Chapter 20: On the first division of music which is called

_harmonica_.

1. The first division of music, which is called _harmonica_, that is, modulation of the voice, has to do with comedians, tragedians, and choruses, and all who sing with the proper voice.[260] This [coming] from the spirit and the body makes motion, and out of motion, sound, out of which music is formed, which is called in man the voice.

[260] _Qui voce propria canunt._

2. _Harmonica_ is the modulation of the voice and the concord or fitting together of very many sounds.

3. _Symphonia_ is the managing of modulation so that high and low tones accord, whether in the voice or in wind or stringed instruments. Through this, higher and lower voices harmonize, so that whoever makes a dissonance from it offends the sense of hearing. The opposite of this is _diaphonia_, that is, voices grating on one another or in dissonance.

7. _Tonus_ is a high utterance of voice. For it is a difference and measure of harmony which depends on the stress and pitch of the voice. Musicians have divided its kinds into fifteen parts, of which the hyperlydian is the last and highest, the hypodorian the lowest of all.

8. Song is the modulation of the voice, for sound is unmodulated, and sound precedes song.

Chapter 21. On the second division, which is called _organica_.

1. The second division, organica, has to do with those [instruments] that, filled with currents of breath, are animated so as to sound like the voice, as for example, trumpets, reeds, Pan’s pipes, organs, the pandura, and instruments like these.[261]

[261] The pandura was a stringed instrument! In the succeeding
sections these instruments are briefly described, and the
sambuca, another stringed instrument, is also included.

Chapter 22. On the third division, which is called _rhythmica_.

1. The third division is _rhythmica_, having to do with strings and instruments that are beaten, to which are assigned the different species of cithara, the drum, and the cymbal, the sistrum, acitabula of bronze and silver, and others of metallic stiffness that when struck return a pleasant tinkling sound, and the rest of this sort.[262]

[262] Other instruments mentioned are _psalterum_, _lyra_,
_barbitos_, _phoenix_, _pectis_, _indica_, _aliae quadrata forma
vel trigonali_, _margaritum_, _ballematica_, _tintinnabulum_,
_symphonia_.

2. The form of the cithara in the beginning is said to have been like the human breast, because as the voice was uttered from the breast so was music from the cithara, and it was so-called for the same reason. For _pectus_ is in the Doric language called κίθαρα.