Chapter III: Part 3

Climate of Pacific coast much modified by the Pacific gulf stream and the long days of summer: mean annual temperature of Yukon country, about 25deg; at Sitka, about 44deg; winter temperature at latter place about that of Washington, D.C. Rainfall copious, and foggy weather common on coasts and islands; Sitka one of rainiest places in the world outside the tropics, the annual precipitation being 65 to 90 inches, and number rainy days 200 to 285.

Sitka is seat of Bishop of Greek church, and headquarters of the Governor, who assumed official control, December, 1884. Pop., 995: white, 163; creole, 219; Thlinket, 613. Other settlements next in importance are Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet and Fort St. Michael, Norton's Sound. Harbors at Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor.

Salaries Territor'l Officers.

Governor $3,000
District Judge 3,000
Clerk of Dist. Court
& ex-officio Sec. & Treas. 2,500
Dist. Attorney 2,500
Marshal and Surveyor General 2,600
Col. of Customs 2,500 & fees
3 Deputy Colls. 1,500
1 Deputy Col. 1,200
2 Inspectors, per day 3

Number persons employed in fisheries, 6,130; capital invested, $447,000; value of products, $2,661,640; value of seal fisheries, $2,096,500; value general fisheries, $564,640.

Total pop., 33,426; white, 430; creole, 1,756; Innuit, 17,617; Aleut, 2,145; Tinneh, 3,927; Thlinket, 6,763; Hyda, 788.

Aleutian and Sitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most fertile land near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are raised here without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of Yukon, but extreme dampness and want of summer heat prevent the ripening of grain. Timber abundant on mainland; yellow cedar the best, being of great value for boat-building. Edible berries are plentiful.

A fine quality of white marble is found on Lynn Channel; coal, amber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found; sulphur is abundant in volcanic districts.

Noted for its fur-bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main source of revenue is the fur seal, the taking of which is regulated by law. The United States receives a revenue from the company to which the monopoly of the trade is granted. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut abound, and various species of salmon are found. {75}

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{76}

MEXICO.

A large republic, forming southwestern boundary of the United States. Area, 743,948 square miles; northern frontier, 1,400 miles; southern frontier, 345 miles; seacoast, 6,086 miles. Number of States, 27; Federal District, 1; Territories, 2.

POLITICAL DIVISIONS.

----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
Name. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Pop.
|Sq. Mls.| | |
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
Aguascalientes | 2,895 | 139,800 | Aguascalientes | 39,000
Campeche | 25,832 | 90,413 | Campeche | 12,600
Chiapas | 16,048 | 200,000 | San Cristobal | 15,000
Chihuahua | 83,746 | 245,657 | Chihuahua | 20,000
Coahuila | 50,890 | 144,594 | Saltillo | 24,000
Colima | 3,743 | 65,827 | Colima | 31,744
Durango | 42,510 | 200,000 | Durango | 28,000
Guanajuato | 11,411 | 898,072 | Guanajuato | 73,500
Guerrero | 24,550 | 325,000 | Chilpancingo | 3,300
Hidalgo | 8,163 | 500,000 | Pachuca | 25,000
Jalisco | 39,168 | 934,850 | Guadalajara | 93,875
Mexico | 7,838 | 710,579 | Toluca | 13,500
Michoacan | 25,689 | 784,108 | Morelia | 25,000
Morelos | 1,776 | 160,300 | Cuernavaca | 16,000
Nuevo Leon | 23,635 | 210,000 | Monterey | 50,000
Oaxaca | 33,591 | 754,468 | Oaxaca | 26,708
Puebla | 12,021 | 784,466 | Puebla | 78,000
Queretaro | 3,207 | 203,290 | Queretaro | 36,000
San Luis Potosi | 27,500 | 650,000 | San Luis Potosi | 56,800
Sinaloa | 36,198 | 201,918 | Culiacan | 9,000
Sonora | 79,021 | 141,000 | Ures | 5,000
Tabasco | 11,851 | 104,759 | San Juan Bautista | 12,000
Tamaulipas | 30,225 | 141,000 | Victoria | 8,000
Tlaxcala | 1,620 | 138,988 | Tlaxcala | 18,000
Vera Cruz | 26,232 | 595,780 | Jalapa | 12,000
Yucatan | 29,567 | 450,000 | Merida | 61,000
Zacatecas | 22,998 | 470,000 | Zacatecas | 16,500
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------

TERRITORIES.

----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
Federal District| 461 | 439,769 | Mexico |350,000
Lower California| 61,562 | 30,000 | La Paz | 4,000
Tepic | | | Tepic | 9,000
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------

LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS.

Coffee $ 1,193 | Brazil Wood $ 54,450
Eagle Dollars 176,123 | Silver Coin and Bullion 69,541
Gold Bullion 79,640 | Silver Ore 55,446
Fruit 60,681 | Cattle Hides 127,847

* * * * *

Number cattle ranches, 20,574; value, $501,249,500. Number cattle in Northern Mexico,--area, 300,000 square miles,--1,500,000; goats, 2,500,000; horses, 1,000,000; sheep, 1,000,000.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.

Cotton $6,429,454 | Wheat $ 16,970,789
Pulque 8,769,700 | Corn 109,169,429
Sugar 8,527,290 | ------------
| Total Ag. Prod. $172,721,803

{77}

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{78}

UNITED STATES.

A republic occupying the central portion of North America, together with Alaska, in extreme northwest.

Area land surface, 3,547,000 square miles; greatest length, east and west, about 2,800 miles; average breadth, about 1,200 miles; British American boundary, 3,540 miles; Mexican, 1,550 miles; coast line, exclusive of land indentations, 5,715 miles; lake shore line, 3,450 miles. Number States, 38; Territories, 10.

New York ranks first in population; Pennsylvania, second; Ohio, third; Illinois, fourth. New York City, metropolis of republic; Philadelphia ranks second; Brooklyn, third; Chicago, fourth. Washington, capital; population, 147,293.

Railway mileage, 1830, 23, having increased to 126,718, January, 1886. Increase, 1885, 3,214

Salt Industry. Breweries.
Capital $8,225,740 | Number 2,741
Bushels 29,800,298 | Quantity Brewed 513,192,120 gals.
Value $4,817,636 | Consumption per head 10-1/4 gals.

Imported Merchandise. Immigrants.
Gums $ 4,400,166 | Professional occupations 2,284
Tea 13,636,053 | Skilled 55,061
Breadstuffs 6,704,543 | Miscellaneous 184,195
Laces, etc. 10,012,894 | Occupations not stated 31,665
Manuf. of Silk 36,673,646 | Without occupation 245,387
Wines 5,660,833 | -------
| Total 518,592

STATISTICS FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884.

Whale Fisheries $1,517,353 | Breadstuffs exported $162,544,715
Other Fisheries 4,731,043 | Cotton and manuf. of,
---------- | exported 208,900,415
Total $6,248,396 | Coal, exported 5,031,959

Total value of dutiable merchandise imported $457,813,509
Total value merchandise imported free from duty 209,884,184

IMPORTS. EXPORTS.
Merchandise $667,697,693 $740,513,609
Coin and Bullion 37,426,262 67,133,383

DOMESTIC EXPORTS. FOREIGN EXPORTS.
Merchandise $724,964,852 $15,548,757
Coin and Bullion 50,225,635 16,907,748

COMMERCE OF PACIFIC COAST.

IMPORTS. EXPORTS.
Europe $5,156,311 $31,225,433
Asia, Australasia and Oceanica 18,766,855 4,166,516
Hawaiian Islands 7,925,925 3,109,697
Mexico, Central and South America 2,738,444 3,321,938
British Columbia 1,283,931 2,502,954
All other 1,308,064 2,059,746
----------- -----------
Totals $37,179,530 $46,386,284

Total value of products of industry $10,000,000,000
Average annual coal production 77,908,874 tons.
Average annual value exports domestic merchandise $794,060,103
Average annual value imports domestic merchandise 635,227,511
Average annual value exports of cotton 12,322,428
Average annual value imports cotton manufactures 32,285,660

{79}

* * * * *

{80}

MAINE. M[=a]n. "PINE TREE STATE."

Settled by the English at Bristol, 1624; admitted 1820.

Area, 33,040 square miles; extreme length, 300 miles; extreme breadth, 210 miles; shore line over 2,400 miles, including islands; the Penobscot, Androscoggin, Saco, St. Croix, Aroostook and St. John are the most important streams. Number counties, 16.

Temperature of Portland: winter, 23deg to 38deg; summer, 63deg to 69deg. Rainfall at Brunswick, 45 inches.

Portland, the metropolis and principal seaport; pop., 31,413. Augusta, the capital; pop., 8,665. Bangor, a port of entry and lumber centre; pop., 16,856. Biddeford, an important manufacturing town; pop, 12,651. Lewiston, principal seat cotton manufactures; pop., 19,083.

Number farms, 64,309; average value per acre, cleared land, $12.87; woodland, $12.66. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding l,214,033 tons in 1883; corn crop, 1884, 1,062,000 bu.: wheat, 629,400 bu.; oats, 2,428,000 bu.; latest reported dairy products, 3,720,783 gallons milk, 14,109,966 lbs. butter and 1,945,095 lbs. cheese.

Lumbering one of chief industries, forests covering over 10,000,000 acres; number saw-mills, 848; total products, $7,933,868.

Fisheries give employment to 11,071 persons, and produce an income of $3,614,178, including oyster fisheries, valued at $37,500.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $2,000
Sec'y of State 1,200
Treasurer 1,600
Attorney Gen. 1,000
Adjutant Gen. 900
Sup. Com. Schls 1,000
Sec. Bd. of Agr. 600
State Librarian 600
Chief Justice 3,000
7 Asso. Justices 3,000
Senators, } $150;
Representatives } mileage, 20 cents.
District Judge 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 2,500
Col. Customs 6,000
Surveyor Cus. 4,500
Pension Agt. 4,000

Presidential P. O.

Auburn $2,200
Augusta 3,100
Bangor 2,700
Bath 2,200
Belfast 1,800
Biddeford 2,200
Brunswick 1,700
Calais 1,600
Eastport 1,500
Ellsworth 1,500
Gardiner 1,800
Hallowell 1,600
Lewiston 2,500
Portland 3,300
Rockland 2,100
Saco 1,700
Skowhegan 1,700
Waterville 2,000
19 P.O. 1,500 to 1,000

Valuable slate quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; granite is obtained in blocks of immense size; latest reported product, 2,203,670 cubic feet; value, $1,175,286. Ranks fifth in buckwheat and copper; eighth in hops and potatoes.

The State has 379 shipbuilding establishments; number new vessels built, 88; boats, 970; total value, $2,909,846.

Pop., 648,936: male, 324,058; female, 324,878; native, 590,053; foreign, 58,883; white, 646,852; colored, 1,451; Chinese, 8; Indians, 625.

State elections, second Monday in September; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 31; Representatives, 151; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.

Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 3; system of common, high and normal schools excellent; of 519,669 persons 10 years old and upward, 3.5 per cent. are unable to read; school age, 4-21.

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {81}

* * * * *

{82}

NEW HAMPSHIRE. N[=u] Hamp'shir. "GRANITE STATE."

One of the thirteen original States; settled by English Puritans at Dover and Portsmouth, 1623.

Area, 9,335 square miles; length, 180 miles; average breadth, 45 miles; seacoast, 18 miles; best harbor at Portsmouth. Number counties, 10.

Average temperature at Concord, 46deg; Hanover,43deg; Manchester, 49deg; Portsmouth, 46deg. Rainfall at Hanover, 40 inches.

Manchester, chief city and manufacturing town, pop., 32,630. Pop. Nashua, 13,397; Concord, 13,843; Dover, 11,687; Portsmouth, 9690

Number farms, 32,181; average value per acre, cleared land, $15; woodland, $32. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding nearly 600,000 tons by last report; corn crop, 1884, 1,286,000 bu., 33 bu. to the acre; wheat, 170,700 bu., 14.6 bu. to the acre; oats, 993,000 bu., 32.4 bu. to the acre.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $1,000
Sec. State $800 & fees
Treasurer 1,800
Attorney Gen. 2,200
Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000
3 R. R. Commission'rs 2,000 to 2,500
Adjutant Gen. 1,000
Sec. Bd. Agr. 1,000
Librarian 800
Chief Justice 2,900
6 Asso. Justices 2,700
Senators, } $3 a day
Representatives } and mileage.
District Judge 3,500
Pension Agent 4,000
Col. Int. Rev. 1,125

Presidential P. O.

Claremont $1,800
Concord 2,700
Dover 2,300
Exeter 1,600
Franklin Falls 1,400
Great Falls 1,700
Hanover 1,500
Keene 2,300
Laconia 1,700
Lancaster 1,500
Lebanon 1,700
Littleton 1,600
Manchester 2,300
Milford 1,400
Nashua 2,500
Plymouth 1,500
Portsmouth 2,400
Rochester 1,600
14 P.O. $1,300 to 1,000

Ranks third in manufacture of cotton goods, value, $18,228,573; value woolen goods, $8,113,839; worsted goods, $2,694,232; sawed lumber, $3,842,012; leather, $4,477,350; paper, $1,731,170; boots and shoes, $7,230,804; flouring and grist mill products, $2,542,784; hosiery and knit goods, $2,362,779.

Mica is quarried at Grafton, and is very valuable; soapstone is found at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; granite of fine quality is quarried at Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere.

Population, 346,991: male, 170,526; female, 176,465; native, 300,697; foreign, 46,294; white, 346,229; colored, 685; Chinese, 14; Indians, 63.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 321; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in June; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.

Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 105,138. Paupers are excluded from voting.

Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769; compulsory education law; common schools excellent; school age, 5-15.

Mount Washington, highest point east of the Mississippi excepting two or three peaks in North Carolina; a three-mile railroad extends to the summit.

No asylum for deaf, dumb or blind.

Legal interest, 6; usury forfeits thrice the excess. {83}

* * * * *

{84}

VERMONT. Ver-mont'. "GREEN MOUNTAIN STATE."

First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near Brattleboro, 1724; admitted 1791,--the first State to join the original thirteen.

Area, 9,565 square miles, a little larger than New Hampshire; length, 150 miles; breadth, 35 to 50 miles. Lake Champlain frontage, over 100 miles; Burlington the chief harbor. Number counties, 14.

Temperature at Burlington: winter, 18deg to 33deg; summer, 66deg to 71deg; rainfall, 34 inches. Death rate, only 1.07 per cent. per annum.

Burlington, seat of Vermont lumber trade; pop., 11,365. Montpelier, capital. Rutland, famous for its marble works; pop., 12,149. Pop. of Bennington, 6,333; of Saint Albans, 7,193.

First railroad, 1849, from Bellows Falls to Burlington by way of Rutland; present mileage, 937.

Number farms, 35,522. Average value per acre, cleared land, $15.28; woodland, $17.73. Corn crop, 1884, 1,998,700 bushels; wheat, 364,500 bushels; oats, 3,625,000 bushels. Latest report for hay, 1,148,100 tons; potatoes, 4,708,550 bushels; cheese, 6,121,130 lbs.; butter, 25,245,826 lbs.

Salaries State Officers.

Governor $1,000
Lieut. Gov. $6 a day.
Sec'y of State 1,700
Treasurer 1,700
Auditor 2,000
Insp. Finances 500
R. R. Com'r 500
Adjutant Gen. 750
Supt. Pub. Inst'n 1,400
Chief Justice 2,500
6 Asso. Justices 2,500
Senators, Representatives $3 a day.
Dist. Judge 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 2,650
Col. of Customs 1,000 & fees

Presidential P. O.

Barre $1,400
Bellows Falls 1,800
Bennington 1,700
Bradford 1,600
Brandon 1,500
Brattleboro 2,400
Burlington 2,600
Fair Haven 1,400
Middlebury 1,700
Montpelier 2,300
Poultney 1,400
Rutland 2,500
St. Albans 2,100
St. Johnsbury 2,200
Springfield 1,500
Vergennes 1,600
West Randolph 1,500
Woodstock 1,500
11 P. O. $1,400 to 1,000

Mineral wealth of great value; manganese, copper pyrites, iron ore, and gold deposits have been found. Black, white, red and variegated marbles are abundant; annual value marble, over $3,000,000, and of slate, about $1,000,000.

Number different industries, 2,874, giving employment to 17,540 persons. Number butter and cheese establishments, 85; flour and grist, 227; furniture, 56; leather tanning, 53; lumber sawing, 688; marble and stone work, 69; wares of tin, sheet-iron and copper, 95.

Ranks fourth in copper, and seventh in hops and buckwheat.

Population: 332,286; male, 166,887; female, 165,399; native, 291,327; foreign, 40,959; white, 331,218; colored, 1,057: Indians, 11.

State elections biennial, first Tuesday in September; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 30; Representatives, 240; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in October; limit of session, none; terms or Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.

Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 95,621. Bribers excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 2; school population, 99,463: school age, 5-20.

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {85}

* * * * *

{86}

MASSACHUSETTS. M[)a]s-sa-ch[=u]'sets. "OLD BAY STATE."

One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by English Puritans, at Plymouth, 1620.

Area, 8,315 square miles; length, northeast and southwest, 160 miles; breadth, 47 to 100 miles. Number counties, 14.

Temperature at Boston: winter, 27deg to 38deg; summer, 66deg to 71deg; rainfall, 45 inches.

Boston, capital and metropolis; pop., 390,406. Lowell, Lawrence and Fall River famous for cotton manufactures; pops., 64,051, 38,845 and 56,863. Worcester, great railroad and manufacturing centre; pop., 68,383. Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest in America, pop., 59,660. Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and shoes; pop., 45,861. New Bedford, greatest whaling port in the world; pop., 33,393. Springfield contains greatest arsenal in the United States; pop., 37,577.

Number of farms, 38,406; average value per acre, cleared land, $85; woodland, $43.25. Hay, the most valuable crop; wheat, 1884, 19,000 bushels; oats, 717,000; corn, 1,941,300 bu. Ranks first in cotton, woolen and worsted goods, and in cod and mackerel fisheries, owning over half of the fishing vessels of the United States; second in wealth and commerce; third in manufactures and in printing and publishing; fourth in silk goods; fifth in soap; sixth in iron and steel; ninth in agricultural implements.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $5,000
Lt. Governor 2,000
Sec'y of State 3,000
Treasurer 4,000
Auditor 2,500
Attorney Gen. 4,000
Chief Justice 6,500
6 Asso. Justices 6,000
District Judge 4,000
Senators, }
Representatives } $650 per year.
Pension Ag't 4,000
3 Collectors Int. Rev. 3,000 to 4,500
Coll. of Customs, Boston 8,000
Naval Officer 5,000

Presidential P. O.

Boston $6,000
Brockton 2,500
Fall River 2,800
Fitchburg 2,600
Gloucester 2,500
Haverhill 2,600
Holyoke 2,700
Lawrence 2,700
Lowell 3,200
Lynn 3,100
New Bedford 3,000
Northampton 2,500
Pittsfield 2,700
Salem 2,700
Springfield 3,200
Taunton 2,600
Worcester 3,300
101 Offices 2,400 to 1,000

Population 1,941,465; male, 932,429; female, 1,009,036; native, 1,459,982; foreign, 481,483; white, 1,920,498; colored, 20,361; Chinese, 229; Japanese, 8; Indians, 369.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number Senators, 40; Representatives, 240; sessions annual, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, one year each. Number electoral votes, 14; number voters, 544,192; native white, 353,347; foreign white, 184,439; colored, 6,406; Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read and write excluded from voting.

Number quarries, 113; ports of entry, 9; customs districts, 11. First American newspaper, Boston, 1690; first freight railroad in United States, Quincy; first American library at Harvard College.

Number colleges, 7; education compulsory; schools excellent; school age, 5-15.

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {87}

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{88}

RHODE ISLAND. R[=o]d I'land. "LITTLE RHODY."

One of the thirteen original States and smallest in the Union; supposed temporary settlement by Icelanders as early as 1000; settled by Roger Williams at Providence, 1636; last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the Constitution, which it did in 1790.

Area, 1,250 square miles; extreme length, north and south, 47 miles; extreme width, 40 miles. Good harbors at Providence, Bristol, Warren and Newport, the latter one of the finest in the world. Number counties, 5.

Temperature at Newport: Winter, 29deg to 43deg; summer, 64deg to 71deg: rainfall, 43 inches.

United States customs districts at Newport, Providence, Bristol and Warren; two capitals, Providence and Newport; populations, 117,628 and 19,552. Population of Lincoln, 17,269; of Pawtucket, 22,894; of Warwick, 13,284; of Woonsocket, 16,145.

Number farms, 6,216. Hay the most valuable crop; yield of 1883, 81,708 tons; potato crop, 845,185 bushels; corn crop, 1884, 890,000 bushels; oats, 161,000 bushels. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 3,831,706 gallons; butter, 1,007,103 lbs.; cheese, 67,171 lbs.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $1,000
Lieut. Gov 500
Sec'y of State 2,500
Gen. Treasurer 2,500
State Auditor }
Ins. Com'r } 2,500
Railroad Com'r 500
Attorney Gen 2,500
Adjutant Gen 600
Com. Pub. Schls 2,500
Chief Justice 4,500
4 Asso. Justices 4,000
Senators, } $1 per day
Representatives } mileage 8 cents.
District Judge $3,500
Apr. of Cust'ms 3,000
Clerk 1,200
3 Collectors Fees.
4 Dep. Colls. $1,000 to 2,000
Col. Int. Rev 2,750
5 Dep. Colls. 1,200 to 1,400
Supt. Life Saving Ser. 1,800
Asst. Supt. 1,000
36 Keepers 700

Presidential P. O.

Bristol $1,700
Central Falls 1,700
E. Greenwich 1,600
Lonsdale 1,300
Newport 2,700
Olneyville 1,700
Pawtucket 2,600
Providence 3,500
Warren 1,300
Westerly 2,100
Woonsocket 2,300

Outranks, in proportion to its size, all other States in value of manufactures. Number looms, 30,274; spindles, 1,649,295, using 161,694 bales of cotton, and giving employment to 22,228 persons. Ranks second in cotton, flax and linen goods.

Value of cotton goods manufactured, $24,609,461; woolen goods, $15,410,450; worsted goods, $6,177,754; boots and shoes, rubber, $1,455,420; dyeing and finishing textiles, $6,874,254; foundry and machine-shop products, $6,281,707; jewelry, $5,650,133.

Population. 303,816; male, 146,135; female, 157,681; native, 222,697; foreign, 81,119; white, 296,585; colored, 7,127; Chinese, 27; Indians, 77.

State elections, first Wednesday in April; congressional, and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 36; Representatives, 72; sessions annual; meeting last Tuesday in May, at Newport, and an adjourned session annually at Providence; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 1 year each.

Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 84,460; persons without property to the value of $134 excluded from voting.

Number colleges. 1; Brown's University, at Providence, founded 1764; common school system excellent; school age, 5-15.

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {89}

* * * * *

{90}

CONNECTICUT Kon-net'e-kut. "NUTMEG STATE."

Name of Indian origin, signifying Long River.

One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by English at Hartford, 1635.

Area, 4,990 square miles; average length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55 miles; seacoast, over 100 miles. Principal river valleys: Thames, Connecticut and Housatonic. Most important harbors: Bridgeport, New Haven, New London, Saybrook and Stonington. Number counties, 8.

Temperature at New Haven: winter, 27deg to 40deg; summer, 68deg to 74deg: rainfall, 44 inches.

Hartford the capital, and noted for banking and insurance business; population, 42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," the metropolis, and noted for educational institutions; population, 62,882. Bridgeport, noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; population, 27,343. Waterbury, an important manufacturing city; population, 17,806. Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stonington are ports of entry.

Number farms, 30,598. Average value per acre, cleared land, $29; woodland, $24.50. Corn crop of 1884, 1,767,790 bu.; wheat, 86,200 bu.; oats, 1,112,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 12,289,893 gals.; butter, 8,292,360 lbs.; cheese, 1,028,015 lbs.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $4,000
Lieut. Gov. 500
Sec'y of State 1,500
Treasurer 1,500
Comptroller 1,500
Sec. State Bd. Ed. 3,000
Adjutant Gen. 1,200
Ins. Com'r. 3,500
3 R. R. Com'rs. 3,000
Chief Justice 4,500
4 Asso. Justices 4,000
Senators, } $300 and
Representatives } mileage
District Judge 3,500
2 Colls. In. Rev. 3,000
13 Deputy Collectors 800 to 1,775
Stmpd. En. Agt. 2,500

Presidential P. O.

Ansonia $2,100
Birmingham 2,200
Bridgeport 3,100
Bristol 1,900
Danbury 2,400
Hartford 3,400
Meriden 2,700
Middletown 2,600
New Britain 2,500
New Haven 3,400
New London 2,600
Norwalk 2,000
Norwich 2,700
South Norwich 2,000
Stamford 2,400
Waterbury 2,700
Willimantic 2,100
38 Offices 1,800 to 1,000

Number different industries, 4,488. Capital invested in manufacture: rubber goods, $1,681,600; carpets, other than rag, $3,085,000; clocks, $1,816,400; cotton goods, $21,104,200; woolen goods, $7,907,452; sewing machines and attachments, $6,490,650.

Ranks first in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth in cotton goods, eighth in tobacco.

Population, 622,700: male, 305,782; female, 316,918; native, 492,708; foreign, 129,992; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Japanese, 6; Indians, 255.

State elections, annual, at same date as congressional and presidential; number Senators, 21; Representatives, 249; meeting of legislature, Wednesday after first Monday in January; limit, none; term of Senators, 2 years; of Representatives, 1 year.

Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 177,291. Convicts and those unable to read are excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 3, having about 160,000 volumes in libraries; Yale College, at New Haven, founded, 1701. School age, 4-16.

Legal interest rate, 6; no penalty for usury, but more than 6 per cent. can not be collected by law. {91}

* * * * *

{92}

NEW YORK. "EMPIRE OR EXCELSIOR STATE."

One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of the Duke of York to whom the patent was granted; first settled by Dutch, on Manhattan Island, 1614.

Area, 49,170 square miles; extreme length, east and west, 412 miles; extreme breadth, 311 miles; two-thirds of boundaries formed by navigable rivers; total water frontage, 880 miles. Number counties, 60. Temperature at Albany: winter, 22deg to 36deg; summer, 67deg to 73deg. Rainfall at Buffalo, 34 inches, and at Penn Yan, 28 inches.

New York City, chief commercial point of United States, ranking 1st in exports and imports; pop., 1,206,299,--greater by nearly three-fifths than that of the Territories. Brooklyn is 2d in size; pop. 566,663. Buffalo, "Queen City of the Lakes," is, next to Chicago, most important shipping point for grain on the lakes; pop., 155,134. Rochester, noted for manufactures and extensive nurseries; pop., 89,366. Syracuse has extensive salt works; pop., 51,792. Albany, the capital; pop., 90,758; customs districts, 10.

First railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, 1831; present railroad mileage, 7,349; artificial waterways, 907 miles.

Number farms, 241,058; average value per acre, cleared land, $58.48; woodland, $40.88

Salaries of State Officers.

Gov'r $10,000 and house
Lieut. Gov. 5,000
Sec'y of State 5,000
Treasurer 5,000
Comptroller 6,000
Attorney Gen. 5,000
Chief Justice 7,500
Senators & } 1,500
Representatives } m'l'ge 10 cts.
3 Dist. Judges 4,000
Pension Agt. 4,000
Pos. Stamp Agt. 2,500
D. Supt. R'y Ser. 2,500
12 Colls. Int. Revenue 2,750 to 4,500
Col. Customs New York 12,000
Supt. Assay O. 4,500

Presidential P. O.

Albany $3,500
Auburn 2,900
Binghamton 3,000
Brooklyn 3,800
Buffalo 3,800
Elmira 3,000
Lockport 2,700
Newburgh 2,700
New York 8,000
Oswego 2,700
Poughkeepsie 2,900
Rochester 3,600
Saratoga Spr. 2,700
Syracuse 3,400
Troy 3,300
Utica 3,200
Watertown 2,700
204 Post Offices 2,600 to 1,000

Corn crop, 1884, 22,674,300 bu.; wheat, 12,729,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 231,965,533 gallons; butter, 116,119,847 lbs.; cheese, 117,085,442 lbs. Ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and milch cows; second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles railway and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats and rye.

Population, 5,082,871: male, 2,505,322; female, 2,577,549; native, 3,871,492; foreign, 1,211,379; white, 5,016,022; colored, 65,104; Chinese, 909; Indians, 819. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 128; sessions of legislature annual, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 2 years; of Representatives, 1 year.

Number electoral votes, 36; number voters, 1,408,751; native white, 852,094; foreign white, 536,598. Election betters or bribers, and convicts, excluded from voting.

Number of colleges, 28; school pop., 1,681,101; school age, 5-21.

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits principal and interest. {93}

* * * * *

{94}

NEW JERSEY. Jer'zee. "JERSEY BLUE."

Named in honor of a grantee, Sir George Carteret, at one time Governor of the Island of Jersey. One of the thirteen original States, settled by Dutch, at Bergen, 1620. Area, 7,815 square miles; extreme length, 157 mls.; breadth, 37 to 70 mls.; frontage on Atlantic and Delaware Bay, about 120 miles each. Number counties, 21.

Temperature at Atlantic City: winter, 32deg to 42deg; summer, 66deg to 73deg. Rainfall at Newark, 45 inches.

Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are ports of entry. Newark, metropolis; population, 152,988. Jersey City, a suburb of New York; population, 153,513. Trenton, capital; pop. 34,386. Paterson, manufacturing city; pop., 63,273. Extensive zinc works at Newark and Jersey City. Pop. Elizabeth, 32,119; Hoboken, 37,721; Camden, 52,884.

Number farms, 34,307. Average value per acre, cleared land, $82.52; woodland, $56.82. Number engaged in agriculture, 59,214.

Hay the most valuable crop; potato yield, 1883, 4,275,857 bu.; wheat, 1884, 2,022,000 bu.; corn 10,992,032 bu.; cranberry growing a specialty, Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties being especially adapted to this industry. Central region a vast market garden.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $5,000
Sec'y of State 6,000
Treasurer 4,000
Comptroller 4,000
Attorney Gen. 7,000
Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000
Adjutant Gen. 1,200
Librarian 1,500
Chief Justice 7,500
8 Asso. Justic's 7,000
Chancellor 10,000
Senators, Representatives 500 a year
District Judge 3,500
Supt. Life Saving Service 1,800
39 Keepers 700
3 Collectors Int. Rev. $2,375 to 4,500

Presidential P. O.

Asbury Park $2,300
Atlantic City 2,400
Bridgeton 2,100
Camden 2,800
Elizabeth 2,700
Hoboken 2,400
Jersey City 3,200
Morristown 2,400
Newark 3,400
New Brunswick 2,500
Orange 2,300
Paterson 2,800
Plainfield 2,500
Rahway 2,200
Trenton 3,100
Washington 3,100
46 P.O., 2,000 to 1,100

Latest reports give, for cotton used, 20,569 bales; 108 factories for silk and silk goods, and number hands employed, 12,549; 2,234 hands employed in jewelry factories; number of flour and grist mills, 481; brick and tile factories, 107.

Latest figures received for iron ore, 757,372; value sea fisheries, $1,115,154; oysters sold, $2,080,625; marl dug in 1882, 1,080,000 tons.

Ranks first in fertilizing marl, zinc and silk goods; fourth in iron ore; fifth in iron and steel; sixth in buckwheat and soap; seventh in rye.

Population, 1,131,116: male, 559,922; female, 571,194; native, 909,416; foreign, 221,700: white, 1,092,017; colored, 38,853; Chinese, 172; Indians, 74.

State elections annual; same date as congressional and presidential; number of Senators 21, of Representatives, 60; meeting of legislature, 2d Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 3 years; of Representatives, 1 year. Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 300,635. Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 4; number enrolled in public schools, 209,526; school age, 5-18.

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits entire interest. {95}

* * * * *

{96}

PENNSYLVANIA. Pen-sil-va'ne-ah. "KEYSTONE STATE."

Named in honor of William Penn, the grantee. One of the thirteen original States. First permanent settlement made by Swedes at Chester, 1638.

Area, 45,215 square miles; extreme length, 303 miles; greatest breadth, 176 miles. Largest rivers, Delaware, Susquehanna, Alleghany Monongahela, Ohio. Number counties, 67. Temp. at Philadelphia: winter, 31deg to 42deg; summer, 70deg to 75deg: rainfall, 44 in.

Philadelphia founded 1682; chief city of State, and second in U. S.; contains U. S. mint and navy yard; pop., 846,984. Pittsburg, extensive manufacturing city; pop., 156,389. Harrisburg is capital; pop., 30,762. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry.

Number farms, 156,357, averaging about 100 acres each. Average value per acre, cleared land, $45.75; woodland, $29.75. Corn crop, 1884, 43,466,000 bushels; wheat, 20,820,000 bushels; annual value butter, milk and cheese, over $35,000,000.

Manufacture of pig iron the great industry; total production in U. S., 1880, 4,295,414 tons, of which Penn. produced 2,083,121 tons. Number manufacturing establishments, 10,381; flour and grist, 2,873; iron and steel, 321; sawed lumber, 2,826; paper, 78; woolen goods, 324.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $10,000
Lieut. Gov. 3,000
Sec'y of State 4,000
Treasurer 5,000
Auditor Gen. 3,000
Attorney Gen. 3,500
Chief Justice 8,500
6 Asso. Justices 8,000
Senators, } $1,000 for 100 days.
Representatives. } $10 per d.
Mileage 5 cents.
2 Dist. Judges 4,000
2 Pension Agts. 4,000
10 Colls. Int. Revenue 4,500 to 2,375
Col. Customs, Philadelp'ia 8,000

Presidential P. O.

Alleghany $2,900
Allentown 2,600
Altoona 2,500
Bradford 2,700
Easton 2,600
Erie 3,000
Harrisburg 3,100
Lancaster 2,900
Meadville 2,500
Philadelphia 6,000
Pittsburg 3,800
Reading 3,000
Scranton 2,900
Titusville 2,500
Wilkesbarre 2,700
Williamsport 2,800
York 2,700
149 Offices. 2,400 to 1,000

Anthracite coal field central division; bituminous in west and southwest. Produces all the anthracite and more than half the bituminous coal of the United States.

Ranks first in rye, iron and steel, petroleum and coal; second in buckwheat, potatoes and printing and publishing; third in milch cows, hay, soap and miles railway; fourth in oats and tobacco; fifth in silk goods, malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, copper, and agricultural implements; eighth in horses and sheep.

Population, 4,282,891: male, 2,136,655; female, 2,146,236; native, 3,695,062; foreign, 587,829; white, 4,197,016; colored, 85,535; Chinese, 148; Japanese, 8; Indians, 184.

State elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential; number Senators, 50; of Representatives, 201; sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 150 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 30; number voters, 1,094,284. Non-taxpayers and political bribers excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 26; enrolled in public schools, 945,345; school age, 6-21.

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {97}

* * * * *

{98}

DELAWARE. Del'a-war. "THE DIAMOND STATE."

One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Lord Delaware, Governor of Virginia, who entered the bay, 1610. First permanent settlement made by Swedes, near present city of Wilmington, 1638. First to ratify Federal constitution, 1787.

Area, 2,050 square miles; extreme length, 96 miles; breadth, about 36 miles on south, and 10 miles on north. Number counties, 8. Temperature at Delaware breakwater: winter, 30deg to 38deg; summer, 69deg to 74deg: rainfall, about 50 inches.

Wilmington, metropolis, and has important coasting trade; population, 42,478. Dover is capital. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen greatest work of its kind in America, cost the United States $2,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of construction.

Number farms, 6,658, of which 5,041 are occupied by owners. Average value per acre, cleared land, $19; woodland, $15.

Corn crop of 1884, 3,975,000 bushels; wheat, 1,007,000 bushels; peaches, berries and garden products find ready market. Value peach crop, over $1,500,000 annually. The growing of sweet potatoes a valuable industry.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $2,000
Secy' of State 1,000
Treasurer 1,450
Auditor 700
Adjutant Gen. 200
Attorney Gen. 2,000
Supt. Pub. Ins. 1,500
State Librarian 450
Chief Justice 2,500
Chancellor 2,500
3 Asso. Justices 2,200
Senators, } $3 pr. day
Representatives } and mileage.
District Judge 3,500
Dist. Att. $200 & fees
Col. Inter. Rev. 2,875
6 Deputy Collectors $900 to 1,600
Clerk 1,000
Collector of Customs 500 & fees
2 Deputy Collectors 500 to 1600
5 Boatmen 300

Presidential P. O.

Dover $1,700
Middletown 1,300
Milford 1,400
Newark 1,200
Newcastle 1,100
Smyrna 1,400
Wilmington 3,100

Number different industries, 746; flour and grist mills, 81; canning and preserving, 33; shipbuilding, 18; lumber sawing, 86.

Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables an important industry; capital invested, $396,379; value of products, $634,940.

Capital invested in fisheries, $268,231; persons employed, 1,979. Value products general fisheries, $309,029: menhaden, $941; oysters, $687,725: total, $997,695.

Value manufactured cotton goods, $1,057,257; iron and steel, $2,347,177; iron pipe, wrought, $2,000,000; leather, dressed skins, $1,886,597; shipbuilding, $2,162,503. Products of all manufacturing and mechanical industries, $20,514,438.

Pop., 146,608: male, 74,108; female, 72,500; native, 137,140; foreign, 9,468; white, 120,166; colored, 26,442; slaves, 1860, 1,798.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 9; Representatives, 21; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 21 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 3; number voters, 38,298. Idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from voting.

Colleges at Newark and Wilmington; school age: 6-21.

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits the principal. {99}

* * * * *

{100}

MARYLAND. M[=a]'re-land.

One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Maria, wife of Charles II., King of England; first permanent settlement made by English Roman Catholics at St. Mary's, 1634.

Area, 12,210 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 196 miles; seacoast, 83 miles, or, including the tidewater region of Chesapeake Bay, 411 miles, and, with shores of islands, 509 miles. Number counties, 23. Temperature at Baltimore: winter, 33deg to 41deg; summer, 73deg to 79deg; rainfall, 41 inches.

Baltimore, the metropolis; laid out 1730; port of entry and commercial centre; has regular lines European steamers; pop., 332,313. Annapolis, capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop. 5,744. Cumberland, depot of western mining region; pop., 10,693.

Number farms, 1860, 25,494; 1880, 40,517. Average value per acre cleared land, $24.65; woodland, $35.50.

Value principal orchard products,--peaches, pears, plums and apples,--nearly $2,000,000; canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, over $2,000,000; oyster fisheries, nearly $5,000,000.

Wheat crop, 1884, 8,260,000 bu.; corn, 15,237,000 bu.; oats, 1,980,000 bu.; buckwheat, 1883, 117,800 bu.; tobacco, 31,570,793 lbs.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $4,500
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 2,500
Comptroller 2,500
Attorney Gen. 3,000
Chief Justice 3,500
7 Asso. Justices 3,500
District Judge 4,000
Senators, } $5 pr. day
Repres'ntatives } and mileage.
2 Colls. Int. Revenue 2,625 to 4,500
Col. of Customs 7,000
2 Colls. 250 and 1,200 fees.
Auditor 2,500
Naval Officer 5,000
Surveyor 4,500

Presidential P. O.

Annapolis $2,400
Baltimore 5,000
Bel Air 1,200
Cambridge 1,400
Centreville 1,300
Chestertown 1,300
Cumberland 2,300
Easton 1,700
Elkton 1,500
Ellicott City 1,300
Emmittsburgh 1,300
Frederick 2,200
Frostburgh 1,300
Hagerstown 2,300
Havre de Grace 1,300
Port Deposit 1,100
Salisbury 1,400
Towson 1,100
Westminster 1,500

Number manufacturing establishments, 6,787; capital invested $58,742,384; hands employed, 74,945; bales cotton used, 46,947; pig iron produced, 61,437 tons; flour and grist mills, 546; tons coal mined, 2,227,844.

Ranks fourth in coal, seventh in tobacco, eighth in copper, ninth in iron ore. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore, in Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George's counties.

Population, 934,943: male, 462,187; female, 472,756; native, 852,137; foreign, 82,806 white, 724,693; colored, 210,230; Chinese, 5; Indians, 15. Slaves, 1860, 87,189.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 91; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years; meeting of legislature, first Wednesday in January; limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.

Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 232,106; native white, 144,586; foreign white, 38,936; colored, 48,584. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 11; school population, 319,201; school age, 5-20.

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {101}

* * * * *

{102}

VIRGINIA. Ver-jin'e-ah. "OLD DOMINION."

Named in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. One of the thirteen original States. Settled by English at Jamestown, 1607. Slavery introduced 1619. Seceded May, 1861; re-admitted Jan., 1870.

Area, 42,450 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 440 miles; greatest breadth, 190 miles. Coast line, about 120 miles, or tidal frontage, 1,500 miles. Number counties, 100. Temperature at Norfolk: winter, 40deg to 48deg; summer, 75deg to 80deg. Rainfall at White Sulphur Spring, 38 inches.

Richmond, capital and metropolis; pop., 63,600. Pop. of Norfolk 21,966; of Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads is one of the best harbors on Atlantic coast. Seven ports of entry.

Number farms, 118,517; 51 per cent. of laborers are engaged in agriculture. Average value per acre, cleared lands, $9.42; woodland, $7.48.

Marble quarried on Potomac. Number sandstone quarries, 10; shipbuilding establishments, 65; saw-mills, 907; sawed lumber, $3,434,163; flour and grist mills, 1,385; value products, $12,210,272; foundry and machine-shop, $1,361,231; iron and steel, $2,585,999; cotton goods, $1,040,962; leather tanned, $1,011,830; slaughtering and meat packing, $1,054,500. Total number industries, 5,710; capital invested, $26,968,990; value products, $51,780,992.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $5,000
Lieut. Gov. 900
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 2,000
Auditor 3,000
Sec. Auditor 2,000
Attorney Gen. 2,500
Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,500
Adjutant. Gen. 600
Com'r of Agr. 1,500
Supt. of Land O. 1,300
Pres. Sup. Ct. 3,250
4 J'dg's Sup. Ct. 3,000
2 Dist. Judges 3,500
Senators, Representatives $540 per year.
5 Colls. Int. Revenue 3,000 to 4,500

Presidential P. O.

Abingdon $1,500
Alexandria 2,400
Charlottesville 1,900
Danville 2,400
Freder'cksb'gh 1,800
Hampton 1,600
Harrisonbu'gh 1,600
Lexington 1,600
Liberty 1,600
Lynchburgh 2,800
Norfolk 3,100
Petersburgh 2,600
Portsmouth 1,900
Richmond 3,400
Roanoke 2,100
Staunton 2,400
Winchester 1,900
5 Post Offices 1,500
10 P.O. $1,400 to 1,000

Gold produced, 1882, $15,000; latest reported iron ore product, 182,326 tons; zinc, 10,448 tons; lead, 11,200 tons.

Ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in salt and iron ore.

Population, 1,512,565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; native, 1,497,869; foreign, 14,696; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Chinese, 6; Indians, 85; slaves, 1860, 490,865.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in December; limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.

Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 334,505; colored, 128,257; native white, 198,277; foreign white, 7,971. Lunatics, idiots, convicts, duelists, United States army, and non-taxpayers of capitation tax excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 7; school population, 555,807; school age, 5-21.

Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8: usury forfeits excess over 6 per cent. {103}

* * * * *

{104}

WEST VIRGINIA. Ver-jin'e-ah. "PAN-HANDLE STATE."

Composed of northern and western counties of the original State of Virginia; denounced passage of secession ordinance. April 22d, 1861; became a State, 1863.

Area, 24,780 square miles; greatest length north and south, about 240 miles; greatest breadth, 160 miles. Big Sandy, Great and Little Kanawha, Guyandotte and Monongahela are navigable rivers. Number counties, 54. Temperature at Morgantown: winter, 34deg to 42deg; summer, 70deg to 75deg. Rainfall at Romney, 45 inches.

Charleston, capital; pop. 4,192. Wheeling metropolis, principal seat of manufactures, and port of delivery; pop. 30,737. Parkersburg, port of delivery; pop. 6,582. Pop. of Martinsburg, 6,335.

Number farms, 1870, 39,778; 1880, 62,674. Average value per acre cleared land, $21.05; woodland, $9.39. A rich agricultural tract, 61 per cent. of laborers engaged in agriculture; staples are tobacco, wheat and corn, the last being the most valuable crop; number bu. grown 1884, being 11,900,000; wheat, 3,318,000; oats, 2,212,000; tobacco, 1883, 1,952,872 lbs.

On farms, Jan., 1884: Sheep, 671,226; swine, 424,626: annual wool clip, 2,000,000 lbs. The yield of butter, 1880, was 9,315,895 lbs; of fruit, over $1,000,000. Wine made 1880, 71,026 gallons; total value lumber products, $2,431,857.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $2,700
Secretary of State 1,000 and fees.
Treasurer 1,400
Auditor 2,000 and fees.
Supt. of Free Schools 1,500
Attorney Gen. 1,000
Presiding Jdg. Supm. Court 2,250
Asso. Judges 2,250
Senators, } $4 per d.
Representatives } mileage 10 cents.
District Judge 3,500
2 Colls. Int. R. 2,875
30 Deputy Colls. $700 to 1,600

Presidential P. O.

Charleston $2,100
Charlestown 1,500
Clarksburg 1,600
Fairmont 1,200
Grafton 1,400
Huntington 1,700
Lewisburgh 1,000
Martinsburgh 1,800
Morgantown 1,000
Moundsville 1,200
Parkersburg 2,300
Piedmont 1,300
Pt. Pleasant 1,000
Wellsburgh 1,300
Weston 1,200
Wheeling 3,000

Iron ore yields 50 to 80 per cent. pure metal, latest amount reported, 61,216 tons; coal, 1,792,570 tons; salt, 2,679,438 bu.; petroleum is extensively produced in Ritchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt counties. Ranks fifth in salt and coal; eighth in buckwheat, iron and steel.

Population, 618,457; male, 314,495; female, 303,962; native, 600,192; foreign, 18,265; white, 592,537; colored, 25,886; Indians, 29; 40 per cent. increase in pop. 1870 to 1880; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State elections, second Tuesday in October; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after the first Monday in November; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 65; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; limit of session, 45 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 139,161; native white, 123,569; foreign white, 9,208; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and convicts excluded from voting.

Flourishing free school system; school population, 216,605; school age, 6-21.

Legal interest, 6; by contract, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {105}

* * * * *

{106}

NORTH CAROLINA. "OLD NORTH STATE," "TAR STATE."

One of the thirteen original States; discovered by Lord Raleigh, 1584; settled by English at Albemarle, 1650; seceded May, 1861, re-admitted June, 1868.

Area, 52,250 square miles; length, 450 miles; breadth, 185 miles; coast line, over 400 miles; area dismal swamp, 150,000 acres; number counties, 96.

Temperature at Wilmington: winter, 46deg to 51deg; summer, 76deg to 80deg. Frost seldom occurs before November. Rainfall at Gaston, 43 inches. Deaths by consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 of population.

Wilmington, principal seaport and chief city; pop., 13,446; Raleigh, capital, and contains the State institutions; pop., 7,790 Charlotte contains assay office; pop., 4,473; pop. New Bern, 5,849.

Farms in 1860, 75,203, increased to 157,609 in 1880; average value per acre, cleared land, $9.77; woodland, $5.53.

Agriculture the leading industry; corn the most valuable crop; tobacco the leading product; value orchard products over $900,000. Latest reports give 4,576,148 bu. sweet potatoes; 5,609,191 lbs. rice; value tar and turpentine products, $1,758,488; tobacco crop, 1883, 29,048,213 lbs.; wheat crop, 1884, 4,650,000 bu.; oats, 4,632,000 bu.; corn, 31,499,000 bu.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,000
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 3,000
Auditor 1,500
Attorney Gen. 2,000
Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500
Adjutant Gen. 600
Com'r of Agr. 1,200
State Librarian 750
Chief Justice 2,500
2 Asso. Justices 2,500
Senators, } $4 a day,
Representatives } mileage 10 c.
4 Collectors Int. Rev. 2,500 to 3,750
64 Deputy Collectors 300 to 1,700
2 Dist. Judges 3,500

Presidential P. O.

Asheville $1,900
Charlotte 2,400
Durham 1,600
Elizabeth City 1,200
Fayetteville 1,600
Goldsborough 1,800
Greensborough 1,800
New Berne 1,900
Oxford 1,200
Raleigh 2,600
Reidsville 1,200
Salisbury 1,500
Statesville 1,400
Tarborough 1,500
Wilmington 2,600
Wilson 1,400
Winston 1,800
10 P.O. 1,200 to 1,000

Ranks first in tar and turpentine, second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton.

Number of different industries, 3,802; flour and grist mills, 1,313; saw mills, 776; latest reported value oyster fisheries, $60,000; number boats engaged in general fisheries, about 3,000; copper mined, 1,640,000 lbs.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 120; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senator and Representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 294,750; native white, 187,637; foreign white, 2,095; colored, 105,018. Convicts are excluded from voting.

Population, 1,399,750: male, 687,908; female, 711,842; natives, 1,396,008; foreign, 3,742; white, 867,242: colored, 531,278; Indians, 1,230. Slaves, 1860, 331,059.

Public school system adopted 1840; at present over 2,000 public schools in operation; school age, 6-21.

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits interest. {107}

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SOUTH CAROLINA. South Kar-o-l[=i]'na. "PALMETTO STATE."

Named in honor of Charles II. of England, by whom the province was created in 1663. One of the thirteen original States. First permanent settlement made by English at Port Royal, 1670. Famous nullification troubles occurred 1832-33; led by J. C. Calhoun, and opposed vigorously by Pres. Jackson, during which his famous expression "by the Eternal" was first used. Seceded November, 1860; re-admitted June, 1868.

Area, 30,170 square miles; extreme length, 275 miles; greatest breadth, 210 miles; coast line, 200 miles. Largest rivers, Savannah, Great Pee Dee, Santee and Edisto. Number counties, 84.

Temperature at Charleston: summer, 79deg to 83deg; winter, 50deg to 54deg; rainfall, 43 inches; frosts seldom occur. Aiken, noted winter resort for consumptives. Deaths, consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 population.

Charleston, largest city; laid out 1680; population, 49,984; port of entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs districts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown.

First railroad to use American locomotives, the South Carolina, built 1830-33; number miles railroad January 1, 1886, 1,693.

Number farms, 1860, 33,171; 1870, 51,889; 1880, 93,864. Average value per acre, cleared land, $6.24; woodland, $8.64.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,500
Lieut. Gov. 1,000
Sec'y of State. 2,100
Treasurer 2,100
Compt'ller Gen. 2,100
Attorney Gen. 2,100
Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,100
Com'r Agricult. 2,100
Adj & Insp. Gen. 1,500
Chief Justice 4,000
Asso. Justices 3,500
Clerk of Supreme Court 1,000
Senators, } $5 pr. day
Representatives } mileage 10 cents.
District Judge 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 3,250

Presidential P. O.

Aiken $1,600
Anderson C.H. 1,400
Beaufort 1,400
Camden 1,300
Charleston 3,200
Chester C.H. 1,400
Columbia 2,500
Florence 1,200
Georgetown 1,100
Greenville C.H. 2,000
Marion 1,100
Newberry C.H. 1,500
Orangeb'h C.H. 1,300
Rock Hill 1,000
Spart'nb'h C.H. 1,800
Sumter C.H. 1,600
Union 1,000
Winnsborough 1,200
Yorkville 1,000

Number of flour and grist mills, 720; value of lumber products, $2,031,507; tar and turpentine, $1,893,206; oyster fishery, $20,000; sea, river and lake fisheries, $192,482. Ranks first in phosphates; production, 332,077 tons; value, $1,992,462.

Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties; first mint deposits, $3,500 in 1827; aggregate to June 30, 1883, $1,468,854. White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens counties.

Population 995,577: male, 490,408; female, 505,169; native, 987,891; foreign, 7,686; white, 391,105; colored, 604,332; Chinese, 9; Indians, 131. Number persons per square mile, 33. Slaves, 1860, 402,406.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; State Senators, 35; Representatives, 124; sessions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.

Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 205,789; colored, 118,889; native white, 82,910; foreign white, 3,990. Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, U. S. army and duelists excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 9; school population, 262,279; school age, 6-16.

Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, any rate. {109}

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{110}

GEORGIA. Jor'je-a. "EMPIRE STATE OF THE SOUTH."

Farthest south and latest settled of the thirteen original States; named in honor of George II., King of England; settled by English at Savannah, 1753; seceded Jan., 1861; re-admitted Dec. 1870.

Area 59,475 square miles; extreme length, 320 miles; extreme breadth, 254 miles; coast line, 480 miles; number harbors, 3. Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, Satilla, St. Mary's, Flint, Chattahoochee and Upper Coosa are navigable rivers. Number counties, 137.

Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46deg to 52deg; summer, 79deg to 83deg. Rainfall at Savannah, 48 inches.

Savannah, Brunswick and St. Mary's are ports of entry. Savannah, chief seaport; pop., 27,891. Columbus contains largest cotton mill in the South; pop., 10,123. Atlanta is capital; pop., 37,409. Andersonville, seat of largest rebel prison during the Rebellion.

Number farms, 1860, 62,003; 1880, 138,626. Average value per acre, cleared land, $6.93; woodland, $5.45. 72 per cent. of laborers engaged in agriculture; rural income, $155 per individual.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,000
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 2,000
Compt'ller Gen. 2,000
Attorney Gen. 2,000
Com'r Agricult. 2,500
Chief Justice 2,500
Asso. Justices 2,500
Senators, } $4 pr. day
Representatives } and mileage.
3 Dist. Judges 3,500
D. Supt. R'y Ser. 2,500
Collectors Inter. Rev. 2,500 to 3,125
24 Deputy Collectors 300 to 1,700
Customs Surveyor 1,000 & fees.

Presidential P. O.

Albany $1,600
Americus 1,600
Athens 1,900
Atlanta 3,300
Augusta 2,800
Brunswick 1,700
Columbus 2,500
Cuthbert 1,500
Dalton 1,400
Gainesville 1,500
Griffin 1,600
Macon 2,700
Madison 1,500
Marietta 1,500
Rome 2,300
Savannah 3,200
Thomasville 1,600
13 Offices 1,400 to 1,000

Sheep on farms, Jan., 1884, 543,415. Corn crop, 1884, 30,925,000 bu.; wheat, 3,130,000; oats, 6,270.000 bu.; cotton, 760,000 bales. Latest reported rice crop, 25,369,687 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 4,397,778 bu.; tobacco, 228,590 lbs; wool, 1,289,560 pounds. Ranks second in rice and sweet potatoes, third in cotton and molasses, fourth in sugar, seventh in mules, tenth in hogs.

Gold production, 1793-1883, $8,043,250. Latest mining reports give 100,000 tons coal and 91,416 tons iron ore.

Population, 1,542,180: male, 762,981; female, 779,199; native, 1,531,616; foreign, 10,564; white, 816,906; colored, 725,133; Chinese, 17; Indians, 124. State elections, first Wednesday in October; congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 44; Representatives, 175; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in November; limit of session, 40 days, unless extended by special vote; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.

Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 321,438; colored, 143,471; native white, 172,044; foreign white, 5,923. Idiots, insane, criminals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 7; State University at Athens, organized 1801; public schools excellent; school age, 6-18.

No State license law governing commercial travelers; but Atlanta, Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax.

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest. {111}

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FLORIDA. Flor'e-dah "PENINSULA STATE."

Discoverer landed on Easter Sunday, or "Flowery Easter;" hence the name.

Settled by Spaniards at St. Augustine, 1565; organized as a Territory, 1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868

Area, 58,680 square miles; coastline, 1,146 miles, 472 being on the Atlantic; length, north and south, 350 miles; length, east and west, 340 miles; mean width of peninsula, 100 miles; greatest elevation, 250 feet. Number counties, 39.

Temperature at Jacksonville: winter, 55deg to 61deg; summer, 80deg to 83deg. Rainfall at Fort Myers, 57 inches.

Key West, the metropolis, and has good harbor and naval station pop., 9,890. Jacksonville, an important commercial point; pop., 7,650. St. Augustine, oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, the capital. Pop. Pensacola, 6,845.

Number farms, 23,438; owned by State, 15,000,000 acres; value per acre, cleared land, $9.48; woodland, $3.03; swamp, $1; school lands, $1.25.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,500
Lieut. Gov. 500
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 2,000
Comptroller 2,000
Attorney Gen. 2,000
Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000
Adjutant Gen. 2,000
Land Com'r. 1,200
Chief Justice 3,500
2 Asso. Justices 3,000
Senators, } $6 a day
Representatives } and 10c a mile.
2 Dist. Judges 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 3,000
Surveyor Gen. 1,800
Chief Clerk 1,600
Draftsman 1,200
38 Lighthouse Keepers 370 to 820

Presidential P. O.

Cedar Keys $1,300
De Land 1,300
Eustis 1,000
Fernandina 1,600
Gainesville 1,600
Jacksonville 2,800
Key West 1,600
Ocala 1,500
Orlando 1,500
Palatka 1,800
Pensacola 2,200
St. Augustine 1,700
Sanford 1,600
Tallahassee 1,700
Tampa 1,400

Corn most valuable crop, returns of 1884, 3,837,200 bushels; oats, 494,000 bu.; cotton, 60,000 bales; latest reported tobacco, 24,239 pounds; rice, 1,294,677 pounds; peaches, 89,028 bushels; sugar, 1,273 hogsheads; honey, 210,357 pounds; molasses, 1,029,868 gallons. Over 3,000,000 orange trees planted since 1870, and millions of oranges exported yearly.

Latest reported fisheries, $78,408; lumber products, $3,060,291; oysters, 20,000 bushels.

Ranks third in sugar and molasses, sixth in rice, tenth in cotton.

Population, 269,493: male, 136,444; female, 133,049; native, 259,584; foreign, 9,909; white, 142,605; colored, 126,690; Indians, 180; slaves, 1860, 61,745.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 76; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.

Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 61,699; colored, 27,489; native white, 30,351; foreign white, 3,859. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections and duelists excluded from voting.

School population, 88,677; enrolled in public schools, 39,315 school age, 4-21.--Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, any rate. {113}

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ALABAMA. Al-a-bah'mah.

Name derived from an Indian word signifying, "Here we rest."

Settled near Mobile Bay by French, 1702; admitted as a State, 1819; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868.

Area, 52,250 square miles, same as North Carolina; length, 330 miles; average breadth, 154 miles; seacoast, about 60 miles. Inland steam navigation about 1,500 miles; Mobile the only seaport. Number counties, 66.

Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46deg to 52deg; summer, 79deg to 83deg. Rainfall at Huntsville, 55 inches. July the hottest month. Fruit trees blossom February 1st to March 1st.

Montgomery, capital; pop., 16,713. Huntsville, the northern trade centre; pop., 4,977. Selma, an important railroad centre; pop., 7,529. Mobile, metropolis; pop., 29,132.