Chapter XLV: Colymbinæ. Divers and Grebes, 351 (14)

445. 5. Larus Franklinii, Richardson. Franklin's Rosy Gull.

Not figured.

"Bill rather stout, and with the feet vermilion; mantle pearl-grey; wings an inch and a half longer than the tail, which is even; five exterior quills barred with black, the first one tipped with white for an inch; tarsus twenty lines long; hood black in summer. Both eyelids, the neck, rump, tail, and whole under plumage white, the latter and interior of the wings deeply tinged with peach-blossom red; black hood covering three-quarters of an inch of the nape, and extending as much lower on the throat; mantle and wings bluish-grey; the outer web of the first quill-feathers is black to near the top, and a broad band of the same crosses the ends of the five outer primaries; all the quill-feathers are terminated with white, that of the first primary and of all the secondaries being upwards of an inch long; all the shafts whitish."

_Male_, 17, wing, 11.

Interior of Fur Countries, breeding on the edges of large lakes.

Larus Franklinii, Franklin's Rosy Gull, Swains. & Rich. F.
Bor. Amer. v. ii p. 424.

Franklin's Rosy Gull, Larus Franklinii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v.
p. 323.

446. 6. Larus tridactylus, Linn. Kittiwake Gull.

Plate CCXXIV. Adult and Young.

Bill moderately stout, greenish-yellow; feet black, with the hind toe rudimentary, and furnished with a minute knob in place of the claw; head, neck, rump, tail, and lower parts pure white; back and upper surface of wings light greyish-blue; the first five quills black at the end, the first on its outer web also; the fifth with a small white tip; the tips of all the other quills more or less white. Young in its second plumage with the bill and feet black; hind head and neck bluish-grey; a semilunar blackish mark before the eye; tips of auriculars dark grey; forehead, sides of head, throat, and lower parts, white, as are the rump and tail, the latter with a broad terminal band of black; mantle bluish-grey, with a broad band of black crossing the lower part of the hind neck; larger wing-coverts of the same colour toward the end; primary quills black, more or less margined with white internally.

_Adult_, 18, 36-1/2.

Common as far south as New York. Abundant from Massachusetts eastward. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy northward.

Larus tridactylus, Bonap. Syn. p. 359.

Larus tridactylus, Kittiwake, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 423.

Kittiwake, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 298.

Kittiwake Gull, Larus tridactylus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
186.

447. 7. Larus eburneus, Gmel. Ivory Gull.

Plate CCLXXXVII.

Bill moderately stout, yellow, feet black; wings an inch and a half longer than the tail; plumage pure white. After the second moult, the bill dusky for two-thirds, yellow at the end, feet black; plumage white, the forehead and sides of the head mottled with leaden-grey, most of the wing-coverts with, a greyish-black spot towards the end; the quills, large coverts, and tail-feathers similarly marked, the markings on the tail forming a subterminal bar.

_Adult_, 19, 41.

Accidental on the coast of the United States. Common in winter in Labrador and Newfoundland. Breeds in high latitudes.

Larus eburneus, Bonap. Syn. p. 360.

Larus eburneus, Ivory Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.

Ivory Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 301.

Ivory Gull, Larus eburneus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 571.

448. 8. Larus zonorhynchus, Richardson. Ring-billed Gull.--Common American Gull.

Plate CCXII. Adult and Young.

Bill stout, compressed, greenish-yellow, with a broad band of black opposite the prominence; wings two inches and a half longer than the tail; feet greenish-yellow; general colour of the plumage pure white, excepting the back and upper surface of the wings, which are light greyish-blue; the first-six quills black towards their extremities, the first and second being almost entirely so, the sixth with only a small spot; the tips of these feathers white, the first moreover with a long patch of white, over its whole breadth, the second with a smaller patch, not occupying the entire breadth, sometimes confined to the inner web, the other quills white at the end. Young after second moult with the bill black, the feet purplish-grey; general colour of plumage dull white, mottled with greyish-brown beneath, on the back with large brownish-black spots, the dark markings being central; anterior to the eye a crescent of greyish-black; outer primary quills black, terminally edged with white.

_Adult_, 20, 48.

Common during winter from Texas, along the coast, to Maine. Up the Mississippi to Natchez. Breeds from Maine to Labrador, Hudson's Bay, and Arctic shores. Columbia River. Migratory.

Larus canus, Mew or Common Gull, Rich. & Swains. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 420.

Larus zonorhynchus, Ring-billed Mew-Gull, Ibid. p. 421.

Larus brachyrhynchus, Short-billed Mew-Gull, Ibid. p. 422.

Ring-billed Mew-Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 300.

Common American Gull, Larus zonorhynchus. _Aud._ Orn. Biog. v.
iii. p. 98; v. v. p. 638.

449. 9. Larus leucopterus, Fabr. White-winged Silvery Gull.

Plate CCLXXXII. Adult and Young.

Bill stout, gamboge-yellow, with a spot of orange-red near the end of the lower mandible; angle of the mouth and edges of eyelids orange-red; feet pale flesh-colour; wings more than two inches longer than the tail; plumage pure white, excepting the back and upper surface of the wings, which are light greyish-blue; the tips of the secondaries, the terminal third of the primaries, and the upper tail-coverts, also white. Young in second plumage with the bill yellow, tipped with black, the feet yellowish flesh-colour; plumage yellowish-grey, marked on the head and neck with longitudinal streaks of pale brown, on the back and wings with transverse undulations, those on the tail much fainter; the first six quills destitute of markings.

_Adult_, 26, 50.

During winter from New York to Nova Scotia. Not rare. Breeds on the islands and peninsulas of the Arctic Seas.

Larus leucopterus, Bonap. Syn. p. 361.

Larus leucopterus, White-winged Silvery Gull, Swains. & Rich.
F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 418.

White-winged Silvery Gull, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 305.

White-winged Silvery Gull, Larus leucopterus, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. iii. p. 553.

450. 10. Larus occidentalis, Aud. Western Gull.

Not figured.

Bill robust, compressed, yellow, with an orange-red patch toward the end of the lower mandible; iris light hazel; feet flesh-coloured; head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; back and wings light greyish-blue, of a deeper tint than in L. argentatus; edges of the wings and extremities of the quills white; first seven quills greyish-black toward the end, that colour including the outer webs and the greater part of the inner of the two first, and on the rest gradually diminishing, so as on the seventh merely to form a subterminal bar; the first quill with a patch of white on both webs near the end; the tips of all white. Young male in winter with the bill black, feet flesh-coloured; upper part and sides of the head, hind part and sides of the neck, light brownish-grey, faintly mottled and streaked with white; upper parts in general greyish-brown, confusedly mottled with whitish; rump white barred with brown; primary quills greyish-black, without white at the end; secondary quills similar, more grey toward the base, margined and tipped with white, undulated with brown; tail greyish-black, tipped with whitish; lower parts greyish-white, mottled with greyish-brown. This species, which is very intimately allied to _Larus argentatus_, is remarkable for the great depth and comparative shortness of its bill.

_Male_, 27, wing 17-1/4, but the feathers not complete.

Western Gull, Larus occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
320.

451. 11. Larus argentatus, Brunnich. Herring or Silvery Gull.

Plate CCXCI. Adult and Young.

Bill robust, compressed, gamboge-yellow, with an orange-red patch toward the end of the lower mandible; iris silvery-white; feet flesh-coloured; head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; back and wings light greyish-blue; edges of wing and extremities of quills white; the first six quills brownish-black towards the end, that colour including the outer webs and the greater part of the inner of the first two, and on the rest gradually diminishing, so as on the sixth merely to form a bar; the first quill with a patch of white about an inch and a half long on both webs near the end, the second with a circular patch on the inner web; the tips of all white. The terminal markings of the outer quills vary. Young with the bill brownish-black, paler at the base of the lower mandible, feet purplish flesh-colour; general colour of plumage light purplish-grey, the upper part of the head darker, the lower parts mottled with pale yellowish-grey; feathers of upper parts and upper tail-coverts irregularly edged and barred with greyish-white; primary quills greyish-black, terminally margined with whitish; tail of the same colour, its base and the outer webs of the lateral feathers irregularly mottled with whitish, the tips brownish-white.

_Male_, 23, 53. _Young_, in winter, 18-3/4, 51.

Abundant in autumn, winter, and early spring, from Texas along the whole Atlantic coast to Newfoundland. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy to Melville Island. Common in autumn on the Great Lakes, the Ohio, and Mississippi.

Larus argentatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 360.

Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 304.

Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
588; v. v. p. 638.

452. 12. Larus glaucus, Brunn. Glaucous Gull.--Burgomaster.

Plate CCCXCVI. Adult and Young.

Bill stout, compressed, gamboge yellow, with a carmine patch toward the end of the lower mandible; iris yellow; feet flesh-coloured; second quill slightly longer than the first; tail slightly rounded; head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; back and wings light greyish-blue; the edges of the wing and a large portion of all the quills toward the end, white. Young when fledged with the bill yellow, in its terminal third black; feet flesh-coloured; plumage very pale yellowish-brown, the feathers of the upper parts with a large dusky spot toward the end, the quills and tail-feathers barred with the same.

_Adult_, 30; wing, 19-1/2.

Met with in Labrador in summer. Baffin's Bay and Arctic Seas generally. Not observed within the limits of the United States.

Larus glaucus, Bonap. Syn. p. 361.

Larus glaucus, Burgomaster Gull, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 416.

Glaucous Gull or Burgomaster, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 306.

Glaucous Gull or Burgomaster, Larus glaucus, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. v. p. 59.

453. 13. Larus marinus, Linn. Great Black-backed Gull.

Plate CCXLI. Male.

Bill robust, compressed, gamboge yellow, with a patch of carmine toward the end of the lower mandible, feet flesh-coloured; head, neck, lower parts, rump and tail, pure white; back and wings deep blackish-purple or dark slate-colour; edges of wing and a large portion of the extremities of all the quills white; the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries with a broad band of black across their ends. Young when fledged with the bill brownish-black, the iris dark brown, the feet as in the adult; the head and neck greyish-white, streaked with pale brownish-grey; upper parts mottled with brownish-black, brownish-grey, and dull white, the rump paler; primary quills blackish-brown, slightly tipped with brownish-white; tail-feathers white, with a large brownish-black patch towards the end, larger on the middle feathers, which are also barred towards the base with dusky; lower parts greyish-white, sides and lower tail-coverts obscurely mottled with greyish-brown.

_Male_, 29-1/2, 67.

Not uncommon during winter as far south as Florida, the young especially. Common from New York to Labrador, where it breeds. Lake Erie, Ontario, the St Lawrence, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers. Columbia River.

Larus marinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 225.

Black-backed Gull or Cobb, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 308.

Great Black-billed Gull, Larus marinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iii. p. 305; v. v. p. 636.

FAMILY XLIII. PROCELLARINÆ. FULMARS.

Bill generally shorter than the head, moderately stout, compressed; upper mandible with the ridge formed of two generally united plates, at the anterior part of which, usually about half the length of the bill, are the nostrils; the sides separated by a groove, the tip a decurved, compressed, pointed unguis; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the tip more or less decurved. Head of moderate size, ovate; neck of moderate length; body compact. Feet of ordinary length, rather slender; tibia bare below for a short space; tarsus little compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes four, the first extremely small and elevated, with a conical deflected claw; anterior toes webbed; the third and fourth nearly equal. Claws arched, compressed, acute. Plumage full, soft, rather compact above. Wings long, rather broad, pointed, the first quill generally longest. Tail short, of from twelve to sixteen feathers. Œsophagus very wide, often enormously dilated, especially at its lower part, stomach small, moderately muscular; intestine of moderate length; cœca rather long; cloaca oblong or globular. Trachea simple, with a single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. LESTRIS, Illiger. JAGER.

Bill shorter than the head, strong, slightly compressed, straight, with the tip curved; upper mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, toward the tip decurved, the ridge broad and convex, formed by two plates, which overlap the nostrils, the sides narrow and convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip or unguis decurved, compressed, acute; nasal groove long, narrow; the nostrils in its fore part medial, lateral, longitudinal, broad before, extremely narrow behind, open and pervious; lower mandible with the angle long and narrow, a slight prominence at its extremity, beyond which the dorsal line is slightly concave, the sides erect, and slightly convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip obliquely truncate. Head rather large; neck of moderate length; body rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare at its lower part, and rough all round, with small convex scales; tarsus compressed behind and scabrous, anteriorly scutellate; hind toe extremely small and elevated; fore toes of moderate size, connected by convex webs, the third toe longest, the fourth little shorter. Claws strong, much curved, very acute, compressed. Plumage full, soft, blended, on the back rather compact. Wings very long, rather broad, pointed, the first quill longest. Tail of moderate length, or elongated, of twelve feathers, of which the middle are longest. Tongue broadly channelled above, contracted and induplicate toward the end, with the point slit; œsophagus very wide; stomach small, moderately muscular, with the epithelium thin, dense, and longitudinally rugous; intestine rather short and wide; cœca rather long; cloaca oblong.

454. 1. Lestris pomarinus, Temm. Pomarine Jager.

Plate CCLIII. Adult Female.

Tail of moderate length, rounded, but with the two middle broad rounded feathers extending an inch beyond the next; bill dull green, toward the end dusky; tibia, toes, webs, and lower half of tarsus black, the upper half light blue; upper part and sides of head anteriorly brownish-black; upper part of neck all round yellowish-white; the rest of the neck white, barred with brownish-black, each feather having two transverse bands of that colour; breast white; sides, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts white, barred with brownish-black, as are the upper tail-coverts; back and wings brownish-black; primary quills of the same colour, white on the inner webs toward the base, as are the secondaries and tail-feathers; lower surface of wings mottled and barred with white and dusky.

_Female_, 20-1/4, 48.

From Massachusetts northward. Seen in Labrador. Breeds in high northern latitudes.

Lestris pomarina, Bonap. Syn. p. 364.

Lestris pomarina, Pomarine Jager, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 429.

Pomarine Jager, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 315.

Pomarine Jager, Lestris pomarinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
396; v. v. p. 643.

455. 2. Lestris Richardsonii, Swains. Richardson's Jager.

Plate CCLXXII. Male and Young.

Male with the bill greyish-black, tinged with blue above; feet black; tail-feathers of moderate length, except the middle two, which extend about three inches beyond the rest, and taper to a point; plumage sooty-brown; the upper part of the head, primary quills, and tail darker; cheeks and sides of neck dull yellow; fore part of neck and breast white. Female similar, but without white on the neck and breast, those parts being merely of a lighter brown. Young, when fledged, with the bill light blue, dusky at the end; tarsi and basal portion of the toes and webs light blue, the rest black; general colour of the plumage sooty-brown, lighter on the neck and lower parts, feathers of the back and wings all marginally tipped with whitish; breast, sides, lower wing-coverts, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, undulatingly barred with pale greyish-yellow.

_Male_, 18-1/2, 40. _Young_, in September, 15-1/2; wing, 11-1/2.

Coast of Massachusetts and Maine, during winter. Breeds in the northern barren grounds, away from the coast.

Lestris Richardsonii, Richardson's Jager, Swains. & Rich. F.
Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 433.

Richardson's Jager, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 319.

Richardson's Jager, Lestris Richardsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
v. p. 503.

456. 3. Lestris parasiticus, Linn. Arctic Jager.

Plate CCLXVII.

Bill greyish-black, tinged with blue above; feet black, but with the greater part of the tarsus yellow; tail-feathers of moderate length, except the two middle, which are extremely elongated and attenuated, extending eight inches or more beyond the next, the rest broad and rounded; neck and lower parts white, the former tinged with yellow; upper and fore part of head, with the space before the cheeks, blackish-brown; lower part of hind neck, and all the upper parts, blackish-grey; primary quills and tail-feathers brownish-black, the shafts of the former white. Female similar to the male, but with the middle tail-feathers about three inches shorter.

_Male_, 23, 45.

Ranges, during winter, along and off the coast, though always in sight of land, as far as the Gulf of Mexico. Breeds in high latitudes.

Lestris Buffonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 364.

Lestris parasitica, Arctic Jager, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 430.

Arctic Jager, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 317.

Arctic Jager, Lestris parasiticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
470.

GENUS II. DIOMEDEA, Linn. ALBATROSS.

Bill rather longer than the head, nearly straight, stout, much compressed; upper mandible, with its dorsal line, much declinate, and nearly straight for a third of its length, then concave ascending to the unguis, on which it is arched and decurved in the third of a circle, the ridge broad, convex, rounded at the base, separated in its whole length by a groove, margined below, beyond the nostrils by a prominent line, from the sides, which are erect and slightly convex, the edges sharp, the unguis decurved, much compressed, with its sides flattened, and the tip acute; nostrils subbasal, prominent, tabular, having a horny sheath; lower mandible with the angle very narrow, reaching to the tip, and having at its extremity a long slender interposed horny process; the outline of the crura gently ascending, and quite straight, until near the end, when it is a little decurved, the sides ascending, nearly erect, a little convex, the edges sharp, the tip extremely compressed, its upper edges decurved. Head rather large, ovate; neck of moderate length; body full. Feet rather short, stoutish; tibia bare, below scaly; tarsus roundish, reticulated; toes three, long, slender, outer very little shorter than middle, scaly for half their length, then scutellate. Claws rather small, slender, slightly arched, somewhat obtuse. Plumage full, soft, blended, but rather fine, somewhat compact above. Wings very long, and very narrow, the humerus and cubitus extremely elongated; first quill longest. Tail of twelve broadly rounded feathers, short, rounded.

457. 1. Diomedea chlororhynchos, Gmel. Yellow-nosed Albatross.

Not figured.

Bill much compressed, its ridge convex in its whole length, but with its basal outline, although semicircular, only half an inch in extent, so that between its margins and those of the sides of the bill, there is behind the nostrils a space nearly a quarter of an inch in breadth; the ridge in its whole length, the tip of the upper mandible, and the crura of the lower along their inferior edge, yellow, the rest black; feet yellow; head and neck ash-grey; the fore part of the back shaded into blackish-grey; wings entirely brownish-black, shafts of primaries white, toward the end brownish-black; hind part of back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; tail deep grey, the bases and shafts of the feathers white, loral space of a darker grey than the rest of the head, that colour deepening at the fore part of the eye, forming a spot which includes the whole of the upper eyelid, and the anterior half the lower, of which the other half is white; lower half of the neck anteriorly, breast, sides, abdomen, lower tail-coverts, some of the axillaries, and the larger wing-coverts white; the others being brownish-black.

Length, 37; wing, 21; bill, 5-1/4; tail, 8-1/4.

Pacific Ocean, not far from Columbia River.

Diomedea chlororhynchos, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 326.

458. 3. Diomedea nigripes, Aud. Black-footed Albatross.

Not figured.

Bill brownish-black, moderately compressed, its ridge very broad and convex at the base, its basal outline semicircular and two inches in extent, so that its sides behind overlap and obliterate the sutural space behind the nostrils; feet black; fore part of head, cheeks and throat light dusky-grey, the capistral feathers nearly white, as is a small patch at the posterior angle of the eye; upper part of head, hind neck, and all the upper parts, including the wings and tail, sooty-brown tinged with grey, as are the lower surface of the wings and the axillaries; lower parts dull grey, deeper on the fore parts and sides of the neck.

Length, 36; wings, 21; bill, 5; tail, 3.

Pacific Ocean, off California.

Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea nigripes, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
v. p. 327.

459. 2. Diomedea fusca, Aud. Dusky Albatross.

Plate CCCCVII. Adult.

Bill black, much compressed, its ridge carinate, with its basal outline running up on the forehead into a very acute angle, lower mandible with a groove on each side in its whole length, as far as the unguis; feet yellow; head and upper part of the neck greyish-black, tinged with brown, the rest of the neck, all the lower parts, the back and rump light brownish-grey, scapulars darker, wings brownish-black, primary quills and tail-feathers greyish-black with white shafts; eyelids narrowly margined with white feathers, their anterior part excepted.

_Adult_, length, 34; wing, 21; tail, 11; bill, 4-10/12.

Off the Columbia River.

Dusky Albatross, Diomedea fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 116.

GENUS III. PROCELLARIA, Linn. FULMAR.

Bill of about the length of the head, or somewhat shorter, robust, straight, moderately compressed, with the tip decurved; upper mandible with the nostrils dorsal, separated by a thin septum, covered by an elevated horny case, and opening directly forwards, the ridge nearly straight or concave in its outline, laterally sloping or convex, separated by a groove from the sides, which are erect and convex, the edges sharp, inflected, and in their outline slightly recurved from the base to the unguis, which is strong, decurved, and acute; lower mandible with the angle long, narrow, acute, the sides erect, with a groove in their whole length, the edges sharp and direct, the very short dorsal line ascending and slightly concave, the edges decurved at the end. Head rather large, ovate; neck rather short; body full. Feet of moderate length, stout; tibia bare for a short space below; tarsus a little compressed, reticulated with angular scales; hind toe a slight prominence with a conical claw; fore toes long, slender, scutellate, connected by striated even webs; fourth toe slightly shorter than third. Claws moderate, arched, compressed, rather acute. Plumage full, close, elastic, rather compact above. Wings very long, narrow, the first quill longest. Tail short, or of moderate length, of from twelve to sixteen feathers.

* Bill robust; tail of more than twelve feathers.

460. 1. Procellaria gigantea, Linn. Gigantic Fulmar.

Not figured.

Bill longer than the head, nasal plate carinate, very slightly concave above, yellow, as are the feet; tail of sixteen feathers; general colour of plumage a deep brown tinged with grey, lighter on the lower parts, and especially on the lower surface of the wings.

Length, 36; tail, 7-1/2; bill, 4.

Off the Columbia River.

Gigantic Fulmar, Procellaria gigantea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v.
p. 330.

461. 2. Procellaria glacialis, Linn. Common Fulmar.

Plate CCLXIV. Male.

Bill shorter than the head, moderately compressed, with the nasal plate flattened concave above; tail slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers; bill, feet, and claws yellow; head, neck, and lower parts, pure white; back and wings light greyish-blue, the rump paler, the tail bluish-white; primary quills and coverts blackish-brown. Young in first plumage greyish-brown.

_Male_, 8, 18.

Not uncommon off the coast, from New York to Nova Scotia. Abundant on the banks of Newfoundland. Breeds in high latitudes.

Procellaria glacialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 369.

Fulmar Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 330.

Fulmar Petrel, Procellaria glacialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii.
p. 446.

462. 3. Procellaria pacifica, Aud. Pacific Fulmar.

Not figured.

Bill shorter than the head, considerably compressed, with the nasal plate carinate and almost straight; tail rounded, of fourteen feathers; bill and feet yellow; head, neck, and lower parts pure white; back and wings light greyish-blue, but most of the feathers, including those of the tail, becoming dark grey toward the end; primary quills and their coverts blackish-brown tinged with grey. Differs from P. glacialis chiefly in the form of the bill.

_Adult_, 18; wing, 12-3/4; tail, 4-3/4; bill, 1-3/4.

North west coast of America. Abundant.

Pacific Fulmar, Procellaria pacifica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
331.

463. 4. Procellaria tenuirostris, Aud. Slender-billed Fulmar.

Not figured.

Bill about the same length as the head, rather slender, much compressed, with the nasal plate somewhat carinate and concave; tail much rounded, of fourteen feathers; bill yellow, with the nasal plate, half of the unguis of the upper mandible, and the tip of the lower black; feet yellow, claws brownish-black; plumage greyish-blue, paler on the lower parts, neck, and head; primary quills and their coverts blackish-grey. Differs from the last chiefly in the form and colour of the bill.

Length, 18-1/2; wing, 13; tail, 5; bill, 2-1/12.

Off the Columbia River. Common.

Slender-billed Fulmar, Procellaria tenuirostris, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. v. p. 333.

GENUS IV. PUFFINUS, Briss. SHEARWATER.

Bill of the length of the head, rather slender, nearly as deep as broad at the base, much compressed toward the end, nearly straight, being slightly recurved, with the tips decurved; upper mandible with a cere at the base, extending narrow to the nostrils, which are dorsal, each covered with a lateral convex plate, and opening anteriorly, with an elliptical aperture, dorsal line as far as the nostrils nearly straight, then suddenly deflected, afterwards slightly concave, towards the end decurved, the ridge very broad and convex at the base, narrower beyond the nostrils, from which a groove runs obliquely on each side, sides convex, nearly erect, edges sharp, tip or unguis strong, decurved, much compressed, very acute; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the dorsal line beyond it decurved, the sides sloping outwards, the edges sharp and inflected, the unguis decurved, acute. Head rather large, oblong; neck rather short; body moderate. Feet rather large; tibia bare for a short space below; tarsus of moderate length, compressed, reticulated with angular scales; hind toe obsolete, but with a small conical deflected claw; fore toes long, slender, connected by webs; outer toe slightly longer than third. Claws arched, compressed, acute. Plumage full, close, elastic, rather compact above. Wings very long, narrow, the first quill longest. Tail of moderate length, graduated, of twelve rounded feathers.

464. 1. Puffinus cinereus, Lath. Wandering Shearwater.

Plate CCLXXXIII. Male.

Bill yellowish-green, with the tips brownish-black; feet light greenish-grey, webs and claws yellowish flesh-colour; upper parts deep brown, the hind neck paler, and tinged with grey; primary quills and tail brownish-black; lower parts greyish-white, lower wing-coverts white, those next to the edge of the wing greyish-black towards the end, axillary feathers white, greyish-brown toward the end, lower tail-coverts similar.

_Male_, 20, 45.

Common off the shores, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to that of Mexico. Abundant off Nova Scotia. Ranges to a great distance at sea in autumn and winter.

Puffinus cinereus, Bonap. Syn. p. 370.

Cinereous Puffin, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 334.

Wandering Shearwater, Puffinus cinereus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iii. p. 555.

465. 2. Puffinus Anglorum, Ray. Manks Shearwater.

Plate CCXCV.

Bill deep greenish-black; inner and middle of outer side of tibia dull orange, the rest greenish-black, as are the fourth toe and outer side of the third, the inner side of the latter and the whole of the second dull orange, webs pale yellow; upper parts brownish-black, lower white.

_Adult_, 15, 32.

Not uncommon off the coast of Maine during summer. Breeds on Sable Island, off Nova Scotia. Ranges, at times, to great distances seaward.

Puffinus anglorum, Bonap. Syn. p. 371.

Shearwater Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 336.

Manks Shearwater, Puffinus anglorum, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii.
p. 604.

466. 3. Puffinus obscurus, Lath. Dusky Shearwater.

Plate CCXCIX. Male.

Bill light blue, the tips black; outside of tarsus and toes indigo-black, inside and webs pale yellowish flesh-colour; upper parts sooty-black, lower pure white.

_Male_, 11, 26.

Abundant during summer in the Gulf of Mexico, and off the coast eastward to Georgia. Some wander as far as Long Island.

Puffinus obscurus, Bonap. Syn. p. 371.

Dusky Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 337.

Dusky Petrel, Puffinus obscurus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
620.

GENUS V. THALASSIDROMA, Vigors. PETREL.

Bill shorter than the head, slender, as high as broad at the base, extremely compressed at the end; upper mandible with the nostrils dorsal forming a tube on its ridge at the base, on which the dorsal line is concave and ascending, then abrupt, afterwards, for a short space, straight, and lastly decurved, the sides separated by a groove, convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip decurved, slender, acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, and pointed, the dorsal line beyond it decurved, the sides erect, the edges sharp, the tip decurved, acute. Head of moderate size, rounded above; neck short; body rather slender. Feet rather long, slender; tibia bare at its lower part; tarsus slender, reticulate; hind toe minute, with a conical deflected claw; anterior toes of moderate length, slender, scutellate, webbed, the third and fourth about equal. Claws slender, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage very soft and blended, the feathers distinct only on the wings, which are very long, with the primaries a little incurved toward the end, the second longest, the first and fourth about equal; tail emarginate or even, of twelve feathers. Tongue much flattened, tapering to a horny point; œsophagus wide, within the thorax enormously distended, and with the proventriculus forming an ovate sac, which is recurved; stomach very small; intestine short, of moderate width; cœca small; cloaca globular.

467. 1. Thalassidroma Leachii, Temm. Leach's Petrel.--Fork-tailed Petrel.

Plate CCLX. Male and Female.

Tail forked; bill and feet black; plumage dark greyish-brown; quills and tail brownish-black; smaller wing-coverts and inner secondaries light greyish-brown; rump, sides of abdomen, and outer lower tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts also white, but with a terminal black band.

_Male_, 8, 18-1/2.

Common on the Banks of Newfoundland, and at times off the coast of Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia. Breeds on the shores of Baffin's Bay.

Thalassidroma Leachii, Bonap. Syn. p. 367.

Fork-tailed Stormy Petrel, Thalassidroma Leachii, Nutt. Man.
v. ii. p. 326.

Forked-tailed Petrel, Thalassidroma Leachii, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. iii. p. 434.

468. 2. Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Bonap. Wilson's Petrel.--Mother Carey's Chicken.

Plate CCLXX. Male and Female.

Tail even; bill and feet black, but the webs yellow, unless at the margin; plumage dark greyish-brown; quills and tail brownish-black; outer secondary wing-coverts and some of the secondary quills light greyish-brown, and tipped with white; rump, sides of abdomen, and outer lower tail-coverts, white.

_Male_, 7-1/4, 15-3/4.

Wanders from the Gulf of Mexico, off the whole Atlantic coast to Baffin's Bay, and often almost across the ocean towards Europe. Breeds in vast numbers from Maine to Baffin's Bay.

Stormy Petrel, Procellaria pelagica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii.
p. 90.

Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 367.

Wilson's Stormy Petrel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 322.

Wilson's Petrel, Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iii. p. 486; v. v. p. 645.

469. 3. Thalassidroma pelagica, Linn. Least Petrel.--Mother Carey's Chicken.

Plate CCXI.

Tail slightly rounded; bill and feet black; general colour of the upper parts greyish-black, with a tinge of brown; lower parts sooty-brown; secondary coverts margined externally with dull greyish-white; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts white, with the shafts black, the tail-coverts broadly tipped with black.

_Male_, 5-3/4, 13-1/2.

Not uncommon on the Banks of Newfoundland. Not observed to breed on the American coast.

Stormy Petrel, Thalassidroma pelagica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p.
327.

Least Petrel, Thalassidroma pelagica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv.
p. 310.

FAMILY XLIV. ALCINÆ. AUKS.

Bill not longer than the head, much compressed, generally very high, in the species approaching the next family rather slender. Nostrils small, linear, basal, and submarginal. Head large, broadly ovate, anteriorly narrowed; neck short and thick; body full, compact, ovate, or somewhat elongated. Feet short, rather stout, placed far behind; tibia bare for a short space; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes three, of moderate length, scutellate, webbed. Claws strong, arched, acute. Plumage dense, blended, soft. Wings small, narrow, pointed. Tail very short. Tongue slender, trigonal; œsophagus very wide, within the thorax extremely dilated; stomach rather large, muscular, with the epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine long and wide; cœca of moderate size. Trachea simple, with a single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles. Egg generally single.

GENUS I. MORMON, Illiger. PUFFIN.

Bill about the length of the head, nearly as high as long, exceedingly compressed, at the base as high as the head, obliquely furrowed on the sides; upper mandible with a horny dotted rim along the basal margin; its dorsal line decurved from the base, the ridge narrow, at the base rounded, the sides rapidly sloped, with three or four curved oblique grooves, the edges sharp, their outline nearly straight, the tip deflected, very narrow, but obtuse; lower mandible with the angle very narrow, and so placed, that the base of the bill is inflected beyond the perpendicular, the dorsal line a little convex at first, towards the end ascending, and nearly straight, the sides perpendicular, the edges sharp; the tip very narrow, obliquely truncate; gape-line extending downwards a little beyond the base of the bill, and furnished with a soft corrugated extensile membrane. Nostrils marginal, linear, direct, in the horny part of the bill. Head large, roundish-ovate; neck short and thick; body full and rounded. Feet short, rather stout, placed far behind; tibia bare for a short space; tarsus very short, little compressed, anteriorly with a series of small scutella; toes three, connected by entire webs, the outer and middle toes nearly equal. Claws strong, of moderate length, arched, acute, that of the inner toe much curved. Plumage close, blended, soft. Wings short, narrow, curved, acute; the first quill longest; secondaries short and rounded. Tail very short, slightly rounded, of sixteen feathers.

470. 1. Mormon cirrhatus, Lath. Tufted Puffin.

Plate CCXLIX. Male.

Bill with four curved grooves on the upper mandible anterior to the nostrils, the lower smooth, a horny subcylindrical addition to the ridge at the base about an inch in length, the colour yellowish-red, the basal rim and ridge towards the end of the upper mandible bright red; feet bright red; two tufts of loose, acuminate, decurved feathers on the sides of the head behind the eye; face white; upper parts brownish-black, glossed with blue, lower sooty-brown, tinged with grey on the abdomen; part of the sides and under wing-coverts greyish-brown.

_Male_, 15, 22-1/2.

Extremely rare and accidental on the coast of the United States in winter. Common in the Arctic Seas, and on the north-west coast of America.

Alca cirrhata, Lath. Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 791.

Mormon cirrhatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 429.

Tufted Mormon or Puffin, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 539.

Tufted Puffin, Mormon cirrhatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
364.

471. 2. Mormon glacialis, Leach. Large-billed Puffin.

Plate CCXCIII. Male.

Bill with three curved grooves on each of the mandibles toward the end, a compressed addition to the ridge about three-quarters of an inch long, its colour, and that of the feet, orange-yellow; on the upper eyelid an oblong, tapering, horny body, directed upwards and backwards, on the lower an adherent linear body of the same nature; sides of the head, and the lower parts, white; upper part of head light brownish-grey, tinged with lilac; a broad collar extending to the lower mandible; of a dark greyish-brown tint below, gradually passing into the colour of the upper parts, which is brownish-black, glossed with blue; primary quills and their coverts blackish-brown; part of the sides and under wing-coverts greyish-brown.

_Male_, 13, 24-1/2.

Very rare, and in winter only, off the Bay of Fundy.

Mormon glacialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 430.

Large-billed Puffin, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 541.

Large-billed Puffin, Mormon glacialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii.
p. 599.

472. 3. Mormon Arcticus, Linn. Common or Arctic Puffin.

Plate CCXIII. Male and Female.

Bill with three curved grooves on both mandibles toward the end, a very slight addition to the ridge at the base only a quarter of an inch long; the basal rim and first ridge of both mandibles dull yellow, the intervening space greyish-blue, the rest bright red; on the upper eyelid a flattened triangular nearly erect horny body, and along the lower an adherent elongated body of the same nature; feet vermilion; throat and sides of the head greyish-white; upper parts of the head greyish-black, tinged with blue; the middle of the neck all round, and all the upper parts deep black, glossed with blue, the quills tinged with brown; under parts white, except the upper part of the sides, which are dusky, and the lower wing-coverts, which are brownish-grey.

_Male_, 11-3/4, 23.

Ranges southward along the coast in winter, at times as far as Georgia. Less rare from Long Island eastward, and becomes plentiful in the Bay of Fundy. Breeds in vast numbers in burrows, on the islands off Labrador.

Mormon arcticus, Bonap. Syn. p. 430.

Puffin or Coulterneb, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 542.

Puffin, Mormon arcticus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 105.

GENUS. II. ALCA, Linn. AUK.

Bill as long as the head, feathered as far as the nostrils, beyond which it is very high, exceedingly compressed, and obliquely furrowed on the sides; upper mandible with the dorsal line decurved, the ridge extremely narrow, the sides nearly flat, the nasal groove very large, and feathered, with its lower margin very narrow, and convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip decurved, very narrow, but obtuse; lower mandible with the angle very narrow, and having a horny triangular appendage, the sides at first extremely narrow, towards the end erect and flat, the edges inflected, the dorsal outline concave, the tip decurved. Nostrils medial marginal, linear, short, concealed by the feathers. Head large, ovate; neck short and thick; body full, rather depressed. Feet placed far behind, short, stout; tibia bare for a short space; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly scutellate; hind toe wanting; anterior toes of moderate length, rather slender, scutellate, webbed, the outer slightly longer than the middle. Claws rather small, arched, compressed, obtuse. Plumage close, blended, very soft. Wings very short, narrow, acute, first quill longest. Tail short, tapering, of twelve or fourteen feathers.

473. 1. Alca impennis, Linn. Great Auk.

Plate CCCXLI. Adult.

Bill rather longer than the head, its dorsal line convexo-declinate, upper mandible with a basal and eight terminal grooves, lower with ten or twelve grooves; wings diminutive, much pointed, the primaries tapering to an acute point, the first longest, secondaries broad, scarcely longer than their coverts; tail short, of fourteen feathers; bill black, with the grooves white; feet black; head, neck, and upper parts black, the throat and sides of the neck tinged with chocolate-brown, the wings with greyish-brown, the head, hind neck, and back glossed with olive-green; fore part of neck below and all the lower parts white, as are a large oblong patch before each eye, and the tips of the secondary quills.

_Adult_, 29, 27-1/4.

Rare and accidental on the Banks of Newfoundland; said to breed on a rock near that island.

Great Auk, Alca impennis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 553.

Great Auk, Alca impennis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 316.

474. 2. Alca Torda, Linn. Razor-billed Auk.

Plate CCXIV. Male and Female.

Bill rather shorter than the head, with its dorsal line very convex, upper mandible with five, lower with four grooves, black with a white band across each mandible; feet black; head, neck, and upper parts black, the head, hind neck, and back glossed with olive-green, the throat and sides of the neck tinged with chocolate, the wings with brown; lower part of neck below and all the lower parts white, as are a line from the eye to the bill on each side, and the tips of the secondaries. Female similar. Young, in the winter, with the colours similar, but the back duller, the wings more brown, the throat and sides of the head mottled with white, and the bill much smaller, without furrows or white line. Old birds, in winter, with the throat and sides of the neck mottled with white, but in other respects the colouring as in summer.

_Male_, 17, 29-1/2.

Rare on the eastern coast of the United States, and only during winter. Breeds in great numbers on the Gannet Rock in the Gulf of St Lawrence, on the shores of Newfoundland, and the western coast of Labrador, chiefly in the fissures of rocks.

Alca Torda, Bonap. Syn. p. 431.

Razor-bill, Alca Torda, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 547.

Razor-billed Auk, Alca Torda, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 112;
v. v. p. 628.

GENUS III. PHALERIS, Temm. PHALERIS.

Bill shorter than the head, stout, straightish, broad at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with a prominent basal rim as in the puffin, its dorsal line convex and declinate, the sides sloping, the edges sharp, with a deep sinus close to the narrow, declinate, blunt tip; lower mandible with the angle rather long and wide, the dorsal line ascending and a little convex, the sides sloping outwards, the edges sharp, the tip ascending, obliquely truncate. Nostrils linear-oblong, direct, near the margin, in the horny part of the bill. Head rather large, ovate; neck short and thick; body full and compact. Feet short, placed far behind; tibia bare below; tarsus very short, much compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes three, connected by emarginate webs; middle and outer toes of the same length. Claws rather stout, moderately arched, compressed, rather obtuse. Plumage dense, blended, soft. Wings of moderate length, very narrow, pointed. Tail very short, rounded, of fourteen feathers.

475. 1. Phaleris cristatella, Gmel. Curled-crested Phaleris.

Plate CCCCII. Fig. 4. Adult.

Bill scarlet, with the tips yellow. Upper mandible with a somewhat triangular horny plate at the base detached from the other parts, and a deep oblique groove anterior to the nostrils; lower mandible with a groove on each side; a tuft of about twenty linear recurved feathers from the anterior part of the forehead; general colour of upper parts brownish-black, of lower purplish-grey; a short line of elongated linear white feathers commencing under the eye, and proceeding along the side of the neck.

_Adult_, 10, wing, 6-3/4.

North-west coast of America.

Alca cristatella, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 552.

Curled-crested Phaleris, Phaleris cristatella, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. v. p. 102.

476. 2. Phaleris nodirostris, Bonap. Knobbed-billed Phaleris.

Plate CCCCII. Fig. 3. Adult.

Bill deep red, much shorter than the head, stout, upper mandible with a roundish, compressed, decurvate, greyish-blue knob on its ridge, between the nostrils, which are covered by a projecting operculum; tail of fourteen feathers; feet dusky grey; general colour of upper parts brownish-black; fore part and sides of head streaked with linear, acuminate, white feathers; tips of secondaries also white; cheeks and a small portion of the throat at the base of the bill dusky; lower parts white, mottled with dusky, the tips of the feathers being of that colour.

_Adult_, 6, wing, 4.

North-west coast of America.

Knobbed-billed Phaleris, Phaleris nodirostris, Bonap. Aud.
Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 101.

GENUS IV. MERGULUS, Ray. SEA-DOVE.

Bill shorter than the head, stout, nearly straight, subpentagonal at the base, compressed towards the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line convexo-declinate, the ridge convex, the sides sloping, the edges sharp and overlapping, the tip rather obtuse; nasal depression short and broad; nostrils basal, oblong; lower mandible with the angle long and wide, the dorsal line ascending, straight, the sides convex, toward the end ascending and flattened, the edges sharp and inclinate, the tip acute, with a sinus behind. Head large, ovate; neck short and thick; body full and compact. Feet short, rather stout; tibia bare for a very short space; tarsus very short, compressed, anteriorly covered with oblique scutella; hind toe wanting; anterior toes connected by entire webs, the third and fourth nearly equal. Claws rather small, moderately arched, compressed, rather acute. Plumage dense, glossy blended. Wings of moderate length, narrow, pointed; the first quill longest; secondaries rounded. Tail very short, slightly rounded, of twelve feathers.

477. 1. Mergulus Alle, Linn. Common Sea-Dove.

Plate CCCXXXIX. Male and Female.

Bill black, feet pale flesh-coloured, webs dusky, inside of mouth light yellow; head, upper part of neck, and all the upper surface glossy bluish-black; a small spot on the upper eyelid, another on the lower, several longitudinal streaks on the scapulars, and a bar along the tips of the secondary quills, together with the breast and abdomen, white; feathers on the sides under the wings with the inner webs dusky, lower wing-coverts blackish-grey. In winter, the throat, and lower parts of the cheeks white, sides and fore part of the neck white, the latter barred with blackish-grey; the other parts as in summer, but the black duller.

_Male_, 7-1/8, 14-1/4.

Rare and only during winter along the coast of the United States, from New York to Maine. More abundant along the coast of Nova Scotia, and far at sea. Breeds on the Arctic coasts.

Little Auk, Alca Alle, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 94.

Uria Alle, Bonap. Syn. p. 425.

Little Guillemot, Uria Alle, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 479.

Little Auk or Sea Dove, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 531.

Little Guillemot, Uria Alle, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 304.

GENUS V. URIA, Lath. GUILLEMOT.

Bill generally shorter than the head, stout, compressed, tapering, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly arched; the ridge narrow, broader at the base, the sides sloping, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip a little decurved, with a slight notch; nasal groove broad, feathered; nostrils at its lower edge, subbasal, lateral, longitudinal, linear; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, the dorsal line ascending and straight, the back very narrow, the sides nearly flat, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip acute. Head large, oblong; neck short and thick; body stout, elongated, rather depressed. Feet short, placed far behind; the greater part of the tibia concealed, its lower part bare; tarsus short, stout, compressed, anteriorly scutellate; toes three, of moderate length, middle toe longest, outer little shorter, scutellate, connected by entire webs. Claws small, slightly arched, compressed, rather acute. Plumage dense, very soft, blended. Wings rather short, narrow, acute; primary quills curved, tapering, the first and second longest; secondaries short, rounded. Tail very short, rounded, of twelve or more feathers.

478. 1. Uria antiqua, Gmel. Black-throated Guillemot.

Plate CCCCII. Fig. 1. Adult. Fig. 2. Young.

Bill yellow, shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed toward the end, the upper outline arched; feet yellow; head and upper part of neck black, excepting a band of elongated linear feathers beginning over the eye and extending down the hind part of the neck, and a broad band of white commencing behind the ear and curving forwards, to join the white, which is the general colour of the lower parts, with the exception of the flanks, which are black; back, wings, and tail greyish-black. Young, when fledged, with the bill black, the feet dusky; the upper parts blackish-grey, each feather black in the centre, the lower parts greyish-yellow, transversely barred with dusky; the tail broadly tipped with white.

_Adult_, 10-1/2, wings, 5-9/12.

North-west coast of America. Abundant.

Alca antiqua, Gmel. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 551.

Black-throated Guillemot, Uria antiqua, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v.
p. 100.

479. 2. Uria occidentalis, Bonap. Horned-billed Guillemot.

Plate CCCCII. Fig. 5. Adult.

Bill orange-yellow, shorter than the head, stout, straight, with the dorsal line arched, and an oblong compressed knob on the ridge between the nostrils, which are linear, and placed in the bare skin; feet greyish-yellow; upper parts black, as are the cheeks, the upper part and sides of the fore neck; the lower parts white; two decurved bands of white slender feathers on each side of the head, one commencing over the eye, the other at the angle of the mouth; tail very short, even, of sixteen feathers.

_Adult_, 15-1/2, wing, 6-10/12.

North-west coast of America.

Cerorhyncha occidentalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 428.

Western cerorhyncha, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 538.

Horned-billed Guillemot, Ceratorhyncha occidentalis, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. v. p. 104.

480. 3. Uria Brunnichii, Sabine. Large-billed Guillemot.

Plate CCCXLV. Male.

Bill stout, black; feet dusky, tinged with red; general colour of plumage greyish-black on the upper parts; sides of the head and throat tinged with brown; lower fore part of neck, the breast, abdomen, edges of wings and tips of secondaries white; sides streaked with greyish-black. In winter the sides of the head and neck, the fore part of the latter, with the rest of the lower parts white, the sides streaked with greyish-black, and a line of the same behind the eye.

_Male_, 18-1/2, 30.

Occasionally procured in Maine. Not very rare off the coast of Nova Scotia. Breeds from Hudson's Bay to the Arctic Seas.

Uria Brunnichii, Bonap. Syn. p. 424.

Uria Brunnichii, Brunnich's Guillemot, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 477.

Large-billed Guillemot, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 529.

Large-billed Guillemot, Uria Brunnichii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iii. p. 336.

481. 4. Uria Troile, Linn. Foolish Guillemot. Murre.

Plate CCXVIII. Male and Female.

Bill rather stout, black; feet black; general colour of upper parts greyish-black, sides of the head and throat tinged with brown; lower fore neck, breast, abdomen, edges of wings, and tips of secondaries white; sides streaked with greyish-black; a line of white encircling the eye, and extending upwards of an inch behind it, but in some individuals wanting. In winter, the sides of the head and neck, the fore part of the latter, with the lower parts, white.

_Male_, 17-1/2, 30.

More or less abundant during winter on the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, rarely as far south as New York. Breeds in vast multitudes on the Rocky Islands of the Gulf of St Lawrence, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Occasionally found in Hudson's Bay.

Uria Troile, Bonap. Syn. p. 424.

Uria Troile, Foolish Guillemot, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 477.

Foolish Guillemot or Murre, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 526.

Foolish Guillemot, Uria Troile, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p.
142.

482. 5. Uria Grylle, Linn. Black Guillemot.

Plate CCXIX. Adult in summer and winter, and Young.

Bill shorter than the head, rather slender, black; feet vermilion, tinged with carmine; general colour of plumage deep black, on the upper parts tinged with green, on the lower with brown; a patch on each wing, including the secondary coverts and some of the small feathers white, of which colour also are the axillars and lower wing-coverts. In winter the general colour of the plumage white; the sides of the head, the neck all round, the lower parts, and the rump being of that colour, more or less shaded with grey; upper part of head obscurely mottled with greyish-black; back and scapulars black, each feather tipped with greyish-white, those of the latter more broadly; wings and tails brownish-black, the former with a conspicuous white patch as in summer. Young at first covered with soft, thick, brownish-black down.

_Adult_, 13-7/8, 21-1/2.

Accidental as far south, on the eastern coast, as New York; not rare from thence eastward, during winter. Breeds from the Bay of Fundy along all the rocky shores, to Labrador, and the highest latitudes, where considerable numbers even spend the winter.

Uria Grylle, Bonap. Syn. p. 423.

Uria Grylle, Black Guillemot, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 523.

Black Guillemot, Uria Grylle, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 148;
v. v. p. 627.

483. 4. Uria Townsendii, Aud. Slender-billed Guillemot.

Plate CCCCXXX. Male and Female.