Chapter I: Front Matter

A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE American Negro

BEING A HISTORY OF THE NEGRO PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES

INCLUDING A HISTORY AND STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA

by BENJAMIN BRAWLEY 1921

TO THE MEMORY OF NORWOOD PENROSE HALLOWELL

PATRIOT 1839-1914

* * * * *

_These all died in faith, not having received
the promises, but having seen them afar off_.

Norwood Penrose Hallowell was born in Philadelphia April 13, 1839. He inherited the tradition of the Quakers and grew to manhood in a strong anti-slavery atmosphere. The home of his father, Morris L. Hallowell--the "House called Beautiful," in the phrase of Oliver Wendell Holmes--was a haven of rest and refreshment for wounded soldiers of the Union Army, and hither also, after the assault upon him in the Senate, Charles Sumner had come for succor and peace. Three brothers in one way or another served the cause of the Union, one of them, Edward N. Hallowell, succeeding Robert Gould Shaw in the Command of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. Norwood Penrose Hallowell himself, a natural leader of men, was Harvard class orator in 1861; twenty-five years later he was the marshal of his class; and in 1896 he delivered the Memorial Day address in Sanders Theater. Entering the Union Army with promptness in April, 1861, he served first in the New England Guards, then as First Lieutenant in the Twentieth Massachusetts, won a Captain's commission in November, and within the next year took part in numerous engagements, being wounded at Glendale and even more severely at Antietam. On April 17, 1863, he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts, and on May 30 Colonel of the newly organized Fifty-Fifth. Serving in the investment of Fort Wagner, he was one of the first to enter the fort after its evacuation. His wounds ultimately forced him to resign his commission, and in November, 1863, he retired from the service. He engaged in business in New York, but after a few years removed to Boston, where he became eminent for his public spirit. He was one of God's noblemen, and to the last he preserved his faith in the Negro whom he had been among the first to lead toward the full heritage of American citizenship. He died April 11, 1914.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

THE COMING OF NEGROES TO AMERICA 1. African Origins 2. The Negro in Spanish Exploration 3. Development of the Slave-Trade 4. Planting of Slavery in the Colonies 5. The Wake of the Slave-Ship

CHAPTER II

THE NEGRO IN THE COLONIES 1. Servitude and Slavery 2. The Indian, the Mulatto, and the Free Negro 3. First Effort toward Social Betterment 4. Early Insurrections

CHAPTER III

THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1. Sentiment in England and America 2. The Negro in the War 3. The Northwest Territory and the Constitution 4. Early Steps toward Abolition 5. Beginning of Racial Consciousness

CHAPTER IV

THE NEW WEST, THE SOUTH, AND THE WEST INDIES 1. The Cotton-Gin, the New Southwest, and the First Fugitive Slave Law 2. Toussaint L'Ouverture, Louisiana, and the Formal Closing of the Slave-Trade 3. Gabriel's Insurrection and the Rise of the Negro Problem

CHAPTER V

INDIAN AND NEGRO 1. Creek, Seminole, and Negro to 1817: The War of 1812 2. First Seminole War and the Treaties of Indian Spring and Fort Moultrie 3. From the Treaty of Fort Moultrie to the Treaty of Payne's Landing 4. Osceola and the Second Seminole War

CHAPTER VI

EARLY APPROACH TO THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. The Ultimate Problem and the Missouri Compromise 2. Colonization 3. Slavery

CHAPTER VII

THE NEGRO REPLY--I: REVOLT 1. Denmark Vesey's Insurrection 2. Nat Turner's Insurrection 3. The _Amistad_ and _Creole_ Cases

CHAPTER VIII

THE NEGRO REPLY--II: ORGANIZATION AND AGITATION 1. Walker's "Appeal" 2. The Convention Movement 3. Sojourner Truth and Woman Suffrage

CHAPTER IX

LIBERIA 1. The Place and the People 2. History (a) Colonization and Settlement (b) The Commonwealth of Liberia (c) The Republic of Liberia 3. International Relations 4. Economic and Social Conditions

CHAPTER X

THE NEGRO A NATIONAL ISSUE 1. Current Tendencies 2. The Challenge of the Abolitionists 3. The Contest

CHAPTER XI

SOCIAL PROGRESS, 1820-1860

CHAPTER XII

THE CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION

CHAPTER XIII

THE ERA OF ENFRANCHISEMENT 1. The Problem 2. Meeting the Problem 3. Reaction: The Ku-Klux Klan 4. Counter-Reaction: The Negro Exodus 5. A Postscript on the War and Reconstruction

CHAPTER XIV

THE NEGRO IN THE NEW SOUTH 1. Political Life: Disfranchisement 2. Economic Life: Peonage 3. Social Life: Proscription, Lynching

CHAPTER XV

"THE VALE OF TEARS," 1890-1910 1. Current Opinion and Tendencies 2. Industrial Education: Booker T. Washington 3. Individual Achievement: The Spanish-American War 4. Mob Violence; Election Troubles; The Atlanta Massacre 5. The Question of Labor 6. Defamation; Brownsville 7. The Dawn of a To-morrow

CHAPTER XVI

THE NEGRO IN THE NEW AGE 1. Character of the Period 2. Migration; East St. Louis 3. The Great War 4. High Tension: Washington, Chicago, Elaine 5. The Widening Problem

CHAPTER XVII

THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. World Aspect 2. The Negro in American Life 3. Face to Face