Chapter XVI: Some Notes on Sport and Natural History

The Libyan Desert as a Sporting Region — The Dorcas Gazelle — Snipe — Wild-Fowl — The Local Sportsmen — An all-night Sitting — Quail — Sand-Grouse — Rock-Pigeons — Turtle-Doves — Various — Striped Hyæna — Jackals — Three Species of Fox — The Desert Fox — The True Fennec.

Sportsmen who reckon the success and pleasures of a shooting expedition only by the contents of the resulting bag are advised to give a wide berth to the Libyan Desert, as in that arid region—with the exception of one restricted area far removed from the oasis under description—no game is to be found which cannot be obtained far more easily, and in much greater quantities, in the cultivated plains of the Nile Valley and on the adjoining desert margins. On the other hand, the sportsman who does not regard too seriously the actual head of game brought to bag, and who has no objection to hard work, will find in the oases undoubted attractions in the way of rough sport. Provided with a few camels to carry the necessary impedimenta, so as to be rendered independent and able to wander about at will, a very enjoyable time can be spent exploring the various isolated portions of the depression where gazelles abound, and visiting the numerous outlying wells where wild-fowl, snipe, quail, sand-grouse, and rock-pigeons are to be met with in fair quantities.

The little Dorcas gazelle ranges over the whole of the Libyan Desert. On the plateau, owing to the extreme scarcity and scantiness of vegetation, gazelles seldom remain in the same locality for any length of time, and even when met with can rarely be approached, owing to the open nature of the country. In the more fertile oases-depressions they are to be seen in far greater numbers, especially in the outlying portions where large tracts are covered with coarse grasses, tamarisk, and other kinds of scrub. After nightfall they frequently descend to the cultivated lands to browse on the crops, almost invariably retiring to the outlying desert areas at the first traces of dawn, though I recollect on one occasion bringing a laggard to bag very early in the morning on the edge of a barley-field at Um el Dabâdib. Gazelles are, in fact, seldom to be seen, unless carefully sought for in their special haunts; one might remain for months in the inhabited portions of the depression and only be aware of their existence from occasionally meeting with their spoor.

It is advisable when hunting gazelles to pitch camp at some distance from their grazing grounds, as they are extremely wary, and not to be approached once they have taken alarm. Extensive tracts of uninhabited, scrub-covered desert, like those to the north of Ain el Qasr, affording ample supplies of food, and undisturbed by man, are the favourite haunts of these extremely shy animals. For shooting this district an excellent camping-ground will be found on the edge of the scrub in the neighbourhood of Qasr Gyb, an ancient ruin conspicuously perched on the summit of a conical hillock, about 20 kilometres north of Meheriq. The dead parts of the scrub supply an abundance of fuel, and good water is obtainable by clearing out a section of the ancient underground aqueduct lying a short distance to the south. From the shelter of any of the higher clumps of vegetation one can, with the aid of field-glasses, keep a careful look-out over the surrounding scrub-covered country, and, once gazelles have been located, getting within range is merely a matter of patience and careful stalking. After sighting the quarry, it is best to proceed alone, as natives have an exasperating way of exposing themselves at the most critical moments. On my last visit to the north of the oasis there were a good many gazelles about, including a herd of some seven or eight; it was, however, quite impossible to get within 500 yards of these, but I had better luck with a solitary couple a few kilometres to the north of the old ruin, both of which I succeeded in bagging.

The Dorcas gazelle is one of the smallest and fleetest of the antelopes. When full grown, the buck stands about 22 inches high at the shoulder, the horns in my best head—not, however, shot in Kharga—measuring exactly 13 inches. Properly cooked, its flesh is excellent, and certainly superior to the average Egyptian mutton.

For snipe the best time is from December to February, though I have shot odd birds as early as October and as late as April. Both the full and the jack snipe are to be met with, their favourite feeding-grounds being the rice-stubbles immediately after the crops have been harvested, and before the ground has had time to get hard and dry. In the cold weather, however, almost any wet patch—and there are numerous small bogs at the lower ends of the paddy-fields and alongside leaky irrigation channels—will yield one or two couple. Formerly there was a very useful bit of ground at Ain el Tawîl, but the best place of all is close to the village of Gennâh, where a reedy bog of considerable size at times positively swarms with snipe. This place is rather difficult to shoot, and I used to consider I had done well if four or five couple were gathered.

Pools of various size, formed by drainage waters from the cultivated lands, are found scattered throughout the oasis, and in the early morning or late evening hours quite a respectable bag of wild-fowl can sometimes, with a little luck, be secured. I say sometimes advisedly, as where duck are concerned one has to compete with the local sportsmen, whose name is legion. Mallard, teal, and shoveller ducks are the most common, though several of the other species commonly found in the Nile Valley are also to be met with in the oasis.

The keenness of the Kharga sportsmen is well illustrated by the following incident: Encamped on one occasion for a week or two near the village, I was in the habit of pottering about of an evening with my gun, visiting the two or three pools within easy walking distance of the tents; but although there were a good many wild-fowl about, these had been worried to such an extent that they only remained on the ponds during the darkest hours of the night, preferring, indeed, to pass the day in solitude in the open desert than to turn themselves into targets for the never-ending practice of the local Nimrods. Thinking to get the better of both duck and natives, I made arrangements to visit a pool about three miles distant from the village, starting at an hour early enough to enable me to take up a good stand before daybreak. Fortified by biscuits and hot cocoa, I and my faithful retainer, Mohammed Abu Salem, left camp one chilly morning about three, riding the best part of the way on camels, over the roughest country imaginable. Half a mile from the pool we dismounted, and I proceeded alone on foot across cultivated lands, on which, to my astonishment, ploughing was already in progress, though it was still dark, wanting a full hour to dawn. Slowly and with some difficulty I made my way towards the thin streak of light that I knew marked the position of the pool, which in my mind’s eye I already pictured as covered with duck. Presently, to my surprise and disgust, a shot rang out; but this was nothing to my astonishment a few moments later, when, just as I was getting up to the water, a regular broadside was discharged. There seemed to be gunners all over the place, and my only concern now was to get out of their way as speedily as possible; so, ensconcing myself behind a small sand-hill, I lighted a pipe and awaited further developments. By careful manœuvring I was able to watch in moderate safety the glassy surface of the pond, and did not have to wait long before I heard a rattle of wings, followed by the swoop on to the water. No sooner had the birds alighted than they were greeted with a fusillade from all sides of the pool, after which silence once more reigned supreme. This performance was repeated every time duck or coot made their appearance, and few escaped the effects of the deadly cross-fire to which they were subjected.

When daylight appeared I counted over a dozen gunners squatting round the pond, although the latter measured no more than 120 to 130 yards across its widest part. They were armed with every sort of weapon, from the latest thing in cheap European breech-loaders to the most antiquated form of flint-lock, the barrel of the latter type of gun being usually of great length, and not unlike a piece of gas-pipe. As soon as daylight was sufficiently advanced, the natives proceeded to gather the slain, the bulk of the bag being made up of coots, which at night have a habit of deserting the depths of the rice-fields for a swim and change of food on the open pools. Each man seized the birds he considered had fallen to his gun, and I was struck by the small amount of squabbling which took place over the division of the spoil, most of the bickering having reference to complaints of being peppered, though the wonder was that no one had been killed, or even seriously hurt. As soon as everything was satisfactorily adjusted the majority of the men, having salaamed and expressed surprise at my presence, made off towards the village, only a few of the keener spirits remaining on the chance of further sport. To my delight, a flight of duck shortly afterwards put in an appearance, and I was able to score by bagging a couple as they passed suspiciously over the pond. The laugh was now on my side, as I need hardly say that the native never risks wasting his powder and shot on birds on the wing, and after some mutual banter they departed, leaving me in possession of the field.

Quantities of quail pass through the oasis on their annual migration from north to south and on their return journey in the opposite direction. The best bags can be made in the spring, when the corn is commencing to ripen, but sport is usually rendered difficult owing to the number of natives at work in the fields. The local sportsmen do not seem to consider quail worthy of their attention, probably because the birds so seldom show themselves except when on the wing. A good many are, however, secured by the peasants in traps.

Sand-grouse are to be met with in many parts of the depression, more especially near the outlying sparsely cultivated spots, the commonest variety found being one of the pin-tailed species. The sandy country round Gennâh is perhaps the best district. Rock-pigeons frequent the cultivated lands of Bellaida, to the north of the village of Kharga, and have their homes in the rocky fastnesses of Jebel Têr and Jebel Tarif, breeding in perfect security in the fissures which traverse the limestone rocks of those hills. Turtle-doves are found in the more wooded portions of the oasis, their favourite haunts being the old spreading acacias which line the water-channels and mark the sources of the ancient wells. Although not as a rule regarded as coming into the category of game-birds, turtle-doves are by no means to be despised when one has failed to replenish the larder from ordinary sources. When disturbed in their favourite haunts, the birds fly rapidly from tree to tree, and shooting has to be both straight and quick if anything of a bag is to be made. In addition to these an occasional plover or water-hen may be met with and be considered as worthy of record in the ‘various’ column of the game diary.

In the Nile Valley the striped hyæna has often afforded me a day’s amusement if not actual sport, but this animal is certainly not a resident in the oasis, though on rare occasions an individual crosses the plateau and remains for a few days within the depression. Jackals are common, though not nearly so numerous as in the neighbouring oasis of Dakhla. At night they prowl about the outskirts of the villages, and the din that a single couple can make must be heard to be believed. The cry is most weird, consisting of a succession of long melancholy wails, each one a little higher pitched than the preceding, followed finally by a quick succession of sharp yelps or barks.

Of foxes there appear to be three species in Egypt, the largest and best known being a variety of the common fox (_Canis vulpes_, subsp. _ægyptiaca_). Although this animal frequently makes its home on the margins of the bordering deserts, it is never found at any great distance from the villages of the Nile Valley, to which it invariably descends at dusk, returning to its lair in the early morning after spending the night roaming the cultivated lands in search of food. The smaller desert fox, or fennec (_Canis famelicus_), is found not only on the desert margins, but throughout the interior plateaux and depressions. A true denizen of the desert, this animal seldom approaches the abodes of man, and probably never penetrates into the cultivated lands on either side of the Nile. Thirdly, there is the diminutive little fox, the true fennec (_Canis zerda_), which, although found throughout the interior of the Libyan Desert tableland, is especially abundant in the oases-depressions.

Of this beautiful species the late Dr. Anderson, in his ‘Zoology of Egypt,’ wrote: “There is no authentic record of the Fennec having been discovered in a wild state by any European traveller. All the specimens which have been brought home have been obtained from Arabs.” This fox is, it is true, a very shy animal, so much so that during the course of many years’ work in almost every part of the Libyan Desert I never had the good fortune to observe one in its natural haunts, though its burrows were often met with, and my men at night occasionally succeeded in securing specimens in traps.

During the last year or two, however, while resident in Kharga Oasis, I have been more fortunate, having frequently observed these interesting little animals sitting near the entrances to their burrows or sniffing about in search of food on areas sparsely dotted with desert vegetation. Several pairs had burrows within a few kilometres of my headquarters, and were, I believe, responsible for fowls that disappeared from time to time from our farm-yard. Mr. P. von Adametz kept one of these tiny foxes in the mess for some time, but this particular animal, which had been caught in the neighbourhood of Meheriq, was evidently too old to become tame. Fennecs probably subsist mainly on desert gerbils and jerboas, which are always to be found in large numbers in those portions of the desert where vegetation is at all plentiful.

LITERATURE ON THE OASIS OF KHARGA

PONCET, M.
1709. “A Voyage to Æthiopia, made in the Years 1698, 1699, and
1700.” (Translated from the French.) Printed for W.
Lewis at the Dolphin, next Tom’s Coffee House, in Russel
Street, Covent Garden, London, 1709.

BROWNE, W. G.
1806. “Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, from the Year 1792
to 1798.” Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1806.

CAILLIAUD, F.
1822. “Travels in the Oasis of Thebes, and in the Deserts
situated East and West of the Thebaid, in the Years 1815,
1816, 1817, and 1818.” (Translated from the French, and
published in New Voyages and Travels, vol. vii.) Sir
Richard Phillips and Co., London, 1822.

DROVETTI, M. THE CHEVALIER.
1822. “Itinerary of an Excursion to the Valley of Dakel,” by M.
the Chevalier Drovetti, French Consul-General in Egypt,
about the latter end of 1818, with a previous Itinerary
from Syout to Dongolah and Darfour. In New Voyages and
Travels, vol. vii. Sir Richard Phillips and Co., London,
1822.

EDMONSTONE, SIR ARCHIBALD, BART.
1822. “A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt.” John
Murray, London, 1822.

CAILLIAUD, F.
1826. “Voyage a Méroé, au Fleuve Blanc, au delà de Fâzogl dans
le Midi du Royaume de Sennâr, a Syouah et dans cinq
autres Oasis; fait dans les années 1819, 1820, 1821, et
1822.” L’imprimerie Royale, Paris, 1826.

WILKINSON, I. G.
1835. “Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt.” John
Murray, London, 1835.

HOSKINS, G. A.
1837. “Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert.” Longman,
Rees, Orme and Co., London, 1837.

SCHWEINFURTH, DR. G.
1875. “Notizen zur Kenntniss der Oase El-Chargeh” (I.
Alterthümer). Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 21 Band, 1875.
Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1875.

ROHLFS, GERHARD.
1875. “Drei Monate in der Libyschen Wüste.” Mit Beiträgen von
P. Ascherson, W. Jordan, und K. Zittel. Theodor Fischer,
Cassel, 1875.

JORDAN, DR. W.
1876. “Physische Geographie und Meteorologie der Libyschen
Wüste.” Rohlfs’schen Expedition. Theodor Fischer, Cassel,
1876.

BRUGSCH, DR. HEINRICH.
1878. “Reise nach dem grossen Oase el Khargeh in der Libyschen
Wüste.”
“A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs.” John Murray,
London, 1881.

ZITTEL, K. VON.
1883. “Beiträge zur Geologie und Palæontologie der Libyschen
Wüste.” Rohlfs’schen Expedition. Theodor Fischer, Cassel,
1883.

LYONS, CAPTAIN H. G.
1894. “Notes sur le Géographie Physique des Oasis de Khargueh et
de Dakhel.” Bull. Soc. Khéd. de Géogr., iv. série, No. 4,
1894.
“On the Stratigraphy and Physiography of the Libyan Desert
of Egypt.” Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,
vol. 1., London, 1894.

BARRON, BEADNELL, LUCAS, AND HUME, MESSRS.
1900. “The Phosphate Deposits of Egypt.” Survey Department,
Cairo, 1900 and 1905.

BALL, DR. JOHN.
1900. “Kharga Oasis: its Topography and Geology.” Survey
Department, Cairo, 1900.

GUEST, A R.
1900. “The Oases of the Mudirieh of Assyut.” The Geographical
Journal, vol. xvi., London, 1900.

BEADNELL, H. J. LLEWELLYN.
1904. “The Oases and the Geology of Egypt,” in “The Nile in
1904,” by Sir William Willcocks. E. and F. N. Spon,
London, 1904.

SAYCE, PROFESSOR A. H.
1905. “History of the Egyptian Oases.” The Egyptian Gazette,
April 6, 1905.

BEADNELL, H. J. LLEWELLYN.
1908. “Flowing Wells and Sub-Surface Water in Kharga Oasis.”
Geological Magazine, N.S., Decade V., vol. v.,
February—March, 1908.

LYONS, CAPTAIN H. G.
1908. “Some Unsolved Problems of the Nile Basin.” The Cairo
Scientific Journal, vol. ii., No. 18, March, 1908.

HUME, DR. W. F.
1908. “The South-Western Desert of Egypt.” The Cairo Scientific
Journal, vol. ii., Nos. 23 and 24, August—September, 1908.

BEADNELL, H. J. LLEWELLYN.
1909. “The Mutual Interference of Artesian Wells.” Geological
Magazine, N.S., Decade V., vol. vi., January, 1909.
“The Relations of the Nubian Sandstone and the Crystalline
Rocks south of the Oasis of Kharga.” Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society, vol. lxv., London, 1909.

INDEX

Ababdeh Arabs, 106 Abraham, Sara, and Isaac, 104 Abrasion of Rocks (see Denudation) Absorption Tests, 151, 152 Abstemiousness of Camels, 15 Abu Bayan, Jebel, 45 Abulfida Ismail, 109 Abu Mohariq Dunes, 4, 43 Abu Sighawâl, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39 Abydus, 108 Abyssinia, 6, 13, 88, 92, 125, 159 Acacia-Trees, 69, 76, 77, 92, 187, 190, 231 Adam and Eve, 104 Adametz, P. von, 233 Æthiopia (see Abyssinia) Age of Ancient Lakes, 120 Age of Wells, 71, 72, 80 Agriculture, 67, 157, 171, 212-220 Agûl el Douma, 76 Ain (Aiyûn), 69 Ain Aid, 221 Ali Morad, 59 Amûr, 17, 21, 36, 37, 38, 55, 99, 165, 166, 171, 173 Bella, 83 Bellal, 59 Bergis, 80, 81 Dakhakhin, 78, 79, 80 Dizé, 15 Estakherab, 59, 71, 72, 139, 210 Foq el Doum, 81 Girgâwi, 221 Girm Meshîm, 57, 75, 76, 114, 115 Hamûr, 173 Harrân, 59, 114 Jaja, 77 Johar, 81, 85 Khalîl, 221 Khenâfish, 36, 106 Mabrûka, 85 Magarin, 59, 71, 72, 210 Mahmud, 59, 115 Mohammed Delaib, 142 Mustapha Kashef, 101 Tabashîr, 106 Zaaf, 59 Zaha el Din, 85 Zaiyan, 59 el Burg, 59, 106 Burrda, 84 Douma, 76, 114 Ghazâl, 28, 59, 69, 110, 114, 115, 142 Ghuâta, 59 Hais, 38 Hushi, 81 Karm, 85 Qasr (near Maks), 85 Qasr (N. of Meheriq), 15, 59, 114, 115, 226 Sabbagh, 59 Tawîl, 59, 60, 70, 227 Terfai (N.), 115 Terfai (S.), 85 Akhmîm, 106 Alexandria, 68, 105, 106 Alluvial Clays, 76, 81, 83 Altitudes, 10, 27, 57, 58, 59, 60, 72, 116, 117, 136, 142, 144 Alum, 21, 125, 221, 222, 223 Al Vahat, 108 Amenebis, 99 American Methods of Drilling, 134, 196, 197 Excavation in Necropolis, 87 Ammonians, 88, 89, 90 Ammon of Hibis, 99 Amun (Ammon-Ra), 92, 100, 105 Amûr (see Ain Amûr) Ancient Lakes, 110, 122 Roads, 38, Anderson, J., 232 Andrews, C. W., 118 Aneroid Determinations (see Barometric Observations) Animals, Wild, 14, 108, 224, 233 Annexation of Oases, 66 Anticlinal Folds, 129, 147 Antiquities, 6, 7, 86-109 Antoninus Pius, 98, 99 Apted, F. E., 59 Aqueducts, 8, 9, 71, 100, 101, 117, 118, 131, 167-185 Arabian Geographers, 108 Arabic Inscriptions, 104 Arbaîn (Derb el), 13, 16, 33, 34 Arcadius, 105 Area of Libyan Desert, 2 Arianism, 105 Army of Cambyses, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 Artesian Basins, Conditions required in, 124 Artesian-Water Sandstone, 49, 121, 125, 126, 131, 138, 151, 152, 162 Arûs el Buqar, 4 Ascent of Passes, 27, 30, 36, 37 Ascherson, P., 20, 89 Ash-Grey Shales, 48 Assiut, 27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 43, 44, 91 Athanasius, 94, 105 Auasis, 108 Augila, 90 Australian Wells, 140, 143, 161 Average Discharge of Wells, 135, 140 Avidius Heliodorus, 99

Baglûli, El, 32 Baguat, El, 103 Baharia Oasis, 3, 8, 17, 23, 38, 51, 53, 96 Bahnessa, 5 Baker, H. H., 113 Baldwin-Wiseman, W. R., 154 Ball, J., 23, 24, 39, 56, 58, 60, 87, 98, 101, 103, 165, 171, 236 Banishment to Oasis, 94 Barchans, 31, 202-205 Barley, 62, 66, 212, 214, 225 Barometric Observations, 58 Barron, T., v, 236 Basilides, 96 Baskets, 68, 74, 193 Beadnell, H. J. L., 236 Beans, 220 Bedawin, 2, 31, 40, 62, 76, 158, 215, 233 Belat, 17, 38 Bellaida, 101, 102, 106, 114, 203, 222, 231 Beniâdi, 16, 17 Berber Race, 66 Beris, 15, 16, 25, 32, 34, 46, 60, 80, 81, 85, 110, 115, 158, 165, 210, 211, 215, 218 Bir (Abiyâr), 69 Bir Ain el Gôs, 59, 69 el Dinaria, 136 Mansûra, 69 Murr, 43 Qattara, 59 Birds, 14, 227, 231 Bisharin Arabs, 106 Blemmyes, 106 Blockhouses, 82 Bones, Subfossil, 118 Bore No. 1—58, 59, 137 4—146 5—144, 145 6—144, 145 14—148, 152 16—152 18—152 22—59 31—152 33—127 36—142 38—142 39—152 42—142, 146, 156 43—127 44—59, 142, 152 Bores for Forts, etc., 168, 169 Boring Machinery (see Machinery) Boring Operations, 69, 131-134, 143, 151, 186-197 Botîkh, El, 30, 35 Brevedent, Father C. F. X. de, 13 Bricks, Size of Sun-dried, 101 Bronze on Temple Doors, 92 Browne, W. G., 15, 234 Brugsch, H., 22, 86, 98, 235 Bubbling Springs, 47 Bulaq, 15, 32, 73, 74, 75, 215 Buraig, El, 31 Burg Hamâm (see Dovecots) Byzantine Period, 99, 102

Cailliaud, F., 16, 17, 22, 34, 58, 86, 234, 235 Cairo Observatory, 58 Calcareous Tufa, 26, 48, 52, 53, 112 Caliphs, 103 Cambyses, 88, 89, 90 Camels, 14, 15, 26, 33, 34, 37, 42, 44, 215, 224 Capacity of Rocks as Water-Carriers, 132 Caravan Routes (see Roads) Caravans, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 37, 41, 44 Carcasses of Camels, 14 Casing of Wells, 78, 79, 128, 135, 137, 141, 186, 187, 189 Cause of Rise of Water in Wells, 162, 163 Cause of Salts in Water, 130 Caving of Strata, 134, 135, 189 Cementing Material in Sandstone, 132, 134 Cemeteries, 100, 102 Centroclinal Folds, 56 Channels (see Irrigating Channels) Character of Desert Roads, 39 Character of Inhabitants (see Inhabitants) China, Well-Sinking in, 19, 196 Christ, 104 Christian Customs, 106 Christian Necropolis (see Necropolis) Christian Period, 21, 87, 103-106 Chronology, Ancient, 88 Clay Hummocks, 111, 113 Clay Plains, 76, 81, 133 Cleaning out Aqueducts, 171, 172 Cleaning out Wells (see Repairing) Climate, 52, 53, 67, 107, 108, 120, 171, 172, 220 Closing of Wells, 135, 148 Cnoeus Virgilius Capito, 95 Cobalt, 222 Coffin Masks, 102 Collecting Pits, 126, 127 Colonization by Romans, 167, 170 Coloquintida, 14 Coloured Designs on Tombs, 104 Colours of Dates, 216 Columbaria, 106, 116 Composition of Waters, 6, 72, 130, 131, 137 Concretions, 30, 35 Confining Strata (see Impervious) Constantius, 105 Contest between Man and Sand, 199, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 Contraband Trade, 76 Contrast of Desert and Cultivated Lands, 1, 18 Coots, 230 Coptic Church, 103 Coptic Period, 7, 103 Corn-Mill, 69, 119 Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., 38, 39, 65, 113, 208 Cost of Dates, 215 Cost of Drilling Wells, 196, 197 Cotton, 14, 220 Craig, J. I., 159 Crescentic Dunes (see Barchans) Cretaceous System, 22, 48, 55, 112, 124, 166 Crops, 14, 62, 130, 212-220 Cross-Country Travelling, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 Crystalline Rocks, 49, 124, 161, 164 Cubit (Unit of length), 107 Cultivated Lands, 10, 46, 61-85, 212-220 Cultivated Lands, Formation of, 78-83, 122, 210 Cultivation of Date-Palm, 216-218 Cultivation of Rice, 212-215 Cyrene, 21, 97 Cyril of Alexandria, 106

Daila, El, 4 Dakhakhin, 76, 77, 80, 210, 214 Dakhla Oasis, 3, 4, 16, 17, 23, 25, 27, 36, 51, 89, 90, 136, 189, 195, 229, 232 Danian Formation, 48, 166 Darcy, H., 154 Darfur, 2, 33, 34, 125, 159 Darius, 7, 92 Date-Brandy, 218 Date-Crop, 62, 215 Date-Palms, 216-218 Decline of Well-Flows, 79, 135, 140, 148, 188 Deepest Borings in Oasis, 132, 157 Deflation, 52 Denudation, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 83, 111, 126, 199, 206 Deposits, Table of Geological, 48 Depressions, Formation of, 5, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54 Depth of Wells, 8, 107, 129, 132 Dêr el Ghennîma, 16, 100, 101, 128, 129, 147, 169 Derb el Arbaîn, 13, 16, 33, 34 Derb el Ghubbâri, 36 Derb el Refûf, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39 Derb el Tawîl, 16, 17, 37 Derut, 43 Dervish Raids, 82 Descent of Passes, 27, 36 Desert Roads, Nature of, 39 Desert Types, 31, 35, 42 Development of Artesian Basins (see Exploitation) Development of Strata, Unequal, 50, 51, 55 Dials, 107 Dilail el Kelb, 32 Dimensions of Oasis, 45 Diminution of Flows of Wells (see Decline) Dip of Strata, 55, 56, 161, 166 Discharges of Wells, 57, 63, 81, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 139, 149, 150, 160, 186 Discharge of Um el Dabâdib tunnel, 172 Disintegration (see Denudation) Disposition of Ancient Monuments, 117 Divers, 193, 194, 195 Domesticated Animals, 118 Dongola, 13, 16 Donkeys, 68 Dorcas Gazelle, 174, 225-227 Doum-Palms, 68, 73, 74, 77, 82, 84, 187, 190, 218, 219 Dovecots, 107 Doves, 231 Drilling (see Boring) Driving Well-Casing, 189, 196 Dronka, 28 Drovetti, Chevalier, 16, 234 Drugs, 14 Dubîya, El, 32 Duck (see Wild-Fowl) Dunes (see Sand-Dunes) Dungun, 33 Durability of Wooden Casing, 187 Durra Millet, 213, 215 Dush, 16, 26, 33, 84, 85, 97, 106, 115 Dust-Winds, 13, 49, 52, 67, 70, 79, 81, 82, 84, 198-211

Early History, 6, 12-24, 87 Earth-Movements (see Folding) Earthy Minerals (see Minerals) Economical Aspects, 212-223 Edfu, 22, 28, 33, 93 Edmonstone, Sir A., 17, 100, 234 Effect of closing Wells, 148, 149 Effect of Salty Waters on Crops, 130 Egyptian Government, 9, 20, 59, 62, 63, 64, 82, 137, 159, 188, 220 Egyptian Kings, 87, 88 El Baglûli, 32 El Baguat, 103 El Botîkh, 30 El Buraig, 31 El Daila, 4 El Dêr (see Dêr el Ghennîma) El Dubîya, 32 El Elwania, 30, 32 El Ghart, 31 El Ghennaim, 28 El Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta) El Ghubbâri, 36 El Hais, 38 El Hamera, 32 El Ishab, 32 El Mafâriq, 32 El Masaad, 30 El Mishâbit, 30 El Mograbi, 30 El Nakhail, 33, 85 El Qara, 38 El Qusîya, 32, 43 El Ramlia, 15, 26, 28 El Refûf, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31 El Sherîf el Edrissi, 108 El Shugera, 28, 29, 39, 42 El Suâga, 31 El Tundaba, 29, 31, 39 El Yabsa, 26, 28 El Zizagat, 31 Elevation of Well-Outlets, 78, 79 Embalming, 104, 105 Emigration, 193 Encroachment of Dunes (see Sand-Dunes) Eocene System, 22, 35, 48, 50, 54, 55, 112, 201 Epsom Salts (Epsomite), 125, 222 Erosion (see Denudation) Errors in Measurement of Well-Discharges, 65, 66 Eruptive Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks) Escarpments of Oasis, 26, 45, 51 Esna, 16, 27, 28, 33, 34, 121 Esna Shales, 48, 51 Ethiopia (see Abyssinia) Euergetes, 93 Evaporation, 71, 164 Excavation of Ancient Sites, 86 Excavation of Conduits, 169 Exile to Oasis (see Banishment) Exogyra Beds, 48, 51, 54, 166 Expedition against Oases (see Cambyses) Experiments on Wells, 127, 136, 144-149, 151, 155 Exploitation of Artesian Basins, 135, 140, 142, 143, 150 Exploration of Underground Aqueducts, 173-175, 179-184 Extinct Lakes, 110-122 Ezula, 14

Fâlig Dates, 216 Fallow Lands, 10 Famous Wells, 71 Farafra Oasis, 3, 4, 17, 23, 38, 43, 44, 54, 90, 91 Farshut, 16, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 58 Faults, 55, 56, 116 Fayûm, 5 Fellahin, 43, 66 Fennecs, 232, 233 Ferruginous Sandstone, 36, 130, 222 Ferruginous Waters (see Ochreous Waters) Fertilizers, 79, 210, 214 Fevers, 10, 19, 42, 108, 219 Fezzan, 2 Fissures, 8, 116, 127, 131, 134, 148, 149, 150, 153, 162, 166, 175, 180 Flexures (see Folding) Flint Implements, 6, 7, 29, 87, 119 Flooding by Wells, 120, 121 Flowing Wells, 124, 139-153, 186 Flowing Wells from Surface-water Sandstone, 127-130 Flowing Wells of Arid Regions, 161 Flowing Wells, Relation to Ground-Level, 128 Flow of Water through Coarse and Fine Sands, 155 Flow of Water through Sandstone, 127, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 162, 163 Fodder, Green, 212 Folding, 22, 51, 53-57, 129, 147 Food-Supplies, 62 Formation of Depressions (see Depressions) Formation of Terraces, 78, 79, 81 Former Prosperity of Oasis, 10, 94, 107, 108, 109 Fortified Monasteries (see Monasteries) Forts, 26, 30, 94, 100, 101, 156, 167, 168, 172 Fossils, 30, 52, 57, 107, 113, 116, 118, 132 Foxes, 232 French Engineers, 188 French Government, 16 Fresh-Water Shells, 53, 116, 118 Fruit of Date- and Doum-Palms, 62, 73, 216-219 Fruit-Trees, 78, 172, 220

Gala, 57 Galba, Emperor, 95 Garat el Melh, 31 Garat Radwan, 31 Gardens, 19, 67, 69, 84, 172 Garrisons, 14, 82, 94, 108 Garsed, W., 130, 137, 202 Gases in Artesian Waters, 72, 77, 137, 155 Gauges used in Measurement of Wells, 64 Gazelle, 174, 225-227 Gennâh, 46, 71, 72, 114, 138, 201, 209, 210, 215, 218, 227, 231 Geographers, Arabian, 108 Geological Sequence, 47 Geological Society of London, 23 Geological Survey of Egypt, 23 Geology, 20, 45-60, 125-134, 221, 223 Gerbils, 233 German Expedition, 20 Gertuma, 56 Geysers, 81 Gharaq, 5 Ghart, El, 31 Ghattasin (see Divers) Ghennaim El, 28 Ghennîma (see Dêr and Jebel el Ghennîma) Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta) Ghubbâri, Derb el, 36 Gingerbread Tree (see Doum-Palms) Girga, 27, 30, 32 Girm Meshîm, 57, 75, 76, 114, 115 Gorn el Gennâh, 18, 46, 56, 60, 71, 106, 116, 117, 210, 221 Gorringe, L., 23, 27 Government Survey (see Egyptian Government) Græco-Roman Period, 93, 118 Grazing Lands, 219 Greek Inscriptions, 97, 99, 104 Gregory, J. W., 161 Grey Shales (see Impermeable Grey Shales) Grinding-Stones, 119 Guest, A. R., 236 Guhêna, 29 Gyb (see Qasr Gyb)

Hadrian, Emperor, 98 Hagar Hawara, 32 Hagi Ali, 13 Hais, Ain el, 38 Hamera, El, 32 Hamlets (see Settlements) Hamrâwi Dates, 216 Hamûr, Ain, 173 Hand-boring Rigs, 191, 192, 193, 196 Hardness of Rocks, 50, 54 Harvesting, 215, 217, 227 Hassan Effendi, 189 Hazen, A., 154 Headquarters of Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., 39, 59, 113, 115, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 138, 142, 202, 203, 208, 214, 219, 220, 225, 233 Hedges, 67 Hegîra, 108 Height of Ancient Lakes, 112, 115, 116, 117 Lacustrine Deposits, 115, 116 Helaoue, 13, 14 Herbs, 14, 15 Herodotus, 19, 88, 89, 90, 107 Hesperides, Gardens of the, 19 Hibis, Temple of, 7, 22, 59, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 103 High-Level Springs, 165 Hills, and Hill-Massifs, 46 Hindaw, 195 Historic Period, 7, 86-109, 119 Holding Capacity of Water Strata, 151, 152 Hollow Walls, 98 Honorius, 106 Horizontality of Strata, 54 Horus, 22 Hoskins, G. A., 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 86, 91, 95, 97, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109, 235 Hot Springs (see Temperature) Hume, W. F., 54, 236 Hummocks, Clay, 111, 112 Hyæna, Striped, 37 Hydraulic and Hydrostatic Pressure (see Pressure)

Igneous Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks) Impermeable Grey Shales, 48, 49, 126, 131, 133, 164 Impervious Strata, 121, 124, 126, 134, 166 Implements (see Flint Implements) Implements for Repairing Wells, 193-194 Implements used by Early Well-borers, 186 Inclination of Strata (see Dip) Infiltration into Sandstones, 6 Influence of Wells, 72, 135, 144-148, 162 Inhabitants of Kharga, 67, 68 Inscriptions, 12, 19, 22, 93-99, 104 Interference of Wells (see Influence) Intermittent Flow of Wells, 77, 81, 155 Iron Pyrites (see Pyrites) Irresistibility of Sand, 205, 211 Irrigation, 127, 135, 168, 212, 213 Irrigating Channels, 69, 71, 75, 77, 120, 168, 169, 227 Irrigation Methods, 9-11, 107, 212-213 Ishab, El, 32 Isis and Serapis, 97 Islands of the Blessed, 19, 88, 107 Ismail Abulfida, 109 Isopotential Lines, 142

Jackals, 232 Jacob, 105 Jacutus, 109 Jaja, 16, 26, 32, 33, 76, 77 Jebel Abu Bayan, 45 Jebel Ghennîma, 26, 30, 46, 100, 111, 133 Jebel Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha) Jebel Tarif, 36, 46, 55, 56, 60, 102, 126, 171, 200, 205, 222, 231 Jebel Tarwan, 56, 114, 223 Jebel Têr, 46, 55, 56, 60, 66, 70, 102, 103, 114, 126, 171, 201, 206, 223, 231 Jebel Um el Ghennaim, 26, 46 Jellab, Nagab el, 30 Jerboas, 233 Johnson Pasha, 220 Jordan, W., 20, 58, 235 Joseph, 105 Julius Demetrius, 95 Junction of Artesian-Water Sandstone with Overlying Shales, 133 Jupiter Ammon, 88, 89, 90, 91 Juvenal, 94

Kareez (see Aqueducts) Karnak, 28, 30, 32 Kawâmil, 27, 28, 29 Kenem, 93 Kharafish Type of Desert, 35 Kharga Village, 21, 25, 46, 58, 66-70, 215, 228 Khartum, 159 Khenâfish, Ain, 36, 106 Kilns, Brick and Pottery, 102 King, F. H., 154 Kneph, 100 Knibbs, G. H., 143, 154, 162, 163 Koptos, 22 Kordofan, 2, 159 Kufra Oasis, 3, 4 Kurkur Oasis, 33, 109 Kysis, 97

Lacustrine Deposits, 48, 49, 52, 110-122 Lagmi, A Date-Palm Liquor, 218 Lakes, Ancient, 110-122 Land Reclamation, 10, 172, 214, 219, 220 Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha) Lefèvre, M., 188 Length of Underground Aqueducts, Total, 179 Letronne, M., 95 Level of Sub-surface Water, 126, 127 Level of Ain Amûr, Beris Spring, and Nakhail, 165, 166 Levels (see Altitudes) Libyan Desert, Limits, Area, etc., 1-5 Libyan Formation (see Eocene) Libyan Races, 66 Lignite, 132 Limits of Ancient Lakes, 112, 114 Limits of Oasis, 85 Local Pressure, 129, 130, 163, 164 Longitudinal Flexure, 55, 116 Loss of Cambyses’ Army, 88-92 Lucas, A., 137, 236 Lucerne, 212, 219 Lyons, H. G., 22, 160, 235, 236 Lythgoe, A. M., 86

Machinery for Boring, 8, 9, 188, 191-193, 196, 197 Mafâriq, El, 32 Magmatic Waters, 161 Magnesia, Sulphate of, 125, 221 Maks, 15, 82, 83, 84, 115, 211 Manfalut, 13, 38, 43 Man-Holes, or Air-shafts, of Underground Tunnels, 9, 173-185 Manufacture of Casing, 187, 190 Manufactures, 68, 107, 218 Manures (see Fertilizers) Maps (see Surveying) Marcus Ruffinus Lupus, 97 Marine Deposits, 50 Masaâd, El, 30 Masks, Coffin, 102 Mats, 68, 74 Maximus, 96 Measurement of Wells, 63-65 Mediterranean Sea, 201 Meheriq, 28, 39, 70, 101, 106, 114, 115, 142, 171, 208, 226, 233 Melh, Garat el, 31 Mellawi, 91 Memphis, 90 Menes, 87 Meteoric Waters, 161, 163 Methods of Sinking Wells (see Boring) Middle Ages, 93 Migration of Villagers, 70 Milne, D., 220 Minerals, 125, 157, 220-223 Mines, Ancient, 222, 223 Miocene System, 4 Mishâbit, El, 30 Mogara, 4 Mograbi, El, 30 Mohammed Abu Salem, 228 Mohammedan Conquest, 7, 9, 103, 108 Mohammed Said, 220 Mohariq (see Abu Mohariq) Monasteries, 100, 101, 105, 167, 168 Monoclinal Fold, 56 Monuments, Earliest, 7 Mosquitoes, 10 Mouaslet el Kharga, 38, 39 Movement of Dune-Sand, 199, 203, 204 Mud-Volcanoes, 81 Mummies and Mummy-Cases, 102, 104 Murr, Bir, 43 Mut, 100

Nadûra, 22, 56, 93, 98 Nagab Bulaq, 26, 33 Nagab el Jellab, 30 Nakhail, El, 33, 85, 166 Natural History, 224-233 Nature of Desert Roads, 39-44 Necropolis, Christian, 21, 87, 103-105, 116 Nektanebos, 92 Neolithic Implements, 7, 29, 119 Nestorius, Bishop, 94, 106 Nile Delta, 213 Nile River, 6, 158, 159, 160, 164 Nitrogen (see Gases) Noah, 104 Notables of Oasis captured by Dervishes, 82 Nubia, 6, 66, 124 Nubian Sandstone, 48, 51, 92, 124, 151, 152, 159, 201 Nummulitic Limestones, 54

Oasis, Derivation of Term, 3, 21 Observations on Wells (see Experiments) Ochreous Waters, 72, 130, 137 Ochre (Oxide of Iron), 72, 73, 125, 138, 221 Olympiodorus, 107, 186 Omda of Kharga, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 171 Origin of Lakes, 120-122 Origin of Oases-Depressions (see Depressions) Origin of Underground Waters, 6, 125, 154-166 Osiris, 22 Otu, 21, 22 Outcrop of Water-bearing Beds, 124, 164 Output of Wells (see Discharges) Ownership of Wells, 10, 11, 47

Paganism, 105 Palæolithic Implements, 6, 119 Palm Leaves and Fibre, 68 Palm Trees, 63, 66, 67, 74, 77, 81, 84 Panopolis, 106 Parthey, 90 Passage Beds (see Esna Shales) Passes, 26, 27, 36 Past Accumulations of Water, 160 Patterson, R. S., 65, 158 Paul, 104 Peasantry of Oasis, 66, 213, 230 Pelusium, 88 Percolation from Nile into Nubian Sandstone, 160 Persian Period, 7, 22, 86-93, 167 Persian Water-Wheels (see Saqia) Phosphatic Deposits, 48, 223 Physiognomic Types, 66 Pick-Marks, Ancient, 181 Pierpont Morgan, 87 Pigeons, 106, 107, 231 Plants, Fossil (see Fossils) Plateau, Limestone, 48, 54 Pleistocene Deposits, 48, 53, 118, 120 Plinius Capito, 99 Plover, 231 Plutonic Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks) Plutonic Waters, 161 Poncet, M., 13, 14, 15, 109, 234 Population, 61, 66, 67 Porosity of Nubian Sandstone, 151, 152 Porosity of Strata, 124, 132, 149, 150, 151, 155 Pottery, 29, 31, 102, 113, 118, 119, 120 Prehistoric Period, 6, 8, 29, 87, 112, 113, 120 Pressure of Gases, 77, 155 Pressure of Water, 77, 121, 130, 134, 136, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 155, 162, 163, 164 Primitive Character of Kharga Village, 68 Proclamations inscribed on Monuments, 95 Prosperity, Former, 10, 94, 107, 108, 109 Protection of Conduits, 169 Protection of Cultivated Lands, 69, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209 Psammetikh, 88 Ptolemaic Remains, 7, 93, 99, 118 Pumping, 123, 127, 128, 157 Purple Shales, 48, 126, 128 Pyrites, 137, 223

Qara, El, 38 Qasr Ain Mustapha Kashef, 101 Qasr Dakhl, 4, 38 Qasr Dush, 85, 97 Qasr el Ghuâta, 73, 93 Qasr Farafra, 44 Qasr Gyb, 131, 170, 226 Qasr Lebekha, 8, 100, 101, 126, 131, 170, 200, 206, 222 Qasr Zaiyan, 59, 60, 73, 98, 99, 117 Qirat, Value of the, 64, 65, 138 Quail, 230 Queensland, Artesian Wells of, 140 Quicksands, 134 Qusîya, El, 43

Radwan, Garat, 31 Railway, 10, 25, 29, 31, 38, 58, 68, 74 Rainfall, 2, 29, 40, 62, 104, 107, 161, 166, 216 Raising of Outlets of Wells (see Elevation) Raising of Water from Wells, 170 Ramlia, El, 15, 26, 28 Rate of Boring, 192, 197 Rate of Travelling of Caravans, 44 Rate of Underground Flow (see Flow of Water) Ratio of Calm to Windy Days, 198 Rawlinson, Canon, 88 Recent Deposits, 48 Recharging of Depleted Water-bearing Strata, 150 Reclamation (see Land Reclamation) Reduction of Pressure, 140 Refûf, El, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39 Regulating Appliances for Wells, 9, 65, 193 Relation of Population and Water-Supply, 61, 62, 63, 193 Religion and Customs, 96, 103, 104, 105, 106 Repairing Wells, 78, 82, 83, 187, 193-196 Resistance of Strata to Flow of Water, 149, 150 Retaining Banks, 78, 80, 82, 83 Revenue, 66, 94 Reversion to Desert, 7, 70, 71, 83, 84, 208, 210, 211 Rice, 62, 66, 212-214, 227, 230 Rice in Land-Reclamation, 2, 213-215 Rigs for Boring (see Machinery) Rizagat, 18, 28, 32 Roads, 4, 13, 25-44 Rock-Pressure, 163 Rod el Ghanam, 32 Rohlfs Expedition, 4, 20 Rohlfs, G., 20, 21, 89, 93, 100, 235 Roman Occupation, 7, 8, 9, 22, 31, 68, 93-109, 118, 157, 167, 170, 187, 226 Rotation of Crops, 10

Sala Abdulla, 173 Salt-pans, 75 Samhûd (see Wadi Samhûd) Samples of Strata from Bores, 151, 152 Sand and Sand-Dunes: Composition, 201, 202 Cross-Section of Dunes, 205 Damage to Cultivation, 69, 200, 207 Disposition, 200 Encroachment, 4, 70, 71, 83, 84, 206, 207, 208, 209 Erosion, 35, 52, 83, 111, 199, 206 Form, 202, 203, 204, 205 Formation of Terraces, 78, 210, 215 Held by Moisture and Vegetation, 208 Movement, Rate and Direction of, 92, 203, 207, 208, 211 Relation to Hills, etc., 199, 200, 205, 206 Sandstorms, 13, 89, 91, 208, 217 Sheltered Areas, 206 Storm-Walls and Fences, 207, 209 Origin, 201 Velocity of Wind, 199 Sanded-up Wells, 76, 85, 119, 150, 156, 157, 158, 171, 181 Saqias, 128 Saturated Sandstones, 121, 133, 148, 152 Sayce, A. H., 7, 87, 94, 98, 108, 236 Schweinfurth, G., 21, 22, 86, 94, 101, 235 Sea-Level, Relation of Floor and Plateau to, 59, 60 Sedimentary Rocks, 49, 54 Seepage 71, 159 Selection of Sites for Forts, 168 Selîma, 13, 15, 33 Senna, 14 Sensitiveness of Wells (see Influence) Senussi Arabs, 4 Septimus Macro, 99 Serapis, Isis and, 97 Serir Type of Desert-Surface, 35 Set-ament, 22 Seth, 22 Settlements, Outlying, 69, 70, 84 Shebb, 13, 15 Sheikh Hassan Hanadi, 171, 173 Sheikh Khalid Ibn el Walîd, 74 Sheikh Mustapha (see Omda of Kharga) Sheikhs’ Tombs, 70, 74, 84 Shells (see Fossils) Sherîf el Edrissi, El, 108 Shugera, El, 28, 29, 39, 42 Sighawâl (see Abu Sighawâl) Silt Deposits, 29 Silting of Wells, 9, 75 Similarity of Ancient and Modern Methods of Boring, 187, 190 Simultaneous Elevation and Denudation of Strata, 54 Siwa Oasis, 3, 4, 17, 89, 90, 91 Slaves, 33, 34 Slichter, C. S., 154 Slope of Underground Aqueducts, 178 Sohag, 27, 28, 30, 31, 39, 42 Soils, 52, 72, 214, 215, 220 Southernmost Wells of Oasis, 85 South-West Desert of Egypt, 54 Springs, 7, 8, 47, 52, 112, 116, 121, 122, 126, 165, 166 Spring Deposits, 48 St. Martin, V. de, 39, 90 Stagnation of Water in Strata, 131 Static Head, 128, 140, 141, 142, 153, 166 Steam-boring Rigs, 196, 197 Steel Casing, 189, 196 Steindorff, G., 88 Storage Reservoirs, 124, 152, 153 Strabo, 108 Streets of Kharga Village, 67 Suâga, El, 31 Sub-artesian Water, 8, 125, 161 Subsidence (see Folding) Subterranean Water-Supply, 123-185 Subterranean Works (see Aqueducts) Sudan, 2, 6, 33, 82, 124, 159 Sudd Region, 6, 159 Sugar-cane, 220 Sunt (see Acacias) Surface Water, 8, 47, 76, 85, 113, 133, 189 Surface-Water Sandstone, 47, 121, 125-131, 151, 162 Surveying, 17, 20, 23, 42, 43, 58-60, 72, 176 Swamps, 4, 9, 125, 159, 164, 227 Syene, 94 Synclinal Folds, 56

Tables: Altitudes, 59 Dunes, 204 Geological Deposits, 48 Interference of Wells, 145 Population, 62 Water Analyses, 138 Tamar Dates, 216 Tamarisks, 77, 85, 209, 225 Tahta, 28, 29 Tapping the Nile, 158 Tarif (see Jebel Tarif) Tarwan (see Jebel Tarwan) Tau Symbol, 104 Tawîl, Ain el, 59, 60, 70, 227 Derb el, 16, 17, 37 Taxes, 62, 63, 65 Tchonemyris, 99 Temperature, Changes of, 52 Effect on Rate of Flow of Water, 155 of Artesian Waters, 77, 109, 136, 149 of Sub-Surface Waters, 181 Temples (see Hibis, Jupiter Ammon, Qasr el Ghuâta, Qasr Dush, Qasr Zaiyan) Tenîda, 36, 37 Têr (see Jebel Têr) Termination of Um el Dabâdib Aqueduct, 183 Terraces formed by Wind-borne Material, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 210 Thebes, 18, 88, 89, 90, 91, 105 Theodosius, 107 Thickness of Artesian-Water Sand-stones, 152 Tiberius Julius Alexander, 95 Tibesti, 2, 159 Timasius, 106 Timbering Wells, 189, 190 Topography, 45-60 Total Thickness of Strata, 48, 49, 164 Total Yield of Wells, 62, 63, 139 Trading, 62, 68, 74, 76 Traditions, Local, 158, 173 Trajan, Emperor, 97 Transportation, Agents of, 52 Travelling in the Libyan Desert, 41, 42 Trenches, 168, 169 Tripoli, 2 Tristram, H. B., 216 Tufa (see Calcareous Tufa) Tundaba, El, 29, 31, 39 Types of Desert, 31, 35, 42

Um el Dabâdib, 8, 60, 70, 100, 101, 126, 131, 170-185, 200, 205, 206, 225 Um el Ghennaim, 26 Uncemented Sandstones, 134 Underground Exploration, 174, 175 Underground Water-Supply, 123-185 United States, 143, 196

Value of Dates, 215 Value of the Qirat, 64, 65, 138 Variation in Character of Deposits of Libyan Desert, 50, 51, 55 Variation in Discharges of Wells, 57 Variation in Level of Water-bearing Strata, 129, 141 Variation in Porosity of Sandstone, 151 Variation in Static Head, 141 Varieties of Dates, 216 Vegetation, Wild, 15, 37, 40, 76, 84, 85, 165, 166, 208, 209, 225, 233 Velocity of Desert Winds, 199 Velocity of Underground Flow (see Flow) Ventilation of Aqueducts, 177, 181 Vespasian, Emperor, 96 Villages overwhelmed by Sand, 70 Vuta, G., 23

Wadi el Molûk, 220, 221 Wadi Halfa, 159 Wadi Samhûd, 16, 32, 38 Wah, 21 Waled Hallaf, 27, 30, 32, 34 Walls of Kharga village, 67 Waste of Water, 9 Watch-Tower, 102 Water-bearing Beds below Plateau, 123, 124, 153 Water-bearing Beds disturbed by Faults, etc., 56 Sandstones, 6, 49, 123-185 Waterfalls at Dakhakhin, 78 Watering Camels, 27, 28 Water Stations, 9, 31 Water stored under Oasis-Depression, Amount of, 152, 153 Water used in raising Rice, Amount of, 213 Weathering (see Denudation) Weba Measure, 215 Wheat, 62, 212, 214 White Chalk, 48, 54, 55 Whiting, B. F., 197 Wild-Fowl, 227-230 Wilkinson, I. G., 99, 100, 235 Willcocks, Sir William, 213 Wind, 13, 35, 49, 52, 78, 79, 84, 106, 111, 172, 198-211, 217 Wind-formed Deposits, 78, 79, 122 Wine, 94, 108, 220 Winlock, 87 Wooden Lining of Wells (see Casing)

Xaverius de Brevedent, 13

Yabsa, El, 26, 28 Yield of Date-Trees, 217 Yield of Wells (see Discharges) Young, 95

Zambiles (see Baskets) Zarâbi, 28 Zittel, K. von, 20, 235 Zizagat, El, 31 Zoology of Egypt, 233 Zosimus, 106

THE END

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: This legend is stated by Rohlfs, on Brugsch’s authority, to be recorded on the temple of Horus at Edfu.]

[Footnote 2: Reference to the plan showing the different roads and passes out of the oasis-depression will facilitate the perusal of the following pages.]

[Footnote 3: Since writing the above, I have read with much interest a paper on the South-West Desert of Egypt, in which my friend and former colleague, Dr. W. F. Hume, in a discussion of the formation of the oases-depressions, refers to the importance of soft and hard strata, and to the action of folding in exposing the former to the agents of denudation. This is striking confirmation of the views promulgated by me since my first acquaintance with the oases many years ago. Of great interest and value, being new, is the suggestion that the topography of the southern oases and surrounding desert may be, to a considerable extent, due to denudation acting on the country as it was in process of being elevated from the sea in which the deposits forming it had been laid down.]

[Footnote 4: The dates given in this chapter are those assigned by Professor Steindorff.]

[Footnote 5: Canon Rawlinson’s translation.]

[Footnote 6: That even occasional rains can effect a considerable amount of erosion of soft materials is shown by the present state of these domes, from which a skin of some thickness has been washed away, leaving the surfaces bristling with the sharp fragments of rock which were included in the original mixture of sand and clay from which the bricks were manufactured.]

[Footnote 7: The royal cubit was the chief unit of length, and measured 20·6 inches; 300 and 500 cubits would therefore be equivalent to 515 and 858 feet respectively.]

[Footnote 8: The Headquarters of the Corporation of Western Egypt, Limited (see map).]

[Footnote 9: I should like to record my indebtedness to Mr. Garsed, who, while in the oasis, undertook, at my request, a considerable amount of special analytical work, in addition to his regular duties.]

[Footnote 10: ‘The Nile Flood and Rains of the Nile Basin, 1906,’ Survey Department, Cairo, 1907; ‘Some Geographical Aspects of the Nile,’ the _Geographical Journal_, November, 1908, vol. xxxii., No. 5.]

[Footnote 11: ‘The Dead Heart of Australia’; John Murray, London, 1906.]

[Footnote 12: ‘The Hydraulic Aspect of the Artesian Problem,’ Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. xxxvii., p. 30.]

[Footnote 13: ‘Egyptian Irrigation,’ second edition, E. and F. N. Spon, Limited, London, 1899.]

[Footnote 14: ‘The Great Sahara,’ by H. B. Tristram; John Murray, London, 1860. See also ‘Tropical Agriculture,’ by P. L. Simmonds.]

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