Chapter V: Preface (5)

Almost smooth, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-toothed. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch broad, white with yellow centre, in spreading umbels; peduncles 2—10 inches high.

In open places and on grassy banks at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.

[Sidenote: =Androsace diffusa= Small. _Spreading Androsace._]

More or less hairy. Leaves rosulate, oblanceolate to spatulate or nearly linear, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate above the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spreading, often diffusely branched at the base, 2—4 inches long; pedicels thread-like from ½—3 inches long in the same umbel. Flowers white or pink, the corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments.

On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Trientalis arctica= Fisch. _Arctic Star-flower._]

Stems slender, 1—4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1—1½ inches long. Flowers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves; calyx reddish with 7 narrowly linear acute sepals; petals 7 white, lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7.

In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon pauciflorum= (Durand) Greene. _Slender Shooting Star._]

Smooth. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers few in an umbel; scape 6—8 inches tall; segments of the corolla rich lilac purple, the undivided part yellow with a narrow scalloped ring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube; stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow; anthers purple.

In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon conjugens= Greene. _Shooting-star._]

Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2—5 inches long, including the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in a few-flowered umbel, scape 3—8 inches high; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red; anthers, distinct, obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point.

In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies; flowering in June.

GENTIANACEÆ

_Gentian Family_

Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers in clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx 4—12-lobed; corolla 4—12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.

Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands,
spurs or scales. =Gentiana.=
Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base. =Tetragonanthus.=

[Sidenote: =Gentiana acuta= Michx. _Northern Gentian._]

Stem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6—20 inches high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or somewhat clasping, ½—2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels ½—1 inch long, leafy bracted at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular campanulate, ½ an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base.

Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana propinqua= Richards. _Four-parted Gentian._]

Stems slender, usually much branched from the base and sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2—7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, ½—1 inch long, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly 4-parted, ½—¾ of an inch high, seldom opening; calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate.

Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the trails; flowering through July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana prostrata= Haenke. _Dwarf Gentian._]

Stems slender, 1—5 inches long, when prostrate the lateral ones often creeping. Leaves ovate, rather spreading, bright green with slightly whitened edges. Flowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, ½ an inch high, the lobes rather spreading.

A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and summits; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana glauca= _Pale-glaucous Gentian._]

Perennial; stems 2—4 inches high. Leaves oval, glaucous, ¼—½ an inch long, obtuse, the basal forming a rosette. Flowers few or several at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter than the tube; corolla blue or blue-green, ½ an inch or more long, the tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes.

In wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare but very striking little gentian, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana affinis= Griseb. _Large Gentian._]

Stems clustered, 6—12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves from oblong or lanceolate to linear. Flowers from numerous and racemose to few and almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, unequal, the largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less long, bright blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, the lobes ovate, acute, and spreading.

A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August.

[Sidenote: =Tetragonanthus deflexus= (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. _Spurred Gentian._]

Annual, stems simple or branched, slender, erect, 6—20 inches high. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3—5-nerved, 1—2 inches long, the uppermost smaller. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more long, few, on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla purplish-green or white, 4—5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, each with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of the corolla.

In moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering in July.

MENYANTHACEÆ

_Buckbean Family_

In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock, long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in racemes on long lateral scapes.

[Sidenote: =Menyanthes trifoliata= L. _Buckbean._]

Creeping rootstocks sometimes a foot long marked by the scars of bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the base, 2—10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1½—3 inches long. Flowers half an inch long, pure white or purplish in 10—20-flowered racemes on scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery appearance.

In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering in May and early June.

APOCYNACEÆ

_Dogbane Family_

In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small, 5-parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender elongated terete seed pods.

[Sidenote: =Apocynum androsæmifolium= L. _Spreading Dogbane, Honeybloom._]

Stems 1—3 feet high, branches broadly spreading, mostly smooth. Leaves ovate or oval, spine-tipped, smooth above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath. 2—4 inches long. Flowers pink, open-campanulate, ⅜ of an inch broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4—6 inches long, narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice.

Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the valley of the Kicking Horse River.

HYDROPHYLLACÆ

_Water-Leaf Family_

Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers yellow, purple or white.

Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or
pinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. =Phacelia.=
Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate;
flowers white. =Romanzoffia.=

[Sidenote: =Phacelia heterophylla= Pursh.]

Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6—24 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely, striately veined, the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1—2 pairs of small lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded.

In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Phacelia sericea= (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia._]

Silky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6—18 inches high, leafy to the top. Leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow oblong, numerous, often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted.

In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Romanzoffia sitchensis= Bong. _Romanzoffia._]

Stems slender, weak, 3—6 inches long. Leaves mainly at the root, with slender petioles, alternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7—11 crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded lobes.

On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara; flowering during July.

BORAGINACEÆ

_Borage Family_

Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in 1-sided curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets.

Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. =Lappula.=
Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles.
Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. =Myosotis.=
Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel-form. =Lithospermum.=

[Sidenote: =Lappula floribunda= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._]

Rough hairy, stem stout, paniculately branched, 2—5 feet high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright blue with a yellow centre ⅛ to nearly ⅓ of an inch broad in numerous erect, dense racemes, nutlets ⅙ of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles, on pedicels less than their own length.

In moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large forget-me-nots flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Lappula diffusa= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._]

Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader acute leaves. Flowers larger, ½ an inch broad, not so numerous; and larger, more densely prickled nutlets, ¼ of an inch long, on pedicels more than their own length.

Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species, in moist, more or less shaded or open ground; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Lappula Lappula= (L.) Karst. _Stickseed._]

Pale, leafy, rough, 1—2 feet high, the branches erect. Leaves linear and linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into petioles ½—1½ inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the length of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles.

In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near the railway; flowering throughout the summer.

_b_ Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (⅔ Nat.) Narrow-Leaved Puccoon.]

[Sidenote: =Myosotis alpestris= Schmidt. _Forget-me-not._]

Stems tufted, erect, 3—9 inches high. Leaves oblong, linear, or lanceolate, hairy, 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather dense heads; corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre ¼ of an inch or more broad, 5-lobed.

Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes; flowering during June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Lithospermum linearifolium= Goldie. _Narrow-leaved Puccoon._]

Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6—12 inches high, minutely rough-hairy. Leaves all linear, sessile, acute, 1—2 inches long. Flowers of two kinds, leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the earlier bright yellow, ½ an inch broad with a tube an inch or more long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small, inconspicuous and pale.

Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy flowers in May and early June.

MENTHACEÆ

_Mint Family_

Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4—5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular; stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4.

Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side.
Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue.
=Scutellaria.=
Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side.
Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple.
=Prunella.=
Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped, pink.
=Stachys.=
Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed.
=Mentha.=

[Sidenote: =Scutellaria galericulata= L. _Marsh Skullcap._]

Perennial by slender stolons, leafy; stem erect, usually branched, 1—2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1—2½ inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long, bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx.

In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to Beavermouth.

[Sidenote: =Prunella vulgaris= L. _Heal-all, Self-heal._]

Hairy or nearly smooth; stems slender, creeping or ascending, or erect, usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1—4 inches long. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ½—1 inch long, becoming 2—4 inches in fruit; corolla violet-purple, or sometimes pink or white, ¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the purplish-green calyx.

Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size; flowering throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Stachys palustris= L. _Marsh Woundwort._]

Erect, usually slender, simple or somewhat branched, hairy throughout; 1—4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, 2—5 inches long, ½—1 inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the axils of the upper leaves, 6—10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender teeth more than ½ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted with purple, ½—¾ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the lower spreading 3-cleft.

In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Mentha canadensis= L. _American Wild Mint._]

Perennial by runners; stem more or less hairy with spreading hairs, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2½ feet high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-stemmed, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2—3 inches long, ½—1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, ⅛ of an inch long, white, pink or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, the calyx about ⅓ the length of the corolla.

In moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July.

SCROPHULARIACEÆ

_Figwort Family_

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, nearly equal.

Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary.
Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper
side of the corolla tube. =Collinsia.=
Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest. =Pentstemon.=
Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. =Veronica.=
Stamens 4.
Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip. =Mimulus.=
Stamens enclosed in the upper lip.
Anther cells unequal.
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower.
=Castilleja.=
Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and
much narrower than the inflated lower one.
=Orthocarpus.=
Anther cells equal and parallel.
Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth.
=Pedicularis.=
Galea prolonged into a very slender, recurved beak;
throat with a tooth on each side. =Elephantella.=

[Sidenote: =Collinsia parviflora= Dougl. _Small-flowered Collinsia._]

Stems slightly hairy at length, diffusely branched, very slender, 3—15 inches long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, ½—1 inch long, entire or sparingly toothed, the lower opposite, petioled; the floral sessile, opposite or verticillate. Flowers few, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, on long slender pedicels; corolla blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; the upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading.

An inconspicuous little plant on rocks and in damp places throughout the region; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Pentstemon fruticosus= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large Purple Beard-tongue._]

Decumbent, diffusely spreading, 6—12 inches high, woody at the base. Leaves ovate, obovate or oblong, ½ an inch or more long, serrulate or entire, smooth or hairy when young. Flowers in glandular-hairy terminal racemes; corolla violet, blue or pinkish purple, an inch or more long, tubular funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the lower 3-cleft.

Throughout the region in exposed stony places and on slides up to an elevation of 10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches of considerable size; flowering in June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Pentstemon confertus= Dougl. _Yellow Beard-tongue._]

Smooth throughout or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes with viscid hairs; stem a foot or two high. Leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate to somewhat linear, usually quite entire. Flowers in a terminal head of 2—5 dense, many-flowered clusters; corolla with a narrow tube about ½ an inch long, pale yellow; the lower lip conspicuously bearded within.

In moist or dry open ground throughout the Rockies, especially abundant in the valleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the region about Laggan; flowering during late June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Pentstemon procerus= Dougl. _Blue Beard-tongue._]

Smooth throughout, stems slender, 2—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, 1—2 inches long, those of the middle of the stem largest, usually entire. Flowers in dense verticillate clusters, in a more or less elongated head; corolla bright blue with a slender funnel-form tube ½ an inch or more long; the lower lip bearded within.

In open dry or moist ground throughout the Rockies, not common; most abundant in the valley of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Pentstemon pseudohumilis= Rydb.]

Smooth; stem 8—12 inches high, simple. Basal leaves broadly spatulate or elliptic, thin, firm, obtuse, or acute, contracted into a slightly winged petiole, with entire margins; stem leaves oblanceolate, oblong or lanceolate, mostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish-purple in a loose panicle, with more or less glandular-hairy branches; calyx glandular-hairy, ¼ of an inch long, deeply cleft into lanceolate lobes; corolla slightly hairy, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, slightly oblique.

In open ground and slopes in the Selkirks; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Veronica americana= Schwein. _American Brooklime._]

Smooth throughout; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves oblong, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, all distinctly petioled, sharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or rounded base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 1—3 inches long, ¼—1 inch broad. Flowers in racemes on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves; corolla blue or nearly white, striped with purple, nearly ¼ of an inch broad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes.

In brooks and swampy places in the Selkirks, especially around Glacier; flowering throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Veronica Wormskjoldii= R. and S. _Alpine Speedwell._]

Hairy throughout with brown glandular hairs; stems ascending or erect, slender, usually simple, 2—12 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate or elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, ½—1 inch long. Flowers light blue, in a short, narrow raceme; corolla, ⅛ of an inch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and rounded.

Throughout the region in open woods, and in alpine meadows and slopes up to 7000 feet elevation; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Veronica serphyllifolia= L. _Thyme-leaved Speedwell._]

Slightly hairy or smooth; stems slender, decumbent, the branches ascending or erect, 2—10 inches high. Leaves all opposite and petioled or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval or ovate, ¼—½ an inch long, crenulate, entire. Flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the stems and branches; corolla pale blue or sometimes white, with darker stripes, nearly ¼ of an inch broad.

In open grassy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Selkirks, very abundant and striking in the lawn at Glacier House; flowering during June.

[Sidenote: =Mimulus Lewisii= Pursh. _Red Monkey-flower._]

Stems viscid-hairy, 2—4 feet high. Leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, opposite, 2—4 inches long and ½ as broad. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx campanulate, ¾ of an inch long, with triangular acute teeth; corolla rose-red or paler, the tube twice as long as the calyx, throat open, limb two-lipped; lobes of the upper lip erect or turned backward, obcordate, the lower lip spreading, the lobes obovate.

In wet ground and along streams through the Selkirks, frequently growing in such abundance as to practically exclude all other vegetation; the large showy, rose-purple flowers, each with two bright yellow patches in the throat.

[Sidenote: =Mimulus cæspitosus= Greene. _Yellow Monkey-flower._]

Smooth, stems flattened, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the branches rising 3—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or ovate, ½—1 inch long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath. Flowers axillary on long peduncles; calyx campanulate, ⅓ of an inch long, mottled with dark purple; corolla bright yellow, ¾—1 inch long, throat spotted with dark red, lobes of the upper lip erect, ⅓—½ an inch long, the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous.

In wet, gravelly soil around springs and in the beds and banks of alpine brooks, through the Selkirks, often forming large patches; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Mimulus moschatus= Dougl. _Musk Plant._]

Hairy with soft and glandular hairs, musk scented; stems creeping or ascending, branched, slender, 6—12 inches long. Leaves ovate or oblong, short petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1—2 inches long, half as broad. Flowers ¾ of an inch long on axillary peduncles, shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading limb nearly ½ an inch broad, bright yellow.

In wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes, throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Castilleja purpurascens= Greenm. _Painter’s Brush._]

Perennial more or less purplish throughout, stems erect or nearly so, 4—12 inches high, usually, several from the same root, smooth or somewhat hairy below, soft-hairy above. Leaves sessile, clasping, linear or narrowly lanceolate, ¾—2 inches long, usually attenuate and acute, entire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft near the apex, smooth or the uppermost soft-hairy, 3-nerved. Inflorescence in a close terminal raceme, later elongated, about 3 inches long, close-hairy; bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1—1¼ inches long, usually entire or occasionally cleft, from deep purple-red to scarlet and rarely yellow to tinged with red or pink; calyx ¾—1 inch long, ranging in color with the bracts; corolla 1—1½ inches long, galea green or greenish-yellow with scarlet margins and exserted beyond the calyx and floral bracts.

Frequent in the lower altitudes through the Rockies; very abundant and striking on the flood-plain of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering during June.

[Sidenote: =Castilleja pallida= Kunth. _White Indian Paint-brush._]

Commonly hairy with weak cobwebby hairs, a foot or less high. Leaves linear to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in dense leafy-bracted spikes; bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, cobwebby-hairy, equalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, corolla ½—1 inch long; galea not exceeding the calyx.

In moist open grounds at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Castilleja miniata= Dougl. _Bright Painted Cup._]

A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, smooth or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate or linear or the upper ovate-lanceolate acute, entire or rarely 3-cleft. Flowers in a dense, short, hairy spike; bracts from lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish, rarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; corolla over an inch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube.

In moist alpine meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Castilleja lanceifolia= Rydb. _Scarlet Painted Cup._]

Perennial with a long creeping rootstock, not growing in clumps, 1—2 feet high, sparingly close-hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate; often acuminate, 1½—2½ inches long, rather firm, 3-veined, the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal head; bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; calyx 1 inch long, crimson or scarlet with a green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green, ½ an inch longer than the calyx.

In moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on the eastern slope; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Orthocarpus luteus= Nutt. _Yellow Orthocarpus._]

Annual, rough-hairy; stems stout, erect, branched above or simple, 6—18 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, 1—1½ inches long, sessile, long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3-toothed lower one.

In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Elephantella grœnlandica= (Retz.) Rydb. _Long-beaked Elephantella._]

Whole plant usually purple, smooth; stem simple, erect, 1—1½ feet high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled 2—6 inches long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1—6 inches long; calyx short, acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender beak ½—¾ of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about ¼ of an inch long.

In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Pedicularis racemosa= Dougl. _White Lousewort._]

Smooth throughout, simple or sometimes branching, 6—18 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate, 2—4 inches long. Flowers short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower remote in the axils of the leaves; corolla white, showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender, elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip.

At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine meadows, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Pedicularis bracteosa= Benth. _Wood Betony._]

Smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaves 3—10 inches long, all pinnately parted, the lower divided, ample; divisions of the leaves ½—2 inches long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted spike, 2—6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit.

Frequent throughout the Rockies in moist open woods and alpine meadows at the higher elevations; flowering during July.

LENTIBULARIACEÆ

_Butterwort Family_

In our species, stemless herbs with fibrous roots and 1-flowered scapes; basal, tufted, entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a viscid secretion, to which insects adhere and are caught by the curling of the sensitive leaf margins; calyx 4—5-parted or 2-lipped; corolla sac-like and contracted into a spur.

[Sidenote: =Pinguicula vulgaris= L. _Butterwort._]

Leaves pale yellowish-green, 3—7 in a rosette at the base of the scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼ as wide. Flowers solitary on a slender scape, violet-purple, nearly ½ an inch broad when expanded, 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually contracted into an obtuse or acute nearly straight spur, ⅓ of an inch long.

In wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges of gravelly stream beds throughout the Rockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright little flowers suggesting violets; flowering during June.

_b_ Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (¾ Nat.) Large Purple Beard-Tongue.]

RUBIACEÆ

_Madder Family_

In our species, herbs with 4-angled stems and branches, with verticillate leaves and small 4-parted flowers, regular and perfect and fruit separating into 2-carpels.

[Sidenote: =Galium boreale= L. _Northern Bed-straw._]

Smooth, erect, simple or branched, leafy, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves in 4’s, lanceolate or linear 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, 1—2½ inches long, the margins sometimes fringed with hairs. Flowers white, numerous in a terminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, ⅛ of an inch across, the lobes lanceolate, acute.

In open ground and in open woods or thickets at the lower altitudes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

CAPRIFOLIACEÆ

_Honeysuckle Family_

Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly cymose flowers; calyx 3—5-toothed, the corolla 5-lobed or sometimes 2-lipped; stamens 5-inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule.

Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes.
Leaves pinnate. =Sambucus.=
Leaves simple. =Viburnum.=
Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped.
Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs, pink.
=Linnæa.=
Shrubs, erect or climbing.
Corolla short-campanulate, regular or nearly so.
=Symphoricarpos.=
Corolla tubular and irregular. =Lonicera.=

[Sidenote: =Sambucus pubens= Michx. _Red-berried Elder._]

A shrub 2—12 feet high, the twigs and leaves commonly hairy; stems woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaves pinnate with 3—7 ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2—5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, less than ¼ of an inch broad, white, in a close oblong head 3—4 inches high, longer than broad; berries in a compact head, bright scarlet, ¼ of an inch in diameter.

Rocky places and thickets throughout the region though most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June, the bright red berries ripe in late summer.

[Sidenote: =Sambucus melanocarpa= A. Gray. _Black-berried Elder._]

A shrub 2—12 feet high, smooth or the young leaves slightly hairy. Leaves pinnate with 3—7 or rarely 9 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, 2—5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers small white in a close compound cyme 3—4 inches high and as broad; berries ¼ of an inch broad, black and shining in a close head.

Rocky places and thickets in the Selkirks; growing with the other species and difficult to distinguish from it except by the colour of the berries.

[Sidenote: =Viburnum pauciflorum= Pylaie. _Few-flowered Cranberry Tree._]

A straggling bush 2—6 feet high with twigs and petioles smooth or nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or broader than long; 5-ribbed, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and unequally dentate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins beneath, 1½—3 inches broad. Flowers small, pure white or pinkish, ¼ of an inch broad in compact axillary heads an inch or so broad; drupe globose, bright red, acid, about half an inch long.

A most attractive shrub in thickets and woods at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June; the acid fruit is frequently used for preserving.

[Sidenote: =Linnæa americana= Forbes. _Twin-flower._]

Branches slender, woody, slightly hairy, trailing, 6—24 inches long. Leaves evergreen, opposite, obovate or orbicular, obscurely crenate, thick, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, sometimes wider than long. Flowers nodding in pairs, rarely in 4’s, on slender pedicels ¼—¾ of an inch long, very fragrant; corolla tubular-campanulate with 5 equal lobes, pink or nearly white, deep pink within.

In moist cool woods, frequent throughout the region, especially in the Rockies; flowering in late June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos racemosus= Michx. _Snowberry._]

An erect shrub, 1—4 feet high, smooth or nearly so with slender branches. Leaves oval, obtuse at each end, 1—2 inches long, entire, undulate or sometimes dentate. Flowers pale pink or white, few, in axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, equally 5-lobed, slightly inflated at the base and bearded within; berries snow-white, nearly ½ an inch in diameter.

On rocky banks and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos pauciflorus= (Robbins) Britton. _Low Snowberry._]

A low, spreading, diffusely branched shrub 6—9 inches high. Leaves broadly oval or orbicular, entire, softly hairy, especially along the veins beneath. Flowers about ¼ of an inch long, solitary in the upper axils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded within; berry globose, white, ¼ of an inch in diameter.

In rocky places and on wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Lonicera glaucescens= Rydb. _Douglas’s Honeysuckle._]

Smooth, more or less shrubby or twining. Leaves smooth above, glaucous and hairy at least on the veins beneath, 1½—2 inches long, papery on the margins, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers in a short terminal interrupted spike, corolla 1 inch long or less, yellow changing to reddish, slightly hairy without, long-hairy within, the tube rather strongly inflated at the base, the 2-lipped limb shorter than the tube, stamens and style exserted.

In rocky places and along river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Lonicera ebractulata= Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle._]

Shrubby, 3—6 feet high with grey bark. Leaves light green, glaucous and hairy beneath, fringed with hairs on the margins, elliptic-ovate or broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded at the apex, 1—2½ inches long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers in pairs from the axils of the leaves; peduncles about ½ an inch long; corolla light yellow, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, and spurred at the base on the inner side; berry bright red, ¼ of an inch in diameter.

In moist woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering in May and early June.

[Sidenote: =Lonicera involucrata= (Richards) Banks. _Involucred Fly Honeysuckle._]

A nearly smooth shrub 3—10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, oval or obovate, 2—6 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy at least when young. Flowers greenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles, 1—2 inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, often cordate, bractlets larger, greenish-yellow, at length turning rich maroon and surrounding the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-form; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; stamens and styles slightly exserted; berries separate, globose or oval, nearly black, about ⅓ of an inch in diameter.

In rich moist woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the region, inconspicuous when in flower in late June and early July, but especially showy when in fruit, the blue-black berries subtended by the showy maroon bracts, making it a most striking shrub during summer and early autumn.

VALERIANACEÆ

_Valerian Family_

Perennial strongly smelling herbs, with opposite leaves and paniculate heads of small pink or white, funnel-form, more or less gibbous flowers, commonly with 3 exserted stamens.

[Sidenote: =Valeriana septentrionalis= Rydb. _Northern Valerian._]

Erect, perfectly smooth throughout or the inflorescence minutely hairy, 8—16 inches high. Basal, leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 1—5 inches long, entire; stem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, segments, 5—7 oval or linear-lanceolate, entire or merely undulate on the margins. Flowers cymose-paniculate, usually congested; corolla white, about ¼ of an inch long; fruit smooth, ⅛ of an inch or slightly longer.

In moist shaded places and on slopes in the lower valleys of the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Valeriana Scouleri= Rydb. _Scouler’s Valerian._]

Smooth throughout; stem rather stout, 1—3 feet high. Leaves, the basal on long petioles, oblong, 1—2 inches long, 3-lobed, the centre one much the largest, oblong, tapering to both ends, the lateral lanceolate; stem leaves, 2—4 pairs pinnately parted in 5—7 lanceolate, acute, entire, or undulate segments, 1—2 inches long. Flowers pink in a flat, cymose panicle, 2—2½ inches broad; corolla nearly ¼ of an inch long, funnel-form; stamens and style exserted.

In moist open ground throughout the Rockies at the higher elevations; flowering during June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Valeriana sitchensis= Bong. _Wild Heliotrope._]

Smooth; stems rather stout, 1—5 feet high, often branching. Leaves in 2—4 pairs, pinnately 3—5-lobed, leaflets ovate to oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, 1—2 inches long, densely white-hairy at the base of the petioles; basal leaves lacking at the time of flowering. Flowers very fragrant, pink, in a compact cymose panicle, corolla broad, funnel-form, ¼ of an inch long with spreading rounded lobes; stamens and style much exserted.

Common along the streams and in damp places in the Selkirks, at times forming vast masses of pink when in flower in June and early July.

CAMPANULACEÆ

_Bellflower Family_

Herbs with alternate simple leaves, usually milky juice, and perfect flowers; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube entire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more or less 2-lipped; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes.

[Sidenote: =Campanula uniflora= L. _Arctic Harebell._]

Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1—6 inches high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish entire or sparingly dentate, ¾—1½ inches long or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed into petioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top-shaped, smooth or hairy, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla narrowly campanulate, ⅓—½ an inch long, bright blue, with 5 slightly spreading lanceolate lobes.

Alpine summits in the Rockies not common; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Campanula rotundifolia= L. _Harebell, Bluebell._]

Smooth or nearly so, stems erect or spreading, often several from the same root, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually heart-shaped and slender petioled, ¼—1 inch wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong acute, mostly entire and sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles and somewhat spatulate. Flowers several or numerous in racemes, drooping or spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes hair-like, spreading, longer than the tube, corolla bright blue, campanulate, ½—1 inch long.

On moist rocks or stony places, on slides or gravelly stream banks, frequent throughout the region; flowering during most of the summer.

[Sidenote: =Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora= Rydb. _Brook Lobelia._]

Smooth throughout or slightly hairy below; stem simple or slightly branched, erect, leafy, 4—8 inches high. Leaves basal, small, ¼—½ an inch long, obovate, hairy; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue or white, ⅓ or nearly ½ an inch long on erect pedicels slightly more than their own length; petals 5, the two upper erect, ⅛ of an inch long, very slender, the 3 lower broader, ¼ of an inch long and spreading, in loose racemes, lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper hair-like.

On wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, abundant locally; flowering in July.

CICHORIACEÆ

_Chicory Family_

Herbs almost always with milky juice, alternate or basal leaves and yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series; flowers all alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray).

Heads solitary; leaves all basal.
Achenes smooth at the apex. =Agoseris.=
Achenes spinulose at the apex. =Taraxacum.=
Heads several; leaves not all basal.
Achenes flattened.
Flowers yellow. =Sonchus.=
Flowers blue. =Lactuca.=
Achenes rounded.
Pappus white. =Crepis.=
Pappus tawny. =Hieracium.=

[Sidenote: =Agoseris glauca= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large-flowered Agoseris._]

Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2—10 inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, longer than the leaves, 6—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, rays bright yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth.

Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes and in meadows; flowering during June and July.

_b_ Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (⅔ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Agoseris aurantiaca= (Hook.) Greene. _Orange-flowered Agoseris._]

Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or with lanceolate lobes toward the base, narrowed into slender petioles, 4—8 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves, smooth below, woolly at the top; involucre ½—¾ of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or less woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured.

In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in midsummer.

[Sidenote: =Agoseris graciliens= (A. Gray) Greene. _Slender Agoseris._]

Smooth, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate entire, 6—8 inches long, acute. Scapes slender, 10—18 inches high, woolly at the summit; involucre ½—¾ of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with hairy-fringed margins; flowers deep orange.

In grassy alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Taraxacum Taraxacum= (L.) Karst. _Dandelion._]

Root thick and deep. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually rough-hairy at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3—10 inches long, ½—2½ inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect, 2—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, containing very numerous golden yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, acute; achenes greenish brown.

In waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides and near the railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer.

[Sidenote: =Taraxacum montanum= Nutt. _Mountain Dandelion._]

Smooth; scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick, vertical root. Leaves spatulate, oblong, nearly entire or runcinately-toothed, obtuse, the teeth shallow and simple, 3—4 inches long, ½—¾ of an inch wide. Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4—8 inches high; involucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the outer ovate to lanceolate, frequently reddish; inner ones narrowly lanceolate.

Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in early June.

[Sidenote: =Sonchus arvensis= L. _Milk Thistle._]

Stems smooth, leafy below, branched and nearly naked above, 2—4 feet high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12 inches long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in showy heads, 1—2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high.

An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during the early part of the day.

[Sidenote: =Lactuca pulchella= (Pursh) DC. _Large-flowered Blue Lettuce._]

Smooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2—8 inches long. Flowers bright blue or violet in numerous heads ½ an inch or more broad, in an open panicle.

Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region; flowering in midsummer.

[Sidenote: =Crepis nana= Richards. _Alpine Hawk’s-beard._]

Smooth, forming depressed tufts on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves chiefly at the root, 1—2 inches long including the petioles, obovate to spatulate, entire, repand dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly ½ an inch high, narrowly cylindric, ⅛ of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading ¼ of an inch across.

A small alpine plant growing among loose stones and on the moraines and on slides and summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.

[Sidenote: =Crepis elegans= Hook. _Many-flowered Hawk’s-beard._]

Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6—12 inches high, diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate; stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly cylindric, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more than ⅓ of an inch across.

In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Hieracium umbellatum= L. _Narrow-leaved Hawk-weed._]

Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy below, leafy, simple, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate, 1—3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with the margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad, umbellate, bright yellow.

On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Hieracium Scouleri= Hook. _Hairy Hawk-weed._]

Hairy throughout with long, soft hairs; 1—2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3—6 inches long. Flowers in an irregular branching panicle. Head ½ an inch high; involucre with copious long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad.

On banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Hieracium gracile= Hook. _Slender Hawk-weed._]

Growing in tufts, pale green. Leaves nearly all in clusters at the root, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, attenuate into petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8—18 inches high, brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the top; involucres about ⅓ of an inch high, usually blackish-hairy at the base; flowers bright yellow in heads ¼ of an inch or less broad.

In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the region, growing in sand; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Hieracium albiflorum= Hook. _White-flowered Hawk-weed._]

Loosely branching and hairy with long hairs; 1—3 feet high. Leaves oblong, thin, 2—6 inches long. Involucres narrow-campanulate, ⅓ to nearly ½ an inch high; flowers white, ¼ of an inch across or more; several in a compound cyme.

On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July.

CARDUACEÆ

_Thistle Family_

Herbs with watery or resinous sap and alternate, opposite or basal leaves; flowers perfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a common receptacle forming heads, surrounded by an involucre of few to many bracts in one or more series; calyx tube attached to the top of the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, crown-like or wanting; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal flowers frequently expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid, when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disc. The largest of all the families of flowering plants comprising about 760 genera and not less than 10,000 species, represented in the region by the following:

Anthers not tailed at the base; heads rayed or rayless.
Style branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with
terminal appendages.
Rays yellow or sometimes wanting.
Pappus double, the outer very short. =Chrysopsis.=
Pappus simple; panicle compact. =Solidago.=
Rays white, purple, or blue, rarely wanting.
Involucral bracts in 1—2 series, narrow; rays
usually narrow and numerous. =Erigeron.=
Involucral bracts in 2—5 series; rays broader and
less numerous.
Scales of the involucre dry, papery and appressed.
=Eucephalus.=
Scales of the involucre more or less herbaceous,
and spreading. =Aster.=
Style branches of the perfect flowers straight edged
or with hairy tips.
Involucre not scarious.
Pappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or bristly.
Receptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none. =Rudbeckia.=
Receptacle flat, chaffy; tall herbs; pappus 2 scales.
=Helianthus.=
Receptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales.
=Gaillardia.=
Pappus capillary.
Leaves all or mostly opposite. =Arnica.=
Leaves alternate.
Flowers white or pinkish; leaves large. =Petasites.=
Flowers yellow, leaves small. =Senecio.=
Involucre scarious.
Receptacle chaffy; rays short. =Achillea.=
Receptacle naked; rays conspicuous. =Chrysanthemum.=
Receptacle naked; rays none. =Artemisia.=
Anthers with tails at the base; heads without rays.
Receptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft.
Pappus hair-like in pistillate flowers; club shaped
in staminate. =Antennaria.=
Pappus of all the flowers similar. =Anaphalis.=
Receptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft.
Leaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly =Carduus.=
Leaves and involucral bracts not prickly. =Saussurea.=

[Sidenote: =Chrysopsis hispida= (Hook.) Nutt. _Hispid Golden Aster._]

Stems numerous from a woody rootstock, rough-hairy throughout, spreading, 6—12 inches long. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, spreading, ¾—1½ inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, often into petioles half as long as the blade or more. Heads very numerous, about ½ an inch broad; involucre less than ½ an inch high, its bracts lanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, ¼ of an inch or more long.

In dry soil through the lower valleys throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.

[Sidenote: =Solidago multiradiata= Ait. _Northern Goldenrod._]

Stems smooth or somewhat hairy above, slender, 6—15 inches high. Leaves firm, smooth or nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely reticulate-veined, 3—5 inches long, the upper smaller and narrower, entire. Heads about ⅓ of an inch high, usually few in a rather compact terminal cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth; rays 8—15, large.

On open hillsides throughout the region; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Solidago decumbens= Greene. _Field Goldenrod._]

Stems clustered at the summit of a strong, perpendicular root, stout, decumbent, 6—18 inches high, usually dark red and sparsely hairy. Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, more or less distinctly serrate toward the summit, upper cauline leaves similar but few and reduced, all rough on the margins. Heads large in a thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre glandular-viscid, linear, obtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large.

[Sidenote: =Solidago missouriensis= Nutt. _Missouri Goldenrod._]

Smooth, rather slender, 3—5 feet high. Leaves firm or thick, those of the stem linear-lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2—4 inches long, rough-margined, triple-nerved, entire or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones longer, spatulate and petioled. Heads ⅛—¼ of an inch high on one side of the spreading or recurving branches of the short panicle; bracts of the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse; rays 6—13, short.

In dry soil on the edges of woodland at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in August.

[Sidenote: =Solidago canadensis= L. _Canada Goldenrod._]

Stout, rough-hairy or slightly so, 2—8 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and petioled, 3—6 inches long, ⅓—1 inch wide, the upper smaller, entire. Heads small, ⅛ of an inch or less high, very numerous on one side of the spreading or recurved branches of the usually large and dense panicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9—15 small.

In open usually dry soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during July and August.

_b_ Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane.

_c_ Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (⅗ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Erigeron simplex= Greene. _Arctic Fleabane._]

Stems 1—6 inches high, several from the same root. Leaves few, the basal spatulate or oblanceolate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves linear and few. Heads ⅓ of an inch in diameter, solitary; involucre usually rough-hairy as well as woolly, bracts linear acute, rather close, rays ¼—⅓ of an inch long, white, very numerous.

An alpine plant in dry ground at the higher elevations, among stones and on the moraines, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron salsuginosus= (Richards) A. Gray. _Large Purple Fleabane._]

Soft hairy above, 12—20 inches high. Leaves smooth, thick, bright green, spatulate or nearly ovate, acute or conspicuously bristle-tipped, the uppermost small and bract-like. Heads over 1½ inches in diameter; rays 50—70, purple or violet, ½—¾ of an inch long; disc bright yellow; involucral bracts linear, attenuate and spreading, glandular-hairy.

A most striking violet or purple daisy on moist banks, slopes, and in moist, open woodlands; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron asper= Nutt. _Rough Fleabane._]

Stem simple or branched above, more or less hairy, sometimes roughly so, 6—24 inches high. Leaves smooth, hairy or fringed on the margin with hairs, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2—4 inches long, narrowed into a margined petiole; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller. Heads several or solitary, slender peduncled, ⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, or rough-hairy; rays 100—150, very narrow, violet-purple or nearly white, ⅓ to nearly half an inch long.

In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes of the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron cæspitosus= Nutt. _Tufted Fleabane._]

Stems tufted, closely white-hairy from a deep root; simple or branched above, 6—12 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, entire, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1—3 inches long; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, the upper gradually shorter. Heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, ⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric its bracts lanceolate or linear-oblong acute, white-hairy; rays 40—60, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, white or pinkish.

In dry open places in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, a pretty tufted plant resembling an Aster; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron multifidus= Rydb. _Daisy Fleabane._]

Rough-hairy or somewhat smooth, stems slender, numerous, 3—6 inches high. Leaves crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually twice ternately parted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes; an inch long or less including the petiole; stem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy stem; involucre ¼ of an inch high and nearly ½ an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter and spreading; rays 40—60, white, purple or violet, from ⅛ to nearly ½ an inch long.

On dry rocks throughout the Rockies up to 6000 feet elevation or above, flowering during June or July.

_Erigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.) Rydb._, differing from the species in the entire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads, and _Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb._, differing from the species in being almost entirely smooth except a few hairs on the petioles and involucral bracts, are found in similar localities throughout the Rockies, often growing with the species and frequently much more abundant.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron aureus= Greene _Golden Fleabane._]

Ashy-hairy, 3—6 inches high from a tufted caudex. Leaves ovate, spatulate or roundish, an inch or more long, contracted into a petiole; stem leaves ¼ of an inch long, few, and very narrow. Flowers solitary, about ⅓ of an inch high and broad; involucre usually reddish or purplish, covered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, rather loose; rays numerous, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, deep golden yellow.

In open ground on alpine meadows and among rocks, at the higher altitudes, throughout the region; a striking little plant, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron melanocephalus= A. Nelson. _Black-woolly Fleabane._]

Stems few or several, slender, erect, 2—6 inches high, with purplish-black hairs. Leaves numerous, elliptic or narrowly oblong, ¾—1½ inches long, nearly smooth; stem leaves broadly linear, acuminate, ¾—1 inch long, hairiness similar to that of the stem. Head solitary, ⅓ of an inch broad; involucral scales nearly equal, with attenuate tips, densely covered with purplish-black wool; rays 50—60, white or pinkish, ⅛ of an inch long.

In open stony or more or less grassy ground at the high altitudes; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron acris= L. _Blue Fleabane._]