Chapter XV: Appendix: II

_Tartarian_ rhubarb brought to _Kiachta_ by the _Bucharian_ Merchants--Method of examining and purchasing the roots--Different species of rheum which yield the finest rhubarb--Price of rhubarb in _Russia_--Exportation--Superiority of the _Tartarian_ over the _Indian_ rhubarb.

[Sidenote: Tartarian, or Turkey, Rhubarb.] Europe is supplied with rhubarb from Russia and the East Indies. The former is generally known by the name of Turkey rhubarb, because we used to import it from the Levant in our commerce with the Turks, who procured it through Persia from the Bucharians. And it still retains its original name, although instead of being carried, as before, to Constantinople, it is now brought to Kiachta by the Bucharian merchants, and there disposed of to the Russians. This appellation is indeed the most general; but it is mentioned occasionally by several authors, under the different denominations of Russian, Tartarian, Bucharian, and Thibet, Rhubarb. This sort is exported from Russia in large roundish pieces, freed from the bark, with an hole through the middle: they are externally of a yellow colour, and when cut appear variagated with lively reddish streaks.

[Sidenote: Indian Rhubarb.] The other sort is called by the Druggists Indian Rhubarb; and is procured from Canton in longer, harder, heavier, more compact pieces, than the former; it is more astringent, and has somewhat less of an aromatic flavour; but, on account of its cheapness, is more generally used than the Tartarian or Turkey Rhubarb.

[Sidenote: Tartarian Rhubarb procured at Kiachta.] The government of Russia has reserved to itself the exclusive privilege of purchasing rhubarb; it is brought to Kiachta by some Bucharian merchants, who have entered into a contract to supply the crown with that drug in exchange for furs. These merchants come from the town of Selin, which lies South Westward of the Koko-Nor, or Blue Lake toward Thibet. Selin, and all the towns of Little Bucharia; viz. Kashkar, Yerken, Atrar, &c. are subject to China.

[Sidenote: The Rhubarb Plant grows upon the Mountains of Little Bucharia.] The best rhubarb purchased at Kiachta is produced upon a chain of rocks, which are very high, and for the most part destitute of wood: they lie North of Selin, and stretch as far as the Koko-Nor. The good roots are distinguished by large and thick stems. The Tanguts, who are employed in digging up the roots, enter upon that business in April or May. As fast as they take them out of the earth, they cleanse them from the soil, and hang them upon the neighbouring trees to dry, where they remain until a sufficient quantity is procured: after which they are delivered to the Bucharian merchants. The roots are wrapped up in woollen sacks, carefully preserved from the least humidity; and are in this manner transported to Kiachta upon camels.

The exportation of the best rhubarb is prohibited by the Chinese, under the severest penalties. It is procured however in sufficient quantities, sometimes by clandestinely mixing it with inferior roots, and sometimes by means of a contraband trade. The College of Commerce at Petersburg is solely empowered to receive this drug, and appoints agents at Kiachta for that purpose. Much care is taken in the choice; for it is examined, in the presence of the Bucharian merchants, by an apothecary commissioned by government, and resident at Kiachta. [Sidenote: Care taken in examining the roots at Kiachta.] All the worm-eaten roots are rejected; the remainder are bored through, in order to ascertain their soundness; and all the parts which appear in the least damaged or decayed are cut away. By these means even the best roots are diminished a sixth part; and the refuse is burnt, in order to prevent its being brought another year[182].

[Footnote 182: Pallas Reise, part III. p. 155-157. When Mr.
Pallas was at Kiachta, the Bucharian merchant, who supplies
the crown with rhubarb, brought some pieces of white rhubarb
(von milchveissen rhabarber) which had a sweet taste, and was
equal in its effects to the best sort.]

[Sidenote: Different Species of Rhubarb.] Linnæus has distinguished the different species of rhubarb by the names Rheum Palmatum, R. Rhaphonticum, [183]R. Rhabarbarum, R. Compactum, and R. Ribes.

[Footnote 183: See Murray's edition of Linnæus Systema
Vegetab. Gott. 1774. In the former editions of Linnæus Rheum
Rhabarbarum is called R. Undulatum.]

Botanists have long differed in their opinions, which of these several species is the true rhubarb; and that question does not appear to be as yet satisfactorily cleared up. [Sidenote: Rheum Palmatum.] However, according to the notion which is most generally received, it is supposed to be the Rheum[184] Palmatum; the seeds of which were originally procured from a Bucharian merchant, and distributed to the principal botanists of Europe. Hence this plant has been cultivated with great success; and is now very common in all our botanical gardens. The learned doctor [185]Hope, professor of medicine and botany in the university of Edinburgh, having made trials of the powder of this root, in the same doses in which the foreign rhubarb is given, found no difference in its effects; and from thence conclusions have been drawn with great appearance of probability, that this is the plant which produces the true rhubarb. But this inference does not appear to be absolutely conclusive; for the same trials have been repeated, and with similar success, upon the roots of the R. Rhaponticum and R. Rhabarbarum.

[Footnote 184: Mr. Pallas (to whom I am chiefly indebted for
this account of the Tartarian and Siberian Rhubarb) assured
me, that he never found the R. Palmatum in any part of
Siberia.]

[Footnote 185: Phil. Trans. for 1765, p. 290.]

[Sidenote: R. Rhaponticum.] The leaves of the R. Rhaponticum are round, and sometimes broader than they are long. This species is found abundantly in the loamy and dry deserts between the Volga and the Yaik[186], towards the Caspian Sea. It was probably from this sort that the name Rha, which is the Tartarian appellation of the river Volga, was first applied by the Arabian physicians to the several species of rheum. The roots however which grow in these warm plains are rather too astringent; and therefore ought not to be used in cases where opening medicines are required. The Calmucs call it Badshona, or a stomachic. The young shoots of this plant, which appear in March or April, are deemed a good antiscorbutic; and are used as such by the Russians. The R. Rhaponticum is not to be found to the West of the Volga. The seeds of this species produced at Petersburg plants of a much greater size than the wild ones: the leaves were large, and of a roundish cordated figure.

[Footnote 186: The Yaik falls into the Caspian Sea, about
four degrees to the East of the Volga.]

[Sidenote: R. Rhabarbarum.] The R. Rhabarbarum grows in the crevices of bare rocky mountains, and also upon gravelly soils: it is more particularly found in the high vallies of the romantic country situated beyond Lake Baikal. Its buds do not shoot before the end of April; and it continues in flower during the whole month of May. The stalks of the leaves are eaten raw by the Tartars: they produce upon most persons, who are unaccustomed to them, a kind of sphasmodic contraction of the throat, which goes off in a few hours; it returns however at every meal, until they become habituated to this kind of diet. The Russians make use of the leaves in their hodge-podge: accordingly, soups of this sort affect strangers in the manner above mentioned. In Siberia the stalk is sometimes preserved as a sweet-meat; and a custom prevails among the Germans of introducing at their tables the buds of this plant, as well as of the Rheum Palmatum, instead of cauli-flower.

[Sidenote: R. Rhaponticum.] The R. Rhaponticum which commonly grows near the torrents has, as well as the R. Rhabarbarum of Siberia, the upper part of its roots commonly rotten, from too much moisture: accordingly, a very small portion of the lower extremity is fit for use. The Russian College of Physicians order, for the use of their military hospitals, large quantities of these roots to be dug up in Siberia, which are prescribed under the name of rhapontic. But the persons employed in digging and preparing it are so ill instructed for that purpose, that its best juices are frequently lost. These roots ought to be drawn up in spring, soon after the melting of the snows, when the plant retains all its sap and strength; whereas they are not taken out of the ground before August, when they are wasted by the increase of the stem, and the expansion of the leaves. Add to this, that the roots are no sooner taken up, than they are immediately sliced in small pieces, and thus dried: by which means the medicinal qualities are sensibly impaired.

[Sidenote: Method of drying the Roots of the R. Rhaponticum.] For the same roots, which in this instance were of such little efficacy, when dried with proper precaution, have been found to yield a very excellent rhubarb. The process observed for this purpose, by the ingenious Mr. Pallas, was as follows: The roots, immediately after being drawn out, were suspended over a stove, where being gradually dried, they were cleansed from the earth: by these means, although they were actually taken up in autumn, they so nearly resembled the best Tartarian rhubarb in colour, texture, and purgative qualities, that they answered, in every respect, the same medicinal purposes.

A German apothecary, named Zuchert, made similar trials with the same success, both on the Rheum Rhabarbarum and R. Rhaponticum, which grow in great perfection on the mountains in the neighbourhood of Nershinsk. [Sidenote: Plantation of Rhubarb in Siberia.] He formed plantations of these herbs on the declivity of a rock[187], covered with one foot of good mould, mixed with an equal quantity of sand and gravel. If the summer proved dry, the plants were left in the ground; but if the season was rainy, after drawing out the roots he left them for some days in the shade to dry, and then replanted them. By this method of cultivation he produced in seven or eight years very large and sound roots, which the rock had prevented from penetrating too deep; and when they were properly dried, one scruple was as efficacious as half a drachm of Tartarian rhubarb.

[Footnote 187: In order to succeed fully in the plantation of
rhubarb, and to procure sound and dry roots, a dry, light
soil with a rocky foundation, where the moisture easily
filters off, is essentially necessary.]

[Sidenote: The Roots of the R. Rhaponticum and R. Rhubarbarum, equal in their Effects to the Tartarian Rhubarb.] From the foregoing observations it follows, that there are other plants, besides the Rheum Palmatum, the roots whereof have been found to be similar both in their appearance and effects, to what is called the best rhubarb. And indeed, upon enquiries made at Kiachta concerning the form and leaves of the plant which produces that drug, it seems not to be the R. Palmatum, but a species with roundish scolloped leaves, and most probably the R. Rhaponticum: for Mr. Pallas, when he was at Kiachta, applied for information to a Bucharian merchant of Selin-Chotton, who now supplies the crown with rhubarb; and his description of that plant answered to the figure of the Rheum Rhaponticum. The truth of this description was still further confirmed by some Mongol travellers who had been in the neighbourhood of the Koko-Nor and Thibet; and had observed the rhubarb growing wild upon those mountains.

[Sidenote: The true Rhubarb probably procured from different Species of Rheum.] The experiments also made by Zuchert and others, upon the roots of the R. Rhabarbarum and R. Rhaponticum, sufficiently prove, that this valuable drug was procured from those roots in great perfection. But as the seeds of the Rheum Palmatum were received from the father of the above-mentioned Bucharian merchant as taken from the plant which furnishes the true rhubarb, we have reason to conjecture, that these three species, viz. R. Palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, and R. Rhabarbarum, when found in a dryer and milder alpine climate, and in proper situations, are indiscriminately drawn up; whenever the size of the plant seems to promise a fine root. And perhaps the remarkable difference of the rhubarb, imported to Kiachta, is occasioned by this indiscriminate method of collecting them. Most certain it is, that these plants grow wild upon the mountains, without the least cultivation; and those are esteemed the best which are found near the Koko-Nor, and about the sources of the river Koango.

Formerly the exportation of rhubarb was confined to the crown of Russia; and no persons but those employed by government were allowed the permission of sending it to foreign countries; this monopoly however has been taken off by the present empress, and the free exportation of it from St. Petersburg granted to all persons upon paying the duty. It is sold in the first instance by the College of Commerce for the profit of the Sovereign; and is preserved in their magazines at St. Petersburg. The current price is settled every year by the College of Commerce.

[Sidenote: Price of Rhubarb in Russia.] It is received from the Bucharian merchants at Kiachta in exchange for furs; and the prime cost is rated at 16 roubles per pood. By adding the pay of the commissioners who purchase it, and of the apothecary who examines it, and allowing for other necessary expences, the value of a pood at Kiachta amounts to 25 roubles; add to this the carriage from the frontiers to St. Petersburg, and it is calculated that the price of a pood stands the crown at 30 roubles. The largest exportation of rhubarb ever known from Russia, was made in the year 1765, when 1350 pood were exported, at 65 roubles per pood.

[Sidenote: Exportation of Rhubarb from St. Petersburg.] EXPORTATION of RHUBARB From St. PETERSBURG.

{ at 76-1/4 Dutch[188] dollars,
In 1777, 29 poods 13 pounds { or 91 roubles, 30 copecs
{ per pood.

In 1778, 23 poods 7 pounds, at 80 ditto, or 96 roubles.

[Footnote 188: If we reckon a Dutch dollar, upon an average,
to be worth 1 rouble 20 copecs.]

In 1778, 1055 poods were brought by the Bucharian merchants to Kiachta; of which 680 poods 19 pounds were selected. The interior consumption of the whole empire of Russia for 1777 amounted to only 6 poods 5 pounds[189].

[Footnote 189: This calculation comprehends only the rhubarb
purchased at the different magazines belonging to the College
of Commerce; for what was procured by contraband is of course
not included.]

[Sidenote: Superiority of the Tartarian over the Indian Rhubarb.] The superiority of this Tartarian Rhubarb, over that procured from Canton, arises probably from the following circumstances.

1. The Southern parts of China are not so proper for the growth of this plant, as the mountains of Little Bucharia.

2. There is not so exact an examination made in receiving it from the Chinese at Canton, as from the Bucharians at Kiachta. For the merchants, who purchase this drug at Canton, are obliged to accept it in the gross, without separating the bad roots, and cutting away the decayed parts, as is done at Kiachta.

3. It is also probable, that the long transport of this drug by sea is detrimental to it, from the humidity which it must necessarily contract during so long a voyage.

TABLE OF LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE.

[Sidenote: Table of Longitude and Latitude.] For the convenience of the Reader, the following Table exhibits in one point of view the longitude and latitude of the principal places mentioned in this performance. Their longitudes are estimated from the first meridian of the Isle of Fero, and from that of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The longitude of Greenwich from Fero is computed at 17° 34´ 45´´. The longitude of the places marked * has been taken from astronomical observations.

Latitude. Longitude.
| | Fero. | Greenwich.
| D. M. S. | D. M. S. | D. M.
* Petersburg | 59 56 23 | 48 0 0 | 30 25[190]
* Moscow | 55 45 45 | 55 6 30 | 37 31
* Archangel | 64 33 24 | 56 15 0 | 38 40
* Tobolsk | 58 12 22 | 85 40 0 | 68 26
* Tomsk | 56 30 0 | 102 50 0 | 85 15
* Irkutsk | 52 18 15 | 122 13 0 | 104 38
* Selenginsk | 51 6 0 | 124 18 30 | 106 44
Kiachta | 35 0 0 | 124 18 0 | 106 43
* Yakutsk | 62 1 50 | 147 0 0 | 129 25
* Ochotsk | 59 22 0 | 160 7 0 | 142 32
* Bolcheresk | 52 55 0 | 174 13 0 | 156 38
* Port of St. Peter and Paul | 53 1 0 | 176 10 0 | 158 36
Eastern Extremity of Siberia | 66 0 0 | 200 0 0 | 182 25
Unalashka (A) | 58 0 0 | 223 0 0 | 205 25
Unalashka (B) | 53 30 0 | 205 30 0 | 187 55

Key: (A) According to the general map of Russia
(B) According to the chart of Krenitzin & Levasheff

[Footnote 190: I have omitted the seconds in the longitude
from Greenwich.]

INDEX.

A.

_Agiak_, an interpreter, p. 133.

_Aguladock_, a leader of the Unalashkans, taken prisoner by
Solovioff, 139.

_Agulok_, a dwelling-place on Unalashka, 137.

_Aischin-Giord_, chief of the Manshurs at the beginning of the 17th
century, 198.

_Aktunak_, an island to the East of Kadyak, 108.

_Akun_ (one of the Fox Islands), 159.

_Akutan_ (one of the Fox Islands), 159.

_Alaksu_, or _Alachshak_, one of the most remote Eastern islands, 65.
Customs of the inhabitants, 68.
Animals found on that island, _ib._
Conjectured to be not far from the continent of America, 69.

_Alaxa_, one of the Fox Islands, 254.

_Albasin_, and the other Russian forts on the Amoor, destroyed by the
Chinese, 198.
The Russians taken there refuse to return from Pekin, 208.

_Aleütian Isles_ discovered, 21. 29.
their situation and names, 24.
Names of persons there, bear a surprising resemblance to those of
the Greenlanders, 40.
Inhabitants described, 41. 46.
Account of those islands, 45. 55.
The manners and customs of the inhabitants resemble those of the
Fox Islands, 173.
Are entirely subject to Russia, 174.
Their number, 289.
Specimen of the Aleütian language, 303.
See _Fox Islands, Ibiya, Novodtsikoff, Tsiuproff_.

_Alexeeff (Feodot)._ See _Deshneff_.

_Aleyut._ See _Fox Islands_.

_Allai_ (a prince of the Calmucs), his superstitious regard for the
memory of Yermac, 194.

_Amaganak_, a toigon of Unalashka, 143.

_America_, most probable course for discovering the nearest coast of
that continent, pointed out, 27.
See _Islands, Delisle, Alaksu, Kadyak, Fox Islands, Steller_.

_Amlach_, one of the Andreanoffskye Islands, 76.

_Anadirsky Isles_, or _Isles of Anadyr_, so called by Mr. Stæhlin,
and after him by Buffon, p. 25. 284-288.

_Amoor_ river, called by the Manshurs Sakalin-Ula; and by the Mongols,
Karamuran, or the Black River.

_Andrianoffskie Islands_, their situation doubtful, 25.
Description of, 74, 75.
Must not be blended with the Fox Islands, 74.
Account of the inhabitants, 77.
Other islands beyond them to the East, _ibid._
Position of the Andreanoffskie-Islands, 289.

_Arachulla_, supposed by the Chinese a wicked spirit of the air, 229.

_Archangel_, voyages from thence to the Yenisèi, 305.

_Artic_, or _Ice Foxes_, description of, 15.

_Asia_, the first report of its vicinity to America, learned from
the Tschutski, 293.

_Atachtak_, a great promontory N. E. of Alaksu, 118.

_Ataku_, one of the Aleütian Islands, 45.

_Atchu_, one of the Andreanoffsky Islands, description of, 76.

_Atchu, Atchak, Atach, Goreloi_, or _Burnt Island_, one of the Fox
Islands, 61.

_Atlassoff (Volodimir)_, takes possession of the river Kamtchatka, 4.

_Atrar_, a town of Little Bucharia, 333.

_Att_, one of the Aleütian Isles, 30.

_Ayagh_, or _Kayachu_, one of the Andreanoffsky Islands, 72.
Description of, 75.

B.

_Bacchoff._ See _Novikoff_.

_Baranèi Kamen_, or _Sheep's Rock_, description of, 328.

_Bear Islands._ See _Medvioedkie Ostrova_.

_Beering_, his voyage made at the expence of the crown, 8.
His voyage (with Tschirikoff) in search of a junction between Asia
and America, in 1728 and 1729, unsuccessful, 20.
Shipwrecked, _ibid._ and death on an island called after his
name, 21.
See _Discoveries, Steller_;
see also p. 323.

_Beering's Island_, the winter-station of all the ships sailing for
the new-discovered islands, 52.

_Belayeff (Larion)_, treats the inhabitants of the Aleütian Islands
in an hostile manner; in which he is under-hand abetted by
Tsiuproff, 34.

_Bolcheretsk_, a district of Kamtchatka, 5.
See _Kamtchatkoi Ostrogs_.

_Bolkosky_ (prince), appointed waywode of Siberia, 190.
See _Yermac_.

_Boris and Glebb._ See _Trapesnikoff_.

_Bucharia (Little)_, all subject to China, 333.

_Buache_ (Mr.). See _Longitude_.

_Burgoltei_, a mountain in the valley of Kiachta, 214.

_Burnt Island._ See _Atchu_.

_Buttons_ (of different colours), used as marks of distinction among
the Chinese, 218.

C.

_Calumet of peace_, a symbol of friendship peculiar to America, 280.

_Camhi_, the second Chinese emperor of the Manshur race, 197.
Expels the Russians from his dominions, for their riots and
drunkenness, 205.

_Camphor wood_ (the true), drove by the sea on Copper Island, 107.

_Caravans_ (Russian), allowed to trade to Pekin, 203.
Discontinued, and why, 209.
See _Russia_.

_Chatanga_, the cape between that river and the Piasida never yet
doubled, 309-313.

_Chinese_, origin of the disputes between them and the Russians, 197.
Hostilities commenced between them, 198.
Treaty of Nershinsk concluded, 200.
Beginning of the commerce between the two nations, 202.
Their trade with the Russians, 208, &c.
Reckon it a mark of disrepect to uncover the head to a superior, 228.
Their superstition in regard to fires, 229.
Manner of their pronouncing foreign expressions, 232.
No specie but bullion current among them, 233.
Advantage of the Chinese trade to Russia, 240.

_Cholodiloff._ Voyage of a vessel fitted out by him, 48.

_Chusho_, (or the Fire-god), a Chinese idol, 226.
See _Chinese_.

_Copper Island_, why so called, 21. 107. 252.
Probable that all the hillocks in that country have formerly been
vulcanoes, _ibid._
Subject to frequent earth-quakes, and abound in sulphur, 253.

_Cyprian_ (first archbishop of Siberia), collects the archives of
the Siberian history, 192.

D.

_Daurkin_ (a native Tschutski), employed by Plenisner to examine the
islands to the East of Siberia, 295.
The intelligence he brought back, _ibid._

_Delisle_, mistaken concerning the Western coast of America, 26.

_Deshneff_, his voyage, 313.
Extracts from his papers, 315, 316.
His description of the great promontory of the Tschutski, 317.
Ankudinoff's vessel wrecked on that promontory, _ibid._
Deshneff builds Anadirskoi-Ostrog on the river Anadyr, 318.
Dispute between him and Soliverstoff, concerning the discovery of
the Korga, 319, 320.
No navigator since Deshneff pretends to have passed round the N. E.
extremity of Asia, 322.

_Discoveries._ The prosecution of those begun by Beering mostly
carried on by individuals, 8.
The vessels equipped for those discoveries described, _ibid._
Expences attending them, 9.
Profits of the trade to the new discovered islands very
considerable, 10.
List of the principal charts of the Russian discoveries hitherto
published, 281.

_Dogs_, used for drawing carriages, 247.

_Drusinin (Alexei)_, wrecked at Beering's Island, 46.
His voyage to the Fox Islands, 80-88.
Winters at Unalashka, 82.
All the crew, except four Russians, viz. Stephen Korelin, Dmitri
Bragin, Gregory Shaffyrin, and Ivan Kokovin, destroyed by the
natives, 83.
See _Unalashka_.

_Durneff (Kodion)._ His voyage, 45.

E.

_Eclipse_, behaviour of the Chinese at one, 228.

_Empress of Russia._ See _Russia_.

_Engel_ (Mr.) Disputes the exactness of the longitudes laid down by
Muller and the Russian geographers, 267.

_Esquimaux Indians_, similarity between their boats and those of the
Fox Islands, 260. 264.

F.

_Feathers_ (peacock's), used for a distinction of rank by the
Chinese, 218.

_Fedotika._ See _Nikul_.

_Foxes_, different species of, described, 14.
Value of their skins, 15.

_Fox Islands_, sometimes called the farthest Aleütian Isles, 29.
Their land and sea-animals, 148.
Manners and customs of the inhabitants, 149.
Warm springs and native sulphur to be found in some of them, 149.
Their dress, 151. 169.
Their vessels described, 152.
Are very fond of snuff, 153.
Their drums described, 154.
Their weapons, 155. 170.
Food of the inhabitants, 168.
Their feasts, 171.
Their funeral ceremonies, 173.
Account of the inhabitants, 256-261.
Their extreme nastiness, 258.
Their boats made like those of the Esquimaux Indians in North
America, 260. 264.
Are said to have no notion of a God, 261;
yet have fortune-tellers, who pretend to divination, by the
information of spirits, _ibid._
The inhabitants called by the Russians by the general name of
Aleyut, 263.
Proofs of the vicinity of those islands to America, 291.

G.

_Geographers (Russian)_, their accuracy, 273.

_Ghessur-Chan_, the principal idol at Maimatschin, 224.

_Glotoff (Stephen)_, his voyage, 106-123.
Winters upon Copper Island, 106.
Arrives at Kadyak, the most Eastward of the Fox Islands, 108.
Is attacked by the natives, whom he defeats, 110,
and finally repulses, 112.
Winters at Kadyak, 113.
Is reconciled to the natives, 114.
Curiosities procured by him at that island, _ibid._
No chart of his voyage, 117.
Departs from Kadyak, and arrives at Umnak, 118. 119.
Defeats a design formed against him by the natives, 120.
Meets with Korovin, 121.
Winters on Umnak, 122.
Journal of his voyage, 124-130.
See _Solovioff, Korovin_.

---- (_Ivan_), an Aleütian interpreter, 101.

_Golodoff_, killed at Unyumga, 65.

_Goreloi._ See _Atchu_.

_Greenlanders_, their proper names nearly similar to those used in
the Aleütian Isles, 40.

H.

_Hare's Rock._ See _Saetshie Kammen_.

_Hot Springs_, found in Kanaga, 75.
in Tsetchina, 76.

I.

_Ibiya, Ricksa_, and _Olas_, Three large populous islands to the East
of the Aleütian Islands, 46.

_Jesuits_, their compliance with the Chinese superstition, 220.

_Igonok_, a village of Unalashka, 142.

_Igunok_, a bay N. E. of Unalashka, 255.

_Ikutchlok_, a dwelling place at Unalashka, 137.

_Imperial Academy_, their chart of the New Discovered Islands, not to
be depended on, 24. 27.

_Indigirka_, a river of Siberia, 14.

_Inlogusak_, a leader of the Unalashkans, killed, 139.

_Isanak_, one of the islands to the West of Kadyak, 109.

_Islands (New Discovered)_, first tribute brought from thence to
Ochotsk, 22.
List of those islands, according to Mr. Muller, 297.
Their names altered and corrupted by the Russian navigators, 299.
See _Aleütian Isles_ and _Fox Islands_.

_Islenieff_ (Mr.), sent to Yakutsk to observe the transit of
Venus, 274.

_Itchadek_ and _Kagumaga_, two friendly Toigons, 137.

_Ivan Shilkin_, his voyage, 57. 60.
Shipwrecked on one of the Fox Islands, 58.
Great distresses of his crew on that island, 59.
Shipwrecked a second time, 60.

_Ivan Vassilievitch_ I. makes the first irruption into Siberia, 177.

_Ivan Vassilievitch_ II. took the title of _Lord of all the Siberian
lands_ before the conquests of Yermac, 179.
See _Russia_.

_Ives (Isbrand)_, a Dutchman. Embassador from Peter I. to Pekin, 203.

_Iviya_, one of the Aleütian Islands, 55.

K.

_Kadyak_, one of the Fox Islands, 35.
The fondness of the natives for beads, 114.
Animals and vegetables found there, 115. 116.
Great reason to think it is at no great distance from the continent
of America, 117.
Account of the inhabitants, 118.
See _Glottoff_.

_Kagumaga._ See _Itchadek_.

_Kalaktak_, a village of Unalashka, 143.

_Kama_, a river, 180.

_Kamtchatka_, discovered by the Russians, 3.
The whole peninsula reduced by the Russians, 4.
Of little advantage to the crown at first, but since the discovery
of the islands between Asia and America its fur-trade is become
a considerable branch of the Russian commerce, _ibid._
Its situation and boundaries, 5.
Its districts, government, and population, _ibid_.
Fixed and other tributes to the crown, 6.
Its soil and climate not favourable to the culture of corn; but hemp
has of late years been cultivated there with great success, 7.
Supplied yearly with salt, provisions, corn, and manufactures, from
Ochotsk, _ibid._
Rout for transporting furs from thence to Kiachta, 247.
Manner of procuring fire there, and which Vaksel, Beering's
lieutenant, found practised in that part of North America which
he saw in 1741, 158.
See _Morosko, Atlassoff, Koriacs, Ochotsk_ and _Penshinsk,
Bolcheresk, Tigilskaia, Krepost, Verchnei, Nishnei, Kamtchatka
Ostrogs, Volcanos, Furs and Skins_.

_Kamtchatkoi Ostrogs_ (Upper and Lower) and Bolcheretsk built, 4.

_Kanaga_, one of the Andreanoffsky Islands, 72.
Description of, 75.

_Karaga Island_, tributary to Russia, 35.
See _Olotorians_.

_Kashkar_, A town of Little Bucharia, 333.

_Kashmak_, an interpreter employed by the Russians, 92.

_Kataghayekiki_, name of the inhabitants of Unimak and Alaxa, 263.

_Kayachu._ See _Ayagh_.

_Kiachta_, a frontier town of Siberia, 12.
Treaty concluded there between the Russians and Chinese, 206. 209.
Is at present the centre of the Russian and Chinese commerce, 210.
That place and Zuruchaitu agreed on for transacting the commerce
between Russia and China, 211.
Description of Kiachta, _ibid._

_Kighigusi_, inhabitants of Akutan so called, 263.

_Kitaika_, a Chinese stuff, 238.

_Kogholaghi_, inhabitants of Unalashka so called, 263.

_Kopeikina_, a bay of the river Anadyr, 43.

_Korenoff._ See _Solovioff_.

_Korga_, A sand-bank at the mouth of the river Anadyr, 318.
See _Soliverstoff_.

_Koriacs_, their country the Northern boundary of Kamtchatka, 5.
Tributary to Russia, 43.

_Korovin (Ivan)_, his voyage 89-105.
Arrives at Unalashka, his transactions there, 90-96.
Builds an hut, and prepares for wintering, 93.
Being attacked by the savages, destroys his hut, and retires to his
vessel, 95.
Attacked again, repulses the savages, and is stranded on the island
of Umnak, 96.
After different skirmishes with the natives, is relieved by
Glottoff, 99.
His description of Umnak and Unalashka, with their inhabitants, 103.
See _Solovioff_.

_Kovyma_, a river of Siberia, 14.

_Krenitzin_ (Captain), commands a secret expedition, 23.

_Krenitzin and Levasheff_, their journal and chart sent, by order of
the Empress of Russia, to Dr. Robertson, 23.
Extract from their journal, 251-255.
They arrive at the Fox Islands, 253.
Krenitzin winters at Alaxa, and Levasheff at Unalashka, 254.
They return to the river of Kamtchatka, 266.
Krenitzin drowned, _ibid._
See _Yakoff_.

_Krassilnikoff_, Voyage of a vessel fitted out by him, 52.
Shipwrecked on Copper Island, _ibid._
The crew return to Beering's Island, 53.

_Krassilikoff_ (a Russian astronomer), his accuracy in taking the
longitude of Kamtchatka, 273.

_Krashininikoff_, his history of Kamtchatka, 256.

_Krestova_, a river of Siberia, 324.

_Krugloi_, or _Round Island_, one of the Aleütian Islands, 69.

_Kulkoff_, his vessel destroyed, and his crew killed by the
savages, 94. 157.

_Kullara_, a fortress belonging to Kutchum Chan, 190.

_Kuril Isles_, subject to Russia, 5.

_Kutchum Chan_ (a descendant of Zinghis Chan), defeats Yediger,
and takes him prisoner, 179.
The most powerful sovereign in Siberia, 182.
See _Yermac, Sibir_.

L.

_Laptieff (Chariton)_, his unsuccessful attempt to pass from the Lena
to the Yenisèi, 309.
See p. 322.

_Latitude of Bolcheresk_, Appendix I. N^o II.
See _Longitude_.

_Lena_, a river of Siberia, 14.
Attempts of the Russians to pass from thence to Kamtchatka, 311.
See _Menin_.

_Leontieff_ (a _Russian_), has translated several interesting Chinese
publications, 208.

_Levasheff._ See _Krenitzin_ and _Levasheff_.

_Lobaschkoff (Prokopèi)_, killed at Alaksu, 66.

_Longitude_, of the extreme parts of Asia, by Mr. Muller and the
Russian geographers, 267.
By Mr. Engel, _ibid._
By Mr. Vaugondy, 268.
The Russian system supported by Mons. Buache, against Engel and
Vaugondy, _ibid._
See _Krassilnikoff_.

_Longitude of Ochotsk, Bolcheresk_, and _St. Peter_ and _St.
Paul_, 269.

_Longitude_ and _Latitude_ of the principal places mentioned in this
work, 344.

_Lyssie Ostrova_, or _Fox Islands_, 14.
Their situation and names, 25.
Description of the inhabitants, 62.

M.

_Maimatschin_ (the Chinese frontier town), described, 214.
Houses there described, 216.
An account of the governor, 218.
Theatre described, 219.
The small pagoda, 220.
The great pagoda, 221.
Idols worshiped, _ibid._-227.
See _Sitting-Rooms_.

_Manshurs_, their origin, 197.

_Maooang_, a Chinese idol, 225.

_Mednoi Ostroff_, or _Copper Island_, Discovered, 21.
See _Copper Island_.

_Medvedeff (Dennis)_, his crew massacred by the savages, 90.
He and part of Protassoff's crew found murdered on the island of
Umnak, 99.

_Menin (Feodor)_, his unsuccessful attempt to pass from the Yenisèi to
the Lena, 306.

_Merghen_, a Chinese town, 244.

_Medviodkie Ostrova, Kreffstoffskie Ostrova_, or _Bear Islands_,
Discovery of, 324.

_Minyachin_ (a Cossac), a collector of the tribute, 69.

_Mongol_, the commerce between the Russians and Chinese, mostly
carried on in that tongue, 231.

_Morosko (Lucas Semænoff)_, commanded the first expedition towards
Kamtchatka, 3.

_Muller_, (Mr.) His conjecture relating to the coast of the sea of
Ochotsk, confirmed by Captain Synd, 23.
Part of a letter written by him in 1774, concerning the vicinity of
Kamtchatka and America, 283.
His list of the New Discovered Islands, 297.

N.

_Nankin_, 231.

_Naun_, a Chinese town, 244.

_Nershinsk._ See _Chinese_.

_Nevodtsikoff (Michael)_, sails from Kamtchatka river, 29.
Discovers the Aleutian Islands, _ibid._
Narrative of his voyage, 31-36.

_New Moon_, ceremonies observed at, by the Chinese, 228.

_Nikul_, or _Fedotika_, a river which falls into that of
Kamtchatka, 321.

_Nishnei_, or _Lower Kamtchatkoi Ostrog_, a district of Kamtchatka, 5.

_Niu-o_, Chinese idol, 226.

_North East Passage_, Russians attempt to discover, 304-331.

_Novikoff_ and _Bacchoff_, their voyage from Anadyrsk, 42. 44.
Are shipwrecked on Beering's Island, where they build a small boat,
and return to Kamtchatka, 44.

O.

_Oby_ (bay of), 306.

_Ochotsk_ and _Penshinsk_, Western boundaries of Kamtchatka, 5.
See _Kamtchatka, Muller_.

_Offzin_ and _Koskeleff_ (Lieutenants), first effected the passage
from the bay of Oby to the Yenisèi, 306.

_Olas._ See _Ibiya_.

_Olotorian Isles_, whence so called, 284.

_Olotorians_, invade the island of Karaga, and threaten to destroy all
the inhabitants who pay tribute to Russia, 36.

_Onemenskaya_, a bay in the river Anadyr, 43.

_Oracles (Chinese)_, 227.

_Orel_, a Russian settlement, 181.

_Otcheredin, (Aphanassei)_, his voyage to the Fox Islands, 156-163.
Winters at Umnak, 157.
The toigon of the Five Mountains gives him hostages, for which the
other toigons kill one of his children, 158.
A party sent by him to Ulaga repulsed the inhabitants, who had
attacked them, 159.
Is joined by Popoff from Beering's Island, and prevails on the
inhabitants to pay tribute, 161.
Receives an account of Levasheff's arrival at Unalashka, _ibid._
Returns to Ochotsk, with a large cargo, leaving Popoff at
Umnak, 162.
Brings home two islanders, who were baptized by the names of Alexey
Solovieff and Boris Otcheredin, 163.
See _Poloskoff_.

P.

_Pagoda._ See _Maimatschin_.

_Paikoff (Demetri)_, his voyage, 61-63.

_Pallas_, receives from Bragin a narrative of his adventures and
escape, p. 88.
Account of Kiachta and Maimatschin, extracted from his
journal, p. 229.
His publication concerning the Mongol tribes, 230.
List of plants found by Steller upon the coast discovered by Beering
in 1741, communicated by Mr. Pallas--quotation from a treatise of
his, relative to the plants of the new-discovered islands, 279.
Extracts made by him relative to Deshneff's voyage, p. 314-316.

_Pauloffsky_, his expedition, in which, after several successful
skirmishes with the Tschutski, he is surprised and killed by
them, 296.

_Peacock._ See _Feathers_.

_Pekin._ Russian scholars allowed to settle there, to learn the
Chinese tongue, 209.
See _Caravans_.

_Penshinsk_, 5.

_Peter_ I. first projected making discoveries in the seas between
Kamtchatka and America, 20.

_Petersburg_, length of the different routs between that city and
Pekin, 248.

_Piasida_, a river of Siberia, 309.

_Plenisner_ (a Courlander), sent on discoveries to the N. E. of
Siberia, 294.
See _Daurkin_.

_Poloskoff, (Matthew)_, Sent by Otcheredin to Unalashka, 159.
Spends the autumn at Akun, and after twice repulsing the savages,
returns to Otcheredin, 159-161.

_Popoff (Ivan)_, a vessel fitted out by him arrives at Unalashka, 158.
See _Otcheredin_.

_Prontshistsheff_ (Lieutenant), his unsuccessful attempt to pass from
the Lena towards the Yenisèi, 306-309.

_Protassoff_, he and his crew destroyed by the savages, 133. 157.
See _Medvedeff_.

_Pushkareff (Gabriel)_, his voyage, 64-69.
Winters upon Alaksu, 65.
He, with Golodoff and twenty others, attempting to violate some
girls, on the island Unyumga, are set upon by the natives, and at
last obliged to retreat, 65. 66.
He and his crew tried for their inhuman behaviour to the islanders
during their voyage, 67.

R.

_Rheum._ See _Rhubarb_.

_Rhubarb_, that from Russia generally called Turkey Rhubarb, and
why, 332.
Description of, _ibid._
Indian rhubarb inferior to the Tartarian or Turkey, 333.
A milk-white sort described, 334.
Different species, 335-341.
Planted in Siberia by M. Zuchert, a German apothecary, 338.
Exportation of, 342.
Superiority of the Tartarian over the Indian Rhubarb, accounted
for, 342.

_Ricksa._ See _Ibiya_.

_Roaring Mountain._ See _Unalashka_.

_Robertson_ (Dr.) See _Krenitzin and Levasheff_.

_Round Island._ See _Krugloi_.

_Russia_ (present Empress of), a great promoter of new
discoveries, 22.
No communication between that country and Siberia till the reign of
Ivan Vassilievitch II. 178.
The empress abolishes the monopoly of the fur-trade, and
relinquishes the exclusive privilege of sending caravans to
Pekin, 210.

_Russia_, a curious and interesting "Historical Account of the nations
which compose that Empire" lately published, 218.

_Russians_, quit Siberia after the death of Yermac, 194.
Recover their antient territories in that country, 195.
Their progress checked by the Chinese, 196.
Are expelled from the Chinese dominions, 205.
Are allowed to build a church (and to have four priests to officiate
in it) within their caravansary at Pekin, 208.
Commerce between them and the Chinese carried on only by
barter, 232.
Method of transacting business between them, 233.
Russian exports, 234-237.
Imports, 237-239.
Articles of trade prohibited to individuals, 240.
Duties paid by the Russian merchants, 241.
The Russians' manner of trading to the Fox Islands, 264.
Their attempts to discover a North East passage, 304-331.
Held in great veneration by the Kamtchadals, till they quarrelled
among themselves, 321.
See _Siberia, Chinese, Albasin, Lena_.

S

_Sabya_, an island at a distance from Att, 30.
See _Att_.

_Sacred Helmet_, at Maimatschin, 227.

_Saetshie Kamen_, or _Hare's Rock_, Description of, 328.

_Sagaugamak_, one of the Fox Islands, 157.

_St. Petersburg_, the geographical calendar of not to be depended
on, 24.

_Saktunak_, an island near Alaksu, 119.

_Sandchue_, a northern province of China, 231.

_Sea-horse teeth_, their value, 16.

_Sea-lion_, or _Scivutcha_, its flesh delicate food, 265.

_Sea-otters_, Many writers mistaken concerning them, 12.
Description of, _ibid._
Value of their skins, 13.

_Selin_, a town of Little Bucharia, 333.

_Serebranikoff_, voyage of a vessel fitted out by him, 49-52.
Shipwrecked on an island opposite Katyrskoi Noss, in the peninsula
of Kamtchatka, 50.
Description of the island, 51.

_Shaffyrin (Sila)_, a Cossac, collector of the tribute, 40. 45. 61.
killed, 63.

_Shalauroff_, his first voyage from the Lena, 323-328.
Winters at a mouth of the Kovyma, 325.
Not being able to double Sheletskoi Noss, returns to the Kovyma,
winters there a second time, and returns to the Lena, 327.
No account of his second expedition, he and his crew being killed
by the Tschutski, 328.

_Sheep's Rock._ See _Baranèi Kamen_.

_Shelatskoi Noss_, whence that name is derived, 326.

_Shemiya_, one of the Aleütian Islands, 78.

_Shilkin (Ivan)_, his voyage, 45.
Wrecked on one of the Fox Islands, 58.
where the Russians are attacked by the savages, whom they
repulse, 59.
After suffering the greatest distress, they build a small vessel,
in which they are a second time wrecked, and return at last in
Serebranikoff's vessel to Kamtchatka, 59. 60.

_Shuntschi_, The first Chinese emperor of the Manshur race, 198.

_Shushu_, the first of the Kuril Isles, 301.

_Sibir_, the principal residence of Kutchum Chan, 182.

_Siberia_, conquest of by Yermac, 19.
Second irruption of the Russians into that country, 179.
State of at the time of Yermac's invasion, 182.
Conjecture concerning the derivation of that name, _ibid._
Totally reduced by the Russians, 196.
Transport of the Russian and Chinese commodities through that
country, 245.
See _Ivan Vassilievitch I. Russia. Kutchum Chan._

_Sitkin_, one of the Fox Islands, 62.

_Sitting-rooms, (Chinese)_, described, 216.

_Soliverstoff (Yusko)_, his expedition to the Korga, to collect
sea-horses teeth, 319.

_Solovioff (Ivan)_, his voyage, 131-155.
Arrives at Unalashka, 132.
Learns the particulars of a confederacy formed by the Toigons of
Unalashka, Umnak, Akutan, and Toshko, against the Russians, 134.
Is joined by Korovin, 135.
Hostilities between him and the natives, _ibid._
Winters at Unalashka, with other transactions at that island, 136.
Makes peace with the natives, and receives hostages, 139.
Meets with Korovin, 140.
His crew being greatly afflicted with the scurvy, the inhabitants
of Makushinsk conspire to seize his vessel, 141.
But are happily prevented, 142.
Is visited by Glottoff, _ibid._
Receives hostages from the inhabitants of Kalaktak, 143.
Sends Korenoff in different hunting parties, 144.
Journal of his voyage homewards, 144.
His description of the Fox Islands, 148.

_Solvytshegodskaia._ See _Strogonoff_.

_Steller_, His arguments to prove that Beering and Tschirikiff
discovered America, 277.

_Strogonoff (Anika)_, a Russian merchant, establishes a trade with
Solvytshegodskaia in Siberia, 178.
Makes settlements upon the Kama and Tschussovaia, 183.
See _Yermac_.

_Studentzoff_, a Cossac, collector of the tribute, 45. 57.

_Svatoi Noss_, that name explained, 320.

_Sulphur_ found on the island of Kanaga, 75.
See _Copper Islands_.

_Synd_ (capt.) his voyage to the N. E. of Siberia, 300.
Discovers a cluster of islands, and a promontory, which he supposes
to belong to America, 301.

T.

_Tabaetshinskian_, a mountain of Kamtchatka, emitting a constant
smoke, 6.

_Tagalak_, one of the Andreanoffskye Islands, description of, 76.

_Tartarian Rhubarb._ See _Rhubarb_.

_Tchingi_, a town on the banks of the Tura, 185.
See _Yermac_.

_Tea_, finer in Russia than in Europe, and why, 238.

_Temnac_, an Aleutian interpreter, 30.

_Tien_, an idol worshiped in the small pagoda at Maimatschin, 220.

_Tigilskaia Krepost_, a district of Kamtchatka, 5.

_Tolstyk, (Andrean)_, his voyage to the Aleutian Isles, in 1748, 30.
Ditto, in 1756, 54.
Ditto in 1760, 71-79.
Discovers the Andreanoskie Islands, 72.
Shipwrecked near the mouth of the Kamtchatka river, 79.

_Toshko._ See _Solovioff_.

_Totchikala_, a village of Unalashka, 138.

_Trapesnikoff (Nikiphor)_, Boris and Glebb, a vessel fitted out by
him, her voyage and return, 39. 40. &c.
Another vessel fitted out by him destroyed, and the crew cut off,
by the natives of Unimak, 140.

_Tsaaduck_, a kind of lamp, 150.

_Tsaudsing_, a Chinese idol, 226.

_Tschirikoff._ See _Beering_.

_Tschussovaia_ (a river). See _Strogonoff_.

_Tschutski_, a people on the river Anadyr, 43.
Boundaries of their country, 293.
See _Asia_.

_Tschukotskoi Noss_, the N. E. cape of the country of the
Tschutski, 293.
Stadukin and Soliverstoff claim the discovery of the passage round
that promontory, 314.
See _Deshneff, Svatoi Noss, Shelatskoi Noss_; see also p. 322.

_Tschuvatch._ See _Yermac_.

_Tsetchina_, one of the Andreanoffsky Islands, description of, 76.

_Tsikanok_, or _Osernia_, a river of Unalashka, 133.

_Tsiuproff_, his adventures at the Aleutian Islands, 32.
See _Belayeff_.

_Turkey Rhubarb._ See _Rhubarb_.

U.

_Vaksel._ See _Kamtchatka_.

_Vassilievitch._ See _Ivan Vassilievitch_.

_Vaugondy._ See _Longitude_.

_Udagha_, a bay on the N. E. of Unalashka, 255.

_Verchnei_, or _Upper Kamtchatkoi Ostrog_, a district of
Kamtchatka, 5.

_Ukunadok_, a village of Unalashka, 143.

_Ulaga_, one of the Fox Islands. See _Otcheredin_.

_Umgaina_, a village of Unalashka, 143.

_Umnak_, one of the Fox Islands, 81.
See _Korovin, Solovioff_.

_Unalashka_, or _Agunalashka_, one of the Fox Islands, 82.
Adventures of four Russians belonging to Drusinin's crew
there, 84-88.
Description of, 254.
Ayaghish and the Roaring Mountain, two volcanos, on that
island, 255.
Productions, _ibid._
The inhabitants less barbarous than those of the other Fox
Islands, 260.

_Unimak_, an island to the East of Agunalashka, 139.
See _Trapesnikoff_.

_Unyumga._ See _Pushkareff, Golodoff_.

_Volcanos_, some burning ones in Kamtchatka, and traces of many former
ones to be observed there, 6.
One eruption near Lower Ostrog in 1762, and another in 1767, _ibid._
An high volcano on the island of Kanaga, 75.
See _Copper Island, Unalashka_.

_Vorobieff_, his voyage, 42.

W.

_Wheels_, a carriage with four wheels a mark, of high distinction
among the Chinese, 218.

_White month_, explained, 228.

_Women_, none allowed to live at Maimatschin, and why, 231.

_Wsevidoff (Andrew)_, his voyage to the new-discovered Islands, 38.

Y.

_Yakoff (Jacob)_, composed the chart of Krenitzin and Levasheff's
voyage, 266.

_Yediger_ (a Tartar chief), pays tribute to the Russians, 179.
See _Kutchum Chan_.

_Yenisèi_, a river of Siberia, 305, & seq.

_Yerken_, a town of Little Bucharia, 333.

_Yermac_, being driven from the Caspian Sea, retires to Orel, 181,
where he winters, and determines to invade Siberia, 182.
To which he is instigated by Strogonoff, 183.
Marches towards Siberia, and returns to Orel, 184.
Sets out on a second expedition, and arrives at Tchingi, 185.
Defeats Kutchum Chan at Tschuvatch, 186.
Marches to Sibir, and seats himself on the throne, 187.
Cedes his conquest to the Tzar of Muscovy, 189.
Who sends him a reinforcement, under the command of prince
Bolkosky, 190.
Is surprised by Kutchum Chan, 191.
And drowned, 192.
Veneration paid to his memory, 193.
See _Allai, Russians, Siberia, Ivan Vassielivitch_ II.

_Yefimoff (Sava)_, one of Yermac's followers, an accurate historian
of those times, 192.

_Yugoff (Emilian)_, his voyage, 38.
Dies on Copper Island, 39.

Z.

_Zuchert._ See _Rhubarb_.

_Zuruchaitu._ Description of, 244.
Its trade very inconsiderable, 245.
See _Kiachta_.

FINIS.

BOOKS printed for T. CADELL.

The History of England, from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution. A new Edition, printed on a fine paper, with many Corrections and Additions; and a complete Index, 8 vols. Royal Paper, 7l. 7s.

* * * Another Edition on small Paper, 4l. 10s.

Another Edition in 8 vols. 8vo. 2l. 8s.

The History of Scotland, during the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI. till his accession to the Crown of England; with a Review of the Scottish History, previous to that period; and an Appendix, containing Original Papers: 2 vols. By William Robertson, D. D. the 5th Edition, 1l. 10s.

Another Edition in 2 vols. 8vo. 10s.

The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe, from the Subversion of the Roman Empire to the Beginning of the sixteenth Century. By William Robertson, D. D. Embellished with 4 plates, elegantly engraved; 3 Vols. 3l. 3s.

Another Edition in 4 Vols. 8vo. 1l. 4s.

The History of America, Vol. I. and II. By the same Author. Illustrated with Maps. 2l. 2s.

Another Edition in 3 vols. 8vo. 18s.

The History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain. By Robert Watson, LL. D. Professor of Philosophy and Rhetoric, at the University of St. Andrew. 2d Edition; 2 vols. 2l. 2s.

Another Edition in 3 Vols. 8vo. 18s.

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By Edward Gibbon, Esq; Vol. I. from the Reign of Trajan, to that of Constantine; the 3d Edition, 1l. 4s.

An Acount of the Voyages undertaken by Order of his present Majesty for making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Capt. Wallis, and Capt. Carteret, in the Dolphin, and Swallow, and the Endeavour; drawn up from the Journals which were kept by the several Commanders, and from the Papers of Joseph Banks, Esq; and Dr. Solander. By John Hawkesworth, LL. D. Illustrated with Cuts and a great Variety of Charts and Maps (in all 52 Plates) relative to the Countries now first discovered, or hitherto but imperfectly known. Price 3l. 12s. bound.

An Account of a Voyage towards the South Pole, and round the World; performed in his Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, in 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. Written by James Cooke, Commander of the Resolution. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure, during the Separation of the Ships. Elegantly printed in 2 Vols. Royal. Illustrated with Maps and Charts, and a Variety of Portraits of Persons and Views of Places, drawn during the Voyage by Mr. Hodges, and engraved by the most eminent Masters. 2l. 12s.

Lord Anson's Voyage round the World, 1l. 1s.

A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies, translated from the French of the Abbé Reynal. By J. Justamond, M. A. A new Edition carefully revised, in 5 Vols. 8vo. and illustrated with Maps. 1l. 10s.

A Tour through Sicily and Malta. In a Series of Letters to William Beckford, Esq; of Somerly in Suffolk, from P. Brydone, F. R. S. 2 Vols. illustrated with a Map. 3d Edition. 12s.

A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany, with Anecdotes relating to some eminent Characters. By John Moore, M. D. 2 Vols. 3d Edition. 12s.

Russia; or a Compleat Historical Account of all the Nations which compose that Empire, 2 Vols. 12s.--The Third and Fourth Volumes of this Work are in the Press.

A Tour through some of the Northern Parts of Europe, particularly Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Petersburgh, in a Series of Letters, by N. Wraxall, jun. 3d Edition. 6s.

A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland. By the Author of the Rambler. 6s.

Transcriber's Notes:

Words surrounded by _ are italicized.

Small capitals are presented as all capitals in this e-text.

Symbol inverted asterism (three asterisks arranged as inverted triangle) is presented as * * * (dinkus) in this e-text.

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

All apparent printer's errors in the text have been retained.

Footnotes without anchors are removed from this e-text. They are listed here:

- Page 14: S. R. G. V. III. Pallas Reise.

- Page 53: See the preceding chapter.