A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe

Chapter IX: Part III (4)

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(8) Special reactions. With microcosmic salt in open tube gives the
fluorine-reaction.

* * * * *

MAGNESIA.

* * * * *

Mineral. Brucite

Formula. [.Mg][.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Behaves as magnesia. Sometimes gives a faint
iron-reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Behaves as magnesia.

(8) Special reactions. With nitrate of cobalt, gives the magnesia
reaction

* * * * *

Mineral. Epsomite

Formula. [.Mg][...S] + 7[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water having an acid reaction on test
paper.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Gives of HO and SO^{3}, shines brilliantly, and
becomes alkaline and caustic.

(4) in forceps. V. As on charcoal.

(5) in borax. Behaves as magnesia.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. The alkali is absorbed leaving the magnesia
on surface of the charcoal. Gives the
sulphur-reaction on silver.

(8) Special reactions. The magnesian residue obtained on treating with
carbonate of soda (7), assumes a flesh-tint,
when treated with cobalt.

* * * * *

Mineral. Boracite

Formula. [.Mg][...B]^{2} + 2[.Mg][...B].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Occasionally gives off a trace of water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with intumescence to a white crystalline
bead.

(4) in forceps. I. As on charcoal. Colors the flame green.

(5) in borax. Fuses easily to a clear bead, which is
crystalline, when containing much of the
mineral, and is usually slightly tinted by
iron.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. With a small quantity of alkali fuses to a clear
bead on cooling. With a larger quantity gives a
clear, uncrystallizable bead.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Magnesite

Formula. [.Mg][..C].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Sometimes gives off a small quantity of water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Is infusible. With cobalt-solution, assumes a
dusky flesh tint.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. Behaves as magnesia. Sometimes a slight
iron-reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a bead, the soda is then absorbed,
leaving an infusable mass of magnesia.

(8) Special reactions. The magnesian residue obtained by fusing with
carbonate of soda gives the magnesian-reaction
with nitrate of cobalt. Dissolves with
effervescence in warm HCl.

* * * * *

Mineral. Mesitine spar

Formula. ([.Mg][.Fe][.Mn])[..C].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As magnesite.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Is infusible. Assumes a deep brown color.

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron and manganese-reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As magnesite, but the residual mass has a dark
color from iron and manganese.

(8) Special reactions. Dissolves with effervescense in warm HCl. With
carbonate of soda and nitre gives a
manganese-reaction.

* * * * *

ALUMINA.

* * * * *

Mineral. Sapphire
Corundum
Emery

Formula. [...Al=].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. In fine powder dissolves slowly to a colorless
glass.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. In fine powder moistened with cobalt-solution
and heated yields a blue color.

* * * * *

Mineral. Websterite

Formula. [...Al][...S] + 9[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water, and, when heated to incipient
redness, sulphurous acid.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Gives off water and SO^{3}, leaving an infusible
mass.

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Behaves as alumina.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Yields an infusible mass, which laid on silver
and moistened, produces a black stain.

(8) Special reactions. Fused with potassa in platinum has no action on
silver. Cobalt-solution produces the alumina
reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native Alum

Formula. [.R][...S] + [...Al][...S]^{3} + 24[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Intumesces greatly and gives off much water.
Strongly heated, evolves SO^{3}, which reddens
litmus.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Intumesces and become infusible.

(4) in forceps. V. Colors the flame violet if a potassa
alum--yellow if soda--be present.

(5) in borax. Dissolves and gives the iron and manganese
reaction, if these oxides be present. Otherwise
the bead is colorless.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. The alkali is absorbed into the charcoal,
leaving an infusable mass which gives the sulfur
reaction on silver.

(8) Special reactions. If not containing too much iron or manganese
gives an alumina reaction with nitrate of of
cobalt. In other respects as the preceding.

* * * * *

Mineral. Turquoise

Formula. [...Al=]^{2}[.....P] + 5[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water, occasionally decrepitates and
turns black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Turns brown, but remains infusible.

(4) in forceps. V. As on charcoal. Colors the outer flame green.

(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame, gives a green bead, due
to copper and iron. In reducing flame, opaque red.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Intumesces, then fuses to a semi-clear glass
colored by iron. With more alkali yields an
infusible mass.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the phosphoric-acid reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Wavellite

Formula. [Al=]F^{3} + 3([...Al=]^{4}[.....P]^{3} + 18[.H].)

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water and some fluorine, which attacks
the glass.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Exfoliates and turns white.

(4) in forceps. V. As on charcoal. Colors the outer flame green,
especially if moistened with SO^{3}.

(5) in borax. As alumina. Generally gives also a slight iron
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible white mass.

(8) Special reactions. With cobalt-solution on charcoal gives the
alumina reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Spinel

Formula. [.R][...Al=].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Gives a slight iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses partially and forms a porous mass.

(8) Special reactions. With nitrate of cobalt gives the alumina
reaction. With nitre and carbonate of soda a
slight manganese reaction.

* * * * *

SILICATES.

The presence of silica in a mineral can easily be ascertained by treating a small fragment in a bead of microcosmic salt. The bases will dissolve out with more or less difficulty in the salt, and the silica being insoluble will remain suspended in the bead, retaining the original form of the fragment. In borax, the silicates of lime and magnesia generally dissolve with considerable ease, but those of alumina slowly and with difficulty. The silicates of lime are moreover frequently characterized by intumescence or ebullition, when heated in the forceps in the blowpipe flame. The minerals presenting this character are marked in the table. As the most convenient mode of classifying the silicates for blowpipe examination, the following arrangement will be adopted:

TABLE I.--ANHYDROUS SILICATES.

TABLE II.--HYDROUS SILICATES.

FUSIBILITY.

I. Readily fusible to a bead. II. With difficulty fusible to a bead. III. Readily fusible on the edges. IV. With difficulty fusible on the edges. V. Infusible.

a. Afford a fluid bead with carbonate of soda.
b. Afford a fluid bead with but little of that salt, but with a
larger quantity a slaggy mass.
c. Afford a slaggy mass only.

This classification of minerals, according to their fusibility and their behavior with carbonate of soda, was originally proposed by _Berzelius_, and a table of the principal oxidized minerals arranged according to these characters is given in his handbook of the blowpipe, and thence adopted, with some alterations by _Plattner_, in the very excellent and detailed work already many times cited. In the following general table I., the more important silicates only are included, and in table II. are enumerated in alphabetical order those which afford characteristic reactions.

TABLE I.

Anhydrous Silicates. ________________________________________________________________________ Fus. alone and with NaC.

Mineral. Formula.
________________________________________________________________________
I.
a. Axinite ([.Ca][.Mg])^{3}([...B][...Si])^{3} +
([...Al=][...Fe=][...Mn=])^{2}([...Si][...B]) Int.
Elaolite ([.K][.Na])^{3}[...Si] + 3[...Al=][...Si] Int.
Garnet [.R]^{3}[...Si] + [.R=][...Si]
Oligoclase [.Na][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{2}
Scapolite ([.Ca][.Na])^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 2[...Al=][...Si] Int.
Spodumene ([.Li][.Na])^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 4[...Al=][...Si]^{2}Int.
b. Asbestos As Hornblende
to II.
Augite ([.Ca][.Mg][.Fe][.Mn])^{3}[...Si]^{2} Int.
some var.
Epidote ([.Ca]Fe)^{3}[...Si] + Int.
to III. 2([...Al][...Fe][...Mn])[...Si]
Hornblende ([.Ca][.Mg][.Fe])^{4} + ([...Si][...Al=])^{3} Int.
some var.
Sodalite [.Na]^{3}[...Si] + 3[...Al=][...Si] + NaCl Int.
to III.
Vesuvian 3([.Ca][.Mg])^{3}[...Si] +
2([...Al=][...Fe=])[...Si] Int.
c. Biaxial Mica [.K][...Si] + 4([...Al=][...Fe=])[...Si]
to III.
Hauyne ([.K][.Na])^{3}[...Si] + 3[...Al=][...Si] +
[.Na][...Si]
Tourmaline ([.R][...R=][...B])^{4}[...Si]^{3} Int.
to V.

II.
a. Labradorite ([.Ca][.Na][.K])[...Si] +
([...Al=][...Fe=])[...Si]
Lepidolite (KNaL)F + ([...Al=][...Fe=])[...Si]^{2}?
Ryacolite [.K][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{2}
Albite [.Na][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{3}
b. Augite [.R]^{3}[...Si]^{2}
some var.
Actinolite ([.Ca][.Mg][.Fe])^{4}[...Si]^{3} Int.
Diopside ([.Ca][.Mg])^{3}[...Si]^{2} |
Humboltilite 2([.Ca][.Mg][.Na][.K])[...Si] +
([...Al=][...Fe=])[...Si]
Sahlite As Augite
Tremolite ([.Ca][.Mg])^{4}[...Si]^{3}
c. Pyrope ([.Ca][.Mg][.Fe])^{3}[...Si] + Al[...Si] +
m[...Cr]?

III.
a. Anorthite ([.Ca][.Mg][.Na][.K])^{3}[...Si] +
3([...Al=][...Fe=])[...Si]
Nepheline ([.Na][.K][.Ca])^{2}[...Si] + 2[...Al=][...Si]
Obsidian [...Si],[...Al=],[...Fe=],[.Fe],[.Ca][.Na][.K] Int.
Orthoclase ([.K][.Na])[...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{3}
Petalite ([.Li][.Na])^{3}[...Si]^{4} + 4[...Al=][...Si]^{4}
Pumice [...Si],[...Al=],[.Ca],[.K],[.Na],[.H] Int.
b. Gadolinite ([.Y][.Ce][.La][.Fe][.Ca])^{3}[...Si]
to V.
Nephrite ([.Ca][.Mg][.Fe])^{4}[...Si]^{3}? Int.
Wollastonite [.Ca]^{3}[...Si]^{2} |
c. Iolite ([.Mg][.Fe])^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 3[...Al=][...Si]

IV.
a. Beryl [...Be][...Si]^{2} + [...Al=][...Si]^{2}
b. Diallage ([.Ca][.Mg][.Fe])^{3}([...Si][...Al=])^{2}
Hypersthene ([.Mg][.Fe])^{3}[...Si]^{2} |
c. Fuchsite ([.K]^{5}[...Si])^{2} +
9([...Al=][...Cr=])^{6}[...Si]^{6}
V.
a. Leucite [.K]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + [...Al=][...Si]^{2}
b. Chondrodite ([.Mg],[.Mg]F)^{4}([...Si]SiF^{3})
Olivine ([.Mg][.Fe][.Ca])^{2}[...Si]
c. Andalusite ([...Al=]Fe)^{3}[...Si]^{2}
Chrysoberyl [...Be] + [...Al=]
Kaynite [...Al=]^{3}[...Si]^{2}
Pycnite 6[...Al=]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + (3[...Al=]F^{3} +
2[...Si]F^{3})
Topaz 6[...Al=]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + (3[...Al=]F^{3} +
2[...Si]F^{3})
Zircon [...Zr=][...Si]
Staurolite ([...Al=]Fe)^{2}[...Si]
________________________________________________________________________

Hydrous Silicates. ________________________________________________________________________ Fus. alone and with NaC.

Mineral. Formula.
________________________________________________________________________
I.
a. Analcime [.Na]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 3[...Al=][...Si]^{2}
+ 6[.H] Int.
Apophyllite ([.K], KF)([...Si], SiF^{3}) + 6[.Ca][...Si] +
15[.H] Int.
Brewsterite ([.Sr][.Ba])[...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{3} + 5[.H] Int.
Chabasite ([.Ca],[.Na],[.K])^{3}[...Si] +
3[...Al=][...Si]^{2} + 18[.H] Int.
Lapis Lazuli [...Si],[...S],[...Al=], Fe, [.Ca], [.Na], [.H]
Laumonite [.Ca]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 3[...Al=][...Si]^{2}
+ 12[.H] Int.
Mesotype ([.Na][.Ca])[...Si] + [...Al=][...Si] + 3[.H] Int.
Natrolite [.Na][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si] + 2[.H] Int.
Prehnite [.Ca]^{2}[...Si] + [...Al=][...Si] + [.H] Int.
Scolezite [.Ca][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si] + 3[.H] Int.
Thomsonite ([.Ca][.Na])^{3}[...Si] + 3[...Al=][...Si]
+ 7[.H] Int.
Datholite 2[.Ca]^{3}[...Si] + [...B]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 3[.H] Int.
Heulandite [.Ca][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{3} + 5[.H] Int.
Stilbite [.Ca][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si]^{3} + 6[.H] Int.
b. Okenite [.Ca]^{3}[...Si]^{4} + 6[.H] Int.
Pectolite ([.Ca][.Na])^{4}[...Si]^{3} + [.H] Int.
c. Saponite 2[.Mg]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + [...Al=][...Si]
+ 10 or 6[.H]
II.
a. Antrimolite 3([.Ca][.K])[...Si] + 5[...Al=][...Si] +
15[.H]
Harmatome [...Ba][...Si] + [...Al=]S^{2} + 5[.H]
b. Brevicite [.Na][...Si] + [...Al=][...Si] + 2[.H]
Orthite [.R]^{3}[...Si] + [...R=][...Si] + ([.H]?) Int.

III.
c. Pitchstone [...Si],[...Al=], Fe, [.Mg][.Na], [.K][.H]
Talc to V. [.Mg]^{6}[...Si]^{5} + 2[.H]
Chlorite 3([.Mg]Fe)^{3}[...Si] + ([...Al=]Fe)^{2}[...Si]
+ 9[.H]
Pinite [...Si],[...Al=],[.Fe],[.K],[.Mg],[.H]

IV.
a. Steatite [.Mg]^{6}[...Si]^{5} + 4[.H]
c. Gilbertite [...Si],[...Al=],[.Fe],[.Mg],[.H] Int.
Meerschaum [.Mg][...Si] + [.H] |
Serpentine [.Mg]^{9}[...Si]^{4} + 6[.H] |
V.
a. Gismondine ([.Ca][.K])^{2}[...Si] + 2[...Al=][...Si] + 9[.H]
________________________________________________________________________

TABLE II.

* * * * *

URANIUM.

* * * * *

Mineral. Pitchblende

Formula. [.U][...U=] essentially.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves some water and a small quantity of
sulphur, sulphide of arsenic and metallic
arsenic.

(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2} and a white sublimate of
arsenious acid.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off arsenical fumes.

(4) in forceps. III. Colors the flame blue beyond the assay,
owing to the presence of Pb. Sometimes also
green towards the point, due to Cu.

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral affords the uranium
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As borax. Also a small residue of silica.

(7) with carb. soda. Infusible. Affords the characteristic Pb
incrustation, and sometimes yields minute
particles of Cu.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Uranium ochre

Formula. [...U=][.H]^{2}. Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water and assumes a red color.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. V. In reducing flame assumes a green color.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. Gives the uranium reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Uranite

Formula. ([.Ca] +[...U=]^{2})[.....]P + 8[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water and becomes yellow and opaque.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with intumescence to a black bead having a
semi-crystalline surface.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. Gives the uranium reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible yellow slag.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the PO^{5} reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Chalcolite

Formula. ([.Cu]+[...U=]^{2})[.....P] + 8[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As uranite.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. As uranite.

(4) in forceps. As uranite.

(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame gives a green bead, which
in the reducing flame becomes of an opaque red,
from Cu.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. In reducing flame yields a metallic bead of Cu.

(8) Special reactions. As uranite.

* * * * *

IRON.

* * * * *

Mineral. Iron pyrites

Formula. FeS^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives a considerable yellow sublimate of
sulphur, and sometimes sulphide of arsenic. Also
HS.

(2) in open tube. Sulphurous acid and sometimes arsenious acid are
evolved.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off some sulphur, which burns with a blue
flame. Residue fuses to a magnetic bead.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives a strong iron
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a black mass, which spreads out on
charcoal and gives the sulphur reaction on
silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Magnetic pyrites

Formula. [,Fe]^{5}[,,,Fe=]. Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Evolves sulphurous acid.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a magnetic bead black on the surface,
and with a yellow shining fracture.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As iron pyrites.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As iron pyrites.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Mispickel

Formula. FeAs + FeS^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. A red sublimate of AsS^{2} is first formed and
then a black sublimate of metallic arsenic.

(2) in open tube. Sulphurous and arsenious acids are evolved, the
latter forming a white sublimate.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off much arsenic forming a white
incrustation and fuses to a magnetic globule.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As iron pyrites.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As iron pyrites.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Magnetic iron ore

Formula. Fe^{3}O^{4}

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. In the blue flame, fuses on edges and remains
magnetic.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Specular iron
Red haematite

Formula. Fe^{2}O^{3}

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. In the blue flame is converted into
Fe^{2}O^{4}, and then behaves as the preceding.

(5) in borax. As magnetic iron ore.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Goethite

Formula. [...Fe][.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. As specular iron.

(5) in borax. As specular iron.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Franklinite

Formula. ([.Fe][.Zn][.Mn]) ([...Fe=][...Mn=]).

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Forms a white incrustation on the charcoal,
which moistened with cobalt solution assumes a
green color.

(4) in forceps. V. In the blue flame fuses on edges and and
becomes magnetic.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron and manganese reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Affords a considerable white incrustation of
ZnO.

(8) Special reactions. Gives a strong manganese reaction with nitre and
carbonate of soda.

* * * * *

Mineral. Ilmenite

Formula. [...Ti=] and [...Fe=].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. In reducing flame fuses on edges and becomes
magnetic.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. In oxidizing flame exhibits the iron reaction.
In reducing flame assumes a deep brownish red
color.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Chromic iron

Formula. [.Fe][...Cr=].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. Dissolves slowly and gives the chromium
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. On platinum foil with nitre and carbonate of
soda affords a yellow mass of chromate of
potassa.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Lievrite

Formula. 3([.Fe][.Ca])^{3}[...Si] + 2[...Fe=][...Si].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Occasionally gives off some water and turns
black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a black globule, which in the reducing
flame becomes magnetic.

(4) in forceps. I. In reducing flame is magnetic.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. Gives the iron and silica reactions.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a black opaque bead.

(8) Special reactions. Generally gives the manganese reaction with
nitre and carbonate of soda.

* * * * *

Mineral. Chloropal

Formula. [...Fe=][...Si]^{2} + 3[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates more or less, gives off much water
and turns black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. Loses color and turns black.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. Gives the iron and silica reaction.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a transparent green glass.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Green earth

Formula. [...Si],[.Fe],[...Al=],[.Na],[.K],[.H], etc.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and becomes darker in color.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. In reducing flame fuses on edges and colors
the outer flame yellow ([.Na]) or violet ([.K]).

(5) in borax. As the preceding.

(6) in mic. salt. As the preceding.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Siderite

Formula. [.Fe][..C].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Occasionally decrepitates. Gives off CO^{2} and
turns black and magnetic.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. As in glass bulb.

(4) in forceps. Behaves similarly to the magnetic oxide.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron and manganese reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Behaves as an oxide. With nitre and carbonate of
soda on platinum generally gives the manganese
reaction.

(8) Special reactions. In acid dissolves with effervescense.

* * * * *

Mineral. Copperas

Formula. [.Fe][...S] + 7[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water, and, when strongly heated,
SO^{2} and SO^{3}, which reddens litmus paper.

(2) in open tube. Evolves water and SO^{2}, which may be
recognized by its odor.

(3) on charcoal. Loses water and SO^{2}, and is converted into
[...Fe=].

(4) in forceps. Gives off H and SO^{2}, and then behaves as the
magnetic oxide.

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral affords an iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms sulphide of sodium and oxide of iron. The
former is absorbed into the charcoal, and if cut
out and laid upon silver and moistened gives the
S reaction.

(8) Special reactions. If dissolved in water, and a strip of
silver-foil be introduced into the solution, the
metal remains untarnished.

* * * * *

Mineral. Vivianite

Formula. [.Fe]^{3}[.....P] + 8[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Froths up and then fuses to a grey metallic
bead.

(4) in forceps. As on charcoal. Singes flame green ([.....P]).

(5) in borax. Gives the iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. In reducing flame becomes magnetic and fuses to
a black saggy mass.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Iriphyline

Formula. ([.Fe][.Mn][.Li])^{3}[.....P].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water, having an alkaline reaction,
and assumes a metallic lustre resembling
graphite.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily to a black magnetic bead with a
metallic lustre.

(4) in forceps. I. On platinum wire colors the flame crimson
([.Li]) and green ([.....P]), towards the point
fuses to a black magnetic bead.

(5) in borax. Gives the iron and manganese reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. Gives the iron reaction which overpowers that of
the manganese.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible porous mass, which under
the reducing flame becomes magnetic.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the manganese reaction with nitre and
carbonate of soda on platinum foil.

* * * * *

Mineral. Scorodite

Formula. [...Fe=][.....As] + 4[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves water.

(2) in open tube. Gives off water and AsO^{3}.

(3) on charcoal. Emits arsenical fume and in the reducing flame
fuses to a magnetic mass having a metallic
lustre.

(4) in forceps. I. As on charcoal. Colors the outer flame
blue.

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives an iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the arsenic reactions.

* * * * *

Mineral. Cube ore

Formula. [.Fe]^{3}[.....As] +
[...Fe=]^{3}[.....As]^{2} + 18[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Evolves much water.

(2) in open tube. As the preceding.

(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. As the preceding.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.

* * * * *

MANGANESE.

* * * * *

Mineral. Manganblende

Formula. MnS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Gives off SO^{2} and becomes greyish green on
surface.

(3) on charcoal. Is slowly roasted and converted into oxide.

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives a strong manganese
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. In the unroasted state, dissolves with much
ebullition and detonation due to elimination of
sulphide of phosphorus. The bead then exhibits
the characteristic violet color of manganese.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass, which laid on silver and
moistened, gives the sulphur reaction.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Pyrolusite

Formula. [..Mn].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Frequently gives off a small quantity of water
and, when strongly heated, oxygen.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Gives the manganese reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Manganite

Formula. [...Mn=][.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off much water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. Exfoliates slightly.

(5) in borax. As the preceding.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Psilomelane

Formula. ([.Ba],[.Ca],[.Mg],[.K]) [..Mn] + [.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and, when
strongly heated, oxygen.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. Colors flame faintly green(Ba) and red
towards the point (Ca).

(5) in borax. As pyrolusite.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As pyrolusite.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Wad

Formula. [..Mn],[.Mn],[.H], also [...Fe=],[...Al=],
[.Ba],[.Cu],[...Pb],[...Si], etc.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V. Colors flame variously according to its
composition.

(5) in borax. Gives the manganese reaction, more or less
modified by the presence of other oxides.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As pyrolusite.

(8) Special reactions. Various according to composition. When strongly
heated and then moistened has an alkaline
reaction on red litmus paper.

* * * * *

Mineral. Rhodonite

Formula. [.Mn]^{3}[...Si]^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off more or less water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Under a strong flame fuses to a brown opaque
bead.

(4) in forceps. II. As on charcoal.

(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame gives the manganese
reaction. In reducing flame the iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax, but leaves an insoluble siliceous
skeleton.

(7) with carb. soda. With a small quantity of the alkali fuses to a
black bead. With a larger quantity forms a slag.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Diallogite

Formula. [.Mn][..C].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Frequently decrepitates and gives off more or
less water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. If strongly heated and moistened has an alkaline
reaction on litmus paper due to the presence of
Ca.

(4) in forceps. V. Frequently colors the flame slightly red.

(5) in borax. Gives the manganese and iron reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible slag.

(8) Special reactions. In warm acid dissolves with much effervescence.

* * * * *

Mineral. Triplite

Formula. ([..Mn][.Fe])^{4}[.....P].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Generally gives off more or less
water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. I. Colors the outer blowpipe flame green
([.....P]).

(5) in borax. Gives the manganese and iron reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible mass.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

NICKEL AND COBALT.

* * * * *

Mineral. Millerite

Formula. NiS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2}.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with much ebullition to a magnetic bead.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives a nickel reaction,
slightly modified by small quantities of iron
and copper.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a slaggy mass, which on silver gives
the sulphur reaction.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Coppernickel

Formula. Ni^{2}As.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off a little AsO^{3}.

(2) in open tube. Gives off much AsO^{3} and some SO^{2} and falls
to powder.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a magnetic bead, with the evolution of
arsenic, which colors the flame blue.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The arsenical bead obtained by fusing the
mineral on charcoal, if fused upon the same
support with borax successively added and
removed, gives firstly an iron reaction, then
cobalt if present, and lastly nickel.

(6) in mic. salt. If the residual bead which has been treated with
borax be further treated with microcosmic salt,
the nickel reaction will be obtained and
sometimes a slight copper reaction.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. Affords a sublimate of metallic arsenic when
treated with cyanide of potassium.

* * * * *

Mineral. Smaltine

Formula. CoAs.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. When strongly heated generally evolves metallic
arsenic.

(2) in open tube. Gives a crystalline sublimate of AsO^{3}. Also
some SO^{2}.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off fumes of arsenic, and fuses to a dark
grey magnetic bead, very brittle, colors flame
blue.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As the preceding, but the cobalt being in large
excess requires some time for its perfect
oxidation, before the nickel reaction is
exhibited.

(6) in mic. salt. Gives the cobalt reaction, and after the cobalt
has been, removed that of nickel.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.

* * * * *

Mineral. Glance cobalt

Formula. CoS^{2} + CoAs.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. As the preceding, but gives off more SO^{2}.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off S and As, and fuses to a magnetic
bead. Colors flame blue.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. Gives a cobalt and slight iron reaction when
treated as the preceding minerals.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Gives a sulphur reaction of silver.

(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.

* * * * *

Mineral. Nickel glance

Formula. NiS^{2} + NiAs.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates and gives an orange colored
sublimate of AsS^{2}.

(2) in open tube. As the preceding.

(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As copper nickel.

(6) in mic. salt. Gives the nickel reaction occasionally somewhat
obscured by cobalt.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. As copper nickel.

* * * * *

Mineral. Ulmannite

Formula. NiS^{2} + Ni(AsSb)^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives a slight white sublimate of SbO^{3} and
more or less AsS^{3}.

(2) in open tube. Gives off thick fumes of SbO^{3} and SbO^{5}
with AsO^{3} and SO^{2}.

(3) on charcoal. As glance cobalt, but accompanied by dense fumes
of SbO^{3}.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As copper nickel.

(6) in mic. salt. As the preceding.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. As copper nickel generally, but arsenic is not
always present.

* * * * *

Mineral. Cobalt pyrites

Formula. ([,Co][,Ni][,Fe]) ([,,,Co=][,,,Ni=][,,,Fe=]).

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. When strongly heated gives off sulphur and
becomes brown.

(2) in open tube. Gives off much SO^{2} and a small quantity of
AsO^{3}.

(3) on charcoal. In the reducing flame small fragments fuse with
the evolution of sulphur to a magnetic bead
having a bronze colored fracture.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame on charcoal gives a
violet colored glass. In the reducing flame the
nickel is reduced and may collected in a gold
bead. When the nickel is removed, the glass
exhibits a slight iron reaction while warm.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax, but the reduction of the nickel is
more difficult than in the latter flux.

(7) with carb. soda. As glance cobalt.

(8) Special reactions. As copper nickel, but the amount of arsenic is
usually very small.

* * * * *

Mineral. Emerald nickel

Formula. [.Ni]^{3}[..C] + 6[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off much water and turns black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. Dissolves with much effervescence and gives the
nickel reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass.

(8) Special reactions. In warm dilute HCl dissolves with much
effervescence.

* * * * *

Mineral. Cobalt Bloom

Formula. [.Co]^{3}[.....As] + 8[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Evolves arsenical fumes and in the reducing
flame fuses to a dark grey bead of arsenide of
cobalt.

(4) in forceps. In the point of the blue flame fuses and colors
the outer flame blue (As).

(5) in borax. Gives the cobalt reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. Gives off arsenic with cyanide of potassium in
glass tube.

* * * * *

Mineral. Earthy cobalt

Formula. [.Mn],[.Co],[.Cu],[.Fe],[.H], etc.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Emits a slight smell of arsenic, but does not
fuse.

(4) in forceps. Colors the flame blue.

(5) in borax. In oxidizing flame gives the cobalt reaction
which obscures those of [.Mn], [.Cu], etc. In
reducing flame occasionally gives the [.Cu]
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax. If a saturated bead be treated on
charcoal with tin in the reducing flame for a
few seconds, the [.Cu] reaction is sometimes
obtained.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible mass.

(8) Special reactions. With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinum
foil, gives a strong manganese reaction.

* * * * *

ZINC.

* * * * *

Mineral. Zincblende

Formula. ZnS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates strongly.

(2) in open tube. Evolves SO and becomes white or yellow if
containing iron.

(3) on charcoal. V. In the reducing flame incrusts the charcoal
with ZnO; also with CdO, if that metal be
present.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives a zinc reaction, and
sometimes a slight iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. Moreover colors the flame
blue. The fused alkali gives a S reaction on
silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Red oxide of zinc

Formula. [.Zn].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. In the reducing flame forms a thin incrustation
of oxide of zinc on the charcoal.

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Generally gives a manganese and slight iron
reaction in addition to that of zinc.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. On charcoal, forms a thick incrustation of ZnO.

(8) Special reactions. With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinum
foil gives manganese reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Electric calamine

Formula. 2[.Zn]^{3}[...Si] + 3[.H]

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and becomes white and opaque.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. --

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Dissolves to a clear glass, which cannot be
rendered opaque by the intermittent flame.

(6) in mic. salt. Dissolves to a clear glass, which becomes opaque
on cooling. Silica remains insoluble.

(7) with carb. soda. With carbonate of soda alone is infusible. With
2 parts of alkali and 1 of borax fuses to a
glass and sets free [.Zn], which incrusts the
charcoal.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Calamine

Formula. [.Zn][..C].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off CO^{2} and becomes opaque.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. As the red oxide. Sometimes also gives a lead
incrustation.

(4) in forceps. V.

(5) in borax. Gives a zinc reaction and frequently an iron and
manganese reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Forms a thick incrustation of zinc, sometimes
also of [.Pb] and [.Co].

(8) Special reactions. Dissolves with much effervescence in cold acid.

* * * * *

BISMUTH.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native bismuth

Formula. Bi.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Fuses and is converted into a yellow oxide.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead and incrusts the charcoal with
oxide.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the bismuth
reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Bismuthine

Formula. BiS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Fuses with ebullition and gives of S and SO^{2}.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with much spirting and in the reducing
flame yields a metallic bead and incrusts the
charcoal with oxide.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The oxide obtained upon charcoal gives the
bismuth reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives the
sulphur reaction on silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Bismuthblende

Formula. [...Bi=]^{2}[...Si]^{3}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Turns yellow and, when strongly heated, fuses.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with ebullition to a brown globule forming
an incrustation of [...Bi=] on the charcoal.

(4) in forceps. I. Fuses with ease to a yellow bead, coloring
the outer flame bluish green, especially if
moistened with HCl. This color is due to
[.....P].

(5) in borax. Gives the bismuth and also an iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax, but leaves a silicious skeleton.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a yellow mass. The bismuth is then
reduced to the metallic state and partially
volatilized, incrusting the charcoal beyond.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Tetradymite

Formula. Bi, Te, S.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Occasionally decrepitates and then fuses,
forming a greyish white sublimate immediately
above the mineral fragment.

(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off white fumes, part of which
pass up the tube and part deposit immediately
above the mineral. This latter if heated fuses
to clear drops (TeO^{3}). The mineral residue
becomes surrounded by fused [...Bi=],
characterized by its yellow color.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a metallic bead, colors the outer flame
bluish green (Te and Se) and incrusts the
charcoal around with the orange [...Bi=], beyond
which is a white incrustation partly consisting
of [...Te].

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The yellow oxide obtained upon charcoal gives
the bismuth reaction, and the white incrustation
of bismuth and telluric acid.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. In the reducing flame yields a bead of metallic
bismuth, part of which is part of the tellurium
volatilized and incrusts the charcoal around.

(8) Special reactions. The fused alkaline mass gives the sulphur
reaction on silver. Also gives the tellurium
reaction with charcoal and carbonate of soda.

* * * * *

LEAD.

* * * * *

Mineral. Galena

Formula. PbS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Generally decrepitates and gives off a small
quantity of sulphur.

(2) in open tube. Gives off SO^{2}, and when strongly heated, a
white sublimate of [.Pb], [.S].

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and is reduced affording a bead of
metallic lead, and forming an incrustation of
PbO on the charcoal. Colors the outer flame
blue.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the lead
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives a
sulphur reaction on silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Clausthalite

Formula. PbSe.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates slightly.

(2) in open tube. Forms a sublimate of selenium, which is grey
when thickly deposited, and red when thin.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off fumes smelling strongly of selenium
and coloring the flame blue. In the reducing
flame fuses partially and incrusts the charcoal
with Se and PbO. After some time a black
infusible mass alone remains.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The infusible residue obtained upon charcoal
gives an iron and sometimes copper and cobalt
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. With carbonate of soda, oxalate of potash yields
a metallic bead, the fused alkali laid upon
silver and moistened produces a stain similar to
that produced by sulfur.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Jamesonite

Formula. [,Pb]^{3}[,,,Sb]^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses and gives off some sulphur, sulphide of
antimony and antimony which condense in the neck
of the bulb.

(2) in open tube. Fuses and emits dense white fumes of SbO^{3},
which pass off and redden blue litmus paper.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with great ease evolving much SbO^{3} and
PbO, which incrusts the charcoal around the
mineral. When the fumes have ceased, a small
bead of metallic lead remains.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The yellow incrustation formed upon charcoal
gives the reaction of lead, and the white those
of antimony.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives the
sulphur reaction on silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Minium

Formula. Pb^{3}O^{4}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Is reduced first to litharge (PbO) and then to
metallic lead which forms the usual
incrustation.

(4) in forceps. Colors the outer flame blue.

(5) in borax. Gives the lead reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Mendipite

Formula. PbCl + 2PbO.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates slightly and assumes a yellow
color.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily and is reduced to metallic lead
with the evolution of acid fumes. Forms a white
incrustation of PbCl, and a yellow one of PbO.

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. As the preceding.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the chlorine reaction with CuO and
microcosmic salt.

* * * * *

Mineral. Cerusite

Formula. [.Pb][..C].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, gives off CO^{2}, turns yellow and
fuses.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Is reduced to metallic lead, incrusting the
charcoal around with PbO.

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. Gives the lead reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.

(8) Special reactions. In nitric acid dissolves with much
effervescence.

* * * * *

Mineral. Anglesite

Formula. [.Pb][...S].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates and gives off a small quantity of
water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. In the oxidizing flame fuses to a clear bead,
which becomes opaque on cooling. In reducing
flame is reduced with much ebullition to a
metallic bead and incrusts the charcoal around
with PbO.

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. Gives the lead reaction and occasionally a
slight iron and manganese reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced yielding a metallic lead bead. The
fused alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction on
silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Pyromorphite

Formula. PbCl + 3[.Pb]^{3}[.....P].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, and when strongly heated for some
time, gives a slight white sublimate of PbCl.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. In oxidizing flame fuses to a bead having a
crystalline surface on cooling, and forms a thin
film of PbCl on the charcoal In reducing flame
fuses without reduction and on cooling assumes a
polyhedral form. Incrusts the charcoal slightly
with PbO.

(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the flame blue.

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced yielding a metallic bead and
incrusting the charcoal with PbO.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the chlorine reaction with microcosmic
salt and CuO. Also the phosphoric acid
reactions.

* * * * *

Mineral. Mimetene

Formula. PbCl+ 3[.Pb]^{3}[.....As]

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As the preceding.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses, but less easily than the preceding, gives
off AsO^{3} and incrusts the charcoal with
PbCl. Finally is reduced to a metallic bead and
forms an incrustation of PbO.

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. The oxide formed on charcoal gives the lead
reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the chlorine reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Vanadinite

Formula. PbCl + 3[.Pb]^{3}[...V]?

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As pyromorphite.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. The powdered mineral fuses fuses to a black
shining mass, which in the reducing flame
affords a metallic bead. Incrusts the charcoal
first with a white film of PbCl and afterwards
with PbO.

(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.

(5) in borax. Dissolves readily to a clear glass, which, in
the oxidizing flame, is yellow, while hot, and
colorless when cold. In reducing flame becomes
opaque, and on cooling green.

(6) in mic. salt. In oxidizing flame is yellow while hot, becoming
paler on cooling. In reducing flame brown while
warm, and emerald green when cold.

(7) with carb. soda. On platinum wire fuses to a yellow bead, which
is crystalline on cooling. On charcoal yields a
button of metallic lead.

(8) Special reactions. With microcosmic salt and CuO, gives the chlorine
reaction. If fused in a platinum spoon with from
3 to 4 times its volume of [.K],[...S]^{2} it
forms a fluid yellow mass having an orange color
when cold.

* * * * *

Mineral. Crocoisite

Formula. [.Pb][...Cr].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates violently and assumes a dark color.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and detonates yielding Cr^{2}O^{3} and
metallic lead, and forming an incrustation of
PbO on the charcoal.

(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.

(5) in borax. Dissolves readily and colors the glass yellow
while warm, and green when cold. (See Chromium
reaction.)

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. On platinum foil gives a dark yellow mass, which
becomes paler on cooling. On charcoal yields a
metallic button.

(8) Special reactions. Treated as above with [.K],[...S]^{2} forms a
violet colored mass, which on solidifying
becomes reddish and on cooling pale grey.

* * * * *

Mineral. Molybdate of lead

Formula. [.Pb][...M].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As the preceding.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and is partly absorbed into the charcoal
leaving a globule of metallic lead, which is
partially oxidized and incrusts the charcoal.

(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.

(5) in borax. Dissolves readily and gives the molybdena
reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Yields metallic lead.

(8) Special reactions. Fused as above with [.K],[...S]^{2} forms a yellow mass,
which becomes white on cooling. If this be
dissolved in water and a piece of zinc
introduced into the solution, the latter becomes
blue.

* * * * *

Mineral. Scheeletine

Formula. [.Pb][...W].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates more or less.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead incrusting the charcoal with
PbO. The bead on cooling is crystalline and has
a dark metallic surface.

(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.

(5) in borax. Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which in
the reducing flame becomes yellow, and on
cooling grey and opaque.

(6) in mic. salt. Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which
in the reducing flame assumes a dusky blue
color. After a time becomes opaque.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. With carbonate of soda and nitre gives the
manganese reaction.

* * * * *

COPPER.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native Copper

Formula. Cu.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a brilliant metallic bead, which on
cooling becomes covered with a coating of black
oxide.

(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame blue.

(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame dissolves and then gives
the copper reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Vitreous Copper

Formula. Cu^{2}S.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2} and, when pulverized and gently
heated for some time is converted into CuO.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead, which spirts considerably and
gives off SO^{2}. When pulverized and gently
roasted, is converted into CuO.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives the copper reaction,
and sometimes also a slight iron-reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. In the reducing flame is decomposed, forming NaS
and metallic copper. If the former be cut out
and laid upon silver, it gives the sulfur
reaction.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Copper pyrites

Formula. [,Cu=][,,,Fe=].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, sometimes gives a sublimate of
sulphur and becomes bronze colored on the
surface.

(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2} and is finally converted into a
dark red mixture of Fe^{2}O^{3} and CuO.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily with much ebullition and is
magnetic on cooling.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As the preceding; but when the copper has been
removed by reducing on charcoal, the bead shows
a strong iron color.

(6) in mic. salt. As the preceding, but the color in the oxidizing
flame is green, owing to the presence of iron.

(7) with carb. soda. Yields a bead of metallic copper and some
magnetic oxide of iron which remains on the
charcoal. The fused gives a sulphur reaction on
silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Fahlerz

Formula. ([,Cu=][,Ag][,Fe][,Zn])^{4} ([,,,Sb][,,,As]).

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Sometimes decrepitates, fuses, and when very
strongly heated, gives a red sublimate of
[,,,Sb] with [...Sb], also sometimes a black
sublimate of [,Hg] and occasionally [,,,As].

(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off thick fumes of SbO^{3} and
SO^{2}, also generally AsO^{3}, leaving a black
infusible residue. If Hg be present, it is
sublimed and condenses in the tube in small
drops.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead, which fumes strongly and
incrusts the charcoal with SbO^{3}, and
sometimes ZnO, which cannot be volatilized.
Emits a strong smell of arsenic.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The residue obtained on charcoal thoroughly
roasted gives a copper reaction, and when the
latter has been removed by reduction upon
charcoal, an iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in the preceding.

(7) with carb. soda. With this flux and a little borax yields a bead
of metallic copper; on silver, the alkaline mass
gives a sulphur reaction.

(8) Special reactions. If the copper bead obtained by fusing upon
carbonate of soda be cupelled with assay lead, a
silver bead will be obtained. Or if dissolved in
nitric acid and a drop or two of HCl added, a
white precipitate of AgCl will be formed, which
may be collected and reduced with carbonate of
soda upon charcoal.

* * * * *

Mineral. Tennatite

Formula. ([,Cu=][,Fe=])^{4}[,,,As].

Behavior

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A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the BlowpipeChapter IX: Part III (4)

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