Chapter V: Part II: Initiatory Analysis (2)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Color of Bead.
--+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Substances which produce this color
+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| in the hot bead. | in the cold bead.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Colorless
-----------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Silica \ | Silica
| Alumina \ | Alumina _
| Oxide of Tin | | Oxide of Tin \
| Telluric Acid | | Telluric Acid \
| Baryta | | Baryta \
| Strontia | | Strontia |
| Lime | | Lime |
| Magnesia | | Magnesia |
| Glucina | In all | Glucina |
| Yttria } proportions. | Yttria |
| Zirconia | | Zirconia |
| Thoria | | Thoria |With
| Oxide of Lanthanum | | Oxide of Lanthanum |intermittent
| | | " " Silver }flame
| Tantalic Acid | | Tantalic Acid |opaque
| Niobic " | | Niobic " |white.
| Pelopic " / | Pelopic " |
| Titanic " _/ | Titanic " |
| _ | |
| Tungstic " \ In small | Tungstic " |
| Molybdic " \ quantity | Molybdic " |
| Oxide of Zinc | only. | Oxide of Zinc /
| " " Cadmium } | " " Cadmium_/
| " " Lead | In large | " " Lead
| " " Bismuth / quantity | " " Bismuth
| " " Antimony / yellow. | " " Antimony
--+-----------+--------------------------+--------------------------------
Yellow, orange-red and reddish-brown.
--+-----------+--------------------------+--------------------------------
| _ |
| Titanic Acid, yellow \ |
| Tungstic Acid, yellow \ |
| Molybdic Acid, dark yellow|when in |
| Oxide of Zinc, pale-yellow|large |
| Oxide of Cadmium, }quantity. |
| pale-yellow |Otherwise |
| Oxide of Lead, yellow |colorless.|
| Oxide of Bismuth, orange / |
| Oxide of Antimony, yellow/ |
| Oxide of Cerium, red | Oxide of Cerium with interm.
| Oxide of Iron, dark red | flame opaque white.
| Oxide of Uranium, red | Oxide of Iron, yellow
| Oxide of Silver | Oxide of Uranium with interm.
| | flame opaque yellow.
| | Oxide of Silver in large
| | proportion, with interm.
| | flame yellow.
| Vanadic Acid, yellow | Vanadic Acid, yellow.
| Oxide of Chromium, dark-red | Oxide of Nickel,
| | reddish-brown.
| | Oxide of Manganese, red to
| | violet.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Violet or Amethyst.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Nickel |
| " " Manganese | Oxide of Didymium.
| " " Didymium |
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Cobalt | Oxide of Cobalt.
| | " Copper, blue to
| | greenish-blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Green.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Copper | Oxide of Chromium, with
| | yellowish tinge.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------

A. BORAX

2. Reducing flame

--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Color of Bead.
--+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Substances which produce this color
+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| in the hot bead. | in the cold bead.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Colorless
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Silica | Silica
| Alumina | Alumina
| Oxide of Tin | Oxide of Tin _
| Baryta | Baryta \
| Strontia | Strontia \
| Lime | Lime |
| Magnesia | Magnesia |With
| Glucina | Glucina |intermittent
| Yttria | Yttria }flame
| Zirconia | Zirconia |opaque-white.
| Thoria | Thoria only when |
| | saturated |
| Oxide of Lanthanum | Oxide of Lanthanum |
| " " Cerium | " " Cerium /
| Tantalic Acid | Tantalic Acid _/
| Oxide of Didymium | Oxide of Didymium
| " " Manganese | " " Manganese
| _ | _
| Niobic Acid \ In small | Niobic Acid \ In small
| Pelopic " } proportions. | Pelopic " } proportions.
| _/ | _/
| _ | _
| Oxide of Silver \ | Oxide of Silver \ After
| " " Zinc \ After long | " " Zinc \ long
| " " Cadmium | continued | " " Cadmium | continued
| " " Lead } blowing. | " " Lead } blowing.
| " " Bismuth | Otherwise | " " Bismuth | Otherwise
| " " Antimony| grey. | " " Antimony | grey.
| " " Nickel / | " " Nickel /
| Telluric Acid _/ | Telluric Acid _/
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Yellow to brown.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Titanic Acid | Titanic Acid.
| Tungstic " | Tungstic "
| Molybdic " | Molybdic "
| Vanadic " |
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Cobalt. | Oxide of Cobalt.
| | Titanic Acid with intermittent
| | flame opaque-blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Green.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Iron | Oxide of Iron, bottle-green.
| " " Uranium | Oxide of Uranium, bottle-
| " " Chromium | green.
| | Oxide of Chromium, emerald-
| | green.
| | Vanadic Acid, emerald-green.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Opaque-grey. (The opacity generally becomes distinct during cooling.)
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| _ |
| Oxide of Silver \ | Oxide of Silver._
| " " Zinc \ After | " " Zinc \ After
| " " Cadmium | short | " " Cadmium \short
| " " Lead } blowing. | " " Lead |blowing.
| " " Bismuth | Otherwise | " " Bismuth }Otherwise
| " " Antimony| colorless. | " " Antimony |colorless.
| " " Nickel / | " " Nickel /
| Telluric Acid _/ | Telluric Acid _/
| _ | _
| Niobic Acid \ After long | Niobic Acid\ After long
| Pelopic " | continued blowing | Pelopic " | continued
| } and in | } blowing and
| | considerable | | in considerable
| _/ proportion. | _/ proportion.
| |
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Opaque red and reddish-brown.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Copper | Oxide of Copper.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------

B. MICROCOSMIC SALT.

1. Oxydizing flame.

--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Color of Bead.
--+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Substances which produce this color
+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| in the hot bead. | in the cold bead.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Colorless
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| _ |
| Silica (only \ | Silica
| slightly soluble)\ |
| Alumina | | Alumina
| Oxide of Tin | | Oxide of Tin _
| Telluric Acid | | Telluric Acid \
| Baryta | | Baryta \
| Strontia | | Strontia |With
| Lime | In all | Lime |intermittent
| Magnesia } proportions. | Magnesia }flame
| Glucina | | Glucina |opaque
| Yttria | | Yttria |white.
| Zirconia | | Zirconia |
| Thoria | | Thoria /
| Oxide of Lanthanum | | Oxide of Lanthanum/
| | | " " Cerium
| Niobic Acid / | Niobic Acid
| Pelopic " _/ | Pelopic "
| Tantalic " | Tantalic "
| Titanic " | Titanic "
| Tungstic " _ | Tungstic "
| Oxide of Zinc \ In small | Oxide of Zinc
| " " Cadmium \ quantity only. | " " Cadmium
| " " Lead } In large | " " Lead
| " " Bismuth | quantity | " " Bismuth
| " " Antimony / yellow. | " " Antimony
| _/ |
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Yellow, orange, red and brown.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Tantalic Acid _ |
| Titanic " \ |
| Tungstic " | |
| Oxide of Zinc | In large |
| " " Cadmium } quantity. |
| " " Lead | |
| " " Bismuth | |
| " " Antimony _/ |
| " " Silver | Oxide of Silver.
| " " Cerium |
| " " Iron | Oxide of Iron.
| " " Nickel | " " Nickel.
| " " Uranium | " " Uranium,
| | yellowish-green.
| Vanadic Acid | Vanadic Acid.
| Oxide of Chromium |
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Violet or Amethyst.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Manganese | Oxide of Manganese.
| " " Didymium | " " Didymium.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Cobalt | Oxide of Cobalt
| | Oxide of Copper, to
| | greenish-blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Green.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Molybdic Acid, yellowish-green | Molybdic Acid, yellowish-green.
| Oxide of Copper | Oxide of Uranium,
| | yellowish-green.
| | Oxide of Chromium,
| | emerald-green.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------

B. MICROCOSMIC SALT.

2. Reducing flame.

--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Color of Bead.
--+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Substances which produce this color
+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------
| in the hot bead. | in the cold bead.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Colorless
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Silica (only slightly soluble) | Silica (only slightly soluble).
| Alumina | Alumina.
| Oxide of Tin | Oxide of Tin. _
| Baryta | Baryta \
| Strontia | Strontia \
| Lime | Lime |
| Magnesia | Magnesia |With an
| Glucina | Glucina }intermittent
| Yttria | Yttria |flame
| Zirconia | Zirconia |opaque-
| Thoria | Thoria only when |white.
| | saturated /
| Oxide of Lanthanum | Oxide of Lanthanum/
| " " Cerium | " " Cerium.
| " " Didymium | " " Didymium.
| " " Manganese | " " Manganese.
| Tantalic Acid _ | Tantalic Acid.
| Oxide of Silver \ | Oxide of Silver _
| " " Zinc \ | " " Zinc \ After
| " " Cadmium | After long | " " Cadmium \ long
| " " Lead } continued | " " Lead | continued
| " " Bismuth | blowing. | " " Bismuth } blowing.
| " " Antimony | Otherwise grey. | " " Antimony | Otherwise
| " " Nickel / | " " Nickel / grey.
| Telluric Acid _/ | Telluric Acid _/
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Yellow, red, and brown.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Iron, red | Oxide of Iron.
| Titanic Acid, yellow |
| Pelopic Acid, brown | Pelopic Acid.
| Ferruginous Titanic Acid, blood red | Ferruginous Titanic Acid.
| " Niobic " " | " Niobic "
| " Pelopic " " | " Pelopic "
| " Tungstic " " | " Tungstic "
| Vanadic Acid, brownish |
| Oxide of Chromium, reddish |
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Violet or Amethyst.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Niobic Acid in large proportion | Niobic Acid in large proportion.
| | Titanic Acid.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Blue.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Cobalt | Oxide of Cobalt.
| Tungstic Acid | Tungstic Acid.
| Niobic Acid in very large proportion.| Niobic Acid in very large
| | proportion.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Green.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Uranium | Oxide of Uranium.
| Molybdic Acid | Molybdic Acid.
| | Vanadic "
| | Oxide of Chromium.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Opaque-grey. (The opacity generally becomes distinct during cooling.)
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Silver | Oxide of Silver.
| " " Zinc | " " Zinc.
| " " Cadmium | " " Cadmium.
| " " Lead | " " Lead.
| " " Bismuth | " " Bismuth.
| " " Antimony | " " Antimony.
| " " Nickel | " " Nickel.
| Telluric Acid | Telluric Acid.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
Opaque-red and reddish brown.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------
| Oxide of Copper | Oxide of Copper.
--+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------

* * * * *

TABLE II.

Metallic Oxides

1. Oxide of Cerium, C^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves into a red or dark yellow glass (similar to that
produced by iron). During cooling, the color diminishes in the
intensity and becomes finally yellow. If much oxide be dissolved,
an opaque bead may be obtained with an intermittent flame, and a
still larger quantity renders it opaque spontaneously.

in the reducing flame.

The color of the bead becomes paler, so that a bead, which is
yellow in the oxidizing flame, is rendered colorless. With a
large quantity of oxide the bead becomes white and crystalline
on cooling.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax. During the process of cooling the color entirely
disappears.

in the reducing flame.

Both, when hot and cold, the bead is colorless, by which
character oxide of cerium may be distinguished from oxide of
iron. The glass remains clear even when containing a large
quantity of the oxide.

* * * * *

2. Oxide of Lanthanum, LaO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves into a colorless glass, which, when sufficient oxide
is present, may be rendered opaque with an intermittent flame,
and becomes so spontaneously on cooling, when a still larger
amount is dissolved.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

* * * * *

3. Oxide of Didymium, DO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame:

Dissolves to a clear dark amethystine glass.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

* * * * *

4. Oxide of Manganese, Mn^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Affords an intense amethyst color, which on cooling becomes
violet. A large quantity of the oxide produces an apparently
black bead, which however, if pressed flat, is seen to be
transparent.

in the reducing flame.

The colored bead becomes colorless. With a large amount of the
oxide, this reaction is best obtained upon charcoal, and is
facilitated by the addition of tin foil.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

With a considerable quantity of oxide an amethyst color is
obtained, but never so dark as in borax. With but little oxide a
colorless bead is obtained, in which, however, the
amethyst-color may be brought out by adding a little nitre.
While the bead is kept fused, it froths and gives off bubbles of
gas.

in the reducing flame.

The colored bead immediately loses its color, either on platinum
wire or on charcoal. After the reduction the fluid bead remains
still.

* * * * *

5. Oxide of Iron, Fe^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

With a small proportion of oxide, the glass is of a yellow
color, while warm, and colorless when cold; with a larger
proportion, red, while warm, and yellow, when cold; and with a
still larger amount, dark-red, while warm, and dark-yellow, when
cold.

in the reducing flame.

Treated alone on platinum wire, the glass becomes of a
bottle-green color (F^{3}O^{4}), and if touched with tin, it
becomes of a pale sea-green. On charcoal with tin, it assumes at
first a bottle-green color, which by continued blowing changes
to a sea-green (FeO).

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

With a certain amount of oxide, the glass is of a yellowish-red
color, which on cooling changes to yellow, then green, and
finally becomes colorless. With a large addition of oxide, the
color is, when warm, dark red, and passes, while cooling, into
brownish-red, dark green, and finally brownish-red. During the
cooling process, the colors change more rapidly than with borax.

in the reducing flame.

With a small proportion of oxide there is no reaction. With a
larger amount the bead is red, while warm, and becomes on
cooling successively yellow, green, and russet. With the
addition of tin the glass becomes, during cooling, first green
and then colorless.

* * * * *

6. Oxide of Cobalt, CoO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame:

Colors the glass of an intense smalt blue both whilst hot and
when cold. When much oxide is present, the color is so deep as
to appear black.

in the reducing flame:

As in the oxidizing flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax, but less intensively colored. During cooling the
color becomes somewhat paler.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flames.

* * * * *

7. Oxide of Nickel, NiO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Colors intensely. A small amount of oxide affords a glass which,
while warm, is violet, and becomes of a pale reddish-brown on
cooling. A larger addition produces a dark violet color in the
warm and reddish-brown in the cold bead.

in the reducing flame.

The oxide is reduced and the metallic particles give the bead a
turbid grey appearance. If the blast be continued the metallic
particles fall together without fusing, and the glass becomes
colorless. This reaction is readily obtained with tin upon
charcoal, and the reduced nickel fuses to a bead with the tin.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves into a reddish glass which becomes yellow on cooling.
With a large addition of the oxide, the glass is brownish while
hot, and orange when cold.

in the reducing flame.

On platinum wire the nickeliferous bead undergoes no change.
Treated with tin upon charcoal, it becomes at first opaque and
grey, and after long continued blowing the reduced nickel forms
a bead, and the glass remains colorless.

* * * * *

8. Oxide of Zinc, ZnO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves easily into a clear colorless glass, which, when much
oxide is present, may be rendered opaque and flocculent by an
intermittent flame, and becomes so spontaneously with a still
larger addition. When a considerable quantity is dissolved, a
glass is obtained which is pale yellow, while hot, and colorless
when cold.

in the reducing flame.

On platinum wire the saturated glass becomes at first opaque and
grey, but by a sustained blast is again rendered clear. On
charcoal the oxide is gradually reduced; the metal is
volatilized and in crusts the charcoal with oxide.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax.

in the reducing flame.

As with borax.

* * * * *

9. Oxide of Cadmium, CdO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

When in very large proportion, dissolves to a clear yellow
glass, which becomes nearly colorless on cooling. When the oxide
is present in any considerable quantity, the glass can be
rendered opaque with an intermittent flame, and, with a larger
addition, it becomes so spontaneously on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

Upon charcoal ebullition takes place and the oxide is reduced.
The metallic cadmium is volatilized and incrusts the charcoal
with its characteristic deep yellow oxide.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

When in very large proportion dissolves to a clear glass, having
a yellow tinge, while hot, which disappears on cooling, and when
perfectly saturated, becomes milk-white.

in the reducing flame.

On charcoal the oxide is slowly and imperfectly reduced. The
reduced metal forms the characteristic incrustation on the
charcoal, but the is thin and does not exhibit its color clearly
until quite cold. The addition of tin hastens the reaction.

* * * * *

10. Oxide of Lead, PbO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear yellow glass, which loses its color
upon cooling, and when containing much oxide can be rendered
dull under an intermittent flame. With a still larger addition
of oxide it becomes opaline yellow on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

The plumbiferous glass spreads out on charcoal, becomes turbid,
bubbles up, until the whole of the oxide is reduced, when it
again becomes clear. It is, however, difficult to bring the lead
together into a bead.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax, but a larger addition of oxide, required to
produce a yellow color in the warm bead.

in the reducing flame.

On charcoal the plumbiferous glass becomes grey and dull. With
an over dose of oxide a part is volatilized and forms an
incrustation on the charcoal beyond the bead. The addition of
tin does not render the glass opaque, but somewhat more dull and
grey than in its absence.

* * * * *

11. Oxide of Tin, SnO^{2}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

In small quantity dissolves slowly into a clear colorless glass,
which, when cold, remains clear, and cannot be rendered opaque
with an intermittent flame. If a saturated bead, which has been
allowed to cool, be reheated to incipient redness, it loses its
rounded form and exhibits imperfect crystallization.

in the reducing flame.

A glass containing but little oxide undergoes no change. If much
of the latter be present, a part may be reduced upon charcoal.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

In small quantity dissolves very slowly to a colorless glass,
which remains clear on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

The glass undergoes no change, either on charcoal or platinum wire.

* * * * *

12. Oxide of Bismuth, BiO^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear glass which with a small amount of
the oxide is yellow, while warm, and becomes colorless on
cooling. With a larger addition, the glass is, in the hot state,
of a deep orange color, which changes to yellow and finally
becomes opaline in process of cooling.

in the reducing flame.

A glass becomes at first grey and turbid, then begins to
effervesce, which action continues during the reduction of the
oxide, and it finally becomes perfectly clear. If tin be added,
the glass becomes at first grey from the reduced bismuth, but,
when the metal is collected into a bead, the glass is again
clear and colorless.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves in small quantity to a clear colorless glass. A larger
addition affords a glass which, while warm, is yellow, and
becomes colorless on cooling. When in sufficient proportion the
glass may be rendered opaque under an intermittent flame, and a
still larger addition of oxide renders the bead spontaneously
opaque on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

On charcoal, and especially with the addition of tin, the glass
remains colorless and clear, while warm, but becomes on cooling
of a dark grey color and opaque.

* * * * *

13. Oxide of Uranium, U^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Behaves similarly to oxide of iron, with the exception that the
color of the former is somewhat paler. When sufficiently
saturated, the glass may be rendered of an opaque yellow by an
intermittent flame.

in the reducing flame.

Affords the same color as the oxide of iron. The green glass
obtained in this flame, if sufficiently saturated, can be
rendered black by an intermittent flame, but it has under these
circumstances no enameline appearance. On charcoal, with the
addition of tin, the glass takes a dark green color.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves to a clear yellow glass, which assumes a
yellowish-green color on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

The glass assumes a beautiful green color, which becomes more
brilliant as the bead cools. The addition of tin upon charcoal
produces no further change.

* * * * *

14. Oxide of Copper, CuO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Produces an intense coloration. If in small quantity, the glass
is green, while warm, and becomes blue on cooling. If in large
proportion, the green color is so intense as to appear black.
When cool, this becomes paler, and changes to a greenish blue.

in the reducing flame.

If not too saturated, the cupriferous glass soon becomes nearly
colorless, but immediately on solidifying assumes a red color
and becomes opaque. By long continued blowing on charcoal, the
copper in the bead is reduced and separates out as a small
metallic bead, leaving the glass colorless. With the addition of
tin, the glass becomes of an opaque dull-red on cooling.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

With an equal proportion of oxide, this salt is not so strongly
colored as borax. A small amount imparts a green color in the
warm and a blue in the cold. With a very large addition of
oxide, the glass is opaque in the hot state, and after cooling
of a greenish-blue.

in the reducing flame.

A tolerably saturated glass assumes a dark green color under a
good flame, and on cooling becomes of an opaque brick-red, the
moment it solidifies. A glass containing but a small proportion
of the oxide becomes equally red and opaque on cooling, if
treated with tin upon charcoal.

* * * * *

15. Oxide of Mercury, HgO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

No reaction.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

No reaction.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

* * * * *

16. Oxide of Silver, AgO.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

The oxide is partly dissolved and partly reduced. In small
quantity, it colors the glass yellow while warm, the color
disappearing on cooling. In larger quantity, the glass is yellow
while warm, but during cooling becomes paler to a certain point,
and then again deeper. If reheated slightly, the glass becomes
opalescent.

in the reducing flame.

On charcoal the argentiferous glass becomes at first grey from
the reduced metal, but afterwards, when the silver is collected
into a bead, it becomes clear and colorless.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Both the oxide and the metal afford a yellowish glass, which,
when containing much oxide becomes opaline, exhibiting a yellow
color by daylight and a red one by artificial light.

in the reducing flame.

As in borax.

* * * * *

17. Oxide of Platinum, PtO^{2}. 18. Oxide of Palladium, PdO^{2}. 19. Oxide of Rhodium, R^{2}O^{3}. 20. Oxide of Iridium, Ir^{2}O^{3}. 21. Oxide of Ruthenium, Ru^{2}O^{9}. 22. Oxide of Osmium OsO^{2}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Are reduced without being dissolved. The reduced metal, being
infusible, cannot however be collected into a bead.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As in borax.

in the reducing flame.

As in borax.

* * * * *

23. Oxide of Gold, Au^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Is reduced without being dissolved and can be collected into a
bead on charcoal.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As in borax.

in the reducing flame.

As in borax.

* * * * *

24. Titanic Acid, TiO^{2}

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear glass which, when but little acid
is present, is colorless, but when in larger proportion, yellow,
and, on cooling, colorless. When sufficiently saturated, it may
be rendered opaque with an intermittent flame, and with a still
larger addition of the acid becomes so spontaneously on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

In small proportion, it renders the glass yellow in larger
quantity dark-yellow or brown. A saturated bead assumes a
blue enamel-like appearance under an intermittent flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear glass, which, when sufficiently
saturated, is yellow white hot, and becomes colorless on
cooling.

in the reducing flame.

The glass obtained in the oxidizing glame becomes yellow in the
hot state, but on cooling assumes a beautiful violet color. If
too saturated, this color is so deep as to appear opaque, but is
not enameline. If the titanic acid contains iron, the glass
becomes on cooling of a brownish-yellow or red color. The
addition of tin neutralizes the iron, and the glass then becomes
violet.

* * * * *

25. Tantalic Acid, TaO^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear colorless glass, which, when
sufficiently saturated, may be rendered opaque with an
intermittent flame, and with a larger addition of the acid
becomes spontaneously enameline on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear glass, which, when it contains a
large proportion of the acid, is yellow while warm, but becomes
colorless on cooling.

in the reducing flame.

The glass obtained in the oxidizing flame undergoes no change,
nor does it, according to _H. Rose_, alter by the addition of
sulphate of iron.

* * * * *

26. Niobic Acid, Ni^{2}O{3}

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Behaves in a similar manner to tantalic acid, but the glass
requires a very large dose of the acid to render it opaque under
an intermittent flame. With an increased amount of the acid, the
glass is clear and yellow, while warm, but becomes on cooling
turbid, and when quite cold is white.

in the reducing flame.

The glass obtained in the oxidizing flame and which has become
opalescent on cooling, is rendered clear in the reducing flame.
With a larger addition of the acid, it becomes dull, and of a
bluish-grey color on cooling, and a still larger amount of
renders it opaque and bluish grey.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves in large quantities to a clear colorless glass.

in the reducing flame.

If the acid be not present in too large a proportion, the glass
remains unchanged. An additional amount of the acid renders it
violet, and a still larger quantity affords a beautiful pure
blue color, similar to that produced by tungstic acid. If to
such a bead some sulphate of iron be added, the glass becomes
blood-red. The addition of peroxide of iron renders the glass
deep yellow while warm, the color becomes paler on cooling.

* * * * *

27. Pelopic Acid, Pp^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Behaves similarly to the preceding.

in the reducing flame.

A bead containing sufficient of the acid to render it
spontaneously opaque on cooling, has a greyish color.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves even in large quantity to a colorless glass.

in the reducing flame.

With sufficient dose of the acid, the bead becomes brown with a
violet tinge. This reaction is readily obtained upon charcoal.
Sulphate of iron renders the bead blood-red.

* * * * *

28. Oxide of Antimony, SbO^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Even when in large proportion, dissolves to a clear glass, which
is yellow when warm, but almost entirely loses its color on
cooling. On charcoal, the antimonious acid may be almost
expelled, so that tin produces no further change.

in the reducing flame.

A bead, that has only been treated for a short time in the
oxidizing flame, when submitted to the reducing flame becomes
grey and turbid from the reduced antimony. This soon volatizes
and the glass again becomes clear. The addition of tin renders
the glass ash-grey or black, according to the amount of oxide it
contains.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves with ebullition to a glass of a pale yellow color
while warm.

in the reducing flame.

On charcoal, the saturated glass becomes at first dull, but as
soon as the reduced antimony is volatilized, it again becomes
clear. With tin, the glass is at first rendered grey by the
reduced antimony, but by continued blowing is restored to
clearness. Even when the glass contains but little oxide, tin
produces this reaction.

* * * * *

29. Tungstic Acid, WO^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily to a clear colorless glass. In large
proportion it renders the borax yellow, while warm, and with a
still greater addition the bead may be made opaque with an
intermittent flame. If more be then added, this reaction takes
place spontaneously.

in the reducing flame.

When the oxide is present in small quantity, the glass undergoes
no change. With a larger proportion, the glass is deep yellow
while warm, and yellowish-brown when cold. This reaction takes
place upon charcoal, with a small quantity of the acid. Tin
produces a dark coloration, when the acid is not present in too
great a quantity.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves to a clear glass, which, when saturated, is yellow in
the hot state.

in the reducing flame.

The glass is of a pure blue. If the tungstic acid contain iron,
the glass becomes blood-red on cooling, similar to titanic acid.
In this case, tin restores the blue color, or, if iron be in
considerable quantity, renders it green.

* * * * *

30. Molydbic Acid, MO^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves readily and in large quantity. When but little is
dissolved, the glass is yellow while hot and colorless when
cold. When in larger quantity yellow while warm and opaline when
cold, and a further addition of acid renders it yellow when
warm, the color, on cooling, changing first to a pale enamel
blue, and then to an enamel white.

in the reducing flame.

The glass, which has been treated in the oxidizing flame,
becomes, when the acid is not present in too large a quantity,
brown, and when in large quantity, perfectly opaque. In a
strong flame, oxide of molybdenum is formed which is visible in
the yellow glass in the form of black flakes. If the glass
appear opaque, it should be flattened with the forceps.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves to a clear glass, which, when sufficient acid is
present, is of a yellowish-green color when warm, and becomes
nearly colorless on cooling. On charcoal, the glass becomes
dark, and when cool has a beautiful green color.

in the reducing flame.

The glass becomes of a bottle-green color, which on cooling,
changes to a brilliant green, similar to that produced by oxide
of chromium. The reaction on charcoal is precisely similar. Tin
renders the color somewhat darker.

* * * * *

31. Vanadic Acid, VaO^{8}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves to a clear glass, which is colorless when only a small
quantity of acid is present, and yellow when containing a larger
proportion.

in the reducing flame.

The yellow color of the glass changes to a brown when warm and a
chrome-green on cooling.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax.

in the reducing flame.

As with borax.

* * * * *

32. Oxide of Chromium, Cr^{2}O^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Affords an intense color, but dissolves slowly. A small
proportion colors the glass yellow when warm, and yellowish
green when cold; a larger addition produces a dark red color
when warm, which, on cooling, becomes yellow and finally a
brilliant green with a tinge of yellow.

in the reducing flame.

A small quantity of the oxide renders the glass beautifully
green both when warm and when cold. A larger addition changes it
to a darker emerald green. Tin produces no change in the color.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves to a clear glass which has a pink tinge while warm,
but on cooling becomes dusky green, and finally brilliantly
green.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flame, except that the colors are somewhat
darker. Tin produces no further change.

* * * * *

33. Arsenious Acid, AsO^{3}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

No reaction.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

No reaction.

in the reducing flame.

No reaction.

* * * * *

34. Tellurous Acid, TeO^{2}.

Behavior with Borax on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

Dissolves to a clear colorless glass which, when treated on
charcoal, becomes grey and dull from particles of reduced
tellurium.

in the reducing flame.

As in the oxidizing flame.

Behavior with Mic. Salt on Platinum wire

in the oxidizing flame.

As with borax.

in the reducing flame.

As with borax.

* * * * *

7. EXAMINATIONS WITH CARBONATE OF SODA.

The carbonate of soda is pulverized and then kneaded to a paste with water; the substance to be examined, in fine powder, is also mixed with it. A small portion of this paste is placed on the charcoal, and gradually heated until the moisture is expelled, when the heat is brought to the fusion of the bead, or as high as it can be raised. Several phenomena will take place, which must be closely observed. Notice whether the substance fuses with the bead, and if so, whether there is intumescence or not. Or, whether the substance undergoes reduction; or, whether neither of these reactions takes place, and, on the contrary, the soda sinks into the charcoal, leaving the substance intact upon its surface. If intumescence takes place, the presence of either tartaric acid, molybdic acid, silicic, or tungstic acid, is indicated. The silicic acid will fuse into a bead, which becomes clear when it is cold. Titanic acid will fuse into the bead, but may be easily distinguished from the silicic acid by the bead remaining opaque when cold.

Strontia and baryta will flow into the charcoal, but lime will not. The molybdic and tungstic acids combine with the soda, forming the respective salts. These salts are absorbed by the charcoal. If too great a quantity of soda is used, the bead will be quite likely to become opaque upon cooling, while, if too small a quantity of soda is used, a portion of the substance will remain undissolved. These can be equally avoided by either the addition of soda, or the substance experimented upon, as may be required.

As silica and titanic acid are the only two substances that produce a clear bead, the student, if he gets a clear bead, may almost conclude that he is experimenting with silica, titanic acid being a rare substance. When soda is heated with silica, a slight effervescence will be the first phenomenon noticed. This is the escape of the carbonic acid of the carbonate of soda, while the silicic acid takes its place, forming a glass with the soda. As titanic acid will not act in the same manner as silica, it can be easily distinguished by its bead not being perfectly pellucid. If the bead with which silica is fused should be tinted of a hyacinth or yellow color, this may be attributed to the presence of a small quantity of sulphur or a sulphate, and this sometimes happens from the fact of the flux containing sulphate of soda. The following metals, when exposed with carbonate of soda to the reducing flame, are wholly or partially reduced, viz. the oxides of all the noble metals, the oxides and acids of tungsten, molybdenum, arsenic, antimony, mercury, copper, tellurium, zinc, lead, bismuth, tin, cadmium, iron, nickel, and cobalt. Mercury and arsenic, as soon as they are reduced, are dissipated, while tellurium, bismuth, lead, antimony, cadmium, and zinc, are only partially volatilized, and, therefore, form sublimates on the charcoal. Those metals which are difficult of reduction should be fused with oxalate of potassa, instead of the carbonate of soda. The carbonic oxide formed from the combustion of the acid of this salt is very efficient in the reduction of these metals. Carbonate of soda is very efficient for the detection of minute quantities of manganese. The mixture of the carbonate of soda with a small addition of nitrate of potassa, and the mineral containing manganese, must be fused on platinum foil. The fused mass, when cooled, presents a fine blue color.

* * * * *

1. The following minerals, according to Griffin, produce beads with soda, but do not fuse when heated alone: quartz, agalmatolyte, dioptase, hisingerite, sideroschilosite, leucite, rutile, pyrophyllite, wolckonskoite.

2. The following minerals produce only slags with soda: allophane, cymophane, polymignite, aeschynite, oerstedtite, titaniferous iron, tantalite, oxides of iron, yttro-tantalite, oxides of manganese, peroxide of tin (is reduced), hydrate of alumina, hydrate of magnesia, spinel, gahnite, worthite, carbonate of zinc, pechuran, zircon, thorite, andalusite, staurolite, gehlenite, chlorite spar, chrome ochre, uwarowite, chromate of iron, carbonates of the earths, carbonates of the metallic oxides, basic phosphate of yttria, do. of alumina, do. of lime, persulphate of iron, sulphate of alumina, aluminite, alumstone, fluoride of cerium, yttrocerite, topaz, corundum, pleonaste, chondrodite.

3. The following minerals produce beads with a small quantity of soda, but produce slags if too much soda is added: phenakite, pierosmine, olivine, cerite, cyanite, talc, gadolinite, lithium-tourmaline.

* * * * *

1. The following minerals, when fused alone, produce beads. Of these minerals the following produce beads with soda: the zeolites, spodumene, soda-spodumene, labrador, scapolite, sodalite (Greenland), elaeolite, mica from primitive lime-stone, black talc, acmite, krokidolite, lievrite, cronstedtite, garnet, cerine, helvine, gadolinite, boracic acid, hydroboracite, tincal, boracite, datholite, botryolite, axinite, lapis lazuli, eudialyte, pyrosmalite, cryolite.

2. The following minerals produce beads with a small quantity of soda, but if too much is added they produce slags: okenite, pectolite, red silicate of manganese, black hydro-silicate of manganese, idocrase, manganesian garnets, orthite, pyrorthite, sordawalite, sodalite, fluorspar.

3. The following minerals produce a slag with soda: brevicite, amphodelite, chlorite, fahlunite, pyrope, soap-stone (Cornish) red dichroite, pyrargillite, black potash tourmaline, wolfram, pharmacolite, scorodite, arseniate of iron, tetraphyline, hetepozite, uranite, phosphate of iron, do. of strontia, do. of magnesia, polyhalite, hauyne.

4. The following metals are reduced by soda: tungstate of lead, molybdate of lead, vanadate of lead, chromate of lead, vauquelinite, cobalt bloom, nickel ochre, phosphate of copper, sulphate of lead, chloride of lead, and chloride of silver.

* * * * *

The following minerals fuse on the edges alone, when heated in the blowpipe flame:

1. The following produce beads with soda: steatite, meerschaum, felspar, albite, petalite, nepheline, anorthite, emerald, euclase, turquois, sodalite (Vesuvius).

2. The following minerals produce beads with a small quantity of soda, but with the addition of more produce slags: tabular spar, diallage, hypersthene, epidote, zoisite.

3. The following minerals produce slags only with soda: stilpnosiderite, plombgomme, serpentine, silicate of manganese (from Piedmont), mica from granite, pimelite, pinite, blue dichroite, sphenc, karpholite, pyrochlore, tungstate of lime, green soda tourmaline, lazulite, heavy spar, gypsum.

* * * * *

The reactions of substances, when fused with soda in the flame of oxidation may be of use to the student. A few of them are therefore given. Silica gives a clear glass.

The oxide of tellurium and telluric acid gives a clear bead when it is hot, but white after it is cooled.

Titanic acid gives a yellow bead when hot.

The oxide of chromium gives also a clear yellow glass when hot, but is opaque when cold.

Molybdic acid gives a clear bead when hot, but is turbid and white after cooling.

The oxides and acids of antimony give a clear and colorless bead while hot, and white after cooling.

Vanadic acid is absorbed by the charcoal, although it is not reduced.

Tungstic acid gives a dark yellow clear bead while hot, but is opaque and yellow when cold.

The oxides of manganese give to the soda bead a fine characteristic green color. This is the case with a very small quantity. This reaction is best exhibited on platinum foil.

Oxide of cobalt gives to the bead while hot a red color, which, upon being cooled, becomes grey.

The oxide of copper gives a clear green bead while hot.

The oxide of lead gives a clear colorless bead while hot, which becomes, upon cooling, of a dirty yellow color and opaque.

* * * * *

The following metals, when they are fused with soda on charcoal, in the flame of reduction, produce volatile oxides, and leave an incrustation around the assay, viz. bismuth, zinc, lead, cadmium, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and arsenic.

_Bismuth_, under the reduction flame, yields small particles of metal, which are brittle and easily crushed. The incrustation is of a flesh color, or orange, when hot, but gets lighter as it cools. The sublimate may be driven about the charcoal from place to place, by either flame, but is finally dissipated. While antimony and tellurium, in the act of dissipation, give color to the flame, bismuth does not, and may thus be distinguished from them.

_Zinc_ deposits an incrustation about the assay, which is yellow while hot, but fades to white when cold. The reduction flame dissipates this deposit, but not that of oxidation. All the zinc minerals deposit the oxide incrustation about the assay, which, when moistened with a solution of cobalt and heated, changes to green.

_Lead_ is very easily reduced, in small particles, and may be easily distinguished by its flattening under the hammer, unlike bismuth. It leaves an incrustation around the assay resembling that of bismuth, in the color of it, and in the peculiar manner in which it lies around the assay.

_Cadmium_ deposits a dull reddish incrustation around the assay. Either of the flames dissipate the sublimate with the greatest readiness.

_Antimony_ reduces with readiness. At the same time it yields considerable vapor, and deposits an incrustation around the assay. This deposit can be driven about on the charcoal by either of the flames. The flame of reduction, however, produces the light blue color of the antimony.

_Selenium_ is deposited on the charcoal as a grey metallic-looking sublimate, but sometimes appearing purple or blue. If the reduction flame is directed on this deposit, it is dissipated with a blue light.

_Tellurium_ is deposited on the charcoal as a white sublimate, sometimes changing at the margin to an orange or red color. The oxidation flame drives the deposit over the charcoal, while the reduction-flame dissipates it with a greenish color.

_Arsenic_ is vaporized rapidly, while there is deposited around the assay a white incrustation of arsenious acid. This deposit will extend to some distance from the assay, and is readily volatilized, the reducing flame producing the characteristic alliaceous color.

* * * * *

The following metals, or their compounds, are reduced when fused with soda on charcoal, in the flame of reduction. They are reduced to metallic particles, but give no incrustation, viz. nickel, cobalt, iron, tin, copper, gold, silver, platinum, tungsten, and molybdenum.

The particles of iron, nickel, and cobalt, it should be borne in mind, are attracted by the magnet.

The following substances are neither fused nor reduced in soda, viz. alumina, magnesia, lime, baryta, strontia, the oxide of uranium, the oxides of cerium, zirconia, tantalic acid, thorina, glucina, and yttria. Neither are the alkalies, as they sink into the charcoal. The carbonates of the earths, strontia, and baryta fuse.

* * * * *