Chapter XX: Letter XXXIV: External Anatomy of Insects (5)

I shall conclude what I have to communicate to you relative to the organs of which we are treating, with a few observations with respect to their _station_ when the insect _reposes_. In the Capricorn-beetles, _Eucera_ and other insects with _long_ antennæ, they are merely turned back or on one side with no particular cavity for their reception when unemployed, but probably the apex passes under the body. In the Predaceous and Darkling beetles (_Carabus_ L., _Tenebrio_ L.) their station is usually under the sides of the _prothorax_, and in the Tortoise beetles (_Cassida_), under its anterior margin. In the Elastic beetles (_Elater_) they are received into a groove between the under margin of that part and the fore-breast (_antepectus_). In _Anthrenus_, when the animal reposes or counterfeits death, the antennæ are concealed in a cavity of the underside of the _prothorax_, at right angles with the throat[1574]. In the kindred genus _Byrrhus_, another simulator of death, a large cavity is excavated under the same part, to receive both the forelegs and antennæ, a narrow space being left between the angle of the _prothorax_ and fore-breast exactly admitting the base of the latter, which are quite concealed under the former. In _Cryptocephalus_ and _Chlamys_, kindred beetles, when at rest they are withdrawn, except their scape and pedicel, with the head within the cavity of the _prothorax_. In others they are turned under the head, without any particular cavity for their reception; as in many moths, _Apion_, &c. In most of the Lamellicorn beetles their station is in the cavity formed by the eye and the throat, the knob forming an angle with the rest of the antenna. In _Heterocerus_ they follow the contour of the eye[1575]. In _Brentus_, a genus of weevils remarkably long and slender, they are turned back and received by a slight longitudinal cavity of the rostrum; but in those of this tribe (_Curculio_ L.) in which the clavolet forms an angle with the long scape, this latter part, bending back, is laid up in an oblique channel of that part; and the former, pointing in the contrary direction, is folded upon it. In many flies (_Muscidæ_) a vertical frontal cavity receives the antennæ, which point downwards during repose[1576]. _Cryptocerus_, a very remarkable ant, has on its head a singular square plate, the sides of which form a deep longitudinal cavity: in this cavity the antennæ, quite concealed, repose in safety. A cavity equally remarkable is exhibited by the water-scorpions, particularly _Belostoma_, in which is a _very_ deep kidney-shaped box, between the eye and throat, to receive and defend its singular antennæ[1577]; which, when they are reposing, is closed by the exterior harder joints, and from which it seems as if they turned out, like a sentinel out of his box. In some aquatic genera of beetles, as _Gyrinus_, _Parnus_, &c. they are withdrawn within a lateral cavity of the same part, and are defended from the water externally by the auricle at their base[1578]. The flabellated and lamellated antennæ, previous to their being folded for repose, close all their plates; which in action are as widely expanded as possible, so as to form a knob; and in some the middle piece is entirely concealed, as if in a box. In broken antennæ, or those in which the clavolet forms an angle with the scape, the former is folded upon the latter, with its point downwards.

II. _Subfacies._--Having dispatched the _Facies_, or _upper_ side of the head, I am next to consider the _Subfacies_, or _under_ side: but as the principal parts that occupy this side have been already considered, I shall have no occasion to detain you long.

i. _Jugulum_[1579].--This part, which may be regarded as analogous to the throat in vertebrate animals, lies between the cheeks; from which it may usually be distinguished by being more lubricous and tumid, and often separated by an impressed line. It is particularly conspicuous and elevated in the Lamellicorn beetles, and calculated by its lubricity for easy motion in the lower side of the cavity of the chest. Its apex is the base in which the _mentum_ sits. It is not necessary to enlarge further upon it, as it seldom exhibits striking characters.

III. _Collum_[1580].--In a large proportion of insects the head inosculates in the trunk without the intervention of a neck, or a constriction of the head behind. In the Orders _Orthoptera_, _Trichoptera_, _Lepidoptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_, no instance of it that I recollect occurs: in the _Coleoptera_ there are many. In the Predaceous beetles, though several have no distinct neck, yet others, as _Anthia_, &c. have a short and thick one; and some few, as _Colliuris_, _Agra_, &c. one more pronounced. Latreille has named a tribe in this Order _Trachelides_, from the circumstance of their having a neck: in this tribe you will find the blister-beetles (_Cantharis_ and _Mylabris_) both of the moderns and the ancients. In the _Hemiptera_ order the water-scorpions _Nepa_, &c. have a thick short neck; and _Zelus_, (a kind of bug,) one longer and more slender; and, like _Raphidia_, the snake's-head fly, which is similarly circumstanced, has the air of a serpent. Other _Neuroptera_, likewise, have a neck; as _Hemerobius_, _Corydalis_, &c. This part presents no other features that merit notice.

IV. _Myoglyphides_[1581].--The _Myoglyphides_, or muscle-notches, are sinuses, some shallow and some deeper, in the posterior margin of the upper side of the head, to which the levator muscles are affixed. They seem principally confined to the _Coleoptera_; though, in some cases at least, they may be traced in the Heteropterous _Hemiptera_. These notches vary in number and depth in different insects. Thus in _Buprestis_ there is only _one_ deep one[1582]: in _Copris_ there are _two_ shallow ones, in a deep sinus separated by a small prominence[1583]: in _Elater_ and _Lamia_ there are also two not in a sinus; and in _Calandra Palmarum_ there are four, two on each side, with a prominent lobe between them[1584]. To each of these notches, at its under margin, below the ligament that unites the occiput to the trunk, a muscle to raise the head is usually attached.

FOOTNOTES:

[1151] See above, p. 86, 110, 243--.

[1152] Many species of _Hister_, _Curculio_ L., _Doryphora_ Illig. are extremely hard, while _Cantharis_ Geoffr., _Meloe_ F., and _Telephorus_ Geoffr., are very soft.

[1153] Thenard _Traité de Chimie Elémentaire_, iii. 637. n. 2005. The other products he mentions are--a green oil, a yellow substance, a black ditto, acetic acid, uric acid, phosphate of magnesia. The vesicant matter consists of little micaceous laminæ soluble in boiling alcohol and oil, but insoluble in water.

[1154] Coquebert _Illustr. Icon._ ii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 14, 15.

[1155] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 16.

[1156] This name I would give to _Locusta_ F., reserving, with Dr. Leach, the latter name to the true _locust_ (_Gryllus_ F.). The name _Conocephalus_, by which _Locusta_ F. has been distinguished, is better restricted to those with a conical head.

[1157] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 1, 2.

[1158] Huber _Nouv. Obs._ ii. 317.

[1159] VOL. I. p. 502--.

[1160] Hair, in the Holy Scriptures, is used as the symbol of _strength_ or _power_. Judges xvi. 17--. 1 Cor. xi. 10.

[1161] _Anat. Compar._ ii. 624.

[1162] _Anat. Compar._ i. 119.

[1163] _Ibid._ ii. 540.

[1164] _Ibid._ 547.

[1165] _Ibid._ 553.

[1166] _Anat. Compar._ ii. 553.

[1167] _Ibid._ 557.

[1168] _Ibid._ 560.

[1169] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 2. _a´´´._

[1170] _Anat. Compar._ ii. 557.

[1171] A _harmonic suture_ is when the margins of two flat bones simply touch each other, without any intermediate substance; and a _squamose_, when the thin margin of one covers that of the other. _Anat. Compar._ i. 124. With regard to the flat portions of the integument of insects, they have some motion; whereas a suture is an articulation without movement. _Ibid._

[1172] Their connexion by means of a ligament classes them under _Synneurosis_ (Monro _On the Bones_, Dr. Kirby's edit. 29), but even this not strictly, since a common ligament connects them all. Those of the trunk, as admitting a slight degree of motion, belong to _Amphiarthrosis_ (_Anat. Compar._ i. 126), and those of the abdomen, which are capable of larger movements, to _Diarthrosis_ (_Ibid._ 127).

[1173] See above, p. 309--.

[1174] In the _hornet_ and other wasps, this line on the inside of the head furnishes a foundation for a septum, which in the sides of the nose is very high, and connects also with the hind part of the head.

[1175] _Anat. Compar._ i. 445--.

[1176] _Ibid._ 447.

[1177] _Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i, 11--. Comp. _Anat. Compar._ iii. 314--.

[1178] It is probable that M. Cuvier took his idea of this first kind of articulation, by contact of solid parts, from this individual insect; since, besides its very prominent throat, there is on each side of the _lower_ part of the occiput a small elevation, or approach to a tubercle.

[1179] _Gen. des Crustac. et Ins._ ii. 246. _Regne Anim._ iii. 325.

[1180] This was written directly after the experiment recommended in the text had been tried, with the result there stated.

[1181] Reaum. iv. 40. Latreille _Fourmis_, 328--.

[1182] PLATE VII. FIG. 2. k´´.

[1183] Clairville (_Ent. Helvet._ i. 44) appears to have been the first who classed insects according to their mode of taking their food.

[1184] PLATE VI. VII. XXVI. a´.

[1185] In _Lucanus_, _Lamprina_, &c. the labrum seems to form the under-side of the nose, and to be connate with it.

[1186] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ v. _Apis_ *. b. _f._ 18. _b._

[1187] _Ibid. t._ ii. _Melitta_ **. b. _f._ 4, 5. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 30.

[1188] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 31. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ x. _Apis_ **. c. 2. δ. _f._ 13. _c._

[1189] PLATES VI. VII. and XXVI. b.

[1190] De Geer iv. 124. _t._ iv. _f._ 12. iii. 415. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4.

[1191] Ibid. iv. 281--. _t._ xi. _f._ 7.

[1192] Ibid. 329. _t._ xii. _f._ 3.

[1193] Ibid. ii. 775--. _t._ xxvi. _f._ 10. b c, b c.

[1194] _Philos. Entom._ 18.

[1195] _Syst. Eleuth._ i. Præf. iv.

[1196] _Gen. Crustac. et Ins._ i. 180.

[1197] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 246.

[1198] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. b´. a´´.

[1199] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. b´. a´´.

[1200] Kirby _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 8. _f_.

[1201] Ibid. _t._ xxi. _f._ 10. _d_. MacLeay _Hor. Entomol._ i. _t._ iii. _f._ 26, 27.

[1202] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 35.

[1203] Ibid. FIG. 34.

[1204] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. b´.

[1205] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24. b´.

[1206] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. a´´.

[1207] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiv. 171.

[1208] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. e´.

[1209] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. i´´.

[1210] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. e´.

[1211] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. b´.

[1212] Ibid. FIG. 12. b´.

[1213] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. b´´.

[1214] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. b´´.

[1215] _Hor. Entomolog._ i. _t._ i. _f._ 1. _g_.

[1216] _Ibid. t._ ii. _f._ 18. _g._

[1217] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _neut._ _f._ 1. _g._ _c._

[1218] _Ibid._ 93. 103--. _t._ vi. Apis **. b. _f._ 3. _b._ _c._

[1219] _Ibid._ _t._ i. *. a. _f._ 3. _b._

[1220] _Ibid._ _t._ ix. _Apis_ **. c. 2. γ. _f._ 3. _b._

[1221] _Clairv. Ent. Helvet._ ii. _t._ xxiv. _f._ 1. _c._

[1222] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24, 28. b´´.

[1223] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ii. _Melitta_ **. b. _f._ 2. _c._

[1224] PLATE XIII. FIG. 2. _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 6. _b._

[1225] This is the case with _Oxyporus_ F. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4.

[1226] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. b´´. Latreille, _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvii. 545, seems not to regard these as palpi; but from their tubular form, and insertion in the socket of the labium, it is clear that they ought to be so considered.

[1227] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. c´.

[1228] A corresponding articulation takes place between the tibia and thigh of some of the _Scarabæidæ_, which will be hereafter described. See PLATE XXVII. FIG. 8-11.

[1229] _Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des_ Orthoptères, 2.

[1230] _Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des_ Orthoptères, 2.

[1231] See above, p. 407. note b.

[1232] _Ubi supra_, 4.

[1233] _Ibid._

[1234] _Ibid._ 5.

[1235] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 66. _Prionus. t._ xiii. _f._ 54.

[1236] _Ibid._ no. 83. _Curculio. t._ iv. _f._ 37.

[1237] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 12.

[1238] For Mandibles of _Locusta_ see PLATE VI. FIG. 6. c´. of _Lampyris_ Oliv. _Ins._ no. 28. _t._ i. _f._ 1. of _Buprestis_, _Ibid._ no. 32. _t._ iii. _f._ 17. of _Lucanus_, _Ibid._ no. 1. _t._ i-v. and of _Prionus_, _Ibid._ no. 66. _t._ ii. _f._ 8.

[1239] _Gomphosis_ is, when one bone is immoveably fixed in another as a nail in a board.

[1240] Marcel de Serres _ubi supra._ 7.

[1241] See PLATE XIII. FIG. 7. Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiii. _f._ 13. and _t._ xii. _neut. f._ 10.

[1242] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 19.

[1243] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 42. _t._ i. _f._ 1. and no. 2. _t._ i. _f._ 1. b.

[1244] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 16, 18.

[1245] Ibid. FIG. 21.

[1246] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ iv. _Melitta. f._ 5-8.

[1247] Drury _Ins._ ii. _t._ xlviii. _f._ 3. See above, p. 315.

[1248] Oliv. no. 1. _t._ v. _f._ 16. &c. _t._ iii. _f._ 7.

[1249] _Comparaison des Organes_, &c. 7--.

[1250] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. and XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.

[1251] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. and XIII. FIG. 5. b´´´.

[1252] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 16.

[1253] I was not aware that Knoch had observed this part, till some time after the publication of my paper _On Mr. William MacLeay's Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy_ (see _Linn. Trans._ xiv. 105--), when I happened to meet with it in a letter from a friend, received more than thirteen years ago; but without any reference to the work of Knoch, in which it was stated. It was doubtless taken from his _Beiträge zur Insektengeschichte_.

[1254] _Anat. Comp._ iii. 321--.

[1255] One of those mandibles is represented in PLATE XXVI. FIG. 20. a´´´. incisive teeth d´´´. molary plate. Comp. _Linn. Trans._ ubi supr. _t._ iii. _f._ 4. _c a b._

[1256] VOL. II. p. 275--.

[1257] In the _Myrmeleon_, or ant-lion, the suction is promoted by the action of a piston, that pumps up the juices. Reaum. vi. 369.

[1258] De Geer iv. 386--. _t._ xv. _f._ 10. See above, p. 121.

[1259] PLATE XIII. FIG. 7. _c´´._

[1260] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 42. _Staphylinus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. b.

[1261] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. d´.

[1262] PLATE VI. FIG. 3, 6, 12. VII. FIG. 3. c´´.

[1263] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. a´´. e´´. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiii. _f._ 1. _e._

[1264] _Ibid._ _f._ 3. _a._

[1265] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. 146. _t._ xxiii. _f._ super. _b._

[1266] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 243.

[1267] In _Anoplognathus_, however, though it has neither teeth nor spines, it is as hard as the mandibles.

[1268] See above, p. 317.

[1269] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 10, 11. d´´´. e´´´.

[1270] Ibid. FIG. 9. d´´´. e´´´.

[1271] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. d´´´. e´´´. Oliv. _Ins._ no. 45. _Meloe._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. c. These are what Fabricius calls _galeate_ maxillæ, on which he founded his class _Ulonata_.

[1272] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 11. d´´´. e´´´.

[1273] PLATE VI. FIG. 3. d´´´.

[1274] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ _t._ i. _t._ xviii. _f._ super. _b._

[1275] Ibid. _t._ xix. _b._ This genus may be the analogue of some heteromerous one yet undiscovered, as _Calosoma_ is of _Adelium_ (Kirby _Linn. Trans_. xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 2.)

[1276] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. _t._ xxiv. _f._ super. _b._

[1277] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 11.

[1278] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 19. _Trogosita._ _t._ 1. _f._ d. no. 41 bis. _Dryops. t._ i. _f._ 1. c.

[1279] See above, VOL. I. p. 238.

[1280] Oliv. _Ins_. no. 17. _Ptinus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. c.

[1281] _Ibid._ no. 60. _Blaps t._ i. _f._ 2. c.

[1282] _Ibid._ no. 88. _Languria. t._ i. _f._ 2. c.

[1283] _Ibid._ no. 89. _Erotylus. t._ ii. _f._ 12. c.

[1284] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 41. _Gyrinus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. e.

[1285] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 13. _Hor. Entomolog._ i. _t._ iii. _f._ 29, 30. E.

[1286] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ii. _Melitta_. **. a. _f._ 2. _t._ v. _Apis_. *. b. _f._ 4. &c.

[1287] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 48. _Cerocoma_. _t._ i. _f._ 1. c.

[1288] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 10-12.

[1289] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. _Cicindela_. _t._ xxiv. _f._ super. _b._ for _Carabidæ_, _Dytiscidæ_, his other plates.

[1290] _Hor. Entomolog._ i. _t._ ii. _f._ 13. E.

[1291] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. f´´´.

[1292] _Hor. Entomolog._ _t._ i. _f._ 3. E.

[1293] _Ibid._ _f._ 4. E.

[1294] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 7. _Hexodon_. _t._ i. _f._ 1. e.

[1295] _Ibid._ no. 3. _Scarabæus_. _t._ l. _f._ 1. f.

[1296] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xiv. 102. _t._ iii. _f._ 4. d.

[1297] De Geer v. 417. _t._ iv. _f._ 12.

[1298] PLATES VI. VII. h´´.

[1299] See above, p. 443.

[1300] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ix. 2. c. 2. β. _f._ 2. _d. g._ 4. _t._ xii. _neut. f._ 6. _d._ _t._ xiii. _f._ 3. _b._

[1301] Clairv. _Ent. Helv._ ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 1.

[1302] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. b´´. h´´.

[1303] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. b´´. f´´´.

[1304] Ibid. FIG. 13. h´´. Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ l. i. 29--. _t._ i.-iii. ȯ.

[1305] De Geer vi. _t._ xix. _f._ 4. _d._

[1306] Ibid. _t._ ix. _f._ 8. _b b._ t. xii. _f._ 20. _b._ _t._ xiv. _f._ 15. _i i._

[1307] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 6.

[1308] Ibid. FIG. 5.

[1309] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ x. _Apis._ **. c. 2. δ. _f._ 3. _a._ and **. d. 1. _f._ 1. _d._

[1310] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. _t._ xxxi. _f. super. b. Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiv. _f._ 1. _h. f._ 3, 5. _c._

[1311] See above, p. 317.

[1312] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1. As the very remarkable maxillary palpi of that extraordinary Coleopterous genus _Atractocerus_ seem not to have been so fully described as they deserve, I shall give here a minute detail of their composition. They consist of _four_ joints: the first is wide and short, and somewhat platter-shaped; the second is much smaller and shorter: the third is concavo-convex, or shaped like a shallow bowl: towards the breast this joint is elevated, and on the elevated edge sits the last joint, which is longer than all the rest taken together. In my specimen it points towards the breast; its under side is entire and slightly curved, but in the upper side are two rows of lamellæ (_b_), placed alternately _nine_ on each side, with an odd one at the end: these lamellæ are full of minute papillæ, and furrowed on the side next the mouth. From between the first pair a slender exarticulate hairy branch or appendage emerges (_a_), which forms nearly a right angle with the main stem. The _labial palpi_ appear to consist of _three_ joints; the two first very short, and the last large, ovate, and acute. This description is not taken from _A. necydaloides_, but from a Brazilian species more than five times its size, which I have named _A. grandis_.

[1313] PLATE VI. VII. XXVI. e´.

[1314] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´. Cuvier _Anat. Compar._ iii. 347.

[1315] Cuvier _Ibid._

[1316] Huber _Fourmis_, 4--.

[1317] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ iii. 304.

[1318] See above, p. 440.

[1319] Reaum. v. 309--.

[1320] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 23.

[1321] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. Pref. xxii.

[1322] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiv. (1) 2. _b._

[1323] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24. e´.

[1324] Clairv. _ubi supr._ _t._ xx. _c._

[1325] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 28. e´.

[1326] Kirby _ubi supr._ fig. (8) 1. _c c._ The lateral pieces in the tongue in _Vespa_ (_Ibid. c c._) have been regarded as lobes of it, but they are rather _Paraglossæ_.

[1327] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 29. e´.

[1328] Clairv. _ubi supr. t_. xxx. _c._

[1329] Kirby _ubi supr._ no. 2. _f._ 1, 3.

[1330] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24. _b._

[1331] Kirby _ubi supr. t._ x. _Apis_. c. 2. δ. _f._ 5. _t._ xii. _neut. f._ 2, 3. _t._ xiii. _f._ 1. _h._

[1332] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 26, 29.

[1333] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 28. i´´.

[1334] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _neut._ _f._ 1. _h h._ _t._ xiii. _f._ 1. _f f._

[1335] _Ibid._ _t._ x. **. d, 1. _f._ 2. _b b._

[1336] See above, p. 425.

[1337] PLATE VII. FIG. 14. f´.

[1338] Reaum. v. 317.

[1339] _Organisation exterieur des Ins._ 184.

[1340] _Ubi supra._

[1341] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 12.

[1342] De Geer ii. 778--. _t._ xxvi. _f._ 11. _m._ PLATE VII. FIG. 2. k´´.

[1343] _Ubi supra._

[1344] See above, p. 455.

[1345] _Organisation_ &c. 182.

[1346] Under this name M. Savigny includes the _Myriapoda_, _Arachnida_, and _Crustacea_. _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 40.

[1347] _Ibid._ 43.

[1348] VOL. II. p. 275--. Also see above, p. 121--.

[1349] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. _t._ ii. _f._ 2. a. a´.

[1350] PLATE VII. FIG. 13. c´.

[1351] Ibid. d´.

[1352] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 106. PLATE VII. FIG. 13. b´.

[1353] _Ubi supr._ 45--.

[1354] PLATE VII. FIG. 11. _f´_, _a´´_.

[1355] _Ubi supra_, 45.

[1356] Ibid. 44--.

[1357] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 275--. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. c´.

[1358] De Geer _t._ xl. _f._ 4. _t._ x. _f._ 7, 8.

[1359] See above, p. 18, 30.

[1360] Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 62.

[1361] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 277.

[1362] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 276.

[1363] _Ibid._

[1364] _Ubi supr._ 58.

[1365] PLATE XV. FIG. 7.

[1366] PLATE VI. FIG. 7-9. a´, b´, c´, d´.

[1367] _Magaz._ 1806.

[1368] PLATE VI. FIG. 7. a´.

[1369] Ibid. Labium b´. Mandibulæ c´. Maxillæ d´.

[1370] Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 37.

[1371] De Geer iii. 137--. _t._ ix. _f._ 4.

[1372] Reaum. iii. 335. _t._ xxviii. _f._ 8-14.

[1373] De Geer iii. 117. _t._ viii. _f._ 22. _b._

[1374] PLATE VII. FIG. 5, 6. a´, b´, c´, d´.

[1375] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 253.

[1376] PLATE VII. FIG. 5, 6. a´.

[1377] Ibid.

[1378] Reaum. iv. _t._ XVI. FIG. 13. z.

[1379] Authors are not agreed as to the precise number of lancets contained in a gnat's proboscis. Swammerdam affirms there are _six_, including the labrum. i. 156. b. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 3. Reaumur could find only _five_. iv. 597--. _t._ xlii. _f._ 10. And Leeuwenhoeck only _four_.

[1380] PLATE VII. FIG. 5.

[1381] PLATE VII. FIG. 5. This figure is copied from Reaumur, and was engraved before this discovery was made.

[1382] M. Savigny is of opinion that the central lancet or lancets represent the _Epipharynx_ and _Hypopharynx_; for which he does not state his reasons: but as these are properly covers of the pharynx, the idea seems incorrect. _Ubi supr._ 15.

[1383] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 489. and iv. 253--.

[1384] _Ubi supr._ 36.

[1385] Ibid. _t._ iv. _f._ 1. o. _o._

[1386] VOL. I. p. 48, 110--.

[1387] PLATE VI. FIG. 13. a´, b´, c´, d´.

[1388] VOL. I. p. 394--.

[1389] PLATE VI. FIG. 13. a´. Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 3--. _t._ i.-iii. a.

[1390] _Ibid._ i. PLATE VI. FIG. 13. c´.

[1391] Ibid. FIG. 13. h´´. Savigny _ubi supr. o._

[1392] PLATE VI. FIG. 13. d´. Savigny _ubi supr. t._ 1-3. _o._

[1393] Ibid. _ö._ PLATE VI. FIG. 13. b´.

[1394] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvii. 467.

[1395] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 253.

[1396] PLATE VII. FIG. 8. c´, d´, e´, h´´.

[1397] Ibid, c´.

[1398] Ibid, d´.

[1399] Ibid, h´´.

[1400] Ibid. e´.

[1401] Rösel. ii. _t._ iii. _f._ 15. Latreille _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iv. 365.

[1402] Swammerdam _Bibl. Nat. t._ ii. _f._ 4.

[1403] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxviii. 266.

[1404] _Ibid._ xvi. 432. De Geer vii. _t._ vi. _f._ 4. Not quite accurate.

[1405] PLATES VI. VII. XXVII. a.

[1406] _Organisat. Extér. des Ins._ 196.

[1407] In the _Transactions of the Royal Society_, this part in _Anobium tessellatum_ is so called. xxxiii. 159--.

[1408] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 4. a.

[1409] PLATE VII. FIG. 2. a.

[1410] _Observ. Nouv. sur les Hyménoptères_ (_Ann. du Mus._) 5.

[1411] Those beetles whose posterior pair of tarsi have only _four_ joints, and the two anterior _five_, are so called.

[1412] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xii. 464. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 6.

[1413] Ibid. xiii. _t._ i. _f._ 1. _b._

[1414] PLATE VI. FIG. 10. g´.

[1415] Ibid. FIG. 7. a.

[1416] Ibid. g´.

[1417] PLATE VI. FIG. 4. g´.

[1418] PLATES VI. VII. b.

[1419] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ i. _Melitta._ *. b. _f._ 3.

[1420] PLATE VI. FIG. 4. b.

[1421] PLATES VI. VII. c.

[1422] VOL. II. p. 317--.

[1423] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.

[1424] Stoll _Punaises_, _t._ xxxix. _f._ 279, 280.

[1425] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. d.

[1426] PLATES VI. VII. e.

[1427] PLATES VI. VII. f.

[1428] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 4. f.

[1429] Cuv. _Regne Animal._ iii. _t._ xiii. _f._ 4.

[1430] This insect was taken both at Matlock and Exmouth. The body and thighs are of a light-brown, wings testaceous, legs pale; antennæ between setaceous and filiform, two-thirds the length of the body; first joint not much thicker than the rest.

[1431] PLATE VI. VII. g.

[1432] De Geer iii. 561. _t._ xxvii. _f._ 1.

[1433] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. h.

[1434] PLATE VII. FIG. 8, 9. XXVI. FIG. 43. h.

[1435] Viz. one on each side above, and one below.

[1436] Walckenaer _Aranéïdes_, _t._ v. _f._ 50, 52. _t._ viii. _f._ 82.

[1437] Treviranus (_Arachnid_. 4.) says that _Scorpio Europæus_ has only _two_ eyes. He appears to have overlooked the two on the anterior side of a tubercle at each angle of the head, where they are large, but not conspicuous, at least in my specimen.

[1438] De Geer vii. _t._ iii. _f._ 8, 9, 12.

[1439] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43., h.

[1440] Walck. _Aran._ _t._ i. _f._ 3.

[1441] _Ibid._ _t._ v. _f._ 42-48.

[1442] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. _f._ 41.

[1443] Walck. _Aran._ _t._ i. _f._ 2.

[1444] _Ibid._ _t._ i. _f._ 7.

[1445] _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 18, 20.

[1446] VOL. I. p. 323.

[1447] De Geer vii. 138. _t._ viii. _f._ 15. _y y_.

[1448] Ibid. _t._ xl. _f._ 3. _o o_, _y y_.

[1449] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43. h.

[1450] _Segestria perfida_, Walck. _Aran._ _t._ v. _f._ 52. &c.

[1451] _Tetragnatha_ and _Latrodectes_, _Ibid._ _t._ vii. _f._ 64. and _t._ ix. _f._. 84.

[1452] _Nyssus coloripes_, _Ibid._ _t._ vi. _f._ 58.

[1453] _Dolomeda_, _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 18, 20.

[1454] _Sphasus_, _Ibid._ _t._ iii. _f._ 24.

[1455] _Mygale avicularia_, _Ibid._ _t._ i. _f._ 3.

[1456] _Sparasus_, _Ibid._ _t._ iv. _f._ 41. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 37.

[1457] _Eresus_, _Ibid._ _t._ iii. _f._ 26.

[1458] _Storena_, _Ibid._ _t._ ix. _f._ 86.

[1459] _Argyroneta_, _Ibid._ _f._ 88.

[1460] _Pholeus_, _Ibid._ _t._ viii. _f._ 80.

[1461] PLATE XIII. FIG. 11.

[1462] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 11. h.

[1463] Ibid. _a._

[1464] PLATE XIII. FIG. 10.

[1465] See above, p. 117--.

[1466] Reaum. iv. 245.

[1467] _Microgr._ 176.

[1468] _Epist._ Mar. 6. 1717.

[1469] _Amœn. Academ._ vii. 141.

[1470] I possess a specimen in which the eye is partly black and partly white: the lenses are invisible in the _black_ part, but very visible in the white.

[1471] _Philos. Entomolog._ 19.

[1472] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 38.

[1473] Hooke _Microgr._ schem. xxiv.

[1474] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 3.

[1475] Cuvier _Anat. Compar._ ii. 442--. Compare Swammerdam _Bibl. Nat._ i. 211. _t._ xx. _f._ 45.

[1476] VOL. II. p. 4, 364, &c.

[1477] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 36. h. Fabricius, and after him Olivier, though both quote Forster, regard one of these eyes in _Lamia Tornator_ as a spot; but they could not have examined it attentively. _Saperda præusta_ F. has also four eyes.

[1478] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 39. h.

[1479] Latreille _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iii. 73.

[1480] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 479.

[1481] VOL. II. 320.

[1482] De Geer vii. 562.

[1483] VOL. II. p. 228.

[1484] _Ent. Helvet._ i. _t._ xii.

[1485] PLATE VI. FIG. 10.

[1486] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xi. _Apis._ **. e. 1. _f._ 2.

[1487] De Geer iii. _t._ xxxiv. _f._ 17, 18, 24. _o o._

[1488] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiv. no. 11. _f._ 1. _f._ _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 10. d.

[1489] PLATE XIII. FIG. 9. Fuessly _Archiv._ _t._ vi.

[1490] Schellenberg _Cimices_ _t._ xiii. ix. _f._ 1. _a._ De Geer ii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 10.

[1491] Stoll _Spectres_, &c. _t._ iv. _f._ 14. _t._ x. _f._ 38, &c.

[1492] VOL. I. p. 261--.

[1493] _Linn. Trans. ubi supr._

[1494] Schellenberg _Mouches_, _t._ xxvii. _f._ 1, 2. _a, d._

[1495] _Ibid._ _t._ ix. _f._ 3. _a._

[1496] _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 2. _a._

[1497] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. 148.

[1498] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 4. h´.

[1499] This circumstance proves that Mr. W. S. MacLeay is correct in considering this as a subgenus; but it militates against its being connected with _Lamprima_.

[1500] PLATE VI. FIG. 4, 10. VII. FIG. 1, 2, 4. XXVI. FIG. 39-42. i.

[1501] _Bibl. Nat._ i. 214.

[1502] Reaum. iv. 245.

[1503] Ibid. v. 287--.

[1504] _Magas. der Entomolog._ iv. 410.

[1505] Latreille speaks of _Phasma_ as having no stemmata; but it should seem that he examined only the _apterous_ ones, all the _winged_ individuals, at least so far as I have examined them, having three very visible ones. It may, I think, be laid down as a rule, that the larvæ and pupæ of _Orthoptera_ have not these organs. Probably their use is principally in flying?

[1506] _Flata phalænoides_ F. and affinities have no stemmata, while _Flata reticulata_ and affinities have them: a proof that these tribes are distinct genera.

[1507] PLATE VI. FIG. 10. i.

[1508] Reaum. iv. 243. He refers for this insect to plate xiv. without adding any number for the figure; but no such is in that plate.

[1509] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.

[1510] _Cercopis_, Ibid. FIG. 42; and _Fulgora_, FIG. 41. i.

[1511] PLATE VI. FIG. 4. i.

[1512] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.

[1513] Ibid. FIG. 42. i.

[1514] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.

[1515] De Geer iii. _t._ xxvii. _f._ 1. Reaum. iii. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 3, 9.

[1516] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.

[1517] See above, p. 318--.

[1518] _Linn. Trans._ xiii.

[1519] _Mag. der Entomolog._ iv. 5.

[1520] Palpi quatuor, subæquales, cylindrici, _ad basin clypei. Germ._

[1521] See above, p. 18, &c.

[1522] PLATE VI. FIG. 1, 4. i´.

[1523] See above, p. 321. _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3.

[1524] Ibid. _f._ 7.

[1525] PLATE VI. FIG. 4. c. i´.

[1526] PLATE XII. FIG. 9. l´´. This circumstance was very recently discovered; which will account for this plate not being quite correct in this respect, the bulb being represented as a distinct joint in FIG. 6, 10, 26.

[1527] See above, p. 498.

[1528] VOL. I. p. 231, 238.

[1529] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 80. _Macrocephalus t._ i. _f._ 1-4.; _Anthribus f._ 5-12; and no. 83. _Curculio t._ ii. _Calandra f._ 16.

[1530] Schellenberg _Cimices t._ xiv. _f._ 1. _b._

[1531] De Geer vii. _t._ iv. _f._ 7. _a a._

[1532] VOL. II. p. 421.

[1533] PLATES XII. FIG. 28; and XXV. FIG. 9, 24.

[1534] PLATE XXV. FIG. 4.

[1535] PLATES XII. FIG. 29; and XXV. FIG. 28. _a._

[1536] PLATES XI. XII. XXV. k´´.

[1537] PLATES XI. XII. XXV. l´.

[1538] Ibid. m´.

[1539] PLATES XII. FIG. 28; and XXV. FIG. 13. m´´.

[1540] PLATE XXV. FIG. 2, 5, 21. m´´.

[1541] PLATE XII. FIG. 10. m´´.

[1542] Ibid. FIG. 4. m´´.

[1543] PLATE XXV. FIG. 1. m´´.

[1544] PLATE XI. FIG. 23.

[1545] PLATE XXV. FIG. 24.

[1546] Ibid. FIG. 30.

[1547] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ vii. _f._ 3.

[1548] PLATE XXV. FIG. 28.

[1549] Ibid. FIG. 13.

[1550] Ibid. FIG. 5.

[1551] Ibid. FIG. 1.

[1552] PLATE XI. FIG. 12.

[1553] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3.

[1554] Latreille says _six_, but only _five_ are discernible; the three last form a kind of bristle.

[1555] Latr. _Fourmis_, 323.

[1556] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ vi. _f._ 3.

[1557] _Ibid._ _f._ 2.

[1558] _Ibid._ _f._ 1. PLATE XXV. FIG. 7.

[1559] PLATE XXV. FIG. 25, 26.

[1560] PLATE XII. FIG. 16-22.

[1561] Ibid. FIG. 19. _a_.

[1562] _Linn. Trans._ xxii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3, 4. PLATE XXV. FIG. 11.

[1563] PLATE XI. FIG. 17.

[1564] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. 184. _t._ x. **. d. 1. f. 8.

[1565] PLATE XXV. FIG. 27.

[1566] PLATE XII. FIG. 26.

[1567] PLATE XXV. FIG. 32.

[1568] PLATE XII. FIG. 25.

[1569] PLATE XXV. FIG. 17.

[1570] _Linn. Trans_. xii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 5. _f._

[1571] _Ibid. t._ xxi. _f._ 8 _g._ 9, 10. _c._

[1572] De Geer iv. 219. _t._ viii. _f._ 20.

[1573] See VOL. II. p. 65, 201--.

[1574] De Geer iv. _t._ vii. _f._ 22.

[1575] PLATE XXV. FIG. 35.

[1576] De Geer vi. _t._ i. _f._ 5.

[1577] PLATE XI. FIG. 21.

[1578] PLATE XII. FIG. 29. _a._

[1579] PLATE VI. m.

[1580] Ibid.

[1581] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 1, 3-5. n´.

[1582] Ibid. FIG. 3.

[1583] Ibid. FIG. 4.

[1584] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 1.