

Burley Brick & Sand Co. Burley
Idaho Pressed Brick Co. Pocatello

ILLINOIS

Acme Brick Co. Danville
Alton Brick Co. Alton
Barr Clay Co. Streator
Decatur Brick Manufacturing Co. Decatur
Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Chicago
Lacon Clay & Coal Co. Lacon
Peoria Brick & Tile Co. Peoria
Richards Brick Co. Edwardsville
Southern Fire Brick & Clay Co. Chicago
Streator Brick Co. Streator
Western Brick Co. Danville

IOWA

Boone Brick, Tile & Paving Co. Des Moines
Des Moines Clay Co. Des Moines
Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Davenport

INDIANA

Adams Clay Products Co. Martinsville
Brazil Clay Co. Brazil
Brooklyn Brick Co. Indianapolis
Crawfordsville Shale Brick Co. Crawfordsville
Huntingburg Press Brick Co. Huntingburg
Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Indianapolis
Poston Paving Brick Co. Crawfordsville
Standard Brick Co. Crawfordsville
Standard Brick Manufacturing Co. Evansville
U. S. Brick Co. Tell City

KANSAS

Cherryvale Brick Co. Cherryvale
Coffeyville Vit. Brick & Tile Co. Coffeyville
V. V. V. Brick & Tile Co. Neodesha

KENTUCKY

Coral Ridge Clay Products Co. Louisville
Sphar Brick Co. Maysville

MICHIGAN

Briggs Company, The Lansing

MINNESOTA

Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Minneapolis
Twin City Brick Co. St. Paul

MISSISSIPPI

Brookhaven Pressed Brick & Mfg. Co. Brookhaven

MISSOURI

Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. Kansas City
Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. St. Louis
Kansas Buff Brick & Mfg. Co. Kansas City

NEW JERSEY

Krantz Company, A. M. Paterson
Upper Kittanning Brick Co. Jersey City

NEW YORK

Jewettville Clay Products Co. Buffalo

NORTH CAROLINA

Statesville Brick Co. Statesville

OHIO