Chapter VI: Preface (6)

More or less hairy, varying to smooth, 3—18 inches high, simple or branching. Leaves spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse, 1—3 inches long, hairy and entire. Heads ¼ of an inch or more broad, single or several, more or less paniculately disposed; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear and hairy; rays numerous, very narrow, only slightly exceeding the yellow disc, blue or purple.

In dry stony ground and slopes throughout the region, very variable as to size; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron drobrachiensis= O. Muell.]

Nearly or quite smooth, 1—2 feet high, usually paniculately branched. Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, acute, rather numerous. Heads on peduncle-like branches, an inch or more long, involucre, ⅓ of an inch or more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate and glandular, green; rays numerous and thread-like, pink, but slightly exceeding the disc.

On banks and more or less shaded places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Erigeron philadelphicus= L. _Philadelphia Fleabane._]

Soft-hairy or sometimes nearly smooth, stems slender, mostly branched above, 1—3 feet high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire, 1—3 inches long. Heads several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, ¼—⅓ of an inch broad; involucre depressed hemispheric, its bracts linear with roughened margins; rays 100—150, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, bright rose-colour.

In open grassy and wet places at the lower altitudes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July. This species, the most widely distributed of any member of the genus, is found throughout North America; though locally rare, where found it is usually in great abundance.

[Sidenote: =Aster Richardsonii= Spreng. _Richardson’s Aster._]

Hairy, often much branched from the base, 3—12 inches high. Leaves oblong, spatulate to broadly lanceolate, more or less sharply serrate, an inch or more long. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches; involucre broadly campanulate, ¼ of an inch high, shorter than the disc; the bracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose herbaceous tips; rays nearly half an inch long, violet-purple.

In gravelly ground and river bottoms frequent in the region; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Aster conspicuus= Lindl. _Large Purple Aster._]

Rough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet high. Leaves firm, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute, 4—6 inches long, 1½—4 inches broad, acutely serrate, reticulate-veiny. Flowers numerous in a broad head, involucre, broadly campanulate, equalling the disc, half an inch high; bracts in several series, minutely glandular, lanceolate, acute, the greenish tips a little spreading; rays ½ an inch long or more, violet.

The most showy of all the Asters, frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, on slides and on gravelly river banks, forming great masses of colour when flowering in late July and early August.

[Sidenote: =Aster major= (Hook) Porter. _Great Northern Aster._]

Stem stout, leafy to the summit, densely long-hairy, or rarely smooth, branched above, 2—6 feet high. Leaves rather thin, lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with low distant teeth, dark green and lightly hairy above, densely soft-hairy on the veins beneath, 3—5 inches long, ½ to nearly an inch wide. Heads mostly solitary, at the ends of short branches, 1½ inches broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green, linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35—45 purple, about ½ an inch long.

In moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during August.

[Sidenote: =Aster Lindleyanus= T. & G. _Lindley’s Aster._]

Stem usually stout, smooth, or sparingly hairy, 1—3 feet high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, smooth or slightly hairy, especially on the veins, the lower and basal ones heart-shaped at the base, sharply serrate, ovate-acute or acuminate, 2—4 inches long, with slender, naked petioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less serrate or entire, sessile or with margined petioles. Heads usually not numerous, ⅓ of an inch or more high; involucre broadly top-shaped; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, smooth or nearly so, their tips green, rays 10—20, blue or violet, ¼—½ an inch long; pappus nearly white.

In open places and along the rivers throughout the region; flowering during July and August.

[Sidenote: =Aster ciliomarginatus= Rydb.]

Stems 1—2 feet high, round, slightly striate and tinged with red, smooth below, more or less hairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth except the hairy-fringed margins, thin, distantly serrate or subentire, tapering into wing-margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute, 4—8 inches long; the upper oblong or lanceolate sessile. Heads about ½ an inch high, ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, rather few in an open panicle; involucral bracts linear, fringed with hairs on the margins, the upper part foliaceous and the outer somewhat spreading; rays numerous ½ an inch long, light blue.

In moist, more or less shaded places, edges of woods and thickets, throughout the Rockies; flowering in late July and August.

[Sidenote: =Aster frondeus= (A. Gray) Greene. _Leafy-bracted Aster._]

Simple, stem smooth, with sparing, erect, flowering branches. Leaves few, broadly lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, entire or nearly so, the lower tapering into winged petioles. Heads solitary or few, on naked peduncles; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, or less; bracts linear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; rays violet or purple, nearly ½ an inch long.

In wet places and along streams throughout the Rockies; flowering during July and August.

[Sidenote: =Eucephalus Engelmanni= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Engelmann’s Aster._]

Slightly hairy or smooth, simple or somewhat branched, 18 inches to 2 feet high, bright green. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, loosely veined, tapering at the apex into a slender-spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute teeth. Heads ½ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about ½ an inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish.

In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher elevations; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Rudbeckia hirta= L. _Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy._]

Rough-hairy throughout, stems simple or sparingly branched, often tufted, 1—3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly obtuse, 3—5-nerved, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or solitary, 2—4 inches broad; rays 10—20, deep yellow or orange; bracts of the involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown.

Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and August.

[Sidenote: =Helianthus scaberrimus= Ell. _Stiff Sunflower._]

Stems simple or a little branched, rough-hairy or only slightly so, 1—8 feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both sides, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads solitary or few, 2—3 inches broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15—25, light yellow.

Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August.

[Sidenote: =Helianthus Nuttallii= Torr and Gray. _Nuttall’s Sunflower._]

Stem smooth, except the summit which is soft-hairy, slender, mostly simple, 2—4 feet high. Leaves rough on both surfaces, lanceolate or the upper linear, 3—6 inches long, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, frequently opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ½ an inch high, scattered; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the base; rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1—1½ inches long.

In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during July.

_b_ Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (⅗ Nat.) Great-flowered Gaillardia.]

[Sidenote: =Gaillardia aristata= Pursh. _Great-flowered Gaillardia._]

Rough-hairy, stems simple or little branched, 1—3 feet high. Leaves firm, densely and finely hairy, the lower basal ones petioled, oblong or spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2—5 inches long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads 1½-4 inches broad, long peduncled; bracts of the involucre spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough-hairy, rays 10—18, bright yellow, wedge-shaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc reddish-purple.

One of the most showy of the midsummer plants, in the lower valleys of the Rockies, in dry ground and on slopes, especially in the Bow Valley at Banff and in the open country around Golden.

[Sidenote: =Arnica cordifolia= Hook. _Heart-leaved Arnica._]

Somewhat hairy, stem simple or sparingly branched, 1—2 feet high. Leaves hairy, the basal ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate at the base, dentate, 1—3 inches long with slender sometimes margined petioles; stem leaves in 1—3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile or short-petioled, much smaller. Heads 1—8, 2—3 inches broad, bracts of the involucre, acute or acuminate, ½—¾ of an inch long; rays 12—16, deep yellow, an inch or more long, toothed at the apex; pappus white.

In woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Arnica gracilis= Rydb. _Slender Arnica._]

Smooth, slender and branched, 6—12 inches high. Leaves with short glandular hairs on both surfaces or smooth, the basal broadly ovate, petioled, dentate, 3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar, the upper sessile. Heads several on slender glandular peduncles, disc ½ an inch or less high; involucral bracts, 12—15, lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy as are also the seeds; pappus white; rays about ¾ of an inch long, narrow, bright yellow with a single notch at the apex.

On alpine slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July, not common.

_b_ Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica. (⅗ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Arnica latifolia= Bong. _Broad-leaved Arnica._]

Minutely hairy or nearly smooth, simple or branched. Leaves thin, nearly smooth, or with long scattered hairs; the lower cordate; stem leaves in 2—3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely sessile by the broad base, or the lowest with contracted bases. Heads ¾ of an inch high on long, slender, hairy peduncles; involucral bracts ½ an inch or more long; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with scattered hairs, rays yellow, ¾ of an inch long, with 2 notches at the apex; achenes nearly smooth; pappus white.

Throughout the region in woods and open ground usually at an elevation of 5000 to 7000 feet; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Arnica Chamissonis= Less. _Chamisso’s Arnica._]

From lightly hairy to densely so or nearly smooth, 1—2 feet high. Leaves rather thin, hairy, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, acute or obtuse, lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at the base and somewhat clasping. Heads ½ an inch or more high, single or several on hairy peduncles; involucral bracts ⅓ of an inch or more long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy; rays bright yellow, ½ an inch or more long with a single notch at the apex, rather broad; achenes with a few scattered hairs; pappus tawny.

On the borders of streams and wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the region; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Arnica louiseana= Farr. _Pale-flowered Arnica._]

Slender, hairy, 3—8 inches high. Leaves in about 3 pairs, the two lowest at the base of the stem, 1½—2 inches long, elliptical or obovate, entire or denticulate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, as are the margins. Heads of flowers, 1—3, nearly half an inch broad, on long, slender, nodding, hairy peduncles; rays 8—10, light yellow, about ½ an inch long; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, campanulate, densely glandular-hairy at the base, brownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate, acute, with scattered white hairs; pappus white.

Among loose stones at the base of Mt. Fairview at Lake Louise; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Arnica fulgens= Pursh. _Alpine Arnica._]

Glandular-hairy throughout, 8—12 inches high. Leaves oblong lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, the lower denticulate and petioled, the upper sessile and entire. Heads of flowers several on long, slender, glandular-hairy peduncles; involucres campanulate, ½ an inch high, bracts lanceolate acute, glandular and with long white hairs; rays bright yellow ¾—1 inch long, ¼ of an inch wide, twice notched at the apex; achenes hairy; pappus white.

On stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Arnica eradiata= (A. Gray.) Heller. _Rayless Arnica._]

Densely soft-hairy throughout; simple or branched, 12—18 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire or sharply denticulate, 1—3 inches long. Heads of flowers on short, hairy peduncles, without rays; involucre ½ an inch high, bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes black, smooth or nearly so; pappus tawny.

On grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies at the higher elevations; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Senecio pseudaureus= Rydb. _Western Golden Ragwort._]

Smooth from a creeping rootstock, 1—2 feet high. Leaves smooth, basal broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, serrate, 1½—3 inches long, long-petioled; stem leaves more or less laciniate at the base, the upper sessile. Heads of flowers ⅓ of an inch high in a flat-topped corymb, rays bright orange-yellow, ⅓ of an inch long.

In moist ground and borders of woods and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Senecio discoideus= (Hook.) Britton. _Northern Squaw-root._]

Smooth except for the small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout, 1—2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval or ovate, thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the blade; stem leaves few, small, more or less irregularly cut. Heads few or numerous, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, nearly ½ an inch high; rays very short or wanting; achenes smooth.

Frequent throughout the Rockies on river shores and borders of woods and thickets; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Senecio flavovirens= Rydb. _Western Balsam Groundsel._]

Light or yellowish-green, slender, woolly in tufts at the base of the leaves or smooth in age; stem 12—18 inches high, striate, pale. Leaves 1—3 inches long, at the base obovate or broadly oval, generally tapering into the petiole but sometimes truncate at the base, obtuse, crenate or sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves lanceolate in outline and petioled, the upper lanceolate or linear and sessile, deeply pinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments, cymes contracted, corymbose. Heads ¼ of an inch or more high; bracts linear, acute, yellowish-green and occasionally with brownish tips; rays pale yellow, ½ an inch long, 4-nerved or often lacking.

In the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the borders of woods, thickets, and marshes; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Senecio canus= Hook. _Silvery Groundsel._]

Permanently silvery-hairy with felted hairs; stems several, 6—12 inches high from a woody base. Leaves sometimes all undivided, the radicle and lower from spatulate to oblong or roundish-oval, ½—1½ inches long, slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads of flowers few and terminal, ⅓ to nearly half an inch high; rays yellow, nearly ½ an inch long.

In stony dry ground and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Senecio lugens= Richards. _Black-tipped Groundsel._]

More or less woolly when young, soon smooth; stem stout, 1—3 feet high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, denticulate or dentate, 2—5 inches long, ½—1½ inches wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like. Heads of flowers several or numerous, corymbose, often short-peduncled, ½ to nearly an inch broad; involucre campanulate, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, its bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, green with conspicuous black tips; rays 10—12, bright yellow, ½ an inch long.

In moist soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Senecio triangularis= Hook. _Giant Ragwort._]

Rather stout, simple, 2—5 feet high. Leaves thin, all more or less petioled and dentate, deltoid-lanceolate or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, the uppermost lanceolate, with cuneate base. Heads of flowers about ½ an inch high, numerous in a flat open cyme; involucre campanulate; rays 8—12, bright yellow, oblong-linear, ¼—⅓ of an inch long.

In wet ground and along the borders of streams and wet slopes at 5000 to 6000 feet elevation throughout the Rockies; at much lower altitudes in the Selkirks where it is a very abundant plant; flowering in June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Petasites palmata= (Ait.) A. Gray. _Palmate-leaved Coltsfoot._]

Scape slender and scaly, 6—24 inches high. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 3—12 inches broad, deeply 7—11-cleft to much beyond the middle, green and smooth above, densely white-woolly beneath, at least when young; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute, often somewhat wedge-shaped, sharply dentate or cut. Heads mostly diœcious, numerous, corymbose, ⅓—½ an inch broad; flowers usually white, fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with narrow pinkish or white rays about ¼ of an inch long; cottony in fruit.

In wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June before the leaves appear.

[Sidenote: =Petasites sagittata= (Pursh.) A. Gray. _Arrow-leaved Coltsfoot._]

Scape slender and scaly, 6—12 inches high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose beneath; smooth or nearly so above, 4—10 inches long, thin, margins sinuate-dentate, not cleft or lobed. Heads diœcious, loosely corymbose, involucre campanulate, ⅓ of an inch high; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with white rays.

In similar situations to the preceding; in wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; readily distinguished by the shape of its leaves; flowering in May and early June.

[Sidenote: =Petasites frigida= (L.) Fries. _Arctic Coltsfoot._]

Scape very, scaly, 3—10 inches high. Leaves thin, hastate-reniform to triangular-ovate, 1—4 inches long, irregularly and angulately lobed and incised, smooth and green above, persistently white-woolly beneath, the lobes entire or few-toothed. Heads usually few, ½ an inch or more high in a capitate corymb; involucre short, campanulate; flowers nearly white and fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with white or pinkish rays ¼ of an inch or more long.

In shaded wet places and along alpine brooks at the high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during June and July with the expanding leaves.

[Sidenote: =Achillea lanulosa= Nutt. _Yarrow._]

Woolly throughout; stems simple, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves narrowly oblong in outline, bi-pinnately dissected into numerous small linear divisions. Heads numerous, crowded into a rather contracted cyme; involucre oblong, nearly ¼ of an inch high; bracts lanceolate, green with brown translucent borders; rays 4—5, white, broadly obovate, notched and spreading, about the length of the involucre.

Open ground, slopes and meadows throughout the region; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Chrysanthemum leucanthemum= L. _Ox-eye Daisy. White Daisy._]

Smooth, simple, 1—3 feet high, often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Leaves smooth, the basal oblong or spatulate, coarsely dentate or incised, narrowed into long, slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly sessile or partly clasping, 1—3 inches long, linear, pinnately-incised or toothed, the uppermost small, nearly entire. Heads few or solitary, 1—2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, rays 20—30, white and spreading; disc flat, bright yellow, bracts of the involucre lanceolate or obtuse, smooth with translucent margins.

In open ground throughout the region; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Artemisia frigida= Willd _Pasture Wormwood._]

Simple or branching, silky-hairy and silvery throughout; stems numerous and spreading, about a foot high. Leaves mainly twice ternately divided into linear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about ⅛ of an inch in diameter, numerous, in more or less racemose heads; involucre pale, greenish-yellow, woolly; bracts narrow and herbaceous.

In open dry ground and on banks throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Artemisia discolor= Dougl. _Green Wormwood._]

Stems slender, 9—12 inches high, spreading from a woody base. Leaves pinnately parted into narrow, linear or lanceolate, entire or spreading cut divisions and lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs, green and nearly smooth above. Heads ⅛ of an inch high, numerous in a wand-like panicle; involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and smooth or nearly so, 20—30 flowered.

On Rocky slopes throughout the region; flowering in June or July.

[Sidenote: =Antennaria lanata= (Hook.) Greene. _Alpine Everlasting._]

Densely white-woolly; stem simple, 2—6 inches high. Lower leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 1—1½ inches long, the upper linear with conspicuous papery tips. Heads several in a close cluster at the end of the stem, ½ an inch high; involucre nearly ¼ of an inch high, conspicuously woolly at the base, the inner bracts with conspicuous white tips, the outer straw-colour or greenish.

An alpine plant in meadows and on slopes from 7000 feet up; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Antennaria pulcherrima= (Hook.) Greene. _Tall Alpine Everlasting._]

White-woolly throughout, stem simple, 6—18 inches high. Leaves spatulate to lanceolate or linear, 1—4 inches long, acute, nerved. Heads numerous in a close capitate cluster, ½—1 inch high, outer bracts of the involucre straw-colour or greenish, rounded and often notched at the apex; inner ones nearly white.

In moist open ground in the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Antennaria racemose= Hook. _White Everlasting._]

Lightly woolly, becoming smooth, stems 6—20 inches high, slender, sparsely leafy. Leaves thin, the radicle broadly oval, an inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower stem leaves oblong, the upper smaller and lanceolate. Heads of flowers about ¼ of an inch high, all on slender peduncles in a loose raceme, involucral bracts, thin and translucent, greenish-yellow or brownish.

On shaded slopes throughout the Rockies, at the higher altitudes; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Antennaria Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Everlasting._]

More or less woolly; stem 6—10 inches high. Leaves rather thin, the lower spatulate, acute, 1—2 inches long, green above, woolly beneath; stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, 1 inch long, becoming smaller toward the summit. Heads in a compact capitate cluster, ½ an inch or more in diameter, woolly at the base; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, thin, and translucent, straw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly and occasionally rosy.

In dry ground and on slopes, frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes.

[Sidenote: =Antennaria parvifolia= Nutt. _Mountain Everlasting._]

Plant silvery throughout, freely spreading; stems prostrate and leafy, forming mats of considerable extent; flowering stems 2—8 inches high. Leaves from obovate to spatulate, ½ an inch or less long, persistently white-woolly. Heads in compact terminal clusters about ⅓ of an inch broad; involucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin and translucent, yellowish.

In dry sterile ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, frequently growing with the next species which it closely resembles in manner of growth.

[Sidenote: =Antennaria rosea= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Pink Everlasting._]

Silvery throughout, stems prostrate and leafy, forming broad mats; flowering stems 6—15 inches high. Leaves very thin in texture, densely hairy, lanceolate to linear, ½—1½ inches long, acute. Heads small, closely compacted into a rounded terminal cluster, ½ an inch or more in diameter; involucral bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, the outer greenish and woolly, the inner from pink to bright rose-colour.

In dry sterile or moist open ground throughout the Rockies up to an elevation of 6,000 feet; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Anaphalis subalpina= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Pearly Everlasting._]

A foot or two high in tufts, very leafy, the white tufts of woolly hairs rarely becoming tawny. Leaves 2—5 inches long, broadly lanceolate, green above, white-woolly beneath. Heads numerous, ¼ of an inch high in a contracted corymb; involucral bracts numerous, ovate-lanceolate, pearly white, spreading in age.

Abundant throughout the region in dry or moist ground and on slopes up to an altitude of 7000 feet; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Carduus Kelseyi= Rydb. _White Thistle._]

Stems 18 inches to 4 feet tall, striate, more or less cobwebby-woolly. Leaves linear, sinuately toothed and fringed, with rather weak spines, green above, cottony beneath. Heads several in a leafy spike, 1—1½ inches high, subtended by linear, cut and bristly-fringed and cobwebby-hairy leaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate, a few of the outermost with weak spines, the rest unarmed but with a long slender tip; corolla cream-colour.

Open ground and on slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Carduus undulatus= Nutt. _Wavy-leaved Thistle._]

Persistently white-tomentose, 1—3 feet high, branching. Leaves rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly. Heads of flowers about 1½ inches high, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular sticky ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with a short spreading prickle; corollas rose-colour or pale purple.

In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during July and August.

[Sidenote: =Saussurea densa= Hook. _Saussurea._]

Nearly smooth, with a decumbent base; 3—12 inches high. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads of flowers several in a compact terminal corymb, involucre campanulate, ½ an inch high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla purple or violet-blue.

On stony slopes or on the moraines at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies, not common, but frequent in the region around Lake Louise; flowering during July.

INDEX

A
Abies, 24
lasiocarpa, 27
Aceraceæ, 185
Acer glabrum, 185
Achillea, 285
lanulosa, 314
Actæa, 91
arguta, 108
eburnea, 109
Adder’s-Tongue Family, 1
Adiantum, 3
pedatum, 6
Agoseris, 276
aurantiaca, 277
glauca, 276
graciliens, 277
Large-flowered, 276
Orange-flowered, 277
Slender, 277
Alder, Slender-leaved, 72
Alexanders, Heart-leaved, 203
Allium, 42
recurvatum, 42
sibericum, 43
Alnus tenuifolia, 72
Alsine, 82
borealis, 86
læta, 86
longipes, 85
Alum-root,
Smooth, 134
Round-leaved, 135
Amelanchier alnifolia, 166
Anaphalis, 285
subalpina, 320
Androsace, 226
carinata, 228
diffusa, 229
septentrionalis, 229
Alpine, 229
Spreading, 229
Sweet-flowered, 228
Anemone, 91
Drummondii, 93
globosa, 93
parviflora, 92
Alpine, 93
Northern, 92
Western, 95
Antennaria, 285
Howellii, 318
lanata, 317
parvifolia, 319
pulcherrima, 317
racemosa, 318
rosea, 320
Antiphylla, 130
oppositifolia, 146
APIACEÆ, 201
APOCYNACEÆ, 237
Apocynum, androsæmifolium, 237
Apple Family, 165
Aquilegia, 91
brevistyla, 105
flavescens, 106
formosa, 106
Arabis, 112
Drummondii, 120
hirsuta, 119
Holboldii, 119
Lyallii, 120
ARACEÆ, 35
Aragallus, 168
deflexus, 176
inflatus, 176
Lamberti, 174
monticola, 173
splendens, 175
viscidulus, 175
ARALIACEÆ, 199
Aralia nudicaulis, 199
Arctostaphylos, 212
uva-ursi, 214
Arenaria, 82
capillaris nardifolia, 88
sajanensis, 89
verna equicaulis, 89
Argentina, 151
anserina, 159
Arnica, 285
Chamissonis, 306
cordifolia, 304
eradiata, 308
fulgens, 307
gracilis, 304
latifolia, 305
louiseana, 306
Alpine, 307
Broad-leaved, 305
Chamisso’s, 306
Heart-leaved, 304
Pale-flowered, 306
Rayless, 308
Slender, 304
Artemisia, 285
discolor, 316
frigida, 316
Arum Family, 35
Aruncus, 150
Aruncus, 153
Aspen, American, 69
Asphodel,
False, 40
Scottish, 40
Western False, 41
Asplenium, 4
Filix-fœmina, 9
viride, 9
Aster, 285
ciliomarginatus, 298
conspicuus, 296
frondeus, 299
Lindleyanus, 298
major, 297
Richardsonii, 296
Engelmann’s, 300
Great Northern, 297
Hispid Golden, 286
Large Purple, 296
Leafy-bracted, 299
Lindley’s, 298
Richardson’s, 296
Astragalus, 168
adsurgens, 169
alpinus, 170
convallarius, 171
hypoglottis, 169
Macouni, 171
Atragene, 90
columbiana, 91
Avens,
Drummond’s Mountain, 164
Large-leaved, 162
Purple-plumed, 163
White Mountain, 163
Yellow, 162
Azaleastrum, 212
albiflorum, 218

B
Baneberry,
Western Red, 108
Western White, 109
Barberry Family, 109
Batrachium, 91
trichophyllum, 97
Bear-berry, 214
Alpine, 214
Beard-tongue,
Blue, 251
Large Purple, 249
Yellow, 250
Bed-straw, Northern, 263
Bellflower Family, 273
BERBERIDACEÆ, 109
Berberis aquifolium, 110
Betony, Wood, 261
Betula,
glandulosa, 71
occidentalis, 71
papyrifera, 70
BETULACEÆ, 70
Bilberry,
Alpine, 222
Dwarf, 221
Thin-leaved, 223
Birch,
Canoe, 70
Family, 70
Paper, 70
Scrub, 71
Western Red, 71
Bishop’s-Cap, Naked, 132
Bistort, Alpine, 78
Black-eyed Susan, 201
Bladder-pod, Double, 117
Bladderwort Family, 262
Bluebell, 274
Blueberry, 222
Blue-eyed Grass, 53
Borage Family, 240
BORAGINACEÆ, 240
Botrychium,
lunaria, 1
simplex, 2
virginianium, 2
Bracken, 6
Brake,
American Rock, 7
Slender Cliff, 8
BRASSICACEÆ, 111
Braya, 112
humilis, 123
Brooklime, American, 252
Buckbean, 236
Family, 236
Buckwheat Family, 75
Buffalo-berry, Canadian, 192
Bunch-berry, 205
Bunch-flower Family, 36
Buttercup,
Low, 102
Meadow, 103
Northern, 99
Pursh’s, 98
Snow, 100
Butterwort, 262