Chapter XXV: Conclusion (14)

III. For this period of ferment see H. von Stein, _Die Entstehung der neueren Ästhetik,_ Stuttgart, 1886: K. Borinski, _Die Poetik der Renaissance und die Anfänge der litterarischen Kritik in Deutschland,_ Berlin, 1886 (esp. the last chapter): also same author's _Baltasar Gracian und die Hofliteratur in Deutschland,_ Halle a. S., 1894, B. Croce, _I trattatisti italiani del Concettismo e B. Gracian,_ Naples, 1899 (in _Atti dell' Acc. Pont._ vol. xxix., reprinted in _Problemi di estetica,_ pp. 309-345), _Elizabethan Critical Essays,_ edited with an introduction by G. Gregory Smith, Oxford, 1904, 2 vols.: _Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century,_ edited by J. E. Spingam, Oxford, 1908, 2 vols.: Leone Donati, _J. J. Bodmer und die italienische Litteratur_ (in the vol. _J. J. Bodmer, Denkschrift z. C. C. Geburtstag,_ Zürich, 1900, pp. 241-312): see also _Probl. di estetica,_ pp. 371-380.

On Bacon see K. Fischer, _Franz Baco von Verulam,_ Leipzig, 1856 (2nd ed. 1875), cf. P. Jacquinet, _Fr. Baconis in re litteraria iudicia,_ Paris, 1863. On Gravina, Em. Reich, _G. V. Gravina als Ästhetiker_ (in the Trans, of the Viennese Academy, vol. cxx. 1890): B. Croce, _Di alcuni giudizi sul Gravina considerate come estetico,_ Florence, 1901 (in _Miscellanea d' Ancona,_ pp. 456-464), reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 360-370. On Du Bos, Morel,_Étude sur l'abbé du Bos,_ Paris, 1849: P. Petent, _J. B. Dubos,_ Tramelan, 1902. On Bouhours, Doncieux, _Un jésuite homme de lettres au XVIIe siècle,_ Paris, 1886. On the Bouhours-Orsi controversy, F. Fottano, _Una polemica nel settecento,_ in _Ricerche letterarie,_ Leghorn, 1897, pp. 313-332: A. Boeri, _Una contesa letteraria franco-italiana nel secolo XVIII,_ Palermo, 1900 (cf. _Giorn. stor. lett. ital._ xxxvi. pp. 255-256): B. Croce, _Varietà di storia dell' estetica,_ §§ 1-2, in _Rass. crit. lett. ital._ cit., vi. 1901, pp. 115-126, reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 346-359.

IV. On Cartesianism in literature see É. Krantz, _L'Esthétique de Descartes étudiée dans les rapports de la doctrine cartésienne avec la littérature classique française au XVIIIe siècle,_ Paris, 1882; see also the chapter on André, pp. 311-341, and the introduction by V. Cousin to the _œuvres philosophiques du p. André,_ Paris, 1843: on Boileau, Borinski, _Poetik d. Renaissance,_ c. 6, pp. 314-329; J. Brunetière, _L'Esthétique de B._ in _Revue des Deux Mondes,_ June 1, 1899.

On the English intellectualist æstheticians see Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 273-301; also von Stein, _op. cit._ pp. 185-216. On Shaftesbury and Hutcheson see esp. Gid. Spicker, _Die Philosophie d. Grafen v. Shaftesbury,_ Freiburg i. B., 1872, part iv. on art and literature, pp. 196-233: T. Fowler, S. _and Hutcheson,_ London, 1882: William Robert Scott, _Francis Hutcheson, his life, teaching and position in the history of philosophy_, Cambridge, 1900.

On Leibniz, Baumgarten and contemporary German writers see Th. W. Danzel, _Gottsched und seine Zeit,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1855: H. G. Meyer, _Leibnitz und Baumgarten als Begründer der deutschen Ästhetik,_ Inaugural Dissertation, Halle, 1874: Joh. Schmidt, _L. und B.,_ Halle, 1875: Ém. Grucker, _Histoire des doctrines littéraires et esthétiques en Allemagne_ (from Opitz to the Swiss writers), Paris, 1883: Fr. Braitmaier, _Geschichte der poetischen Theorie und Kritik von den Diskursen der Maler his auf Lessing,_ Frauenfeld, 1888-1889. In the last-named book the first part treats of the beginning of Poetics and criticism in Germany, considered in their relation to the doctrines of classical, French and English writers: the second part treats of an attempt to found an æsthetic philosophy and theory of poetry upon a basis of Leibnitian-Wolffian psychology: which includes a long discussion of Baumgarten and quotations from two dissertations, Raabe's _A. G. Baumgarten, æstheticæ in disciplinæ formam parens et auctor,_ and Prieger's _Anregung u. metaphysische Grundlage d. Ästh. von A. G. Baumgarten,_ 1875 (cf. vol. ii. p. 2).

V. On Vico as æsthetician see B. Zumbini, _Sopra alcuni principî di critica letteraria di G. B. V._ (reprinted in _Studî di letter. italiana,_ Florence, 1894, pp. 257-268): B. Croce, _G. B. V. primo scopritore della scienza estetica,_ Naples, 1901 (reprinted from _Flegrea._ April 1901), incorporated in the present volume as has been mentioned already: see also G. Gentile in _Rass. crit. della lett. ital.,_ cit., vi. pp. 254-265: E. Bertana, in _Giorn. stor. lett. ital._ xxxviii. pp. 449-451: A. Martinazzoli, _Intorno alle dottrine vichiane di ragion poetica,_ in _Riv. di filos. e sc. aff._ of Bologna, July 1902: also the reply of B. Croce, _ibid.,_ August 1902: Giovanni Rossi, _Il pensiero di G. B. V. intorno alla natura della lingua e all' ufficio dette lettere,_ Salerno, 1901. The important position occupied by Vico in respect to Æsthetic had been remarked earlier by C. Marini, _G. B. V. al cospetto del secolo XIX,_ Naples, 1852, c. 7, § 10. For the influence exercised by Vico, B. Croce, _Per la storia della critica e storiografia letteraria,_ Naples, 1903 (in _Atti d. Acc. Pont.,_ vol. xxxiii.), pp. 7-8, 26-28 (reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 423-425), and G. A. Borgese, _Storia della critica romantica in Italia,_ Naples, 1905, _passim._

On Vico's thought in general, as well as on his Æsthetic, see B. Croce, _La filosofia di Giambattista Vico,_ Bari, 1911: English translation by R. G. Collingwood, 1913. The copious literature concerning Vico is given by B. Croce in _Bibliografia vichiana,_ Naples, 1904 (reprinted from _Atti dell' Acad. Pont._ vol. xxxiv.), and _Supplemento, ibid._ 1907, and _Secondo Supplemento,_ 1910 (_Atti_ cit., vols, xxxvii. and xli.).

VI. On the literary doctrines of Conti see G. Brognoligo, _L' opera letteraria di A. Conti,_ in _Arch. veneto,_ 1894, vol. i. pp. 152-209: on Cesarotti, Vitt. Alemanni, _Un filosofo delle lettere,_ vol. i. Turin, 1894: on Pagano, B. Croce, _Varietà di storia dell' estetica,_ § 3; _Di alcuni estetici italiani della seconda metà del secolo XVIII,_ in _Rass. crit._ cit. vii. 1902, pp. 1-17 (reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 381-450).

On the German æstheticians, in addition to the various general histories already quoted, see R. Sommer, _Grundzüge einer Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie u. Ästhetik von Wolff-Baumgarten his Kant-Schiller,_ Würzburg, 1892. Greatly inferior is M. Dessoir, _Geschichte d. neueren deutschen Psychologie,_ 2nd ed., Berlin, 1897 (the first half only is published, down to Kant exclusive).

On Sulzer, Braitmaier, _op. cit._ ii. pp. 55-71: on Mendelssohn, _ibid._ pp. 72-279: for Elias Schlegel, _op. cit._ i. p. 249 _seqq._; on Mendelssohn see also Th. Wilh. Danzel, _Gesammelte Aufsätze,_ Leipzig, Jahn, 1855, pp. 85-98: Kannegiesser, _Stellung Mendelssohns in d. Gesch. d. Ästh.,_ 1868. On Riedel, K. F. Wize, _F. J. Riedel u. seine Ästhetik,_ Diss., Berlin, 1907. On Herder, Ch. Joiet, _H. et la renaissance littéraire en Allemagne au XVIIIe siècle,_ Paris, 1875: R. Haym, _H. nach seinem Leben u. seinen Werken,_ 2 vols., Berlin, 1880: G. Jacobi, _H.'s und Kant's Ästh.,_ Leipzig, 1907. For the ideas of Hamann and Herder concerning the origins of poetry see Croce in _Critica,_ ix. (1911), pp. 469-472. On the history of Linguistic, see Th. Benfey, _Geschichte d. Sprachwissenschaft in Deutschland,_ Munich, 1869, introd.: H. Steinthal, _Der Ursprung der Sprache im Zusammenhange mit d. letzen Fragen alles Wissens, eine Darstellung, Kritik und Fortentwicklung der vorzüglichsten Ansichten,_ 4th ed., Berlin, 1888.

VII. On Batteux see E. v. Danckelmann, _Charles Batteux, sein Leben u. sein ästhetisches Lehrgebäude,_ Rostock, 1902. On Hogarth, Burke and Home, Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 223-273; Bosanquet, _op. cit._ pp. 202-210. On Home esp. J. Wohlgemüth, _H. Home's Ästhetik,_ Rostock, 1894: W. Neumann, _Die Bedeutung Homes für d. Ästhetik, u. sein Einflüss auf d. deutschen Ästhetik,_ Halle, 1894. On Hemsterhuis, Ém. Grucker, _François H., sa vie et ses oeuvres,_ Paris, 1866.

On Winckelmann, Goethe, _W. u. sein Jahrhundert,_ 1805 (in _Werke,_ ed. Goedecke, vol. xxxi.): C. Justi, _W. u. seine Zeitgenossen,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1898. A criticism of Winckelmann's theory, by H. Hettner, appeared in the _Revue Moderne,_ 1866. On Mengs, Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 338-355. On Lessing, Th. Wilh. Danzel, _G. E. Lessing, sein Leben und seine Werke,_ Leipzig, 1849-1853: Kuno Fischer, _L. als Reformater d. deutschen Litteratur,_ Stuttgart, 1881: Ém. Grucker, _Lessing,_ Paris, 1891: Erich Schmidt, _Lessing,_ 2nd ed., Berlin, 1899: K. Borinski, _Lessing,_ Berlin, 1900.

On Spalletti see B. Croce, _Var.,_ cit., § 3 (_Probl. d. est._ pp. 392-398). On Meier, Hirth and Goethe, Danzel, _Goethe und die Weimarsche Kunstfreunde in ihrem Verhältniss z. Winckelmann,_ in _Gesamm. Aufs._ pp. 118-145. On Goethe's Æsthetic esp. see Wilh. Bode, _Goethes Ästhetik,_ Berlin, 1901.

VIII. Critical expositions of Kant's Æsthetic are very numerous even in Italy: for example, O. Colecchi, _Questioni filosofiche,_ Naples, 1843, vol. iii.; C. Cantoni, _E. Kant,_ Milan, 1884, vol. iii. In German, esp. H. Cohen, _Kants Begründung der Ästhetik,_ Berlin, 1889; also an important chapter in Sommer, _op. cit._ pp. 337-352; a sufficient representative of a host of others is the elaborate work of Victor Basch, _Essai critique sur l'esthétique de Kant,_ Paris, 1896. See also, on an Italian trans. of the _Kr. d. Urth.,_ B. Croce in _Critica,_ v. (1907), pp. 160-164.

For Kant's lectures and the historical antecedents of his _Critique of Judgment_ (besides the dissertations of H. Falkenheim, _Die Entstehung der kantischen Ästhetik,_ Heidelberg, 1890, and Rich. Grundmann, _Die Entwickel d. Ästh. Kants,_ Leipzig, 1893) see the exhaustive work of Otto Schlapp, _Kant's Lehre vom Genie und die Entstehung d. Kritik d. Urtheilskraft,_ Göttingen, 1901.

IX. For the whole of this period, beside the general histories already quoted which treat of it in great detail, see Th. Wilh. Danzel, _Über den gegenwärtigen Zustand d. Philosophie d. Kunst u. ihre nächste Aufgabe_ (in the _Zeitschr. f. Phil,_ of Fichte, 1844-1845, and reprinted in _Gesammelte Aufsätze,_ pp. 1-84): this treats of Kant, Schiller, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and, more particularly, of Solger, pp. 51-84: Herm. Lotze, _Geschichte der Ästhetik in Deutschland,_ Munich, 1868 (in the coll. "History of the Sciences in Germany," published by the Royal Academy of Sciences of Munich in Bavaria): first book, history of general points of view from Baumgarten to the Herbartian school: second book, history of individual fundamental æsthetic concepts: third book, contributions to the history of the theory of the arts: Ed. v. Hartmann, _Die deutsche Ästhetik s. Kant_ (first part, historico-critical), Berlin, 1886, divided into two books. The first book discusses the doctrine of the chief æstheticians and, after an introduction on the foundation of philosophical æsthetic by Kant, treats of the Æsthetic of the content, divided into that of abstract idealism (Schelling, Schopenhauer, Solger, Krause, Weisse, Lotze); of concrete idealism (Hegel, Trahndorff, Schleiermacher, Deutinger, Oersted, Vischer, Zeising, Carrière, Schasler); of the Æsthetic of feeling (Kirchmann, Wiener, Horwicz); the Æsthetic of form, subdivided into abstract formalism (Herbart, Zimmermann), and concrete formalism (Köstlin, Siebeck). The second book is concerned with the more important special problems.

On the Æsthetic of Schiller specially see, amongst numerous monographs, Danzel, _Schillers Briefwechsel mit Körner,_ in _Ges. Aufs._ pp. 227-244: G. Zimmermann, _Versuch einer schillerschen Ästhetik,_ Leipzig, 1889: F. Montargis, _L'Esthétique de Schiller,_ Paris, 1890: the chapter in Sommer, _op. cit._ pp. 365-432: V. Basch, _La Poétique de Schiller,_ Paris, 1901.

On the Æsthetic of Romanticism, R. Haym, _Die romantische Schule: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. deutschen Geistes,_ Berlin, 1870 (cf. on Tieck, book i.; on Novalis, book iii.: for criticism of the two Schlegels, bk. ii. and bk. iii. ch. 5): N. M. Pichtos, _Die Ästhetik Aug. W. v. Schlegel in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung,_ Berlin, 1893. On the Æsthetic of Fichte, G. Tempel, _Fichtes Stellung z. Kunst,_ Metz, 1901.

On the Æsthetic of Hegel, Danzel, _Über d. Ästhetik der hegelschen Philosophie,_ Hamburg, 1844: R. Haym, _Hegel u. seine Zeit,_ Berlin, 1857, pp. 433-443: J. S. Kedney, _Hegel's Æsthetics: a critical exposition,_ Chicago, 1885: Kuno Fischer, _Hegels Leben u. Werke,_ Heidelberg, 1898-1901, chs. 38-42, pp. 811-947: J. Kohn, _Hegels Ästhetik_ in _Zeitschrift für Philosophie,_ 1902, vol. 120, fasc. ii.: see also B. Croce, _Cio che è vivo e cio che è morto della filosofia di Hegel,_ Bari, 1907, ch. 6; Engl. tr. by D. Ainslie, 1915.

X. For the Æsthetic of Schopenhauer, Fr. Sommerlad, _Darstellung u. Kritik d. ästh. Grundanschauungen Schopenhauers,_ Diss., Giessen, 1895: Ed. v. Mayer, _Schopenhauers Ästhetik u. ihr Verhältniss z. d. ästh. Lehren Kants u. Schellings,_ Halle, 1897: Ett. Zoccoli, _L' estetica di A. Sch.: propedeutica all' estetica Wagneriana,_ Milan, 1901: G. Chialvo, _L' estetica di A. Sch., saggio esplicativo-critico,_ Rome, 1905.

For the Æsthetic of Herbart, beside Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 754-804, see O. Hostinsky, _Herbarts Ästhetik in ihrer grundlegenden Theilen quellenmässig dargestellt u. erläutert,_ Hamburg-Leipzig, 1891.

XI. Of the Æsthetic of Schleiermacher, the fullest treatment is given by Zimmermann, pp. 609-634, and von Hartmann, pp. 156-169.

XII. For the history of the theory of Language, beside Benfey, _op. cit._ introd., see Max. Leop. Loewe, _Historiæ criticæ grammatices universalis seu philosophicæ lineamenta,_ Dresden, 1839: A. F. Pott, _W. v. Humboldt und die Sprachwissenschaft,_ introd. to the reprint of Humboldt's _Verschiedenheit d. menschl. Sprachbaues_ (2nd ed., Berlin, 1880, vol. i.).

On Humboldt see esp. Steinthal, _Der Ursprung der Sprache,_ pp. 59-81, and Pott's introd. cit., _Wilh. v. Humboldt u. die Sprachwissenschaft._

XIII. For this period, treated with unnecessary fulness, see von Hartmann, _op. cit._ bk. i.: more concisely by Menendez y Pelayo, vol. iv. (1st ed.), part i. chs. 6-8.

For the doctrine of the modifications of beauty see Zimmermann, _op. cit._ pp. 715-744: Schasler, _op. cit._ §§ 517-546: Bosanquet, _op. cit._ ch. 14, pp. 393-440: in greater detail, v. Hartmann, bk. ii. part i. pp. 363-461.

For the history of the Sublime see also F. Unruh, _Der Begriff des Erhabenen seit Kant,_ Königsberg, 1898. For Humour see B. Croce, _Dei varî significanti della parola umorismo e del suo uso nella critica letteraria,_ in the _Journal of Comparative Literature_ of New York, 1903, fasc. iii. (reprinted in _Probl. di est._ pp. 275-286) F. Baldensperger, _Les Définitions de l'humour,_ in _Études; d'hist. litt._ Paris, 1907. For the history of the concept of the Graceful, F. Torraca, _La grazia secondo il Castiglione e secondo lo Spencer_ (in Morandi, _Antol. della critica lett. ital._ 2nd ed., Città di Castello, 1885, pp. 440-444): F. Braitmaier, _op. cit._ ii. pp. 166-167.

XIV. For the history of Æsthetic in France during the nineteenth century there is nothing so good as Menendez y Pelayo, vol. iii. part ii. chs. 3-9; _ibid._ chs. 1-2 give full information concerning Æsthetic in England.

For Æsthetic in Italy in the first half of the nineteenth century, Karl Werner, _Idealistische Theorien des Schönen in d. italienischen Philosophie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts,_ Vienna, 1884 (from Trans, of the Imperial and Royal Viennese Academy). On Rosmini see esp. P. Bellezza, _Antonio Rosmini e la grande questione letteraria del secolo XIX_ (in the collection _Per Antonio Rosmini nel primo centenario,_ Milan, 1897, vol. i. pp. 364-385). On Gioberti, Ad. Faggi, _Vinc. Gioberti esteta e letterato,_ Palermo, 1901 (from the _Atti della R. Accad. di Palermo,_ s. iii. vol. vi.). On Delfico, G. Gentile, _Dal Gcnovesi al Galluppi,_ Naples, 1903, ch. ii. On Leopardi, E. Bertana in _Giorn. stor. lett. ital._ xli. pp. 193-283; R. Giani, _L'estetica nei pensieri di G. Leopardi,_ Turin, 1904 (cf. G. Gentile in _Critica,_ ii. pp. 144-147). See also a book quoted by A. Rolla and B. Croce, _loc. cit.,_ containing a catalogue of Italian books on Æsthetic of the nineteenth century (_Probl. di est._ pp. 401-415).

On the theories of the Italian Romanticists, F. De Sanctis, _La poetica del Manzoni,_ in _Scritti varî,_ ed. Croce, i. pp. 23-45; and the same author's _La letteratura italiana nel secolo XIX,_ ed. Croce, Naples, 1897, on Tommaseo, pp. 233-243: on Cantù, pp. 244-273: on Berchet, pp. 479-493: on Mazzini, pp. 424-441. On Mazzini esp. F. Ricitari, _Concetto dell' arte e della critica letteraria nella mente di G. Mazzini,_ Catania, 1896. For all these see G. A. Borgese, _Storia della critica romantica in Italia,_ cit.

XV. For the life of De Sanctis and the bibliography of his works see _Scritti varî,_ ed. Croce, ii. pp. 267-308, also the volume _In memoria di Fr. de S._ edited by M. Mandalari, Naples, 1884.

On De Sanctis as literary critic, P. Villari, _Commemorazione_: A. C. de Meis, _Commem.,_ in the above-mentioned vol. _In memoria_: Marc Monnier in _Revue des Deux Mondes,_ April I, 1884: Pio Ferrieri, _Fr. de S. e la critica letteraria,_ Milan, 1888: B. Croce, _La critica letteraria,_ Rome, 1896, ch. 5; _Fr. de S. e i suoi critici recenti_ (in _Atti dell' Accad. Pontan._ vol. xxviii. reprinted in _Scritti varî,_ append, ii. 309-352), and prefs. to vols, already quoted, _La lett. ital. nel sec. XIX,_ and _Scritti varî; De Sanctis e Schopenhauer,_ in _Atti della Pontaniana,_ xxxii. 1902: Enr. Cocchia, _II pensiero critico di Fr. de S. nell' arte e nella politica,_ Naples, 1899: G. A. Borgese, _op. cit._ last chapter and _passim._

XVI. On the last phase of metaphysical Æsthetic, G. Neudecker, _Studien z. Geschichte d. deutschen Ästhetik s. Kant,_ Würzburg, 1878, which discusses and criticises more particularly Vischer (self-criticism), Zimmermann, Lotze, Köstlin, Siebeck, Fechner and Deutinger. On Zimmermann, von Hartmann, _op. cit._ pp. 267-304: Bonatelli, in _Nuova Antologia,_ October 1867. On Lotze, Fritz Kogel, _Lotzes Ästhetik,_ Göttingen, 1886: A. Matragrin, _Essai sur l'esthétique de Lotze,_ Paris, 1901. On Köstlin, von Hartmann, pp. 304-317. On Schasler, see the same, pp. 248-252, also Bosanquet, pp. 414-424. On Hartmann, Ad. Faggi, _Ed. H. e l' estetica tedesca,_ Florence, 1895. On Vischer see M. Diez, _Fried. Vischer u. d. ästh. Formalismus,_ Stuttgart, 1889.

For French and English æstheticians, besides Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit.,_ on Ruskin, see J. Milsand, _L'Esthétique anglaise, étude sur J. Ruskin,_ Paris, 1864: R. de la Sizeranne, _Ruskin et la religion de la beauté,_ 3rd ed., Paris, 1898; cf. part iii. On Fornari, V. Imbriani, _Vito Fornari estetico_ (reprinted in _Studî letterarî e bizzarri e satiriche,_ ed. Croce, Bari, 1907). On Tari see Nic. Gallo, _Antonio Tari, studio critico,_ Palermo, 1884: Croce, in _Critica,_ v. (1907), pp. 357-361; also in pref. to vol.: _A. Tari, saggi di estetica e metafisica,_ Bari, 1910.

XVII. For positivist Æsthetic see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ iv. (1st ed.) vol. ii. pp. 120-136, 326-369: N. Gallo, _La scienza dell' arte,_ Turin, 1887, chs. 6-8, pp. 162-216.

XVIII. On Kirchmann, von Hartmann, pp. 253-265. For various recent German æstheticians, Hugo Spitzer, _Kritische Studien z. Ästhet. der Gegenwart,_ Leipzig, 1897. On Nietzsche, Ettore G. Zoccoli, _Fred. Nietzsche,_ Modena, 1898, pp. 268-344: Jul. Zeitler, _Nietzsches Ästhetik,_ Leipzig, 1900. On Flaubert, A. Fusco, _La teoria dell' arte in G. F.,_ Naples, 1907: cf. _Critica,_ vi. (1908), pp. 125-134. For books on Æsthetic published during the last decade of the nineteenth century see Luc. Arréat, _Dix années de philosophie,_ 1891-1900, Paris, 1901, pp. 74-116. A few remarks on contemporary Æsthetic are made by K. Groos in _Die Philosophie im Beginn. des XXen Jahrh.,_ ed. by W. Windelband, Heidelberg, 1904-1905. For latest books on Æsthetic see _Critica,_ ed. B. Croce (Naples), from 1903 onward, which publishes reviews of them. There is also a review, started in 1906, published at Stuttgart (ed. F. Enke), _Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft,_ edited by Max Dessoir.

XIX. The history of particular problems is usually omitted, or, at best, erroneously treated in histories of Æsthetic: for example, see the difficulty experienced by Ed. Müller, _Gesch.,_ cit., ii. pref. pp. vi-vii, in connecting his treatment of the history of Rhetoric with that of Poetics. Some writers attach Rhetoric to the individual arts or to artistic technique; others treat the doctrines of the modification of beauty and of natural beauty (in the metaphysical sense) as special problems; others, again, discuss the kinds or classifications in art in an incidental manner, without seeking to incorporate them in the principal æsthetic problem.

§ 1. On the history of Rhetoric in the ancient sense see Rich. Volkmann, _Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer in systematischer Übersicht dargestellt,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1885, of capital importance: A. Ed. Chaignet, _La Rhétorique et son histoire,_ Paris, 1888; rich in material, but ill-arranged and with the preconception that Rhetoric is still a defensible body of science. For special treatment see Ch. Benoist, _Essai historique sur les premiers manuels d'invention oratoire, jusqu'à Aristote,_ Paris, 1846: Georg Thiele, _Hermagoras, ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. Rhetorik,_ Strasburg, 1893. There is no history of rhetoric in modern times. For criticism of Vives and other Spaniards see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ iii. pp. 211-300 (2nd ed.). For Patrizzi see B. Croce, _F. Patrizzi e la critica della rettorica antica,_ in the vol. of _Studî_ in honour of A. Graf, Bergamo, 1903 (_Probl. d. est._ pp. 297-308).

For Rhetoric as theory of literary form in antiquity see Volkmann, _op. cit._ pp. 393-566: Chaignet, _op. cit._ pp. 413-539: also Egger, _passim,_ and Saintsbury, bks. i. ii. For purposes of comparison see Paul Reynaud, _La Rhétorique sanskrite exposée dans son développement historique et ses rapports avec la rhétorique classique,_ Paris, 1884. For the Middle Ages, Comparetti, _Virgilio nel medio evo,_ vol. i., and Saintsbury, bk. iii. There is need for a work on modern Rhetoric in this sense also. For the form it assumed ultimately according to the theory of Gröber see B. Croce, _Di alcuni principî di sintassi e stilistica psicologiche del Gröber,_ in _Atti dell' Accad. Pontan._ vol. xxix. 1899: K. Vossler, _Literaturblatt für germ. u. roman. Philologie,_ 1900, N.I.: B. Croce, _Le categorie rettoriche e il prof. Gröber,_ in _Flegrea,_ April 1900: K. Vossler, _Positivismo e idealismo nella scienza del linguaggio,_ Ital. trans. Bari, 1908, pp. 48-61 (cf. _Probl. d. est._ pp. 143-171). Very incomplete observations on the history of the concept of metaphor are made by A. Biese, _Philosophie d. Metaphorischen,_ Hamburg-Leipzig, 1893, pp. 1-16; but this book has the merit of calling attention to the importance of the views and influence of Vico.

§ 2. For the history of the literary kinds in antiquity see the works above quoted by Müller, Egger, Saintsbury, and the vast literature on Aristotle's _Poetics._ For comparison with Sanskrit poetics, Sylvain Levi, _Le Théâtre indien,_ Paris, 1890, esp. pp. 11, 152. For mediæval poetry see esp. Gio. Mari, _I trattati medievali di ritmica latina,_ Milan, 1899; and his recent edition of _Poetica magistri Iohannis anglici,_ 1901.

For the history of the kinds under the Renaissance see principally Spingarn, _op. cit._ i. chs. 3-4; ii. ch. 2; iii. ch. 3. Also Menendez y Pelayo, Borinski, Saintsbury, _passim._

Special works: on Pietro Aretino, De Sanctis, _Storia della letteratura italiana,_ ii. pp. 122-144: A. Graf, _Attraverso il cinquecento,_ Turin, 1888, pp. 87-167: K. Vossler, _P. A.'s künstlerisches Bekenntniss,_ Heidelberg, 1901. On Guarini, V. Rossi, _G. B. Guarini e il Pastor Fido,_ Turin, 1886, pp. 238-250. On Scaliger, Lintilhac, _Un Coup d'État,_ cit. For the three unities, L. Morandi, _Baretti contro Voltaire,_ 2nd ed., Città di Castello, 1884: Breitinger, _Les Unités d'Aristote avant le Cid de Corneille,_ 2nd ed., Geneva-Basle, 1895: J. Ebner, _Beitrag z. einer Geschichte d. dramatischen Einheiten in Italien,_ Munich, 1898. On the Spanish polemic concerning comedy see A. Morel Fatio on the defenders of comedy and of the _Arte nuevo,_ in the _Bulletin Hispanique_ of Bordeaux, vols. iii. and iv.: on the dramatic theories see Arnaud, _Les Théories dramatiques au XVIIe siècle, étude sur la vie et les œuvres de l'abbé D'Aubignac,_ Paris, 1888: Paul Dupont, _Un Poète philosophe au commencement du_ _XVIII^e siècle, Houdar de la Motte,_ Paris, 1898: Alfredo Galletti, _Le teorie drammatiche e la tragedia in Italia nel secolo XVIII,_ part i. 1700-1750, Cremona, 1901. On the history of French Poetics, F. Brunetière, _L'Évolution des genres dans l'histoire de la littérature,_ Paris, 1890, vol. i. introd.: "_L'évolution de la critique depuis la Renaissance jusqu'à nos jours._" On that of English Poetics, Paul Hamelius, _Die Kritik in d. engl. Literatur des XVII en u. XVIII^en Jahrh.,_ Leipzig, 1897: also the well-filled chapter in Gayley-Scott, _op. cit._ pp. 382-422, the sketch of a book on the subject. For the romantic period see Alfred Michiels, _Histoire des idées littéraires en France au XIXe siècle, et de leurs origines dans les siècles antérieures,_ 4th ed., Paris, 1863. For Italy see G. A. Borgese, _op. cit._

§ 3. For the early history of the distinction and classification of the arts see the literature quoted above in relation to Lessing, and his _Laokoon,_ with notes by Blümner. For subsequent history, H. Lotze, _Geschichte,_ cit., bk. iii.: Max Schasler, _Das System der Künste auf einem neuen, im Wesen der Kunst begründeten Gliederungsprincip,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig-Berlin, 1881, introd.: Ed. v. Hartmann, _Deutsche Ästh. s. Kant,_ bk. ii. part ii. especially pp. 524-580: V. Basch, _Essai sur l'esth. de Kant,_ pp. 483-496.

§ 4. For the doctrine of styles in antiquity see Volkmann, _op. cit._ pp. 532-566. The history of grammar and parts of speech is treated fully so far as Græco-Roman antiquity is concerned in Laur. Lersch, _Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten,_ Bonn, 1838-1841: better still by Steinthal, _Geschichte,_ cit. vol. ii. For Apollonius Dyscolus see Egger, _Apollon Dyscole,_ Paris, 1854. For the history of grammar in the Middle Ages see Ch. Thurot, _Extraits de divers manuscrits latins pour servir à l'histoire des doctrines grammaticales au moyen âge,_ Paris, 1869. For modern times, C. Trabalza, _Storia della grammatica italiana,_ Milan, 1908. For the history of Criticism several books mentioned under § 2 may be consulted: in addition to these, B. Croce, _Per la storia della critica e storiografia letteraria,_ containing Italian examples (_Probl. d. est._ pp. 419-448): for the theories of recent French criticism see Ém. Hennequin, _La Critique scientifique,_ Paris, 1888, and Ernest Tissot, _Les évolutions de la critique française,_ Paris, 1890. On the concept of "romanticism" see G. Muoni, _Note per una poetica storica del romanticismo,_ Milan, 1906: cf. B. Croce, _Le definizioni del romanticismo,_ in _Critica,_ iv. pp. 241-245 (reprinted in _Probl. di estetica,_ pp. 285-294).