Chapter I: Expansion and Organization

§ 1. Position in the Seventh Century

Hatch (Organization) is still a guide. For special details consult Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. Bede's Ecclesiastical History gives some specific ideas as to the early life of the medieval Church. Bryce's Holy Roman Empire is valuable for its general view.

§ 2. Methods of Expansion

Neander's General History of the Christian Religion and Church, Milman's History of Latin Christianity, Hardwick's History of the Christian Church: Middle Age (1853), and the variorum notes in Reid's Mosheim, give most of the documentary clues. But national histories should specially be consulted at this stage--e.g., Crichton and Wheaton's Scandinavia (2nd ed. 1838, two vols.); Geijer's History of Sweden (Eng. tr. of first three vols. in one, no date); Blok's History of the Dutch People (Eng. tr., five vols. 1898-1907); Krasinski's Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations (1851). The subject of Tithes is carefully and compendiously dealt with in A History of Tithes, by the Rev. H. W. Clarke (Sonnenschein, 1891).

§ 3. Growth of the Papacy

In addition to the general histories consult Gregorovius' Geschichte der Stadt Rom (Eng. tr. 2nd ed. 1901) and The Pope and the Councils, by "Janus" (tr. 1869 from German). Hefele's History of the Christian Councils (Eng. tr., 1871-1896, five vols.), though by a Catholic scholar, is generally accepted as the standard modern work on its subject. Hallam's View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages is still valuable for its general views. Fuller details may be had from monographs on leading popes--e.g., Voigt's Hildebrand und sein Zeitalter (French trans. by Abbé Jager, with added notes and documents, 1847) and Langeron's Grégoire VII et les origines de la doctrine ultramontaine (1874). On the ancient Egyptian parallels see Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'orient.