Chapter III: Part I: Of Architecture that is common to us with the Ancients (2)

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 2._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 6. Chap. 6._]

The Halls where great Assemblies are to meet, ought to have their _Ceiling_ very high, and to give them their true Proportion, we must unite the Length and Breadth, and give the half of the whole for the height of the _Ceiling_. The Halls where the _Ceiling_ is not so high, must have only their breadth, and half of their length for their height.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 2._]

In vast and high places, to remedy the Inconvenience of the noisy Echo, about the middle of the height of the Wall, must be made a _Cornish_ round about to break the course of the Voice; which without that, beating against the Walls, would beat a Second time against the _Ceiling_, and cause a troublesom double Echo.

CHAP. IV.

_Of the Beauty of Buildings._

ARTICLE I.

_In what the Beauty of Building Consists._

_Buildings_ may have two sorts of Beauty, the one _Positive_, and the other _Arbitrary_. _Positive Beauty_, is that which necessarily pleaseth of her self; _Arbitrary_, is that which doth not necessarily please of her self, but her agreeableness depends upon the Circumstances that accompany her.

_Positive Beauty_, consists in Three principal Things; _viz._ In the Equality of the Relation that the Parts have one to another, which is called _Symmetry_, in the Richness of the Materials, in the Properness, Neatness, and Exactness of the Performance.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 2. Chap. 8._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 1. Chap. 2._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 6. Chap. 11._]

As to what regards the Relation of the Parts of the Fabrick one to another, _Vitruvius_ hath not spoke of it, but only where he prefers the _Netway_ of Walling before all other sorts of _Masonry_, because of the Uniformity that is in that Figure, and the laying of the Stones; As to the Richness of the Materials, he leaves the Disposition to him that is at the Expences of the Building; and he acknowledges that the Beauty of the Performance depends wholly upon the Dexterousness and Industry of the Workmen.

The second sort of _Beauty_, which only pleases by the Circumstances that accompany it, is of two sorts; The one is called _Wisdom_, and the other _Regularity_. _Wisdom_ consists in the reasonable use of _Positive Beauties_, which result from the use and convenient ranking of the Parts; for the Perfection of which, to a rich and precious Material, is given an Equal and Uniform Figure, with all the Property and Correctness possible.

_Vitruvius_ gives us two Examples of this sort of _Beauty_; The first is, When _Bosses_ or _Relievo's_ are made to hide the Joynts, putting them directly under the _Bosses_ which hide them by their jetting or projecture, for this gives them great Beauty and an agreeable Aspect.

The second is, When we consider the Winter-Appartments, that we have a care, that upon the Ceiling there be little or no Carving, and that the Ornaments be not made of Stuck, because it hath a shining whiteness, which will not endure the least nastiness; for it is impossible to hinder the smoak of the Fire and Candles which are lighted in the Winter, from tarnishing the beautiful Colour of the Work to which the Filth will stick, and enter into the Crevises of the Carving, which cannot be wiped out.

The _Regularity_ depends upon the Observation of the Laws which are Established for the Proportions of all the Parts of _Architecture_, the Observation of these Laws extreamly pleases those that understand _Architecture_, who love these Proportions for two Reasons.

The First is, That they are for the most part founded upon Reason; which requires, for example, that the parts that support and are under, be stronger than those above; as we see in _Pedestalls_, which are broader than the Pillars they support, and they are broader at the bottom than the top.

The other Motive is _Prevention_, which is one of the most usual Foundations of the _Beauty_ of all things, for even as we love the Fashion of the Cloaths which the Courtiers wear, although this mode have no _Positive Beauty_, but only for the Positive Merit of the Persons that wear them; so we are accustomed to love the Proportions of the Members of _Architecture_, rather because of the great Opinion that we have of them that Invented them, than for any _Positive Beauty_ which is found in the Works of the Ancients, where these Proportions are observ'd; for often these Proportions are against Reason; as we may see in the _Thorus_ of the _Ionick Base_, in the _Faces_ of _Architraves_ and _Chambranles_, or _Door-Cases_, with their _Mouldings_, where the Strong is supported by the Weak, and many other things, which Custom only hath made supportable.

These Proportions appertain to Three principal Members, which are _Pillars_, _Piedements_, _Chambranles_; the _Pillars_ taken Generically, and as opposite to _Piedements_, and _Chambranles_ or _Door-Cases_, have Three parts, _viz._ The _Pedestal_, the _Pillar_, and the _Ornaments_. Every one of these Parts is likewise divided into Three other Parts, for the _Pedestal_ is composed of the _Basis_, its _Die_ and its _Cornish_; the _Pillar_ Comprehends its _Base_, _Shaft_ and _Capital_. The _Ornaments_ consist in the _Architrave_, _Frise_, and _Corniche_.

The _Piedement_ or _Fronton_, has likewise Three Parts, _viz._ The _Tympan_, the _Corniches_, and the _Acroteres_. The _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_ is composed of two _Pieds-droits_, or _Piers_, and the _Lintel_ which also supports a _Frise_, which has likewise its _Cornich_.

The Disposition, Form, and different Proportions of all the Parts make two things, to which all that is Beautiful in Building hath a Relation, which is _Gender_ and _Order_.

_Gender_ depends of the Proportion, which is between the thickness of the _Pillars_ and the space betwixt them.

_Order_, doth likewise depend in part upon the Proportion which is between the thickness of the _Pillars_, and their height; but we must likewise joyn to this Proportion many other things that appertain to the principal Parts of the _Pillars_, and other Parts which accompany it, such as are the _Gates_, the _Chambranles_, or _Door-Cases_; and other things which are different in different _Orders_.

ART. II.

_Of the Five sorts of Fabricks_.

There are Five sorts of Fabricks; The First is called _Pycnostyle_, viz. where the Pillars are very close one to another, in such a Proportion that there is but from one Pillar to another, the space of a Diameter and half of the Pillar. See the _Fig._ AA. _Tab._ 2.

The Second is called _Systile_, viz. where the Pillars seem to be joyned together, are notwithstanding a little more distant one from another than in the _Pycnostile_; for the intercolumniation is two Diameters of the Pillars.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 2. Chap. 3._]

The Defect that is observ'd in the _Systile_ as well as in the _Pycnostile_ is, that the Entrance of the Fabricks which are placed in that distance are very narrow: So that _Vitruvius_ remarks that the Ladies as they walk to the Temple hand in hand, were forced when they came thither to quit one another, because they could not go two a Breast between the Pillars. See the Figure BB. Tab. II.

The Third is called _Diastyle_; _viz._ where the Pillars are further distant, the space of the Intercolumniation being three Diameters, and the Inconvenience is, that the space is so great, that the _Architraves_ which lie upon the two Pillars are in danger of breaking; because the Ancients made them of one Stone. See Figure CC. Tab. II.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 8._]

The Fourth is called _Areostyle_; _viz._ where the Pillars are set very thin, there is no certain Proportion, but the distance of one Pillar from another, is much greater than that of _Diastyle_; and for this reason it can have no _Architrave_ but of Wood. See the Figure DD. Tab. II.

The Fifth is called _Eustyle_; _viz._ where the Pillars are distant from one another by a more convenient Proportion than in any of the other kind. The distance consists of two Diameters of the Pillars, and one Fourth part of the Diameter: It has also this in particular, That the Intercolumniation in the middle is larger than the rest, having three Diameters of the Pillars; for this reason it surpasseth all others in Beauty, Solidity, and Convenience. See Tab. III.

Although the Essentials of these five Kinds, consist in the Proportion that is between the Diameter of the Pillar, and its Intercolumniation, they are also different by the Proportion which is between the Diameter of the Pillar and its height for the _Genders_ or sorts, in which the Pillars are close one to another, ought to have the lesser Pillars; and in that kind, where the Pillars are in a greater distance one from another, they ought to be greater.

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 4. _Cap._ 7.]

But it's true, notwithstanding that these Proportions are not always observ'd, and that very often, to the _Ionick_ and _Corinthian_ Pillars, which are the smallest of all, Intercolumniations are given, which are proper to those of the _Thuscan Order_, where the Pillars are the greatest.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 2._]

But the Ordinary Practice is, to give to the Pillars of the _Areostyle_ kind, the Magnitude of the 8th part of their height.

As to the _Diastyle_ and _Eustyle_, the height is divided into Eight parts and an half, to give one to the breadth.

In the _Systyle_ Kind, the Height is divided into Nine parts and an half, and one is given to the thickness.

In the _Picnostyle_, the thickness of the Pillar is the 10th part of the height, the reason of these different Proportions is founded upon this, that these Pillars do seem to lose of their thickness according as they are in Proportion great or long; and it's likewise for this Reason, that it is thought convenient to have the Pillars in the Corners thicker by a 50th part. See Tab. II. and Tab. III.

ART. III.

_Of the Five Orders of Architecture_.

The Five Orders of Architecture are, the _Thuscan_, the _Dorick_, the _Ionick_, the _Corinthian_, and the _Compound_.

These Orders were Invented to satisfie the Design that might be had of making Fabricks more or less Massy, and more or less adorn'd, for the Distinction of these Orders consists in two things, that as the _Thuscan_ and _Dorick_ Order are more massy and less adorn'd, so the _Corinthian_ and _Compound_ are Slenderer and Richer, the _Ionick_ holds the Middle, as well in its Proportions, as its Ornaments, being less massy and more adorn'd than the _Thuscan_ and the _Dorick_, and more massy and less adorn'd than the _Compound_ and the _Corinthian_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 1. Praef. 4.]

[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 7._]

Though _Vitruvius_ hath only divided Architecture into Three Orders; _viz._ The _Dorick_, the _Ionick_ and the _Corinthian_; he doth not for all that forget to give the Proportions of the _Thuscan_, and speak of the _Compound_.

ART. IV.

_Of Things that are Common to several Orders._

Before we treat of the Differences of these Five Orders, it would be proper to speak of those Things that are common to several Orders; as are the _Steps_, _Pedestals_, the _Diminution of Pillars_, their _Channelling_, _Piedements_, _Cornices_, and _Acroteres_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

The _Steps_ which are before the Temple, ought always to be of an unequal Number, to the end, that having put the right Foot in mounting the first _Step_, it may likewise be upon the last.

They ought not to be more than 6 Inches 10 Lines high, nor less than 6 Inches.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 9. Chap. 2._]

Their breadth ought to be proportion'd to their height, and this Proportion ought to be of 3 to 4; so that if the _Steps_ be 6 parts high, which is 3 times 2, they must be 8 broad, which is 4 times 2; following the Proportion of a Triangular Rectangle invented by _Pythagoras_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

The Landing-places ought not to be narrower than 16 Inches and an half, nor broader than 22 Inches, and all the _Steps_ that are round about a Fabrick should be all of the same breadth.

The _Pedestals_ which support many Pillars of the same Rank, will be much handsomer if one make them jet out before every Pillar like a Joynt-Stool; for otherwise, if the _Bases_ were all of one size, they would resemble a Channel.

If Leaning-places, or Elbow-places are to be betwixt the _Pedestals_, it's necessary that they be as high as the _Pedestals_, and that the _Cornices_ of the _Pedestals_, and of the Leaning or Elbow-places be equal, and have a true Proportion one to another.

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 5. _Chap._ 1.]

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 3. _Chap._ 2.]

All the Pillars ought to go diminishing towards the top, to augment their Strength, and render them more Beautiful, imitating the Bodies of Trees, which are greater at the Bottom than at the Top. But this _Diminution_ must be lesser in the great Pillars which have their highest part further from the Sight, and which by Consequence makes them at the top seem lesser, according to the ordinary Effect of Perspective; which always diminisheth Objects according to the measure that they are distant from the Eye.

The Rule of this different _Diminution_ is, that a Pillar that is 15 Foot high, ought to have in the upper part 5 parts of 6 in the which the Diameter of the _Base_ of the Pillar is divided; that which is from 15 to 20 Foot, ought to have 5 and an half of the 6 and an half of the Diameter; that which is from 20 to 30, ought to have 6 of the 7 parts of the Diameter; that which is from 30 to 40, must have 6 and an half of 7 and an half of the Diameter; that which is from 40 to 50, must have 7 of 8 of the Diameter. These _Diminutions_ do not belong to the _Thuscan Order_, whose Pillars are much more diminished; as we shall show hereafter.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

Besides this _Diminution_ which is made towards the top of the Pillar, there is another below, which makes the Pillar about the middle swell like a Belly; the measure of this swelling is taken from the magnitude which makes up the Distance between the _Channels_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 2._]

There is another sort of _Diminution of Pillars_, which is made of one Pillar in respect of another; It is of 2 sorts, _viz._ when a second rank is placed upon the first, for then the second Pillar must be lesser a fourth part than those below, or when _Portico's_ are made that have Pillars in the Corners, for those in the middle must be less than those in the Corners, a 50th part.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 1._]

The _Channellings_ are so called, because they are as it were _Demi-Channels_, which descend from the top of the Pillar to the bottom; they represented the Plaites of the Garments of Women, which the Pillars resembled.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 3._]

There are three sorts of _Channellings_, the two first are particular and proper to the _Dorick Order_; the third is common to the _Ionick_, _Corinthian_ and _Compound_: The two first are more plain and simple, and fewer in number than the others.

The most Simple is that which is not hollowed at all, and which hath only _Pans_ and flat Fronts or Faces.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

The other is a little hollowed; to make this hollowness, a Square must be made, whose Side must be equal to the _Pan_, in which the _Channelling_ is to be made, and having put one foot of the Compass in the middle of the Square, make a crooked Line from one Angle of the _Channelling_ to the other, both these _Channellings_ are made up to the number of Twenty.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 1._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 4._]

The other Orders have 24, and sometimes 32, when it is design'd to make the Pillars seem greater than they are; for the Eye judgeth that all things are greater when they have more and different Marks, which lead as it were the Sight to more Objects at once.

These _Channellings_ are deeper than those of the _Dorick Order_, and the depth ought to be just so much, that a Carpenter's Rule being put into the Cavity, touch with its Angle the bottom, and with its sides the two Corners of the _Channelling_. _Vitruvius_ hath not taught us what the Proportions of the _Channelling_ should be, in respect of the _Fillet_ which makes up the space between the _Channellings_, nor what the breadth of the _Fillet_ should be, which he hath establish'd for the rule of the swelling Belly of the Pillar.

The _Piedement_ is composed of a _Tympan_ and _Cornices_; to have the true height of the _Tympan_, we must divide the breadth which is between the two ends of the _Cymatium_ of the _Larmier_, or _Drip_ which supports the _Piedement_, into 9 parts, and give one to the _Tympan_.

The thickness of the _Cornice_ being added to this 9th part, makes up the height of the whole _Piedement_ or _Fronton_.

The _Tympan_ ought to be Perpendicular upon the _Gorge_ of the Pillar, the things that are common to all _Cornices_ are, that the _Cornice_ of the _Piedement_ must be equal to that below, excepting the last great _Cymatium_, which ought not to be upon the _Cornice_ below the _Piedement_, but it ought to go over the _Cornices_ which are sloping upon the _Piedement_ or _Fronton_.

This great _Cymatium_ ought to have of height an 8th part more than the _Crown_, or _Drip_, or _Larmier_.

In places where there are no _Piedements_, in the great _Cymatiums_ of the _Cornices_, must be cut the Heads of Lions, at such a distance, that there must be one directly upon every Pillar, and that the other answer directly upon the great _Dalles_, that cover the House. These Heads of Lions are pierced through to convey the Water which falls from the Roof upon the _Cornice_: The Heads of the Lions which are not directly upon the Pillars, ought not to be pierced, to the end the Water may flow with the greater impetuosity through those which are directly upon the Pillars, and that it may not fall between the Pillars upon those who are to go into the _Portico's_.

The _Greeks_ in their great Buildings never put any _Dentels_ under the _Modillons_, because the _Rafters_ could not be under the _Forces_, or _Sheers_, and it is a great fault that That, which according to the true Rules of Building ought to be placed above, should be placed under in the Representation.

For this Reason, the Ancients never approved of _Modillons_ in the _Piedements_, nor of _Dentels_, but only simple _Cornices_; for neither the _Forces_, _Sheers_, nor the _Rafters_ can be represented in the _Piedements_, out of which they cannot jet but only directly out of the Eaves of the House upon which they lie sloping.

The _Acroteres_ are three _Pedestals_, which are upon the Corners and Middle of the _Piedement_ to support Statues; those of the Corner ought to be as high as the Middle of the _Tympan_; but the _Acrotere_ in the middle ought to be higher by an 8th part than the other.

All the Members or Parts which shall be placed upon the Capitals of Pillars, _viz. Architraves_, _Frises_, _Cornices_, _Tympans_, and _Acroteres_, should encline forward the 12th part of their height.

There is likewise another General Rule; which is, that all the parts that jet out, should have their Projecture equal to their Height.

ART. V.

_Of the_ Thuscan _Order._

It hath been said that all Buildings have three Parts, which may be different according to the divers Order, _viz._ The _Pillars_, the _Piedements_, and the _Chambranles_, or _Door-Cases_; and that the _Pillars_ had three Parts, which are the _Pedestal_, the _Shaft_, and its Ornaments, _viz._ The _Architrave_, the _Frise_ and the _Cornice_.

Neither the Proportion of the _Pedestals_, nor of the _Gates_ and _Chambranles_ of the _Thuscan Order_ are to be found in _Vitruvius_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 7._]

The Proportion of the Pillar is this, that its thickness below is the 7th part of its height, it's Diminution is the 4th part of the Diameter of the Pillar, its _Base_ has half of the Diameter of the Pillar for its height, the _Plinthus_ being round, makes one half of the _Base_; the other half is for the _Thorus_, and for the _Conge_ or _Apophygis_, Vid. _Conge_ explained.

The height of the Capital is half the Diameter of the Pillar, the breadth of the _Abacus_ is equal to the whole Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom, the height of the Capital is divided into three Parts; one of them is allowed the _Plinthus_, which serves instead of an _Abacus_; the _Echine_ hath another; and a third Part is for the _Gorge_ of the Capital comprehending the _Astragal_, the _Conge_, or _Apophygis_, which are immediately under the _Echine_.

Upon the Pillars must be laid the _Sabliers_, or _Wooden Architrave_, joyned together by _Tenons_, in the form of a Swallows Tail.

These _Sabliers_ ought to be distant one from another about an Inch; for if they should touch one another, the Timber would heat and corrupt.

Upon these _Sabliers_ which serve for an _Architrave_, must be built a little Wall, which will serve instead of a _Frise_.

The _Cornice_ which is laid upon this little Wall or _Frise_, has _Mutal's_ which jet out.

All the Crowning should have the 4th part of the height of the Pillar. The little Walls that are built between the ends of the Beams which rest upon the Pillars, must be garnished and covered with Boards, which must be nailed upon the ends of the Beams.

The _Piedement_, which may be either of Stone or Wood, and which must support the _Faistag_ or _Top_, the _Forces_, and the _Pans_, has a particular Proportion; for it must be much raised to give it a sufficient sloping for the running of the Water. See Tab. V.

ART. VI.

_Of the_ Dorick _Order._

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 4. _Chap._ 1.]

The _Dorick_ Pillar has had in divers times, and in different Buildings, different Proportions; for at first it had only for its height 6 times its Diameter; this Proportion imitating that of Humane Bodies, in which the length of the Foot is the 6th part of all the Body, afterwards they allowed 7 times its Diameter.

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 5. _Chap._ 9.]

But this Proportion that the Pillars of the Temples had at the Beginning, was afterwards changed in that of the Theaters, where they were higher by half a Diameter; for they made them 15 Modules high, for in the _Dorick Order_ the Semi-Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom is the Module, which in other Orders is a whole Diameter.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 1._]

The _Dorick_ Pillar is composed as well as the rest of a _Shaft_, _Base_ and _Capital_, though _Vitruvius_ makes no mention of the _Base_; and it's easie to conclude, that in the Ancient Buildings this _Order_ had none; for it is said, That when they would make the _Ionick Order_ more Beautiful than the _Dorick_, they added a _Base_ to it; and there is yet to be seen in Ancient Buildings of this Order, Pillars without a _Base_; but when a _Base_ is added to it, it must be _Attick Base_, whose Proportion is as follows.

The whole _Base_ ought to have a _Module_ for its height; that is to say, half the Diameter of the Pillar; this _Module_ being divided into three parts; one is for the _Plinthus_; the other two parts are divided into four, of which one is allowed for the upper _Torus_, the three which remain, are divided into two: The half below is for the lower _Torus_, the other is for the _Scotiae_, comprising the two little Squares or Filets. The breadth of the _Basis_ in General is a 4th of the Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom, added on every side; but this jetting is excessive, and without any Example, and _Vitruvius_ himself makes it lesser in the _Ionick Base_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 3._]

The height of the _Capital_ as well as the _Base_ is one _Module_, the breadth is two _Modules_ and an half, the height of the _Capital_ being divided into three parts, one must be allowed for the _Plinthus_ or _Abacus_, with its _Cymatium_; the other is for the _Echine_, with its _Anulets_; the third appertains to the _Gorge_ of the _Capital_.

_The Architrave_ which comprehends its _Platte-Band_ with the _Gouttes_ or _Pendant Drops_, which are under the _Triglyphs_, is as well as the _Capital_ of one only _Module_; the _Gouttes_ or _Drops_ with their little _Tringle_, ought to have the 6th part of a _Module_, the breadth under the _Architrave_ ought to be equal to that above the Pillar.

Upon the _Architrave_ in the _Friese_ ought to be the _Triglyphs_ and the _Metops_. The _Triglyphs_ have a _Module_ and a half for their height, and a _Module_ for their breadth; the _Metops_ are as high as broad; One _Triglyph_ must be placed directly upon every Pillar, and the Intercolumniation ought to have three; towards the Corners must be placed the _Demi-Metops_.

The breadth of the _Triglyph_ being divided into six parts, five of them must be left in the middle, and the two halfs which remain on the right and the left, must be for _Demi-Graveurs_; The part in the middle, and the two last of the five, must be for the three Feet, and the two which are betwixt the three Feet, must be for the _Graveurs_ or _Channels_, which must be hollowed, following the Corner of the _Mason_'s Rule. The _Capital_ of the _Triglyph_ ought to have the 6th. part of a _Module_.

Upon the _Capital_ of the _Triglyph_ is placed the great _Cornice_, its Jetting or Projecture, is half a _Module_ and the 6th. part of a _Module_, its height is half a _Module_, comprising the _Dorick Cymatium_, which is under it.

On the _Plat Fonds_ of the _Cornice_, must be hollowed little strait ways, which must answer perpendicularly to the sides of the _Triglyphs_, and the middle of the _Metops_.

Streight upon the _Triglyphs_ must be cut 9 _Goutes_ or _Drops_, which must be so distributed, that there may be six length-wise, and three broad-wise; in the Spaces which are betwixt the _Metops_, because they are greater than those between the _Triglyphs_: nothing must be cut unless it be _Foudres_. Moreover towards the border of the Crown must be Carved a _Scotia_.

Some advance perpendicularly above the _Triglyphs_, the Ends of the _Forces_ or _Principals_ to frame the _Mutils_ which support the _Cornices_; so that as the Disposition of _Beams_ hath caused the Invention of _Triglyphs_, so the jetting of the _Forces_ hath caused the Disposition of the _Mutils_, which support the _Cornices_. See Tab. VI.

ART. VII.

_Of the_ Ionick _Order_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 1._]

The Proportion of the Pillars of the _Ionick Order_ in the beginning had Eight _Modules_ or Diameters for their height, but the Ancients quickly added half a Diameter, when to make this Pillar more Beautiful than the _Dorick_, not only for its height, but also for its Ornaments, they added a _Base_ to it, which was not used in the _Dorick Order_.

The Pillars must be set upon their _Bases_ two ways; for sometimes they were perpendicularly set, and sometimes not, _viz._ The outward rows of Pillars; when there were more Ranks than one; for that part of the Pillar which is towards the Wall of the Fabrick must necessarily be perpendicular, and the outward part must have all the Diminution, and must lean towards the Wall.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

The Pillars that are within the porch, and are betwixt the Wall and the outward Pillar must stand perpendicularly.

The breadth of the _Ionick Base_ is the Diameter of the Pillar, to which is added a 4th. and an 8th. part; its height is half the Diameter; its height being divided into three parts, one is allowed for the _Plinthus_, the rest being divided into seven parts, three are allowed to the _Torus_ above, after equally dividing the four which remain, the two above are for the upper _Scotia_, with its _Astragal_: The two below are for the lower _Scotia_, which will appear greater than the upper, because it extends to the edge of the _Plinthus_, the _Astragals_ must have the 8th. part of the _Scotia_, whose Jetting or Projecture must be the 8th. part of the whole _Base_ joyned to the 6th. part of the Diameter of the Pillar. See Tab. VII.

As to the _Capital_, the _Abacus_ must have in its Square the Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, adding to it an 18th. part; half of the _Abacus_ ought to be the height of the _Capital_, comprizing the Round of the _Volute_ or _Scroll_, but there must be substracted from the corner of the _Abacus_ a 12th. part and an half of the height of the _Capital_, and after the whole thickness of the _Capital_ must be divided into nine parts and an half, and one and an half must be left for the thickness of the _Abacus_, that the _Volutes_ or _Scrolls_ may be made of the eight which remain; then having left under the _Abacus_ four parts and an half of these eight, a Line must be drawn in the place which cuts the two a-cross and the Points of the Section shall be _Eyes_, which shall have eight parts for their Diameter; in half the space of the _Eye_ shall be placed the Centers through which shall be drawn with a Compass the Spiral-Line of the _Volute_, beginning the height under the _Abacus_, and going into the four Quarters of the Division, diminishing till we come directly to the first Quarter, and giving to every Quarter a particular Center.

Then the thickness of the whole _Capital_ must be so divided that of nine parts which it contains, the _Volute_ has the breadth of three under the _Astragal_, on the top of the Pillar, which must be directly upon the _Eye_ of the _Volute_, that which remains above the _Astragal_, must be allowed for the _Abacus_, _Channel_, and the _Echine_ or _Egge_, whose jetting beyond the Square of the _Abacus_ must be of the same bigness of the _Echine_ or _Egge_.

The _Channel_ must be hollowed the 12th. part of its breadth.

The _Girdle_ or _Cincture_, or the lateral part of the _Capital_, ought to advance out of the _Tailhoir Abacus_, as much as it is from the Center of the _Eye_ to the height of the _Echine_.

The thickness of the _Axis_ of the _Volutes_, which is the thickness of the _Volute_, seen sideway, and which makes up the extreme parts of that which is called commonly _Balisters_, ought not to exceed the magnitude of the _Eye_. See Tab. VIII.

These Proportions of the _Ionick Capital_, are only for Pillars of 15 Foot, those that are greater require other, and generally the greater Proportions are required for the Pillars that are greater; and for this reason we have said, that the higher the Pillars are, the less Diminution they must have; so when the Pillars are above 15 Foot, we must add a 9th. part to the Diameter of the Pillar for to give the breadth to the _Abacus_; to which is never added more than an 18th. part to Pillars of 15 Foot.

The _Architraves_ shall be laid upon the Pillars with Jettings equal to the _Pedestals_, in case they be not all of one size, but in form of Joint-Stools, to the end Symmetry may be observ'd.

The height ought to be different, according to the proportion of the height of the Pillar; for if the Pillar be from 12 to 15 Foot, we must allow the _Architrave_ the height of half a Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, if it be from 15 to 20, we must divide the height of the Pillar into 15 parts, to the end we may allow one to the _Architrave_; so if it be from 20 to 25, the height must be divided into 12 parts and an half, that the _Architrave_ may have one; and so proportionably.

The _Architrave_ ought to have at the bottom which lies upon the _Capital_, the same breadth that the top of the Pillar hath under the _Capital_.

The Jetting of the _Cymatium_ of the _Architrave_ ought to answer the bottom of the Pillar, the height of the _Cymatium_ ought to be the 7th. part of the whole _Architrave_.

The rest being divided into 12 parts; three must be allowed to the first _Face_, four to the second, and five to that above, upon which is the _Cymatium_.

The _Frise_ ought not to be so high as the _Architrave_ by a 4th. part, unless something be carved there, for then that the Carving may be more graceful, the _Frise_ ought to be bigger than the _Architrave_ by a 4th. part.

Upon the _Frise_ must be made a _Cymatium_ of height the 7th. part of the _Frise_, with a Jetting equal to its height.

The _Dentil_ which is upon the _Cymatium_, shall have the height of the _Face_ of the middle of the _Architrave_, with a Jetting or Projecture equal to its height; the cutting of the _Dentils_ ought to be so made, that the breadth of every _Dentil_ may be the half of its height, and the Cavity of the cut which is between every _Dentil_ may have two parts of three, which maketh the breadth of the _Dentil_.

The _Cymatium_ which is upon the _Dentil_, must have the 3d. part of the height of the _Dentil_.

The Crown with its little _Cymatium_ must have the same height with the _Face_ of the middle of the _Architrave_.

The great _Cymatium_ ought to have the height of an 8th. part more than the _Crown_ or _Drip_.

The Jetting or Projecture of the whole _Cornice_ comprehending the _Dentil_ ought to be equal to the space that there is from the _Frise_, just to the top of the great _Cymatium_, and generally speaking all the Jettings or Projectures shall have the better grace when they are equal to the height of the Jetting Members. See Table VII.

ART. VIII.

_Of the_ Corinthian _Order_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 2._]

The Pillars of the _Corinthian Order_ have no other Proportions than the _Ionick_, except in the _Capital_, whose height make them appear slenderer and higher. The other parts or Members, as the _Architrave_, _Frise_, and _Cornice_, borrow their Proportions from the _Dorick_ and _Ionick Order_, having nothing particular, for the _Corinthian Modillons_ are imitated by the _Mutils_ of the _Dorick Order_, and the _Dentils_ are the same with the _Ionick_; this being so, we have nothing to do but to give the Proportions of the _Capital_, which are these; The _Capital_ comprizing the _Abacus_, hath for its height, the breadth of the bottom of the Pillar.

To have the true breadth of the _Abacus_, we must have a care that its _Diagonal_ be double the height of the _Capital_, the bending that the sides of the _Abacus_ have inward, is a 9th. part of a side, the bottom of the _Capital_ is equal to the Neck of the Pillar. The thickness of the _Abacus_ is a 7th. part of the whole _Capital_.

Two of these seven parts must be taken for the height of every Leaf, of which there are two Ranks, each of which has four Leaves.

The Stalks or little Branches are likewise composed of other Leaves, and which grow between the Leaves of the Rank above, ought to have two of these seven parts comprising the _Volutes_.

These _Volutes_ begin within the Stalks, of which, those that are the greatest extend to the Extreme parts of the _Angles_ of the _Abacus_; the other are below the _Roses_.

These _Roses_ which are in the middle of every _Face_ of the _Abacus_, ought to be as great as the _Abacus_ is thick.

The _Ornaments_ of the _Corinthian Order_, viz. The _Architrave_, the _Frise_, and the _Cornice_, do not in the least differ from those of the _Ionick Order_. See Tab. IX.

ART. IX.

_Of the_ Compound _Order._

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 4. _Chap._ 1.]

_Vitruvius_ hath not spoke of the _Compound Order_, as of an _Order_ distinct from the _Corinthian_, the _Ionick_ and the _Dorick_; He only tells us, that sometimes upon the _Corinthian Pillar_ was placed a _Capital_ composed of several parts, which were taken from the _Corinthian_, the _Ionick_ and _Dorick Orders_.

But a Consequence may be drawn from thence, that the _Order_ at present called the _Compound_, might have been in use in the time of _Vitruvius_, although they then did not make a distinct _Order_ of it; Since that, our _Compound Order_ is not essentially different from the _Corinthian_, but by its _Capital_; and so one may say, that this sole difference of the _Capital_ ought to make it a distinct _Order_ from the _Corinthian_, since according to _Vitruvius_, the _Corinthian Capital_ alone, made the _Corinthian Order_.

The parts that our _Compound Order_ borrow from the _Corinthian Order_, are the _Abacus_, and the two Ranks of the Leaves of _Branch-Ursin_, which it has retained, although the _Corinthian_ have quitted them for the Leaves of the _Olive_.

The other part that it takes from the _Ionick_, are the _Volutes_; which it forms in some manner according to the Model of the _Volutes_ of the _Corinthian Order_, in bending them even as the _Abacus_; for they are direct upon the _Ionick Capital_, as well as the _Abacus_.

The _Echine_, or Quarter Round, which it has under the _Abacus_, it borrows rather from the _Dorick Order_, than from the _Ionick_; because this _Echine_ is immediately under the _Abacus_, as it is in the _Dorick Order_, which is not in the _Ionick_, which between the _Echine_ and the _Abacus_, places the _Channel_ which makes the _Volute_; it may notwithstanding be said, that it imitates the _Echine_ of the _Ionick Order_, in that it is cut with _Oves_ or _Eggs_, which is rarely found in the _Dorick Capital_, but are always in the _Ionick_.

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