An Account of the Diseases which were most frequent in the British military hospitals in Germany

Chapter VIII: Letter I: received from the Gentleman whose Care I left him (2)

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Rx Olei olivar. unc. iij. spiritus salis ammoniaci, dr. vi. M.

MELLA.

Mel cum borace.

Rx Mellis optimi, unc. i. pulv. subtilissim. boracis, dr. i. M.

Mel Ægyptiacum. Ph. Lond.

Mel rosaceum. Ph. Lond.

MITHRIDATIUM. Ph. Lond.

MIXTURÆ.

Mixtura acida communis.

Rx Haust. simp. unc: viij. spirit. vitrioli tenuis, scrup. ij.
vel ad gratam aciditatem. Dosis ab. unc. ij. ad unc iv. 4tis.
vel 6tis. horis.

Mixtura ammoniaca.

Rx Gum ammoniaci, drachm. i. solve in haust. simp. unc. vi.
Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. ij. bis terve in die.

Mixtura ammon. cum oxymel.

Rx Mixt. ammoniac. unc. vi. oxymel scillit. drachm. vi. Dosis
a cochlear. i. ad unc. ii. ter. 4rve. die.

Mixtura ammoniac. anodyna.

Rx Mixt. ammoniac. cum oxymel. unc. vi. tinct. thebaic.
drachm. dimid. Dosis a cochlear. i. ad iv. 4tis. vel 6tis.
horis.

Mixtura Campechensis.

Rx Extract. ligni Campechensis, drachm. iij. solve in haust.
simplic. unc. vi. adde pro re nata tinct. thebaic. gutt. xxx.
vel Philon. Londinen. drachm. i. Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc.
iij. bis, ter, 4rve. die.

Mixtura fætida.

Rx G. asafætid. drachm. i. solve in haust. simp. unc. vi.
Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. iij. 4r. die.

Mixtura fætida volatilis.

Rx Mixt. fætid. unc. vi. spirit. volat. sal. ammon. drachm. i.
Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. ij. bis, ter, 4rve. die.

Mixtura fracastorii.

Rx Haust. simp. unc. viij. Elect. e scordio, drachm. iv. Dosis
ab. unc. i. ad unc. ij. 4tis. vel 6tis. horis.

Mixtura japonica.

Rx Haust. simp. unc. vi. Tinct. japonic. unc. i. adde pro re
nata tinct. thebaic. dr. i.

Mixtura laxativa.

Rx Elect. lenitiv. unc. i. Mannæ semunc. coque in aq fontan.
unc. xvi. ad unc. xij. Colaturæ adde sal. cathartici amari.
sescunciam. spirit. vini gallici, unc. i. Dosis ab. unc. ij.
ad unc. xij.

Mixtura purg. antimonial.

Rx Elect. lenitiv. sescunc. mannæ semunc. coque in aq. fontan.
unc. xx. ad unc. xvi. & dein solve tartar. emetici, gr. x.
Colaturæ dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. iv. omni hora vel omni
2da. vel 3tia. vel 4ta. hora, donec laxetur alvus.

Mixtura oleosa volatilis.

Rx Haust. simp. unc. vi. ol. olivar. unc. iij. spirit.
volatil. salis ammoniaci drachmam inam. M. Dosis ab. unc. i.
ad unc. iij. 3tiis. vel 4tis. horis.

Mixtura scillitica.

Rx Haust. simp. unc. vi. oxymel scillitic. drachm. vi. Dosis a
drachm. iv. ad unc. ij. bis, ter, 4rve. die.

Mixtura e spermat. ceti.

Rx Spermat. ceti, drachm. ij. solve in vitello ovi & adde
haust. simp. unc. vi. adde, pro re nata, tinct. thebaic.
scrup. ij. Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. ij. 4tis. vel 6tis.
horis.

Mixtura e spermat. ceti cum balsamo.

Rx Balsam. copaiv. drachm. ij. tere in mortario cum mucilag.
gum arabici, drachm. iij. & dein adde mixtur. e spermat.
ceti, unc. vi. Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. iij. 4tis. vel 6tis.
horis.

MUCILAGO. G. ARABICI.

Rx G. arabici pulv. unc. iv. solve in aq. puræ bullient. unc. x.

Oxymel scillit. Ph. Lond.

Philonium Londinen. Ph. Lond.

PILULÆ.

Pilulæ fætidæ.

Rx Gum asafætid. myrrh. ana drachm. i. sapon. alb. hispan.
drachm. ij. Tinct. fuliginis q. s. Dosis a gr. x. ad drachm.
dimid. bis terve die.

Pilulæ guaiac.

Rx Sapon. albi hispanici semunc. gum guaiac, scrup. iv. syrup.
q. s. Dosis a scrup. i. ad drachmam dimidiam bis terve die.

Pilulæ gummosæ. Ph. Lond.

Pilulæ mercuriales.

Rx Argenti vivi semunc. extingue in balsam. copaiv. q. s. &
adde pulv. glycyrrhiz. gum guaiac. singulorum, drachm. vi.
syrup. q. s. ut fiat massa. Dosis a scrup. ss. ad drachmam
dimidiam semel vel bis die.

Pilulæ rufi. Ph. Lond.

Pilulæ saponaceæ. Ph. Lond.

Pilulæ saponaceæ cum rheo.

Rx Sapon. alb. hispanici, drachm. vi. pulv. rhei, drachm. ij.
syrup. sacchari q. s. Dosis a scrup. i. ad scrup. ij. bis
terve die.

Pilulæ scilliticæ.

Rx Pulv. glycyrhiz. rad. scill. exsiccat ana drachm. dimid.
rad. zinziber. drachm. i. sapon. alb. hispan. drachm. ij.
syrup. q. s. Dosis a gr. iv. ad. gr. xvi. bis terve die.

Pilulæ stomachicæ.

Rx Pulv. canell. alb. drachm. ij. extract. rad. gentian. dr.
i. mucilag. gum arabici q. s. Dosis a scrup. i. ad drachmam
dimid. bis die--adde pro re nata rubigin. martis drachmam
dimid.

PULVERES.

Pulvis astringens.

Rx Pulv. canell. alb. rad. tormentill. singulorum, drachm. i.
M. Dosis a scrup. i. ad drachm. i.

Pulvis aluminosus.

Rx Alumin. crud. terræ japonicæ ana partes æquales dosis a gr.
viij. ad drachmam dimidiam.

Pulv. anodynus Doveri.

Rx Sal. nitri, tartari vitriolati singulorum, unc. iv. in
crucibulum candens injice, agitetur donec deflagratio &
scintillatio desinat, & adde opii concisi, unc. i. & in
pulverem redige addendo rad. glycyrrhiz. ipecacoanhæ
subtilissime pulver. ana, unc. i. & dein probe misceantur
omnia. Dosis a gr. x. ad scrup. ij. vel ad drachmam 1nam.

Pulvis antimonialis.

Rx Pulv. e chel. cancror. drachm. x. tartari emetici, dr. i.
M. fiat pulv. subtilissimus. Dosis a gr. iij. ad gr. x. 4ta.
vel 6ta. quaque hora.

Pulvis cardiacus.

Rx Pulv. canell. alb. drachm. i. rad. zedoariæ, drachm. ij.
rad. serpentar. drachm. i. M. dosis a scrup. i. ad drachm. i.
4tis. vel 6tis. horis.

Pulvis chamæmelinus.

Rx Pulv. flor. chamæmel. drachm. iij. aluminis, g. myrrh. ana
drachm. i. Dosis a scrup. i. ad scrup. ij.

Pulv. contrayerv. comp. Ph. Lond.

Pulv. contrayerv. cum nitro.

Rx Pulv. contrayerv. comp. unc. iv. salis nitri, drachm. i. M.
Dosis a scrup. i. ad drachm. i. 4tis. vel 6tis. horis.

Pulvis emeticus.

Rx Pulv. ipecacoanhæ, scrup. i. tartar emetici, gr. ij. Dosis
a gr. xi. ad gr. xxii.

Hiera picra. Ph. Lond.

Pulv. Ipecacuanhæ cum opio.

Rx Pulv. rad. ipecacoan. gr. x. opii, gr. ij. dosis a gr. iij.
ad gr. xij.

Pulv. e jalapio.

Rx Pulv. rad. jalapii, drachm. vi. rad. zinzib. drachm. ij.
Dosis a scrup. i. ad scrup. ij.

Pulv. jalapii cum nitro.

Rx Pulv. rad. jalap. drachm. iv. salis nitri drachm. im. Dosis
a scrup. i. ad scrup. ij.

Magnesia alba.

Pulv. nitrosus.

Rx Pulv. e chel. cancror. drachm. iij. nitri, drachm. i. M.
Dosis a scrup. i. ad scrup. ij. vel ad drachmam. i.

Pulv. nitrosus camphoratus.

Rx Pulv. nitros, scrup. ij. camphoræ, gr. v. M. Dosis a scrup.
i. ad scrup. ij.

Pulv. nitrosus cum gum guaiac.

Rx Sal. nitri, drachm. ij. gum guaiac. drachm. dimid. Dosis a
gr. v. ad drachm. dimid.

Pulv. plummeri.

Rx Calomel, sulph. aurat antimonii ana dr. ij. tere in
mortario ut fiat pulv. subtilissimus. Dosis a gr. ij. ad gr.
x. vel ad scrup. im.

Pulvis stanni. Ph. Lond.

Pulv. e spermat. ceti cum nitro.

Rx Spermat. ceti, drachm. ij. sacchar. albi sal. nitri ana
unc. im. Dosis a scrup. dimid. ad drachmam i.

Pulv. e tragacanth. Ph. Lond.

SALES ACIDI.

Varietat. acid. Acetum.
vegit. Spiritus aceti vel acetum distillatum.
Succus limonum.
Chrystalli tartari.

Acid. anomal. Sal. succini.
Sal. sedativus Hombergeri.

SALES ALCALINI.

Alcal. vegit. Sal. absynthii.
Sal. tartari.

Alcal. min. Sal. alcali mineral. seu soda, seu natrum.

Alcal. vol. Sal. volatilis c. cervi.
Sal. volatilis sal. ammoniaci.

SALES NEUTRI.

SALES NEUTRI, qui fiunt ex ALCALI et ACIDO.

Hi omnes sales neutri præparari possint pro usu medico admiscendo Alcali & acidum ad saturationem; alii vero in crystallos redacti, s. a. commodius circumferuntur pro usu militari; alii ut _sal. citratus comm._ et _spiritus mindereri_ facilius præparantur ad miscendo alcali & acidum ad saturationem pro re nata[115].

[115] This Table of neutral Salts is nearly the same as one I
have seen, which was said to be a Copy of that given yearly
by Dr. _Cullen_, Professor of Chymistry in the University of
_Edinburgh_, to his Pupils; and as that published by Dr.
_Vogel_, in his _Institutiones Chymiæ_, sect. 629. These
neutral Salts are likewise taken Notice of by _Macquer_, in
his _Elemens de Chymie_, and other late chymical Authors.

Solutio mercurii corrosivi sublimati.

Rx Mercur. corrosiv. sublimat. gr. vi. spir. vini gallici,
unc. xii. M. fiat solutio. Dosis a semunc ad unc. i. die.

Species aromaticæ. Ph. Lond.
---- e scordio. Ph. Lond.

Tartar. emetic. Ph. Lond.

Theriaca andromachi. Ph. Lond.

TINCTURÆ.

Tinctura amara.
---- corticis Puruv.
---- martis in sp. sal.
---- japonica.
---- melampodii. Pharm. Lond.
---- myrrhæ.
---- sacra.
---- saturnina.
---- serpentariæ.
---- thebaica.

Tinctura rhei.

Rx Pulv. rad. rhei, unc. ij. semin. cardamom minor. decortic.
semunc. vini alb. hisp. lib. ij. sp. vini gallici, unc. viij.
digere sine calore & cola. Dosis ab. unc. i. ad unc. iij.

Tinctura stomachica.

Rx Cort. canell. alb. semunc. cort. aurantior. unc. i. semin.
cardam. minor. decort. drachm. ij. spirit. vini gallici lib.
ij. digere sine calore & cola. Dosis a semunc ad unc. i. bis
terve die.--Adde pro re nata vin alb. hisp. lib. i.

UNGUENTA.

Unguenta cærulea vel mercurial. Ph. Lond.

Unguentum sulphuratum. Ph. Lond.

VINA.

Vinum amarum.
---- antimoniale. Pharm. Lond.
---- chalybeatum.

VITRUM CERATUM ANTIMONII.

AN ESSAY ON THE MEANS of Preserving the Health of SOLDIERS on SERVICE. AND Conducting MILITARY HOSPITALS.

OF THE Means of Preserving the Health of Soldiers on Service.

The Life of _British_ Soldiers on Service, in Time of War, is so very different from what they lead in Time of Peace, as to subject them to many Inconveniences and Diseases.

In Time of Peace, Soldiers are quartered either in Towns or Garrisons, where they are under the Eye of their Officers, who take Care that they keep themselves clean, and provided with Necessaries; they lie either in private Houses or in Barracks, where they have a good Bed, regular Meals of wholesome Provisions, and enjoy most of the other Necessaries of Life in common with the lower Class of People, their Duty is easy, they mount Guard but seldom, and in other Nights enjoy an undisturbed Rest.

Whereas, during the Time of an active Campaign, they are seldom in Houses; they lie in Tents upon the Ground, which is often bare, and at best covered only with Straw and a Blanket; and sometimes they are obliged, after fatiguing Marches in wet Weather, to lie on the bare Ground, without even a Tent to cover them; they must stand Centinel, and be upon Pikets and other Out-Posts in the Night, during all Kinds of Weather; besides performing long fatiguing Marches, and other military Duties; and when near an Enemy, they are perhaps on Duty every second or third Night, besides working Parties, and other Duties of Fatigue; and what Rest they have is interrupted by frequent Alarms. They have often but little Time or Convenience to make themselves clean. Provisions are sometimes scarce, and frequently on long Marches they have no Opportunity of dressing what they can get: Water is sometimes difficult to be come at, and what is to be got, is bad. And it frequently happens, that neither Beer, Wine, nor Spirits, can be purchased for Money. In fixed Camps, they are often exposed to the putrid Effluvia of dead Bodies, of dead Horses, and other Animals, and of the Privies and Dung of the Horses[116]; and, in some Encampments, likewise to the unwholesome Vapours of marshy Ground, and of corrupt stagnating Water: All which, joined to the other Hardships and Inconveniences unavoidably attending a military Life in Time of Service, often give Rise to numerous Diseases, which weaken an Army in a most surprising Manner; and therefore Commanders ought to use every Means in their Power, consistent with the necessary military Operations, to preserve the Health of the Soldiers.

[116] In the Year 1760, the Men, who remained in the fixed
Camp about _Warbourg_, were very unhealthy; while the
Regiments who were detached to the _Lower Rhine_, under the
Command of the Hereditary Prince of _Brunswick_, enjoyed a
much better State of Health; and notwithstanding their great
Fatigues, and the Loss they sustained at the Affair of
_Kampen_, were much stronger when they rejoined the Army to
go upon the Winter Expedition into the Country of _Hesse_,
than those Regiments which had remained in the fixed Camp.

Diseases are more or less frequent in Armies according as the Season is hot or cold, wet or dry; according to the Nature of the Climate, and the Time of the Year in which military Operations are carried on; the Nature of the Ground on which the Army is encamped, or the Situation of the Towns or Villages in which they are cantonned; the Cleanness, Neatness, and Dryness of the Camp, and of the Tents or Houses in which the Soldiers are lodged; according as the Men are supplied with Provisions, and good Water, good Beer, Wine, or other fermented Liquors; or are well cloathed, and well furnished with Straw and Blankets; in proportion as the Duty is more or less severe; and to the Care taken of such as are attacked with Sickness.

Soldiers generally enjoy good Health in cold dry Weather, even during the Time of severe Frost; if they be kept in Exercise, be well cloathed, and well supplied with Provisions and good Liquors, and with Wood; as the Troops, both in _Germany_ and _North America_, experienced during the late War; but Cold joined to Moisture was observed always to be productive of Diseases.

Nor is mere Heat of itself such an Enemy to Health[117] as is generally apprehended; but when joined to Moisture, is observed to give Rise to the most fatal Disorders in the warm Climates.

[117] This Dr. _Pringle_ takes Notice of; and Mr. _Naesmith_
says, he observed it in Voyages to the _East Indies_, which
afford the fairest Trials of this Kind. See Dr. _Lind's Essay
on the Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen_, 2d edit.
note to page 5.

In our northern Climates the Winters are cold, and the Weather variable; sometimes it is cold and rainy, at other Times thick and foggy; sometimes we have fair Weather and Sunshine, at other Times Frost and Snow; and sometimes it happens that we have all these different Sorts of Weather in the same Day. During this Season, Soldiers are subject to Coughs, Pleurisies, Peripneumonies, Rheumatisms, and other Disorders of the inflammatory Kind. And in very intense Frost, they are liable to have their Limbs benumbed with Cold, and their Extremities Frost bit (as it is called).

And where there is a Want of fresh Provisions, and they are obliged to live on salted Meat, and cannot have Greens, Pot Herbs, Roots, or other fresh Vegetables, nor be properly supplied with Beer, Cyder, Wine, or other generous fermented Liquors, they, as well as Sailors, are subject to the Scurvy[118]; especially if they be encamped or quartered in low damp Places.

[118] Dr. _Joh. Valint. Willius_, Army Physician to the King
of _Denmark_, in his Treatise on Camp Diseases, says, you
scarce find a Camp in these northern Countries in which the
true Scurvy, attended with stinking Breath and eroded Gums,
is not to be observed. _Cap._ iii. _sect._ iii.

The best Means of guarding against inflammatory Disorders, and other Mischiefs arising from Cold, whether in Camp or in Quarters, is, to take Care that the Soldiers be well cloathed; that they lie dry, and be well provided with Straw and Blankets, and with Wood; and to prevent, as much as possible, their exposing themselves to sudden changes from Heat to Cold.

In these northern Climates, it would be right to allow every Soldier on Service a Flannel Waistcoat, a Pair of worsted Gloves, and a warm woollen Stock, or a Neckcloth, to wear when on Duty in cold and wet Weather, as soon as the Winter begins to set in[119]. Dr. _Pringle_ mentions the Advantage the Troops received from the Flannel Waistcoats supplied by the Quakers, in the Winter Campaign of 1745-6, in _Britain_; and those Regiments who had them for their Men towards the End of the Campaigns in _Germany_, found that they contributed greatly to keep the Men in Health. Officers ought to take particular Care that the Men be well provided with good strong Shoes and Stockings; and where the Troops remain late in the Field, if the Government allowed a Pair or two extraordinary of each to every Foot Soldier, it would be of great Use to the Service.

[119] A Flannel Waistcoat, worsted Gloves, and woollen Stock,
or a Neckcloth, may be purchased for about Half a Crown _per_
Man, and would contribute to preserve the Lives of many; the
recruiting of others, to supply whose Places, if they die,
will cost the Government a great deal more than the Price of
the Articles mentioned; which for a Regiment of nine hundred
Men, at the Rate of two Shillings and Six-Pence _per_ Man,
comes only to 112_l._ 10_s._ _per Ann._ Every Recruit sent
from _England_ to the Army in _Germany_, cost the Government
at least twenty Guineas before he joined his Regiment; and
every sick Man sent to the general Hospital, cost the
Government at least sixteen Pence _per_ Day, which is ten
Pence above his Pay; so that, if we suppose the extraordinary
Cloathing here mentioned would preserve only the Lives of
nine Men to each Regiment yearly, and keep forty in Health
who would otherwise be sick, we see what great Gainers the
Government will be in Point of Money at the Year's End;
besides preserving the Lives and Health of so many Men.

Blankets ought to be provided for each Tent, and those carried along with the Regiment, so as to be always ready for the Men when they come to their Ground. During the late War in _Germany_, a Couple of Blankets were allowed for each Tent of the _British_ Troops, and each Company carried their Blankets covered with an Oil Cloth on a Horse; so that they were always up with the Regiments when they came to their Ground.

Each Regiment ought to be provided with a Number of Watch Coats sufficient to serve the Centinels who are to be on Camp Duty, or general Guards, in very cold and wet Weather. Some of the Regiments in _Germany_ had such Coats, and found great Service from them.

In Winter Quarters, Soldiers are apt to make the Rooms in which they sit, and their Guard Rooms, as hot as possible; especially in _Germany_, where the Inhabitants use close Stoves, instead of open Fires; and continue in these warm Rooms till they are called out on Duty, when, by being exposed to sudden Cold, they are apt to be seized with Inflammations of the Breast; and therefore Officers ought to examine carefully the Quarters and Guard Rooms allotted for their Men, and chuse them dry and comfortable, if possible[120]; but never to allow the Men to keep them as hot as Ovens, by Means of close Stoves, or other such Contrivances; but to depend more on good warm Cloathing, and dry Quarters, for guarding against Diseases, than upon artificial Heat. Many of the Regiments in _Germany_ made the People in whose Houses their Men were quartered, take down their Stoves, and use only open Fires; when there was no Danger of the Soldiers making their Quarters too warm, as Wood was difficult to be got.

[120] Dr. _Pringle_ has very justly observed, that upper
Stories are preferable to Ground Floors; and that all
uninhabited large damp Houses ought to be rejected.
_Observat. on Diseases of the Army_, part ii. chap. iii.
sect. 2.

If Necessity obliges Officers to put up with such Places for
their Men, Care ought to be taken to clean them well, and to
air and dry them by Means of Fires, before the Soldiers go
into them; and to supply well the Men who are to lodge in
them with Straw and Blankets, and with Wood or Turf.

But although close Stoves are prejudicial in small Rooms, yet when a Town is much crowded, and Men are obliged to be lodged, in Winter, in large Barns or Churches, or other large open Places, the _German_ Stoves may be used with great Advantage in airing and drying such Places, and keeping them of a moderate Heat; especially if there be a Place in them for an open Fire, or if they be of that Kind which the _Germans_ call _wynd Stoves_, which have a Door opening into the Chamber where the People are lodged; or if there be broken Windows, or any other Opening by which a free Circulation of Air can be kept up in the Men's Apartments.

In Winter, when the Weather is very cold or wet, a Glass of Brandy, or of the spirituous Tincture of the Bark, given to the Men as they went upon Duty, especially in the Night, has been found to be of great Use[121]. Dr. _Pringle_ has very justly observed, that the Times of standing Centinel, and being upon Out-posts, ought, if possible, to be shortened at such Seasons; and that Fires in the Rear of the Camp, for Men coming off Duty to warm and dry themselves at, were found to be of great Service.

[121] Dr. _Pringle_ has taken Notice, that it would be a
right Measure to make an Allowance of Spirits to the Infantry
on Service; which certainly would be of great Use, and save
many Mens Lives; and might be done at a small Expence to the
Government, if properly managed; as it would only be
requisite to make such an Allowance when the Troops are in
the Field, and to such Men as mount Guard in cold wet
Weather, or at Nights in Garrison Towns, during the Winter.
If ever such an Allowance be made, what Spirits are given to
the Men ought to be mixed with five or six Times the Quantity
of Water; except when Men are to stand Centinels, or to be
upon Out-Posts, in a frosty Season, or in cold wet Weather;
at which Time a small Glass of pure Spirits may be given them
in Presence of the Officer or Serjeant of the Guard.

In Spring, and the latter End of Autumn, the Days are sometimes extremely hot, and the Nights cold and damp, and the Men exposed to these sudden Changes; at such Times, the Men who go upon Duty in the Night, ought to put on their Flannel Waistcoats, and be warmer cloathed than in the Day; and use many of the Precautions practised in Winter for the Preservation of their Health.

In _North America_, when the Men were in the Field in very hard frosty Weather, Fires were lighted at the Ends of the Tents, and Centinels set over them to prevent their doing Mischief; and both in _Germany_ and _North America_, when the Troops were in the Field without Tents, they cut down Wood and made large Fires, and the Soldiers lay down and slept round these Fires, with their Feet next to them; and Fires were lighted at all Out-posts, where it could be done with Safety.

In _Germany_, when the Weather set in rainy or cold towards the End of the Campaigns, and the Army was in a fixed Position, his Serene Highness Prince _Ferdinand_ constantly ordered the Army to Hutt; which was done either by thatching their Tents, or building Hurdles, or digging Pitts, and covering and thatching them over. The Officers either built Hutts with Fire Places, or had Chimnies built to their Tents.

If, notwithstanding all Precautions, Men upon Out-posts should be benumbed with Cold, or Frost bit, as soon as they are brought into Camp or Quarters, their Extremities ought to be rubbed with Snow, or put into cold Water[122]; and afterwards well dried, and wrapt up in Blankets; and warm mild Liquors given them to drink, and afterwards Cordials; and, after some Time, they may be brought near the Fire, or put to Bed. Dr. _Lind_[123] mentions one Caution to be used when Men are found in this Condition; which is, not to give them immediately strong spirituous Liquors, for that those often prove instantaneously fatal; but to put them to Bed, and give warm Water Gruel, or some other mild diluting Liquor, to drink; after which, he says, a Glass of Spirits will prove less dangerous and more beneficial.

[122] _Hildanus_ relates a very remarkable Instance of the
good Effects of this Treatment. A Man was found quite stiff
and frozen all over. He was put into cold Water, and
immediately the icy Spicula were discharged from all Parts of
his Body, so that he seemed covered with an icy Crust. He was
then put into a warm Bed, and took a Cordial Draught, and a
plentiful Sweat followed; after which he recovered with the
Loss of the last Joints of his Fingers and Toes. _De
Gangræna_, cap. xiii. People who are benumbed with Cold in
frosty Weather ought never to be brought immediately near a
Fire; for that has been found either to cause immediate Death
or Gangrenes of the Extremities; and even Apples and other
Fruits which have been frozen, if brought immediately near a
Fire, turn soft and rot; but if put into cold Water, throw
out the icy Spicula, and recover, so as to be almost as good
as before they were frozen.

[123] _Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen_, 2d edition,
page 19.

When Men are quartered or cantonned in Towns or Villages, whose Situation is low and damp, and where fresh Meat and Vegetables are scarce in Winter, and the Scurvy frequent among the lower Class of People; Commanding Officers, at the Approach of Winter, ought to use their Endeavours to provide a Store of Potatoes, Onions, Cabbages, sour Crout; of pickled Cabbages, and other pickled Vegetables; of Apples and other Fruits, preserved in different Forms, to be laid up, and sold out to the Men at a cheap Rate during the Winter. They should contract, if possible, with Butchers to furnish the Men with fresh Meat[124], and endeavour to procure good small Beer, or Cyder or Wine in the Wine or Cyder Countries; or Spirits to be mixed with Water, and a small Proportion of Cream of Tartar or Vinegar; or some other wholesome fermented Liquor for their Drink[125]; and to put their Men into as dry comfortable Quarters as possible.

[124] The Regiments in _Germany_ who kept their Butchers in
Winter, and made Stoppages of the Mens Pay, and obliged them
to take a certain Quantity of Meat daily, were much more
healthy than those who used no Precaution of this Kind.

[125] In Places where the Articles here mentioned are at too
high a Price for a Soldier's Pay, a small Allowance, from the
Government, of such Things would contribute much to the
Preservation of the Mens Health in unwholesome Garrisons.

In Times of War, when Men are sent upon Expeditions into warm Climates, great Care ought to be taken to embark such only as are in good Health; particular Regard ought to be paid to those who are picked up in the Streets, or have been taken out of the _Savoy_, or other Jails. All dirty Rags from off such People ought to be thrown away or burnt; and the Men, after being well washed, and new cloathed, ought to be kept for a Fortnight or three Weeks in some Garrison Town, or with their Regiments, in open airy Places, that it may be ascertained that they have no infectious Disorder before they be put aboard the Transports.

All Ships allotted for Transports ought to be well aired and purified, and every Thing fitted up properly, before the Men are embarked. They ought to be provided with Ventilators, or Wind Sails, to make a free Circulation of Air through the Vessel[126]; and they ought never to be crowded; but full Room allowed for each Man, in Proportion to the Length of the Voyage[127].

[126] See Dr. _Lind's Treatise on the Means of Preserving the
Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy_, where he takes Notice of
most of the Articles here mentioned with regard to Transport
Ships in treating of Ships of War.

[127] When Ships are too much crowded with Men, if they meet
with a tedious Passage, and hot moist close Weather, they are
often attacked with Diseases which prove very fatal. Dr.
_Lind_, talking of Ships of War, says it is a Mistake
destructive to the Men to crowd too many of them together in
a southern Voyage, or in a hot Climate; as the Ship will be
found, before the End of the Voyage, in more Distress for
Want of Men, than she would have been, had she at first
carried out only her proper Compliment. An additional Number
is made, in order to supply an expected Mortality; but they
generally increase that Mortality to double or triple their
own Number. _Ibid. note to p. 48._

In military Expeditions, Soldiers are put upon Ships Allowance; which, Dr. _Lind_ very justly observes, ought not, in Voyages to the warm Climates, be made up so much of salted Beef and salted Pork (which always tend to the Putrescent), as is the common Practice of the Navy; but that a greater Share of Biscuit, Flour, Oatmeal, Goarts, Rice, and other Stores of that Kind, ought to be laid in; and a greater Proportion of them, and a Less of the salted Meat, distributed among the Men: And he is certainly in the Right, when he says, that a full Animal Diet, and tenacious Malt Liquors, are well adapted to the Constitution of our own, and of other northern Climates; and that Sailors who visit the _Greenland_ Seas, and are remarkable for a voracious Appetite, and a strong Digestion of hard salted Meat, and the coarsest Fare, when sent to the _West Indies_, soon become sensible of a Decay of Appetite, and find a full gross salted Diet pernicious to Health. "Instinct (he says) has taught the Natives between the Tropics to live chiefly on a Vegetable Diet, of Grains, Roots, and subacid Fruits, with Plenty of diluting Liquors[128]."

[128] The following is the Diet established for the Seamen of
his Majesty's Navy.

Every Man is allowed a Pound of Biscuit, _Averdupoiz Weight_,
and a Gallon of Beer, _Wine Measure_, _per_ Day.

On _Sunday_ and _Thursday_, one Pound of Pork, and Half a
Pint of Peas, _Winchester Measure_.

On _Monday_, _Wednesday_, and _Friday_, one Pint of Oatmeal,
two Ounces of Butter, and four Ounces of Cheese.

On _Tuesday_ and _Saturday_ two Pounds of Beef.

It is left to the Commanders of Squadrons to shorten the
aforesaid Allowance of Provisions according to the Exigence
of the Service, taking Care that the Men be punctually paid
for the same. As it is thought for the Benefit of the Service
to alter some of the foregoing Particulars of Provisions in
Ships employed on foreign Voyages, it is to be observed, that

A Pint of Wine, or Half a Pint of Rum, Arrack, or Brandy,
hold Proportion to a Gallon of Beer.

Four Pounds of Flour, or three Pounds of the same with a
Pound of Raisins, Half a Pound of Currans, or Half a Pound of
Beef Suet pickled, are equal to a four Pound Piece of Beef,
or two Pound Piece of Pork with Peas.

Half a Pound of Rice is equal to a Pint of Oatmeal.

A Pint of Olive Oil is equal to a Pound of Butter, or two
Pounds of _Cheshire_ Cheese.

And Two-thirds of a Pound of _Cheshire_ Cheese is equal to a
Pound of _Suffolk_.

If Soldiers are sent as Passengers on board of King's Ships,
or on board of Transports, their Allowance is generally but
Two-thirds of the above.

A Store of Vegetables, such as Mustard Seed, Garlick, Onions, Potatoes, pickled Cabbages and other pickled Vegetables, sour Crout and other Things of that Kind, which can be purchased at a cheap Rate, and preserved for some Months, ought to be laid in; which may be mixed with the Soops prepared for the Men, or given them to eat along with their salted Provisions.

A Quantity of Beer, Cyder, or Wine, ought to be put aboard, and a certain Allowance distributed to each Man daily. When, for Want of these, Men are reduced to an Allowance of Spirits, they ought to be mixed with seven or eight Times the Quantity of Water, or made into Punch, by the Mixture of Water and Molosses, and the Juice of Lemons, before they are given to the Men; and, if Lemons cannot be got, Cream of Tartar, or Vinegar, ought to supply their Place; and it ought to be a Duty of one of the military Officers on board to see the Punch made, and distributed among the Men daily.

It would be right, on all Expeditions into warm Climates, to send some Sloops of War, or other armed Vessels, before the grand Fleet, to take up a Quantity of Wine that will keep, either at the _Madeira_, or other Wine Countries; and afterwards to go to any of our Settlements that are nearest the Place of Destination, and to take in a Quantity of Limes, Lemons, Oranges, and other Fruits, and Vegetables which will keep for some little Time; and of Spirits, live Stock, and other Provisions proper for the Army; and then to meet the Fleet at the general Rendezvous. When once a Landing is made good, these Vessels, after having unloaded their Cargoes, may either be employed on other Services, or kept constantly going and coming for whatever Stores or Provisions are wanted for the Army or Fleet.

A sufficient Quantity of Vinegar ought to be put on board of each Transport, both for the Men to eat with their Victuals, and likewise for fumigating and washing between Decks occasionally. And a Quantity of Molosses, or coarse brown Sugar, and of Lemons, or their inspissated Juice, or Cream of Tartar, ought to be allowed for making the Punch, as well as for other Purposes.

If the Water become foetid, the Quantity to be used in the Day ought to be sweetened by Means of the Ventilator contrived by the ingenious Dr. _Hales_[129] for that Purpose.

[129] This Ventilator is no more than a long Tube, with a Tin
Box, about six Inches wide and four high, with a Number of
Holes at the Top, fixed at one End; and this Box is put down
to the Bottom of the Water, and the Nose of a Pair of Bellows
fixed to the other End of the Tube, which is above the Water;
by working the Bellows, fresh Air is driven through the whole
Body of Water, the putrid Effluvia are evaporated and
dispersed, and the Water becomes sweet in a very short Time.

The Men ought to be brought upon Deck, and Roll called two or three Times a Day; they should be made to comb their Hair, and wash their Hands and Face every Day, and to shift themselves sometimes, if possible; and in every respect keep themselves as clean as the Nature of the Service will admit; and proper Exercises should be contrived, to keep them in Health.

All the Parts of the Ship ought to be kept very neat and clean; and the Hold, and all between Decks, ought to be scraped and swept daily; and every Morning, in fair Weather, ought likewise to be washed, and afterwards sprinkled or washed with warm Vinegar, while the Men are upon Deck[130].

[130] This ought always to be done in the Morning, that all
the Parts of the Ship may have Time to dry before the Men go
to rest in their Births at Night; but it ought never to be
done after Sun-set.

When the Weather will permit, Fires of dried Wood may be lighted in Iron Kettles between Decks, and Centinels set over them, and the Fires sprinkled with Rosin or Bits of Rope dipt in Tar, or with some cheap Aromatic; and these Fires may be carried into all the Parts of the Ship that Safety will permit, in order to dry and purify the Air[131]. After this Operation all the Ports and Hatchways should be opened, and the Air in all the Parts of the Ship often renewed by working the Ventilators.

[131] It has been proposed, that the Air in Ships of War
should be purified in this Way both by Dr. _Lind_ and by
Mons. _de Hamel de Monceau_.

The Mens Hammocks and Beds ought to be brought up upon Deck in fair Weather, and well aired, and afterwards put in their Places, and Fires lighted below Decks.

When Troops, sent on an Expedition into warm Climates, arrive at the Place of their Destination, particular Care should be taken to guard them against the Diseases peculiar to such Climates, which are different from those common to our more northern Latitudes.

Dr. _Lind_ says, that People coming first from a cold into a hot Climate are apt to have plethoric Symptoms; a Pain of the Head, Giddiness, a Sense of Weight, and Fulness of the Breast, and a slight Inflammation of the _tunica conjunctiva_; and that some are apt to be seized with ardent Fevers and Diarrhoeas. And all Practitioners have observed, that New-Comers into warm Climates are at first liable to Fevers tending to the Ardent, and are very subject to Fevers of the remitting and intermitting Kind, which are the Endemics of all warm Countries at certain Seasons of the Year; and after some Time they are apt to fall into Fluxes, the Yellow Fever, and other Diseases depending on a putrescent State of the Juices. In military Expeditions these Disorders are liable to be complicated with Fevers of the Malignant or Hospital Kind, if Care is not taken to prevent it. And nothing has been found to be more productive of Diseases in those warm Climates, than indulging freely in the Use of Spirits and other strong fermented Liquors; exposing one's self to the Damps, especially lying on the Ground after the Dews fall; and working hard, or using violent Exercise in the Heat of the Day.

The best Preservatives against Diseases in warm Climates have been found to be,--1. Temperance; a Diet of light and easy Digestion, composed more of vegetable than of animal Food; such as a small Portion of fresh Meat, joined with a sufficient Quantity of Vegetables; Rice, _Indian_ Corn, and other Grains, and Roots of various Kinds, prepared in different Forms; well baked Bread; the moderate Use of ripe Fruits; and the free Use of mild cooling subacid Liquors, joined with a small Proportion of vinous or spirituous Liquors; carefully avoiding the too liberal Use of Wine, Spirits, or other strong fermented Liquors.--2. Great Care not to expose one's self to the Damps of the Night, nor lie down to sleep on the Grass, or in woody moist Places, in the Day; and to avoid all violent Exercise in the Heat of the Sun.--3. Such Means as tend to support the Spirits; for Chearfulness has been observed to contribute as much to the Preservation of Health, as Fear and Dejection of Spirits to the Production of Diseases.--4. Keeping the Body clean, and bathing frequently in the Sea, or in a River, in the Morning.

And therefore, in warm Climates, Officers ought to be particularly careful to keep their Men sober and temperate; to procure them good Bread, and Plenty of Vegetables and fresh Meat, if possible; and where no other but salted Meat can be got, to make them boil a small Proportion of it in their Camp Kettles, along with Onions, Goarts, Rice, Carrots, Turnips, Greens, or any other wholesome Roots or Herbs which the Country affords, or they can get, and of these to prepare a good wholesome Soop for themselves; and where there is Plenty of the ripe acescent Fruits, which are reckoned wholesome, to distribute a moderate Quantity among the Soldiers daily, which will both help to preserve their Health, and prevent them from privately stealing and eating large Quantities to the Prejudice of their Health.--To encourage their Men, and keep up their Spirits.

They should also prevent, as much as possible, the too free Use of Wine, Spirits, or other strong fermented Liquors; and in Wine Countries give every Man a daily Allowance of Wine, to be mixed with Water for his common Drink; and in Countries where nothing but Spirits can be got, make the Spirit be mixed with Water, or made into a very weak Punch, before it is given to the Men, as Lemons, Oranges, Limes, and other Fruits proper for this Purpose, are generally to be had in most warm Countries.

They should be careful not to march their Men in the Heat of the Day, nor order them upon Duty where they must stand exposed to the Dews and Damps of the Night, unless where the military Operations absolutely require it.

They should endeavour to make the Bottom of the Tents be covered with Straw, or dried Leaves of Trees, or dried Reeds, and with Blankets[132], for the Men to lie upon.

[132] A sufficient Store of Blankets has often been neglected
to be carried out in Expeditions into warm Climates; but
Blankets are no-where more necessary, as it is very
prejudicial to the Health of Soldiers to be obliged to lie
down on the bare Ground; and Straw, dried Reeds, and other
such Things, are often difficult to be got in the warm
Climates.

The Time of standing Centinel, and being upon Out-posts, if possible, should be short, where Men are exposed to the scorching Heat of the Sun; and when Men are upon Out-posts in the Night, it should be recommended to them to lie down on the Ground as little as possible; and if they do it, to chuse a dry Place; and, where it can be done, to have it covered with Straw or a Blanket, and to have some light Covering to defend them from the Dews.

The Tents should be covered with Boughs of Trees, and the Men should be ordered sometimes to strike them in the Middle of the Day, and air well every Thing within them.

The Men should be obliged to keep themselves neat and clean; to comb their Hair, and change their Linen often; and if the Camp be near the Sea, or a large River, they ought to bathe early in the Morning as often as the Nature of the Service will permit. However the following Caution, mentioned by Dr. _Lind_, ought to be observed, which is, not to go into the cold Bath when overheated with Work or Liquor, or when the Stomach is full, or when a critical Eruption, called the prickly Heat, appears on the Skin[133].

[133] Dr. _Lind_ says, the Use of the cold Bath, either in
Tubs under the Forecastle, or to dip in the Sea early in the
Morning, has been found extremely beneficial in warm Weather
and hot Countries; and that he can affirm, from his own
Experience in hot Climates, that many Diarrhoeas and other
Complaints, the pure and sole Effect of an unusual and great
Heat (relaxing the System of the Solids, and occasioning a
Colliquation of the Animal Juices), have not only been cured
by cold Bathing; but their Return, and even the Attack of
such Diseases, effectually prevented by it. _Ibid._ p. 44,
&c.

When Men are seized with inflammatory Symptoms on entering into warm Climates, they may be blooded freely: Afterwards they do not easily bear such copious Evacuations, but rather require to have them made in smaller Quantities, and very early and frequent, as Inflammations make a rapid Progress in warm Countries. Dr. _Lind_ says, many Practitioners disapprove of Blood-letting in the Countries lying under the Torrid Zone, on a Supposition that the Blood is too much dissolved; but he thinks that this Rule will admit of many Exceptions; and that Sailors (_and consequently Soldiers_), being strong and robust, and exposed to greater Vicissitudes of Heat and Cold, and more Excesses, and other Accidents in general, bear freer Bleeding than any other Set of People.

After some Time, the Diseases in these warm Climates tend to the putrid Kind, and must be treated as such.

In all Countries, and in all Climates, great Care ought to be taken in chusing the Ground on which Men are to encamp. Dry high Grounds, exposed to the Winds, where there is a free Current of Air, and which lie at a Distance from Marshes, stagnating Water, and large Woods, are generally healthful in very different Climates[134]. But Places situated low, where, on digging two or three Feet below the Surface of the Earth, you come to Water[135], and marshy Grounds, and Places surrounded with corrupt stagnating Water, are almost always the contrary, and very unhealthful; as are often those Grounds which are subject to be overflowed by large Rivers, and low Places covered with Wood, where there is no free Circulation of Air. However, it ought to be observed, that it is not the Neighbourhood of Water alone which is prejudicial, but the watery Vapours which keep the Air perpetually moist, and the Exhalations of corrupt Effluvia, which render such Places unwholesome; for the Neighbourhood of Rivers, and of the Sea, where the Tide ebbs and flows freely, has no such Effect, where the Situation is dry and airy; and those very unhealthy marshy Grounds often continue healthy in cold Weather, when their Waters are refreshed with Rains[136], and little or no moist putrid Exhalations rise from them; though, as Dr. _Pringle_ observes, in Summer and Autumn, when their Waters begin to corrupt, and the Exhalation is strong, they are always exposed to Diseases; and it is for this Reason that such Places are always very unhealthy in warm Climates.

[134] Mr. _du Hamel_ says, that the Air of the Island of _St.
Domingo_ is very fatal to _Europeans_; but it is observed
that those People who inhabit the rising Grounds are much
less exposed to Diseases than those who live in the Vallies.
_Sur la santé des Equipages_, art. i. p. 16.

[135] Ground may seem very dry and healthful, and yet be
quite the contrary, as Dr. _Pringle_ remarks is the Case in
the Neighbourhood of _Bois le Duc_, in _Flanders_, where
Water is found every where at the Depth of two or three Feet
from the Surface.

[136] Mr. _du Hamel_ remarks, that Places which were formerly
very subject to Diseases have become healthful when the Water
which surrounded them was refreshed by opening a
Communication with the Sea. _Ibid._ art. i. p. 18.

Hence, where the military Operations will permit, Commanders, if possible, ought to chuse a dry Ground, whose Situation is high, and which admits a free Current of Air, such as on the Banks of Rivers, where there is generally a Stream of fresh Air, and Plenty of fresh Water to supply the Camp[137]; taking Care to avoid the Neighbourhood of low marshy Grounds, and corrupt stagnating Waters, especially in Summer, and in hot Climates.

[137] Dr. _Pringle_ observes, that where Grounds are equally
dry, that the Camps are always most healthful on the Banks of
large Rivers; because in the hot Season Situations of this
Kind have a Stream of fresh Air from the Water, tending to
carry off both the moist and putrid Exhalations.--And in
Cantonments we are not only to seek Villages removed from
marshy Grounds, but such as are least choaked with
Plantations, and stand highest above subterraneous Water. See
his _Observat. on Diseases of the Army_, 3d edit. p. 99.

When Necessity obliges Commanders to take Post, or encamp in a wet or marshy Ground, they should endeavour to make it as dry as possible, by ordering Trenches to be cut for Drains across the Field and round the Mens Tents; to see that the Ground within the Tents be well covered with Straw; to order the Tents to be struck at Mid-Day, in dry warm Weather, and the Men to dry and air the Straw, and change it frequently; to have a proper Supply of Blankets for the Men, and to take Care that they be well cloathed, especially those who go upon Duty in the Nights; and, in the northern Climates, to have Fires in proper Places for warming the Men and drying their Cloaths, and for correcting the Dampness of the Air[138].

[138] The Negroes on the Coast of _Guinea_, and some of the
_Indians_, both of whom sleep on the Ground, have constantly
a Fire producing a little Smoak burning in the Hutts where
they sleep, which corrects the Moisture of the Night, and
renders the Damp of the Earth less noxious; and during the
Time of the very unwholesome Fogs on the Coast of _Guinea_,
called Harmattans, which lay waste whole Negroe Towns, the
Smoak of Wood, of pitched Staves, and such Things, are found
to be the best Correctors of this thick Air. See Dr. _Lind's
Means of preserving the Health of Seamen_.

In Countries lying under the Torrid Zone, the Parts near the Sea Shore are often marshy, or close and covered with Wood, or have swampy Beaches, and are very unwholesome; and therefore where Soldiers aboard of Transports keep their Health, Commanders ought to be very careful not to allow them to land, till they come to the Place of their Destination. Dr. _Lind_ observes, that Men commonly live more healthy in warm Climates at Sea, where the Air is dry and serene, and the Heat moderated by refreshing Breezes, than when they arrive in Harbours, or get within Reach of the noxious Vapours which arise from many Parts of the Land[139].

[139] Dr. _Lind_ says, that it is constantly observed in
unhealthy Harbours, that the Boats Crews employed in wooding
and watering the Ships, who are obliged to lie on Shore,
suffer most. _Ibid._ p. 72.

When Necessity requires Parties to be landed for Wood or Water, or on other Duties, they should always be obliged to return and lie aboard at Night; and if that cannot be done, they should be cautioned to avoid lying down to sleep on the Grass, where the Air is fresh, or they are exposed to the Dews; and to pitch their Tents on a rising Ground, covered with Straw or dried Reeds, and a Blanket; and to use the other Precautions necessary for encamping in these warm Climates; for where this Care has been neglected, the Consequences have frequently proved fatal[140].

[140] A very remarkable Instance of this we have related by
Dr. _Lind_. In the Year 1739, in _Mahon_ Harbour, a Party of
Men were sent with the Coopers from Admiral _Haddock_'s Fleet
to refit and fill the Water Casks, who, finding an artificial
Cave dug out of a soft sandy Stone, put their bedding into
it; every one who slept in this damp Place was infected with
the Tertian Fever, then epidemic in _Minorca_, and not one in
eight recovered. At the same Time the Men aboard the Ships
continued healthy; and others, who were afterwards sent on
the same Duty, enjoyed perfect Health by being obliged to
sleep in their respective Ships. He says, he has known a
whole Boat's Crew seized next Morning with bad Fevers by
sleeping near the Mangroves, with which the Sides of the
Rivers are frequently planted in the Torrid Zone. _Ibid._ p.
74, 75.

On unhealthful Coasts, the noxious Land Vapours often affect the Crews of Ships that run up into Rivers or Harbours, and cause great Sickness; and therefore in such Places Ships should anchor at as great a Distance from the Shore as can well be done, that they may be exposed to the Sea Breezes, and as much to the Windward of the Woods and Marshes as possible; and if the Anchorage is safe, one should prefer the open Sea to running up into Rivers or Creeks[141].

[141] The higher that Ships sail up the Rivers upon the Coast
of _Guinea_, the more sickly they become: Such, however, as
keep at Sea beyond the Reach of the Land Breezes (that is,
two or three Leagues at Sea), are for the most part healthy.
_Lind_, _ibid._ p. 65. The Malignity of these Land Vapours
often does not extend itself to any considerable Distance, as
we know by manifold Experience. The Troops in _Zealand_ were
very unhealthy when Admiral _Mitchel_'s Squadron, which lay
but a little Way from the Shore, enjoyed perfect Health.--Dr.
_Pringle's Observat. on the Diseases of the Army_, p. 1.
chap. vii.--In _July_ and _August_ 1744, two Ships, belonging
to Admiral _Long_'s Squadron in the _Mediterranean_, lying
near the Mouth of the River _Tyber_, began to be affected,
while others, though at a very small Distance, but further
out at Sea, had not a Man sick. _Lind_, _ibid._ p. 66.

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An Account of the Diseases which were most frequent in the British military hospitals in GermanyChapter VIII: Letter I: received from the Gentleman whose Care I left him (2)

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