Chapter LIX: Appendix: TO ARTICLES I. AND II.--Taxes upon the Capital Value of Lands, (6)

_Canada_, the French colony there, long under the government of an
exclusive company, 234. But improved speedily after the dissolution
of the company, ib.

_Canals_, navigable, the advantages of, 62. How to be made and
maintained, 303. That of Languedoc, the support of, how secured,
ib. May be successfully managed by joint stock companies, 317.

_Cantillon_, Mr. remarks on his account of the earnings of the
labouring poor, 28.

_Cape of Good Hope_, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch
settlement there, 263.

_Capital_, in trade, explained, and how employed, 112.
Distinguished into circulating and, fixed capitals, ib.
Characteristic of fixed capitals, 113. The several kinds of fixed
capitals specified, ib. Characteristic of circulating capitals, and
the several kinds of, 114. Fixed capitals supported by those which
are circulating, ib. Circulating capitals how supported, ib.
Intention of a fixed capital, 116. The expense of maintaining the
fixed and circulating capitals illustrated, ib. Money, as an
article of circulating capital, considered, ib. Money no measure of
capital, 118. What quantity of industry any capital can employ,
120. Capitals, how far they may be extended by paper credit, 125.
Must always be replaced with profit by the annual produce of land
and labour, 136. The proportion between capital and revenue
regulates the proportion between industry and idleness, 138. How it
is increased or diminished, ib. National evidences of the increase
of, 141. In what instances private expenses contribute to enlarge
the national capital, 142. The increase of, reduces profits by
competition, 145. The different ways of employing a capital, 147.
How replaced to the different classes of traders, 148. That
employed in agriculture puts into motion a greater quantity of
productive labour than any equal capital employed in manufacturers,
149. That of a manufacturer should reside within the country, 150.
The operation of capitals employed in agriculture, manufactures,
and foreign trade compared, ib. The prosperity of a country depends
on the due proportion of its capital applied to these three grand
objects, 151. Different returns of capitals employed in foreign
trade, 152. Is rather employed in agriculture than in trade and
manufactures, on equal terms, 155, 156. Is rather employed in
manufactures than in foreign trade, 156. The natural progress of
the employment of, 157. Acquired by trade, is very precarious,
until realized by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172. The
employment of, in the different species of trade, how determined,
183.

_Capitation taxes_, the nature of, considered, 367. In England, ib.
In France, ib.

_Carriage_, land and water, compared, 8. Water carriage contributes
to improve arts and industry in all countries where it can be used,
9, 62, 87. Land, how facilitated and reduced in price by public
works, 303.

_Carrying trade_, the nature and operation of, examined, 152. Is
the symptom, but not the cause of national wealth, and hence points
out the two richest countries in Europe, 153. Trades may appear to
be carrying trades which are not so, ib. The disadvantages of, to
individuals, 183. The Dutch, how excluded from being the carriers
to Great Britain, 187, 188. Drawbacks of duties originally granted
for the encouragement of, 205.

_Carthaginian army_, its superiority over the Roman army accounted
for, 294.

_Cattle_ and _Corn_, their value compared, in the different stages
of agriculture, 62. The price of, reduced by artificial grasses,
63. To what height the price of cattle may rise in an improving
country, 92, 93. The raising a stock of, necessary for the supply
of manure to farms, 93. Cattle must bear a good price to be well
fed, ib. The price of, rises in Scotland in consequence of the
union with England ib. Great multiplication of European cattle in
America, 94. Are killed in some countries merely for the sake of
the hides and tallow, 97. The market for these articles more
extensive than for the carcase, ib. This market sometimes brought
nearer home by the establishment of manufactures, ib. How the
extension of cultivation raises the price of animal food, 103. Is
perhaps the only commodity more expensive to transport by sea than
by land, 186. Great Britain never likely to be much affected by the
free importation of Irish cattle, ib.

_Certificates_, parish, the laws relating to, with observations on
them, 58.

_Child_, Sir Josiah, his observation on trading companies, 309.

_Children_, riches unfavourable to the production, and extreme
poverty to the raising, of them, 33. The mortality still greater
among those maintained by charity, ib.

_China_, to what the early improvement in arts and industry there
was owing, 9. Concurrent testimonies of the misery of the lower
ranks of the Chinese, 30. Is not, however, a declining country, ib.
High rate of interest of money there, 40. Great state assumed by
the grandees, 86. The price of labour there lower than in the
greater mpart of Europe, 87. Silver the most profitable article to
send thither, ib. The proportional value of gold to silver, how
rated there, 89. The value of gold and silver much higher there
than in any part of Europe, 101. Agriculture favoured there beyond
manufactures, 282. Foreign trade not favoured there, 283. Extension
of the home market, ib. Great attention paid to the roads there,
305, 306. In what the principal revenue of the sovereign consists,
353. The revenue of, partly raised in kind, ib.

_Church_, the richer the church the poorer the state, 341. Amount
of the revenue of church of Scotland, 342. The revenue of the
church heavier taxed in Prussia than lay proprietors, 351. The
nature and effect of tithes considered, 352.

_Circulation_, the dangerous practice of raising money by, explained,
127. In traffic, the two different branches of, considered, 132.

_Cities_, circumstances which contributed to their opulence, 165.
Those of Italy the first that rose to consequence, ib. The commerce
and manufactures of, have occasioned the improvement and
cultivation of the country, 170.

_Clergy_, a supply of, provided for, by public and private
foundations for their education, 55. Curates worse paid than many
mechanics, ib. Of an established religion, why unsuccessful against
the teachers of a new religion, 330. Why they persecute their
adversaries, ib. The zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of
Rome, how kept alive, ib. Utility of ecclesiastical establishments,
331. How connected with the civil magistrate, ib., 332. Unsafe for
the civil magistrate to differ with them, 334. Must be managed
without violence, ib., 335. Of the church of Rome, one great army
cantoned over Europe, ib., 336. Their power similar to that of the
temporal barons during the feudal monkish ages, ib. How the power
of the Romish clergy declined, 337. Evils attending allowing
parishes to elect their own ministers, 339.

_Clothing_, more plentiful than food in uncultivated countries, 68.
The materials for, the first articles rude nations have to offer,
ib.

_Coal_ must generally be cheaper than wood to gain the preference
for fuel, 70. The price of, how reduced, ib. The exportation of,
subjected to a duty higher than the prime cost of, at the pit, 273.
The cheapest of all fuel, 370. The tax on absurdly regulated, ib.

_Coal mines_, their different degrees of fertility, 70. When
fertile, are sometimes unprofitable by situation, ib. The
proportion of rent generally paid for, ib., 71. The machinery
necessary to, expensive, 112.

_Coal trade_ from Newcastle to London employs more shipping than
all the other carrying trade of England, 153.

_Cochin China_, remarks on the principal article of cultivation
there, 66.

_Coin_, stamped, the origin and peculiar advantages of, in
commerce, 11. The different species of, in different ages and
countries, ib. Causes of the alterations in the value of, ib., 12,
13, 14. How the standard coin of different nations came to be of
different metals, 16. A reform in the English coinage suggested,
19. Silver, consequences attending the debasement of, 82. Coinage
of France and Britain examined, 193. Why coin is privately melted
down, 225. The mint chiefly employed to keep up the quantity thus
diminished, ib. A duty to pay the coinage would preserve money from
being melted or counterfeited, ib. Standard of the gold coin in
France, ib. How a seignorage on coin would operate, 226. A tax
upon coinage is advanced by every body, and finally paid by nobody,
ib. A revenue lost by government defraying the expense of coinage,
227. Amount of the annual coinage before the late reformation of
the gold coin, ib. The law for the encouragement of, founded on
prejudice, ib. Consequences of raising the denomination as an
expedient to facilitate the payment of public debts, 395.
Adulteration of, 397.

_Colbert_, M., the policy of his commercial regulations disputed,
189, 275. His character, 275.

_Colleges_, cause of the depreciation of their money rents inquired
into, 14. The endowments of, from whence they generally arise, 318.
Whether they have in general answered the purposes of their
institution, ib. These endowments have diminished the necessity of
application in the teachers, 319. The privileges of graduates by
residence, and charitable foundation of scholarships, injurious to
collegiate education, 320. Discipline of, ib.

_Colliers_ and _Coal-heavers_, their high earnings accounted for, 43.

_Colonies_, new, the natural progress of, 38. Modern, the
commercial advantages derived from them, 183. Ancient, on what
principles founded, 227, 228. Ancient Grecian colonies not retained
under subjection to the parent states, ib. Distinction between the
Roman and Greek colonies, 228. Circumstances that led to the
establishment of European colonies in the East Indies and America,
ib. The East Indies discovered by Vasco de Gama, 229. The West,
Indies discovered by Columbus, ib. Gold the object of the first
Spanish enterprises there, 230. And of all those of all other
European nations, 231. Causes of the prosperity of new colonies,
ib. Rapid progress of the ancient Greek colonies, 232. The Roman
colonies slow in improvement, ib. The remoteness of America and the
West Indies greatly in favour of the European colonies there, ib.
Review of the British American colonies, 234. Expense of the civil
establishments in British America, 235. Ecclesiastical government,
ib. General view of the restraints laid upon the trade of the
European colonies, 236. The trade of the British colonies, how
regulated, ib. The different kinds of non-enumerated commodities
specified, 237. Enumerated commodities, 238. Restraints upon their
manufactures, ib. Indulgences granted them by Britain, 239. Were
free in every other respect except as to their foreign trade, 240.
Little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the
colonies, 242. Throve by the disorder and injustice of the European
governments, ib. Have contributed to augment the industry of all
the countries of Europe, 243. Exclusive privileges of trade a dead
weight upon all these exertions both in Europe and America, ib.
Have in general been a source of expense instead of revenue to
their mother countries, 244. Have only benefited their mother
countries by the exclusive trade carried on with them, ib.
Consequences of the navigation act, 245. The advantage of the
colony trade to Britain estimated, 247. A gradual relaxation of the
exclusive commerce recommended, 250. Events which have prevented
Britain from sensibly feeling the loss of the colony trade, ib. The
effects of the colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade,
distinguished, ib. To maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the
dominion Great Britain assumes over the colonies, 254. Amount of
the ordinary peace establishment of, ib. The two late wars Britain
sustained, colony wars, to support a monopoly, ib. Two modes by
which they might be taxed, 255. Their assemblies not likely to tax
them, ib. Taxes by parliamentary requisition as little likely to be
raised, 256. Representatives of, might he seated into the British
parliament with good effect, 257. Answer to objections against
American representation, 258. The interest of the consumer in
Britain sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in
America, 274.

_Columbus_, the motive that led to his discovery of Americas, 229.
Why he gave the name of Indies to the islands he discovered, ib.
His triumphal exhibition of their productions, 230.

_Columella_, his instructions for fencing a kitchen garden, 64.
Advises the planting of vineyards, 65.

_Commerce_, the different common standards or mediums made use of
to facilitate the exchange of commodities in the early stages of,
10. Origin of money, ib. Definition of the term value, 12. Treaties
of, though advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the
favoured countries, necessarily, disadvantageous to those of the
favouring country, 222. Translation of the commercial treaty
between England and Portugal, concluded in 1703, by Mr. Methuen,
223. Restraints laid upon the European colonies in America, 236.
The present splendour of the mercantile system owing to the
discovery and colonization of America, 259. Review of the plan by
which it proposes to enrich a country, 266. The interest of the
consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 274. See
_Agriculture_, _Banks_, _Capital_, _Manufactures_, _Merchant_,
_Money_, _Stock_, _Trade_, &c.

_Commodities_, the barter of, insufficient for the mutual supply of
the wants of mankind, 10. Metals found to be the best medium to
facilitate the exchange of, ib. Labour an invariable standard for
the value of, 14. Real and nominal prices of, distinguished, ib.
Component parts of the prices of, explained and illustrated, 21.
Natural and market prices of, distinguished and how regulated, 23.
The ordinary proportion between the value of two commodities, not
necessarily the same as between the quantities of them commonly in
the market, 89. The price of rude produce, how affected by the
advance of wealth and improvement, 91, 92. Foreign are primarily
purchased with the produce of domestic industry, 151. When
advantageously exported in a rude state, even by a foreign capital,
156. The quantity of, in every country, naturally regulated by the
demand, 176. Wealth in goods, and in money, compared, 177.
Exportation of, to a proper market, always attended with more
profit than that of gold and silver, 179. The natural advantages of
countries in particular productions sometimes not possible to
struggle against, 185.

_Company_, mercantile, incapable of consulting their true interests
when they become sovereigns, 264. An exclusive company a public
nuisance, 265. Trading, how first formed, 307. Regulated and
joint-stock companies distinguished, ib. Regulated companies in
Great Britain specified, ib., 308. Are useless, 308. Constant view
of such companies, ib. Forts and garrisons, why never maintained by
regulated companies, 309. The nature of joint-stock companies
explained, 310, 311, 316. A monopoly necessary to enable a
joint-stock company to carry on a foreign trade, 317. What kind of
joint-stock companies need no exclusive privileges, ib. Joint-stock
companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking, ib. The trade
of insurance may be carried on successfully by a joint-stock
company, ib. Also, inland navigations, and the supply of water to a
great city, ib. Ill success of joint-stock companies in other
undertakings, 318.

_Competition_, the effect of, in the purchase of commodities, 23.
Among the venders, ib., 37.

_Concordat_ in France, its object, 337.

_Congress_, American, its strength owing to the important
characters it confers on the members of it, 257.

_Conversion price_, in the payment of rents in Scotland, explained,
76, 77.

_Copper_, the standard measure of value among the ancient Romans,
16. Is no legal tender in England, ib.

_Cori_, the largest quadruped on the island of St. Domingo,
described, 229.

_Corn_, the raising of, in different countries, not subject to the
same degree of rivalship, as manufactures, 3, 4. Is the best
standard for reserved rents, 14. The price of, how regulated, 15.
The price of, the best standard for comparing the different values
of particular commodities at different times and places, 16. The
three component parts in the price of, 21. Is dearer in Scotland
than in England, 31. Its value compared with that of butcher's
meat, in the different periods of agriculture, 62. Compared with
silver, 75. Circumstances in a historical view of the prices of
corn that have misled writers in treating of the value of silver at
different periods, 76. Is always a more accurate measure of value
than any other commodity, 79. Why dearer in great towns than in the
country, 80. Why dearer in some rich commercial countries, as
Holland and Genoa, ib. Rose in its nominal price on the discovery
of the American mines, 81. And in consequence of the civil war
under king Charles I., ib. And in consequence of the bounty on the
exportation of, 82. Tendency of the bounty examined, 83.
Chronological table of the prices of, 108. The least profitable
article of growth in the British West Indian colonies, 159. The
restraints formerly laid upon the trade of, unfavourable to the
cultivation of land, 162. The free importation of, could little
affect the farmers of Great Britain, 187. The policy of the bounty
on the exportation of, examined, 206. The reduction in the price
of, not produced by the bounty, ib. Tillage not encouraged by the
bounty, ib. The money price of, regulates that of all other
home-made commodities, 207. Illustration, 208. Ill effects of the
bounty, ib. Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the
bounty, 209. The natural value of not to be altered by altering the
money price, 210. The four several branches of the corn trade
specified, 213. The inland dealer, for his own interest, will not
raise the price of, higher than the scarcity of the season
requires, ib. Corn a commodity the least liable to be monopolised,
214. The inland dealers too numerous and dispersed to form a
general combination, ib. Dearths, never artificial, but when
government interferes improperly to prevent them, ib. The freedom
of the corn trade the best security against a famine, 215. Old
English statute to prohibit the corn trade, ib. Consequences of
farmers being forced to become corn dealers, ib. The use of corn
dealers to the farmers, 216. The prohibitory statute against the
corn trade softened, 217. But still under the influence of popular
prejudices, ib., 218. The average quantity imported and exported
compared with the consumption and annual produce, ib. Tendency of a
free importation of, 219. The home-market the most important one
for corn, ib. Impropriety of the statute 22 Car. II. for regulating
the importation of wheat, confessed by the suspension of its
execution by temporary statutes, ib. Duties payable on the
importation of grain before 13 Geo. III. ib. _note_, ib. The
home-market indirectly supplied by the exportation of corn, ib. How
a liberal system of free exportation and importation and among all
nations would operate, 220. The laws concerning corn, similar to
those relating to religion, 221. The home-market supplied by the
carrying trade, ib. The system of laws connected with the
establishment of the bounty, undeserving of praise, ib. Remarks on
the statute 13 Geo. III. ib.

_Corporations_, tendency of the exclusive privileges of, on trade,
26. By what authority erected, 50, 52. The advantages they derive
from the surrounding country, ib. Check the operations of
competition, 54. Their internal regulations combinations against
the public, ib. Are injurious even to the members of them, ib. The
laws of, obstruct the free circulation of labour from one
employment to another, 57. Origin of, 163. Are exempted by their
privileges from the power of the feudal barons, 164. The European
East India companies disadvantageous to the eastern commerce, 181,
182. The exclusive privileges of corporations ought to be
destroyed, 191.

_Cottagers_, in Scotland, their situation described, 49. Are cheap
manufacturers of stockings, ib. The diminution of, in England,
considered, 95.

_Coward_, character of, 329.

_Credit_. See _Paper Money_.

_Crusades_, to the Holy land, favourable to the revival of
commerce, 165.

_Currency of states_, remarks on, 194.

_Customs_, the motives and tendency of drawbacks from the duties
of, 203. The revenue of the customs increased by drawbacks, 205.
Occasion of first imposing the duties of, 307. Origin of those
duties, 371. Three ancient branches of, 372. Drawbacks of, ib. Are
regulated according to the mercantile system, ib., 373. Frauds
practised to obtain drawbacks and bounties, ib. The duties of, in
many instances uncertain, ib. Improvement of, suggested, 374.
Computation of the expense of collecting them, 380.

D

_Dairy_, the business of, generally carried on as a save-all, 96.
Circumstances which impede or promote the attention to it, ib.
English and Scotch dairies, ib.

_Danube_, the navigation of that river, why of little use to the
interior parts of the country from whence it flows, 9.

_Davenant_, Dr. his objections to the transferring the duties on
beer to the malt considered, 377.

_Dearths_, never caused by combinations among the dealers in corn,
but by some general calamity, 214. The free exercise of the corn
trade the best palliative against the inconveniencies of a dearth,
217. Corn dealers the best friends to the people at such seasons,
218.

_Debts_, public, the origin of, traced, 386. Are accelerated by the
expenses attending war, ib. Account of the unfunded debt of Great
Britain, 387. The funded debt, 388. Aggregate and general funds,
389. Sinking fund, ib. Annuities for terms of years and for lives,
ib. The reduction of, during peace, bears no proportion to its
accumulation during war, 391. The plea of the interest being no
burden to the nation considered, 394. Are seldom fairly paid when
accumulated to a certain degree, 396. Might easily be discharged,
by extending the British system of taxation over all the provinces
of the empire, 397. Ireland and America ought to contribute to
discharge the public debts of Britain, 402.

_Decker_, Sir Matthew, his observations on the accumulation of
taxes, 369. His proposal for transferring all taxes to the
consumer, by annual payments, considered, 371.

_Demand_, though the increase of, may at first raise the price of
goods, it never fails to reduce it afterwards, 314.

_Denmark_, account of the settlements of, in the West Indies, 234.

_Diamonds_, the mines of, not always worth working for, 73.

_Discipline_, the great importance of, in war, 293. Instances of,
ib.

_Diversions_, public, their political use, 334.

_Domingo_, St. mistaken by Columbus for a part of the East Indies,
229. Its principal productions, ib. The natives soon stripped of
all their gold, 230. Historical view of the French colony there,
234.

_Doomsday-book_, the intention of that compilation, 351.

_Dorians_, ancient, where the colonies of, settled, 227.

_Dramatic exhibitions_, the political use of, 334.

_Drawbacks_, in commerce, explained, 182. The motives to, and
tendency of, explained, 203. On wines, currants, and wrought silks,
ib. On tobacco and sugar, 204. On wines, particularly considered,
ib. Were originally granted to encourage the carrying trade, 205.
The revenue of the customs increased by them, ib. Drawbacks allowed
in favour of the colonies, 213.

_Drugs_, regulations of their importation and exportation, 272.

_Drunkenness_, the motive to this vice inquired into, 200.

_Dutch_, their settlements in America slow in in improvement,
because under the government of an exclusive company, 234. Their
East India trade checked by monopoly, 261. Measures taken by, to
secure the monopoly of the spice trade. See _Holland_.

E

_East Indies_, representation of the miserable state of the
provinces of, under the English government there, 30. Historical
view of the European trade with those countries, 86. Rice countries
more populous and rich than corn countries, ib. The real price of
labour lower in China and Indostan than in the greater part of
Europe, 87. Gold and silver the most profitable commodities to
carry thither, ib. The proportional value of gold to silver, how
rated there, 89. Great extension of foreign commerce by the
discovery of a passage to, round the Cape of Good Hope, 181.
Historical review of the intercourse with, ib., 182. Effect of the
annual exportation of silver to, from Europe, ib. The trade with,
chiefly carried on by exclusive companies, 261. Tendency of their
monopolies, ib.

_East India company_, a monopoly against the very nation in which
it is erected, 261. The operation of such a company in a poor and
in a rich country compared, ib. That country whose capital is not
large enough to extend to such a distant trade ought not to engage
in it, 262. The mercantile habits of trading companies render them
incapable of consulting their true interests when they become
sovereigns, 264. The genius of the administration of the English
company, ib. Subordinate practices of their agents and clerks, 265.
The bad conduct of agents in India owing to their situation, ib.
Such an exclusive company a nuisance in every respect, 266. Brief
review of their history, 313. Their privileges invaded, ib. A rival
company formed, ib. The two companies united, 314. Are infected by
the spirit of war and conquest, ib. Agreements between the company
and government, ib. Interference of government in their territorial
administration, 315. And in the direction at home, ib. Why unfit to
govern a great empire, ib. Their sovereign and commercial
characters incompatible, 344. How the territorial acquisitions of,
might be rendered a source of revenue, 403.

_Economists_, sect of, in France, their political tenets, 275.

_Edinburgh_, its present share of trade owing to the removal of the
court and parliament, 138.

_Education_, the principal cause of the various talents observable
in different men, 7. Those parts of, for which there are no public
institutions, generally the best taught, 320. In universities, a
view of, 323. Of travelling for, 324. Course of, in the republics
of ancient Greece, ib. In ancient Rome, ib. The ancient teachers
superior to those in modern times, 326. Public institutions
injurious to good education, ib. Inquiry how far the public ought
to attend to the education of the people, 327. The different
opportunities of education in the different ranks of the people,
328. The advantages of proper attention in the state to the
education of the people, 329.

_Egypt_, the first country in which agriculture and manufactures
appear to have been cultivated, 9. Agriculture was greatly favoured
there, 283. Was long the granary of the Roman empire, 284.

_Ejectment_, action of, in England, when invented, and its
operation, 160.

_Employments_, the advantages and disadvantages of the different
kinds of, in the same neighbourhood, continually tend to equality,
41. The differences or inequalities among, specified, ib. The
constancy or precariousness of, influences the rate of wages, 43.

_England_, the dates of its several species of coinage, silver,
gold, and copper, 16. Why labour is cheaper there than in North
America, 29. The rate of population in both countries compared, ib.
The produce and labour of, have gradually increased from the
earliest accounts in history, while writers are representing the
country as rapidly declining, 141. Enumeration of obstructions and
calamities which the prosperity of the country has surmounted, ib.
Circumstances that favour commerce and manufactures, 171. Laws in
favour of agriculture, ib. Why formerly unable to carry on foreign
wars of long duration, 180. Why the commerce with France has been
subjected to so many discouragements, 202. Foundation of the enmity
between these countries, ib. Translation of the commercial treaty
concluded in 1703 with Portugal, 223. Inquiry into the value of the
trade with Portugal, ib., 224. Might procure gold without the
Portugal trade, ib. Consequences of securing the colony trade by
the navigation act, 245.

_Engrossing_. See _Forstalling_.

_Entails_, the law of, prevents the division of land by alienation,
157. Intention of, 158.

_Europe_, general review of the several nations of, as to their
improvement since the discovery of America, 85. The two richest
countries in, enjoy the greatest shares of the carrying trade, 153.
Inquiry into the advantages derived by, from the discovery and
colonization of America, 243. The particular advantages derived by
each colonizing country, 244. And by others which have no colonies,
259.

_Exchange_, the operation of, in the commercial intercourse of
different countries, 174. The course of, an uncertain criterion of
the balance of trade between two countries, 192, 193. Is generally
in favour of those countries which pay in bank money, against those
which pay in common currency, 198.

_Excise_, the principal objects of, 371. The duties of, more clear
and distinct than the customs, 373. Affects only a few articles of
the most general consumption, ib. The scheme of Sir Robert Walpole
defended, 375. The excise upon home-made fermented and spiritous
liquors the most productive, 376. Expense of levying excise duties
computed, 380. The laws of, more vexatious than those of the
customs, 381.

_Exercise_, military, alteration in, produced by the invention of
fire-arms, 292.

_Expenses_, private, how they influence the national capital, 33.
Advantage of bestowing them on durable commodities, ib.

_Export trade_, the principles of, explained, 153. When rude produce
may be advantageously exported, even by a foreign capital, 156,
157. Why encouraged by European nations, 182, 183. By what means
promoted, ib. The motives to, and tendency of, drawbacks of duties,
203. The grants of bounties on, considered, 205. Exportation of the
materials of manufactures, review of the restraints and prohibitions
of, 268.

F

_Faith_, articles of, how regulated by the civil magistrate, 354.

_Families_ seldom remain on large estates many generations in
commercial countries, 170.

_Famine_. See _Dearth_.

_Farmers of land_, the several articles that compose their gain
distinguished, 22. Require more knowledge and experience than the
generality of manufacturers, 53. In what their capitals consist,
112. The great quantity of productive labour put into motion by
their capitals, 149. Artificers necessary to them, 156. Their
situation better in England than in any other part of Europe, 160.
Labour under great disadvantages everywhere, 161. Origin of long
leases of farms, 170. Are a class of men least subject to the
wretched spirit of monopoly, 187. Were forced by old statutes to
become the only dealers in corn, 215. Could not sell corn cheaper
than any other corn merchant, 216. Could seldom sell it so cheap,
ib. The culture of land obstructed by this division of their
capitals, 217. The use of corn-dealers to the farmers, ib. How they
contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the
French agricultural system of political economy, 275.

_Farmers_ of the public revenue, their character, 383, 391.

_Feudal government_, miserable state of the occupiers of land
under, 137. Trade and interest of money under, ib. Chiefs, their
power, 157. Slaves, their situation, 159. Tenures of land, ib.
Taxation, 161. Original poverty and servile state of the tradesmen
in towns, 162. Immunities seldom granted but for valuable
considerations, 163. Origin of free burghs, ib. The power of the
barons reduced by municipal privileges, ib. The cause and effect of
ancient hospitality, 167. Extensive power of the ancient barons,
168. Was not established in England until the Norman conquest, ib.
Was silently subverted by manufactures and commerce, 169.

_Feudal wars_, how supported, 290. Military exercises not well
attended to, under, 291. Standing armies gradually introduced to
supply the place of the feudal militia, 295. Account of the
casualties or taxes under, 363. Revenues under, how enjoyed by the
great landholders, 385.

_Fairs_, public, in Scotland, the nature of the institution,
explained, 76, 77.

_Fines_ for the renewal of leases, the motive for exacting them,
and their tendency, 349.

_Fire-arms_, alteration in the art of war effected by the invention
of, 292, 295. The invention of, favourable to the extension of
civilisation, 296.

_Fish_, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21. The
multiplication of, at market, by human industry, both limited and
uncertain, 99. How an increase of demand raises the price of fish,
100.

_Fisheries_, observations on the tonnage bounties granted to, 211.
To the herring fishery ib. The boat fishery ruined by this bounty,
212.

_Flanders_, the ancient commercial prosperity of, perpetuated by
the solid improvements of agriculture, 172.

_Flax_, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.

_Fleetwood_, Bishop, remarks on his Chronicon Pretiosum, 77, 78.

_Flour_, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.

_Food_, will always purchase as much labor as it can maintain on
the spot, 61. Bread and butcher's meat compared, 62, 63. Is the
original source of every other production, 69. The abundance of,
constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, and
gives the principal value to many other kinds of riches, 73.

_Forestalling_ and _engrossing_, the popular fear of, like the
suspicions of witchcraft, 218.

_Forts_, when necessary for the protection of commerce, 306.

_France_, fluctuations in the legal rate of interest for money
there during the course of the present century, 37, 38. Remarks on
the trade and riches of, ib. The nature of apprenticeships there,
51. The propriety of restraining the planting of vineyards
examined, 65. Variations in the price of grain there, 73. The money
price of labour has sunk gradually with the money price of corn,
84. Foundation of the Mississippi scheme, 130. Little trade or
industry to be found in the parliament towns of, 138. Description
of the class of farmers called metayers, 159. Laws relating to the
tenure of land, 161. Services formerly exacted besides rent, ib.
The taille, what, and in operation in checking the cultivation of
land, ib. Origin of the magistrates and councils of cities, 164. No
direct legal encouragement given to agriculture, 171. Ill policy of
M. Colbert's commercial regulations, 189. French goods heavily
taxed in Great Britain, 192. The commercial intercourse between
France and England, now chiefly carried on by smugglers, ib. The
policy of the commercial restraints between France and Britain
considered, ib. State of the coinage there, 194. Why the commerce
with England has been subjected to discouragement, 202. Foundation
of the enmity between these countries, ib. Remarks concerning the
seignorage on coin, 225. Standard of the gold coin there, ib. The
trade of the French colonies, how regulated, 237. The government of
the colonies conducted with moderation, 241. The sugar colonies of,
better governed than those of Britain, ib. The kingdom of, how
taxed, 256. The members of the league fought more in defence of
their own importance than for any other cause, 258. The present
agricultural system of political economy adopted by philosophers
there described, 275. Under what direction the funds for the
repair of the roads are placed, 305. General state of the roads,
ib. The universities badly governed, 319. Remarks on the management
of the parliaments of, 335. Measures taken in, to reduce the power
of the clergy, 337. Account of the mode of rectifying the
inequalities of the predial taille in the generality of Montauban,
352. The personal taille explained, 360. The inequalities in, how
remedied, 361. How the personal taille discourages cultivation, ib.
The vingtieme, 362. Stamp duties and the controle, 364, 365. The
capitation tax, how rated, 367. Restraints upon the interior trade
of the country by the local variety of the revenue laws, 382. The
duties on tobacco and salt, how levied, 383. The different sources
of revenue in, 384. How the finances of, might be reformed, ib. The
French system of taxation compared with that in Britain, ib. The
nature of tontines explained, 390. Estimate of the whole national
debt of, ib.

_Frugality_, generally a predominating principle in human nature, 140.

_Fuller's earth_, the exportation of why prohibited, 271.

_Funds_, British, brief historical view of, 387. Operation of,
politically considered, 393. The practice of funding has gradually
enfeebled every state that has adopted it, 395.

_Fur trade_, the first principles of, 68.

G

_Gama_, Vasco de, the first European who discovered a naval track
to the East Indies, 229.

_Gardening_, the gains from, distinguished into the component
parts, 22. Not a profitable employment, 64.

_Gems_, See _Stones_.

_General_ fund in the British finances explained, 389.

_Genoa_, why corn is dear in the territory of, 80.

_Glasgow_, the trade of, doubled in fifteen years, by erecting banks
there, 120. Why a city of greater trade than Edinburgh, 138.

_Gold_, not the standard value in England, 16. Its value measured
by silver, 17. Reformation of the gold coin, ib. Mint price of gold
in England, ib. The working the mines of, in Peru, very
unprofitable, 71. Qualities for which this metal is valued, 72. The
proportionate value of, to silver, how rated before and after the
discovery of the American mines, 89. Is cheaper in the Spanish
market than silver, 90. Great quantities of, remitted annually from
Portugal to England, 223. Why little of it remains in England, ib.
Is always to be had for its value, 224.

_Gold_ and _Silver_, the prices of, how affected by the increase of
the quantity of the metals, 79. Are commodities that naturally seek
the best market, 80. Are metals of the least value among the
poorest nations, ib. The increase in the quantity of, by means of
wealth and improvement, has no tendency to diminish their value,
81. The annual consumption of those metals very considerable, 87.
Annual importation of, into Spain and Portugal, 88. Are not likely
to multiply beyond the demand, ib. The durability of, the cause of
the steadiness of their price, ib. On what circumstances the
quantity of, in every particular country, depends, 100. The low
value of these metals in a country no evidence of its wealth, nor
their high value of its poverty, 101. If not employed at home, will
be sent abroad notwithstanding all prohibitions, 139. The reason
why European nations have studied to accumulate these metals, 174.
Commercial arguments in favour of their exportation, ib. These and
all other commodities are mutually the prices of each other, 175.
The quantity of, in every country, regulated by the effectual
demand, 176. Why the prices of these metals do not fluctuate so
much as those of other commodities, ib. To preserve a due quantity
of, in a country, no proper object of attention for the government,
176. The accumulated gold and silver in a country distinguished
into three parts, 178. A great quantity of bullion alternately
exported and imported for the purposes of foreign trade, 179.
Annual amount of these metals imported into Spain and Portugal,
180. The importation of, not the principal benefit derived from
foreign trade, 181. The value of, how affected by the discovery of
the American mines, ib. And by the passage round the Cape of Good
Hope to the East Indies, ib. Effect of the annual exportation of
silver to the East Indies, 182. The commercial means pursued to
increase the quantity of these metals in a country, ib., 192.
Bullion, how received and paid at the bank of Amsterdam, 195. At
what prices, 196, _note_. A trading country without mines not
likely to be exhausted by an annual exportation of these metals,
200. The value of, in Spain and Portugal, depreciated by
restraining the exportation of them, 208. Are not imported for the
purposes of plate or coin, but for foreign trade, 224. The search
after mines of, the most ruinous of all projects, 230. Are valuable
because scarce and difficult to be procured, 231.

_Gorgias_, evidence of the wealth he acquired by teaching, 56.

_Government_, civil, indispensibly necessary for the security of
private property, 297. Subordination in society, by what means
introduced, ib. Inequality of fortune introduces civil government
for its preservation, 299. The administration of justice a source
of revenue in early times, ib. Why government ought not to have the
management of turnpikes, 304. Nor of other public works, 306. Want
of parsimony during peace imposes a necessity of contracting debts,
to carry on a war, 386. Must support a regular administration of
justice to cause manufactures and commerce to flourish, 387. Origin
of a national debt, ib. Progression of public debts, ib. War, why
generally agreeable to the people, 391.

_Governors_, political, the greatest spendthrifts in society, 142.

_Grasses_, artificial, tend to reduce the price of butcher's meat, 63.

_Graziers_, subject to monopolies obtained by manufactures to their
prejudice, 271.

_Greece_, foreign trade promoted in several of the ancient states
of, 284. Military exercises a part of general education, 291.
Soldiers not a distinct profession in, ib. Course of education in
the republics of, 324. The morals of the Greeks inferior to those
of the Romans, ib. Schools of the philosophers and rhetoricians,
325. Law no science among the Greeks, ib. Courts, of justice, ib.
The martial spirit of the people, how supported, 329.

_Greek colonies_, how distinguished from Roman colonies, 227, 228.
Rapid progress of these colonies, 232.

_Greek language_, how introduced as a part of university education,
322. Philosophy, the three great branches of, ib.

_Ground rents_, great variations of, according to situation, 354.
Are a more proper subject of taxation, than houses, 355.

_Gum senega_, review of the regulations imposed on the trade for, 272.

_Gunpowder_, great revolution effected in the art of war by the
invention of, 292, 296. This invention favourable to the extension
of civilization, 296.

_Gustavus Vasa_, how enabled to establish the Reformation in Sweden,
338.

H

_Hanseatic league_, causes that rendered it formidable, 164. Why no
vestige remains of the wealth of the Hans towns, 172.

_Hamburgh_, agio of the bank of, explained, 195. Sources of the
revenue of that city, 343, 344. The inhabitants of, how taxed to
the state, 359.

_Hamburgh company_, some account of, 308.

_Hearth money_, why abolished in England, 356, 357.

_Henry VIII._ of England, prepares the way for the Reformation, by
shutting out the authority of the pope, 338.

_Herring buss bounty_, remarks on, 211. Fraudulent claims of the
bounty, ib. The boat fishery the most natural and profitable, 212.
Account of the British white herring fishery, ib. Account of the
busses fitted out in Scotland, the amount of their cargoes, and the
bounties on them, 287, _Append._

_Hides_, the produce of rude countries commonly carried to a
distant market, 97. Price of, in England three centuries ago, 98.
Salted hides inferior to fresh ones, 98, 99. The price of, how
affected by circumstances in cultivated and in uncultivated
countries, ib.

_Highlands of Scotland_, interesting remarks on the population of,
33. Military character of the Highlanders, 293.

_Hobbes_, Mr. remarks on his definition of wealth, 13.

_Hogs_, circumstances which render their flesh cheap or dear, 95.

_Holland_, observations on the riches, and trade of the republic
of, 38. Not to follow some business unfashionable there, 40. Cause
of the dearness of corn there, 80. Enjoys the greatest share in the
carrying trade of Europe, 153. How the Dutch were excluded from
being the carriers to Great Britain, 188. Is a country that
prospers under the heaviest taxation, 189. Account of the bank of
Amsterdam, 194, 195. This republic derives even its subsistence
from foreign trade, 202, 203. Tax paid on houses there, 356.
Account of the tax upon successions, 363. Stamp duties, 364. High
amount of the taxes in, 370, 384. Its prosperity depends on the
republican form of government, 385.

_Honoraries_, from pupils to teachers in colleges tendency of, to
quicken their diligence, 319.

_Hose_, in the time of Edward IV., how made, 104.

_Hospitality_, ancient, the cause and effect of, 169, 385.

_House_, different acceptations of the term in England, and some
other countries, 49. Houses considered as part of the national
stock, 113. Houses produce no revenue, ib. The rent of,
distinguished into two parts, 354. Operation of a tax upon house
rent, payable by the tenant, ib. House rent, the best test of the
tenant's circumstances, 355. Proper regulation of a tax on, ib. How
taxed in Holland, 356. Hearth money, ib. Window tax, 357.

_Hudson's Bay company_, the nature of their establishment and
trade, 312. Their profits not so high as has been reported, ib.

_Hunters_, war, how supported by a nation of, 289. Cannot be very
numerous, 290. No established administration of justice needful
among them, 297. Age the sole foundation of rank and precedency
among, ib. No considerable inequality of fortune or subordination
to be found among them, 298. No hereditary honours in such a
society, ib.

_Husbandmen_, war, how supported by a nation of, 290.

_Husbandry._ See _Agriculture_.

I, J

_Jamaica_, the returns of trade from that island, why irregular, 402.

_Idleness_ unfashionable in Holland, 40.

_Jewels._ See _Stones_.

_Importation_, why restraints have been imposed on, with the two
kinds of, 182. How restrained to secure a monopoly of the home
market to domestic industry, 183. The true policy of these
restraints doubtful, ib. The free importation of foreign
manufactures more dangerous than that of raw materials, 186. How
far it may be proper to continue the free importation of certain
foreign goods, 189. How far it may be proper to restore the free
importation of goods, after it has been interrupted, ib. Of the
materials of manufacture, review of the legal encouragements given
to, 266.

_Independents_, the principles of that sect, explained, 332.

_Indies._ See _East_ and _West_.

_Indostan_, the several classes of people there kept distinct, 283.
The natives of, how prevented from undertaking long sea voyages,
ib.

_Industry_, the different kinds of, seldom dealt impartially with
by any nation, 1, 2. The species of, frequently local, 8. Naturally
suited to the demand, 24. Is increased by the liberal reward of
labour, 34. How affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, ib.,
35. Is more advantageously exerted in towns than in the country,
53. The average produce of, always suited to the average
consumption, 79. Is promoted by the circulation of paper money,
119. Three requisites to putting industry in motion, 120. How the
general character of nations is estimated by, 137. And idleness,
the proportion between, how regulated, ib. Is employed for
subsistence before it extends to conveniencies and luxury, 155.
Whether the general industry of a society is promoted by commercial
restraints on importation, 183. Private interest naturally points
to that employment most advantageous to the society, ib. But
without intending or knowing it, 184. Legal regulations of private
industry dangerous assumptions of power, 185. Domestic industry
ought not to be employed on what can be purchased cheaper from
abroad, ib. Of the society, can augment only in proportion as its
capital augments, ib. When it may be necessary to impose some
burden upon foreign industry to favour that at home, 187. The free
exercise of industry ought to be allowed to all, 191. The natural
effort of every individual to better his condition, will, if
unrestrained, result in the prosperity of the society, 221.

_Insurance_, from fire and sea risks, the nature and profits of
examined, 45. The trade of insurance may be successfully carried on
by a joint-stock company, 317, 318.

_Interest_, landed, monied, and trading, distinguished, 144.

_Interest_ for the use of money, the foundation of that allowance
explained, 22. Historical view of the alterations of, in England,
and other countries, 37. Remarks on the high rates of, in Bengal,
39. And in China, 40. May be raised by defective laws, independent
on the influence of wealth or poverty, ib. The lowest ordinary rate
of, must somewhat more than compensate occasional losses, ib. The
common relative proportion between interest and mercantile profits
inquired into, ib. Was not lowered, in consequence of the discovery
of the American mines, 145. How the legal rate of, ought to be
fixed, 146. Consequences of its being fixed too high or too low,
ib., 147. The market rate of, regulates the price of land, ib.
Whether a proper object of taxation, 357.

_Ireland_, why never likely to furnish cattle to the prejudice of
Great Britain, 186. The proposed absentee tax there considered,
379. Ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of the
public debt of Great Britain, 402. Expediency of an union with
Great Britain, ib.

_Isocrates_, the handsome income he made by teaching, 56.

_Italy_, the only great country in Europe which has been cultivated
and improved in every part by means of its foreign commerce, 172.
Was originally colonized by the Dorians, 227.

_Jurisdictions_, territorial, did not originate in the feudal law,
168.

_Justice_, the administration of, a duty of the sovereign, 297. In
early times a source of revenue to him, 299. The making justice
subservient to the revenue a source of great abuses, ib. Is never
administered gratis, 300. The whole administration of, but an
inconsiderable part of the expense of government, ib. How the whole
expense of justice might be defrayed from the fees of court, ib.
The interference of the jurisdictions of the several English courts
of law accounted for, 301. Law language, how corrupted, 302. The
judicial and executive power, why divided, ib. By whom the expense
of administration of, ought to be borne, 342.

K

_Kalm_, the Swedish traveller, his account of the husbandry of the
British colonies in North America, 94.

_Kelp_, a rent demanded for the rocks on which it grows, 61.

_King_, Mr. his account of the average price of wheat, 83.

_King_, under feudal institutions, no more than the greatest baron
in the nation, 168. Was unable to restrain the violence of his
barons, 169. Treasure-trove an important branch of revenue to, 385,
386. His situation, how favourable for the accumulating treasure,
ib. In a commercial country, naturally spends his revenue in
luxuries, ib. Is hence driven to call upon his subjects for
extraordinary aids, ib.

_Kings_ and their ministers the greatest spendthrifts in a country,
149.

L

_Labour_, the fund which originally supplies every nation with its
annual consumption, 1. How the proportion between labour and
consumption in regulated, ib. The different kinds of industry
seldom dealt impartially with by any nation, 2. The division of
labour considered, ib., 3. This division increases the quantity of
work, 4. Instances in illustration, 5. From what principle the
division of labour originates, 6. The divisibility of governed by
the market, 8. Labour the real measure of the exchangeable value of
commodities, 12. Different kinds of, not easily estimated by
immediate comparison, 13. Is compared by the intermediate standard
of money, ib. In an invariable standard for the value of
commodities, 14. Has a real and a nominal price, ib. The quantity
of labour employed on different objects, the only rule for
exchanging them in the rude stages of society, 20. Difference
between the wages of labour and profits on stock in manufactures,
ib. The whole labour of a country never exerted, 22. Is in every
instance suited to the demand, 24. The effect of extraordinary
calls for, 25. The deductions made from the produce of labour
employed upon land, 27. Why dearer in North America than in
England, 29. Is cheap in countries that are stationary, ib. The
demand for, would continually decrease, in a declining country, 30.
The province of Bengal cited as an instance, ib. Is not badly paid
for in Great Britain, ib., 31. An increasing demand for, favourable
to population, 33. That of freemen cheaper to the employers than
that of slaves, ib. The money price of, how regulated, 36. Is
liberally rewarded in new colonies, 38. Common labour and skilful
labour distinguished, 42. The free circulation of, from one
employment to another, obstructed by corporation laws, 57. The
unequal prices of, in different places, probably owing to the law
of settlements, 59. Can always procure subsistence on the spot,
where it is purchased, 61. The money price of, in different
countries, how governed, 80. Is set into motion by stock employed
for profit, 106. The division of, depends on the accumulation of
stock, 111. Machines to facilitate labour advantageous to society,
116. Productive and unproductive distinguished, 135. Various orders
of men specified whose labour in unproductive, 136. Unproductive
labourers all maintained by revenue, ib. The price of, how raised
by the increase of the national capital, 145. Its price, though
nominally raised, may continue the same, 146. Is liberally rewarded
in new colonies, 231. Of artificers and manufacturers, never adds
any value to the whole amount of the rude produce of the land,
according to the French agricultural system of political economy,
277. This doctrine shewn to be erroneous, 281. The productive
powers of labour, how to be improved, ib.

_Labourers_, useful and productive, everywhere proportioned to the
capital stock on which they are employed, 1, 2. Share the produce
of their labour, in most cases, with the owners of the stock on
which they are employed, 20. Their wages a continued subject of
contest between them and their masters, 28. Are seldom successful
in their outrageous combinations, ib. The sufficiency of their
earnings a point not easily determined, ib. Their wages sometimes
raised by increase of work, ib. Their demands limited by the funds
destined for payment, 29. Are continually wanted in North America,
ib. Miserable condition of those in China, ib., 30. Are not ill
paid in Great Britain, ib., 31. If able to maintain their families
in dear years, they must be at their ease in plentiful seasons, ib.
A proof furnished in the complaints of their luxury, 33. Why worse
paid than artificers, 42. Their interests, strictly connected with
the interests of the society, 106. Labour the only source of their
revenue, 112. Effects of a life of labour on the understandings of
the poor, 327.