Chapter XXVI: Letter XXXV (6)

The _fourth_ and last kind are what may with the utmost propriety be denominated _suckers_, since their use as such is clearly ascertained. These are not only to be found in a large proportion of the _Diptera_, in some of which there are _two_ of them, as in the _Asilidæ_[2112]; and in others _three_, as the _Tabanidæ_[2113]; but also in many of the subsequent Orders: thus, in the Heteropterous _Hemiptera_, in _Scutellera_ and _Pentatoma_, but not the _Reduviadæ_, and in the Neuropterous genus _Nymphes_ Leach there is a minute one under each claw. It is discoverable between the claws in many _Hymenoptera_, as _Apis_[2114], _Vespa_, &c. But the genus that exhibits to the curious Entomologist the most singular and elaborate apparatus of this kind is _Dytiscus_ Latr.; and the examination of the under side of the _hand_ of any _male_ of this genus will almost compel the most inattentive observer to glorify the wisdom and skill of the ALLFATHER so conspicuously manifested in the structure of these complex organs. For this part in these, instead of two or three pedunculate cups as in the insects just mentioned, is composed of a vast number, some large and some small. If you take a male specimen of the common _D. marginalis_, you will find that the three first joints of the hand are very much dilated, so as to form a plate or shield nearly circular, fringed all round with stiffish hairs; if you next examine the under side of this plate with a good magnifier, you will discover at the base, where it is united to the cubit, two circular cups, the external one more than three times the size of the other, with an umbilicated centre[2115]; besides these two larger cups the rest of the shield is covered by a vast number of minute ones of a similar construction[2116]: the larger cups are nearly sessile, but the smaller are elevated upon a tubular footstalk[2117]; the three first joints of the intermediate _tarsi_ are also dilated, but not into an orbicular shield, and thickly set with minute pedunculated suckers[2118]. The structure varies however in different species. Thus in _D. limbatus_ the shield is triangular with the smaller suckers at the base, and two rows of larger oblong ones, concave but not umbilicated, at the apex; in another Brazilian undescribed species (_D. obovatus_ K. MS.) the shield is oblong and quite covered with suckers like those last mentioned; in _D. sulcatus_ (_Acilius_ Leach) almost the whole plate is occupied by a very large sucker, above which, at some distance in the inner side, are two smaller ones, while the extremity of the shield is covered by minute ones elevated on long footstalks: the central umbilicated elevation of the large one, which nearly fills its cavity, is in this species beautifully radiated. The male of _Colymbetes transversalis_ has also an orbicular shield, but the suckers are much less strongly marked. The use of this organ has been before sufficiently explained[2119].

A few words will be necessary upon the _folding_ of the legs in _repose_. When insects _walk_, the thigh is usually in an _ascending_ position, rising _above_ the horizontal line, the _tibia_ forming with it rather an obtuse angle, and the _tarsus_ nearly a right one with the _tibia_; but in the Myriapods, as far as I can unravel their swift many-footed motions, these angles in walking do not take place; in repose however, in many insects, the _coxa_ forms an angle with the thigh _below_ the horizontal line and with the _tibia_ above it, and the _tibia_ and _tarsus_ continue in the same line, and point downwards nearly vertically; in others, as in the _Tetramerous_ beetles, the last-mentioned joints form an angle with each other and turn upwards, the _tibia_ having an external oblique cavity to permit this; but the insects most remarkable for packing close their legs are those carnivorous genera _Dermestes_, _Anthrenus_, _Byrrhus_, &c. In the last-mentioned genus there are cavities in the under side of the trunk, in each division of the breast, and at the base of the abdomen, to receive the legs when folded; the _coxæ_ have also a cavity to receive the _base_ of the thigh. In the _anterior_ legs this last part has a longitudinal one on its _upper_ side, and in the four _posterior_ on the _under_, which receives the _tibiæ_, which at the inner edge are straight, and at the outer curvilinear, and the _tarsi_ are turned up and received by the concave part, on the _anterior_ side of the _first_ pair and the _posterior_ side of the two _last_ of the _tibiæ_, so as to lie between it and the body: when the legs are close packed, the animal looks almost as if it had none. I have observed that when _Dytisci_ repose on the water, the posterior legs are turned up and laid over the elytra, and curved towards the head.

vi. _Pectines._ I must next say a few words upon a remarkable organ, which seems in some degree supplementary to the _legs_, by which the CREATOR has distinguished the genus _Scorpio_, called from its parallel teeth, set in a back, their _pecten_ or comb[2120]. This back consists of two or more articulations, is attached by its anterior extremity to the sides of the posterior piece of the _mesostethium_, and is marked by a longitudinal furrow or channel. The teeth, which vary in number in the different species, and in the same species at different periods of its growth, are usually ovato-lanceolate, or obtusangular, furnished on their exterior edge with what appears to be a longitudinal sucker, and supported between their bases, or at the base, both within and without, by triangular, conical, or subglobose props. With regard to the _use_ of these organs, it has not been clearly ascertained. Amouroux states that he has seen the animals use them as feet, and he conjectures that by them they may fix themselves and turn upon them as on a pivot, when they have to make a retrograde movement[2121]. M. Latreille, from their having branchial pouches immediately under them, seems to think that they are connected with respiration[2122]. This may be true; but from the suckers just described, I am inclined to think with Amouroux, that they are useful to the animal in its _motions_, and that like the suckers of the Gecko, flies, &c., they enable it to support itself against gravity and to climb perpendicular surfaces.

Whether the five obtriangular plates, elevated on a pedicle, which are found arranged in a series on the under side of each of the jointed _coxæ_ of the posterior legs in _Galeodes_, are at all analogous to the pectens of scorpions, has not been ascertained[2123]. M. Leon Dufour watched them very attentively in one species (G. _intrepidus_), but he could observe no motion in them[2124].

FOOTNOTES:

[1585] For the reason which induced the authors to use this word instead of _Terminology_, before employed, see VOL. I. _Pref._ p. xii--. They are gratified to see that M. Latreille has adopted this term in the work quoted on the other side, p. 194.

[1586] _Organisation Extérieure des Insectes_, Mém. du Mus. _t._ viii.

[1587] _Ibid._ 199--. I have never been able to procure M. Audoin's _Mémoire_ on this subject.

[1588] _Fundament. Entomolog._ in _Amœn. Acad._ vii. 143.

[1589] _Terminologie_, 1578, &c. He afterwards called the trunk _Stethidium_: _Terminologie der Insekten_ Magaz. 1806. 14.

[1590] _Organisation_, &c. 198.

[1591] In _Nirmus Anseris_, &c. however, in this Order, the same distinction is observable.

[1592] PLATES VIII. & IX. _á_.

[1593] PLATE VIII. _a._

[1594] If the head of any individual of these two Orders be carefully taken off, it will be found that above there is a very short piece representing the _prothorax_, and quite unlike the collar of _Hymenoptera_.

[1595] PLATE VIII. FIG. 1.

[1596] Ibid. FIG. 2. _a´_.

[1597] Ibid. FIG. 1, 10. a.

[1598] Ibid. b.

[1599] Ibid. c.

[1600] Ibid. _b_.

[1601] Ibid. _a_.

[1602] See above, p. 327--.

[1603] Coquebert _Illustr. Ic._ ii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 2, 4.

[1604] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ xxi. _f._ 116.

[1605] _Ibid. t._ xi. _f._ 53.

[1606] PLATE II. FIG. 4.

[1607] PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a_.

[1608] Stoll _Cigales t._ xxviii. _f._ 163.

[1609] _Ibid._ _t._ xxi. _f._ 115. Coquebert _Illust. Ic._ ii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 5.

[1610] Stoll _Spectres_ _t._ xi. _f._ 42. _t._ xii. _f._ 45. _t._ xvi. _f._ 58, 59.

[1611] PLATE IX. FIG. 4.

[1612] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. vii. 374. _t._ xviii. _f._ 9. _i i._

[1613] PLATE IX. FIG. 5.

[1614] _Theatr. Ins._ 98.

[1615] De Geer iv. 74.

[1616] _Organisation Extérieure des Ins._ 177.

[1617] A subgenus, related to _Lebia_ (_Hexagonia_ K. MS.) and some _Cimicidæ_, are so circumstanced.

[1618] _Regne Animal_ iii. _t._ xiii. _f._ 6.

[1619] See above, p. 398.

[1620] PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.

[1621] PLATE VIII. FIG. 10.

[1622] Ibid.

[1623] _Linn. Trans._ vi. _t._ xxi. _f._ 10.

[1624] _Ibid._ _f._ 8.

[1625] PLATE VIII. _b._

[1626] See above, p. 536.

[1627] Something of the kind is observable at the base of the other legs in this tribe.

[1628] Monro _On the Bones_, 160.

[1629] PLATE VIII. _d´._

[1630] Ibid. FIG. 7. _d´._

[1631] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xiv. _t._ iii. _f._ 4. i.

[1632] It is doubtful whether M. Latreille's _Harpalus megacephalus_ is synonymous with _Carabus megacephalus_ Fab. Comp. _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ i. 206. with _Syst. Eleuth._ i. 187. 95.

[1633] VOL. II. p. 317--.

[1634] PLATE VIII. FIG. 11. _b._

[1635] _Linn. Trans._ iv. 53.

[1636] _Syst. Nat._ i. Cancer. Scorpio.

[1637] Moses, when he describes insects as going upon _four_ legs, evidently considers the anterior pair as _arms_; Bochart does the same. _Levit._ xi. 20--. _Hierozoic._ ii. 497.

[1638] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 31.

[1639] PLATE XV. FIG. 5, 6.

[1640] Samouelle _t._ v. _f._ 4.

[1641] PLATE IX. _g._

[1642] Latreille _Organization_ &c., 199. Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 412. c. iv. 54, &c.

[1643] In _Chlorion_, _Ammophila_, &c., this part separates more readily from the alitrunk.

[1644] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 413--. c. iv. 54. This author seems to regard the _collar_ as something peculiar to _Hymenoptera_.

[1645] See above, p. 536.

[1646] PLATE IX. FIG. 11.

[1647] PLATE IX. FIG. 6. a.

[1648] Ibid. FIG. 7. _g´_.

[1649] M. Chabrier (_Vol. des Ins._) supposes that the _humming_ of insects is produced by the exit of the superfluous air from their thoracic spiracles, &c.; in _Melolontha_ he thinks they are in the _metathorax_ under the wings (c. i. 457--. PLATE XXII. FIG. 13. c. †. represents the _operculum_ of one of those of _Dytiscus marginalis_): in the _Hymenoptera_, in the _mesothorax_, near the posterior lobes of the collar (Ibid. 459. c. iv. 50.); and in the _Diptera_, in the _metathorax_, near the poiser (c. i. 457). I observed myself lately, that _Elophilus tenax_, if held by the anterior part of the body, when it hummed, alternately opened and shut this spiracle. The wings during the sound vibrated intensely. The hum ceased and was renewed, as they were restrained from this motion or released from restraint; when the wing was moved towards the head, a different sound was emitted from that produced when it merely vibrated.

[1650] PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _g´._

[1651] PLATES VIII. IX. _i´._

[1652] When the _prothorax_ is separated from the elytra by a kind of isthmus, as in _Scarites_, _Passalus_, &c., the _dorsolum_ is more or less uncovered.

[1653] PLATE VIII. FIG. 16. 20. _i´._

[1654] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _i´._

[1655] Ibid. FIG. 10. _i´._ _k´._

[1656] Ibid. FIG. 1. _i´._ _k´._

[1657] Ibid. FIG. 11. i´.

[1658] PLATES VIII. IX. XXVIII. _k´._

[1659] Audoin, Chabrier, &c.

[1660] Olivier. He seems also to have thought that neither the _Orthoptera_ nor Homopterous _Hemiptera_ have this part. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ x. 112.

[1661] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _k´._

[1662] In _Macraspis_ MacLeay it is often half as big as an elytrum.

[1663] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12. _k´._

[1664] Mr. W. S. MacLeay opposes the _Hemiptera_ to the _Orthoptera_, the _Homoptera_ to the _Neuroptera_, and the _Aptera_ to the _Coleoptera_: but if analogous structure be made the guide, I think my arrangement will be found most correct. _Hor. Entomolog. 367._

[1665] PLATE VIII. FIG. 20. _k´._

[1666] Ibid. FIG. 16. _k´._

[1667] PLATE IX. FIG. 1. _k´._ N. B. This is from _Cossus_ F.

[1668] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _k´._

[1669] Ibid. FIG. 11, 15. _k´._

[1670] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ vi. _Apis._ ** a. _f._ 2. _a a._

[1671] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ xxviii. _f._ 164.

[1672] PLATE IX. FIG. 12. _k´._

[1673] PLATES VIII. IX. XXVIII. _l'._

[1674] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 6. _e´´´._

[1675] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12. _l´._

[1676] Ibid. FIG. 20. _l´._

[1677] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11. _l´._

[1678] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. iii. _t._ viii-v. B. _i._

[1679] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _m´._

[1680] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. iii. 354.

[1681] From πνυμι to breathe and σέγω to cover.

[1682] PLATES VIII. IX. _n_´.

[1683] At first I had named this piece the _antecosta_, and the _mesostethium_ the _postcosta_; and there is certainly some analogy between the thorax of insects, consisting of several pieces that follow each other, and the vertebral column; between their three _sternums_ and the _sternum_, and between their other pieces and the _ribs_ of vertebrate animals. Comp. Chabrier, _ubi supr._ c. iv. 49. note 1.

[1684] PLATES VIII. IX. _o´._

[1685] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12. 13. _o´._ _z´._

[1686] Ibid. FIG. 17. _o´._

[1687] PLATE IX. FIG. 8. _o´._ _z´._

[1688] Ibid. _o´._

[1689] PLATE IX. FIG. 8. a.

[1690] Ibid. FIG. 12. _o´._

[1691] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3, 13. _p´._

[1692] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 4.

[1693] A remarkable instance of analogy is afforded by this genus. In _Erotylus_ there are two groups; one distinguished by gibbous elytra, and the other by flatter ones. The same distinction is observable in _Spheniscus_; for to this genus belongs _Helops fasciatus_ Oliv., which represents the flat _Erotylí_, and even individually _Erotylus trifasciatus_ Oliv., _E. fasciatus F._

[1694] I would restrict this name to the conical-headed _Locustæ_ F.

[1695] PLATE VIII. IX. _t´._ _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 16. c.

[1696] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _t´._

[1697] Ibid. FIG. 12. Comp. _i´_, _k´_, _l´_, with _t´_, _u´_, _v´_.

[1698] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _t´._

[1699] Ibid. FIG. 11. _t´._

[1700] PLATE IX. FIG. 19, 20. _t´._

[1701] See above, p. 558--.

[1702] PLATES VIII. IX. _u´._

[1703] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _u´._

[1704] Ibid. VIII. FIG. 12. _u´_. PLATE IX. 7. _u´._

[1705] PLATES VIII. IX. _v´._

[1706] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _v´._

[1707] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12, 16.; and PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _v´._

[1708] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _w´._

[1709] PLATE XXII. FIG. 14. _w´._

[1710] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 25. _w´._

[1711] Ibid. and PLATE VIII. FIG. 12.; and PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _k´´._

[1712] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. iii. 354.

[1713] See above, p. 572.

[1714] PLATE IX. FIG. 15. _k´´._

[1715] PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _k´´._

[1716] Ibid. FIG. 20. _k´´._

[1717] PLATES VIII. IX. _y´._

[1718] PLATE VIII. FIG. 4. _z´._

[1719] Ibid. _p´´._

[1720] Ibid. _y´._

[1721] PLATE VIII. FIG. 13. _y´._ _a´_ †.

[1722] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 50.

[1723] PLATES VIII. IX. _z´._

[1724] PLATE VIII. FIG. 4. _z´._

[1725] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 15. _z´._

[1726] PLATE IX. FIG. 8. z´.

[1727] PLATES VIII. IX. _a_ †.

[1728] See above, p. 565.

[1729] PLATE VIII. FIG. 8. _a_ †.

[1730] De Geer iv. _t._ iv. _f._ 3. _d d._ _c c._

[1731] PLATE VIII. FIG. 13. _a_ †.

[1732] The history of this parasite has been traced by Dr. Reid; but alas! this learned and acute observer of nature did not live to give his discoveries to the world: it is hoped, however, they will not be lost, being in most able hands.

[1733] PLATE VIII. FIG. 18. and XXII. FIG. 13. _c_ †.

[1734] VOL. II. p. 405.

[1735] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 459.

[1736] Ibid. 457--.

[1737] PLATE XXII. FIG. 13. _c_ †.

[1738] _Mem. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr._ 45--. _Hor. Entomolog._ 411--.

[1739] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _x´_. IX. FIG. 2. _s´_. and XXII. FIG. 5-14.

[1740] PLATE XXII. FIG. 8-11.

[1741] VOL. II. p. 318.

[1742] PLATE XXII. FIG. 8, 11. _h´_.

[1743] PLATE XXII. FIG. 9, 11. _s´_.

[1744] Ibid. FIG. 9. a a.

[1745] Ibid. FIG. 11. a.

[1746] Ibid. b.

[1747] PLATE IX. FIG. 2. _s´._

[1748] PLATE XXII. FIG. 10, 11. _x´._ Comp. _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 16. g.

[1749] PLATE XXII. FIG. 10, 11. d.

[1750] Ibid. FIG. 9. c.

[1751] Ibid. FIG. 10. a.

[1752] Ibid. FIG. 9-11. _l´´._

[1753] PLATE XXII. FIG. 5-7.

[1754] Ibid. FIG. 7.

[1755] Ibid. a.

[1756] Ibid. _e´._

[1757] See above, VOL. I. p. 191. and II. p. 257, 366.

[1758] This machine is described by Dr. Eschscholtz, _Beiträge zur Naturkunde_, &c. Heft. i. 24--. _t._ i. ii.

[1759] PLATE XXII. FIG. 6.

[1760] PLATE XXII. FIG. 6. a.

[1761] Ibid. b.

[1762] Ibid. FIG. 5. _b_ †.

[1763] MacLeay, _Horæ Entomolog._ 9. Chabrier, _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 417.

[1764] PLATE XXII. FIG. 5. b b b.

[1765] Ibid. c.

[1766] Luke xii. 7.

[1767] See above, p. 397--.

[1768] See above, p. 580.

[1769] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 413--.

[1770] See above, p. 402.

[1771] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 446, 448, 451--.

[1772] Ibid. 412.

[1773] Ubi supr. c. ii. 333.

[1774] According to M. Chabrier, who agrees with him, M. Latreille also is of opinion, that the _parapleura_ is the analogue of the posterior _coxæ_. _Ubi supra_, c. ii. 312. Note 2.

[1775] M. Latreille has changed the denomination of this Order to _Rhiphiptera_, because at first he thought that these organs were not at all analogous to elytra or wings; but since, upon further investigation, he appears to admit that they assist in flight (_Annales Génér. des Scienc. Phys._ VI. xviii. 8. Compare MacLeay, _Hor. Entom._ 423. Note *), in common justice he is bound to restore the name originally given to the Order. In the same place of the work here quoted, M. Latreille also speaks of these _pseudelytra_, as I would call them, as appendages of the _mesothorax_: but whoever consults Mr. Bauer's admirable figures of _Xenos Peckii_ (_Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix.), and is aware of the unimpeached and minute accuracy of that admirable microscopic artist, will be convinced that they belong to the _anterior_ legs, and consequently to the _prothorax_.

[1776] PLATE X. and PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 18-23.

[1777] Chabrier, _Analyse_, &c. 27.

[1778] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 568. We have seen above (p. 578.) that the wings of insects are connected with their legs by the _scapula_ and _parapleura_.

[1779] MacLeay, _Hor. Entomolog._ 413--. Mr. MacLeay's opinion seems to receive some confirmation from a circumstance overlooked when the _larvæ_ of insects were treated of above (p. 130--), and to which he alludes (411); namely, that in _that_ state they consist of two segments more than in the _imago_; these follow the three pedigerous segments, have no pro-legs, and are supposed to belong to the trunk rather than to the abdomen. To make this circumstance bear upon the question, it must be proved that in the perfect insect these segments in some manner become the back of the trunk and bear the wings. This would not be more wonderful than many changes that are known to occur in insects.

[1780] Latreille, _Organization extérieure des Ins._ 173--.

[1781] For instance _Meloe_, the female glow-worm, _Lygæus brevipennis_, _Ephemera diptera_, _Cynips aptera_, neuter ants, &c. &c.

[1782] See above, p. 559.

[1783] _Chionea araneoïdes_ Dolm.

[1784] See above, p. 560, and VOL. II. 348, 352--.

[1785] See above, p. 591, Note c.

[1786] De Geer, iii. _t._ xvii. _f._ 10, 11. _f f_. M. Savigny has noticed a part in some _Annelides_, which he regards as analogous to _elytra_. _Système des Annelides_, 4, 9, 11.

[1787] VOL. II. p. 346--.

[1788] PLATES X. and XXVIII. _b^.._

[1789] Ibid. _c^.._

[1790] Ibid. _d^.._

[1791] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 3-5. _b´´´._

[1792] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 439.

[1793] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 10.

[1794] Chabrier _ubi supr._

[1795] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 6-8. _d´´´._

[1796] Ibid. FIG. 3-5. _b´´´._

[1797] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 3.

[1798] PLATE X. FIG. 1. _c´´´._

[1799] PLATE X. FIG. 1. c.

[1800] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 6-8. _d´´´._

[1801] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 8.

[1802] See above, p. 582.

[1803] See above, p. 402--.

[1804] Ibid. 399.

[1805] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ i. c. 428--. c. ii. 325.

[1806] Oliv. _Ins._ No. 97. _Cassida_, _t._ i. _f._ 10.

[1807] See above, p. 397--.

[1808] See above, p. 399--.

[1809] M. Chabrier says that the arc described by the _wings_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_ to that of the _elytra_, is as 200 to less than 50. _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 440.

[1810] PLATE X. FIG. 2. and XXVIII. FIG. 18-20.

[1811] _Magas._ 1806. _Terminologie der Insekt._ 18. 1675.

[1812] PLATE X. FIG. 2. is the tegmen of a _Blatta_ divided into areas.

[1813] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. ii. 327--.

[1814] PLATE X. FIG. 2. _b^.._

[1815] Ibid. _c^.._

[1816] Ibid. _d^.._

[1817] Stoll, _Cigales_, _t._ viii. _f._ 39.

[1818] PLATE X. FIG. 2.

[1819] Stoll _Grillons_ _t._ i. c. _f._ 2.

[1820] Ibid. _Spectres_ _t._ xxv. _f._ 95. and xi. _f._ 42.

[1821] Ibid. _t._ ii. _f._ 5. _Grillons_ _t._ i. c. _f._ 1.

[1822] Ibid. _Spectres_ _t._ xvi. _f._ 58.

[1823] Ibid. _Sauterelles à Sabr._ _t._ iii. _f._ 7. By this name (_Pterophylla_) I distinguish those _Locustæ_ F. without a conical head that are veined like leaves.

[1824] Stoll _Ibid._ _t._ vi. a. _f._ 18. and PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 19.

[1825] Stoll _Sauterel. à Sabr._ _t._ i-iii.

[1826] Ibid. _Spectres_ _t._ iv. _f._ 14.

[1827] Ibid. _Cigales_ _t._ i. _f._ 1, 3-5. and _t._ vi. _f._ 31.

[1828] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ iii. _f._ 12-15. and _t._ xvii. _f._ 92.

[1829] _Linn. Trans._ xii. 449, no. 96.

[1830] VOL. I. p. 395--.

[1831] _Linn. Trans._ xiii. _t._ i. _f._ 14. _Flata_ should come before this genus.

[1832] Of this kind is one of Stoll's _Cigales_, _t._ xxv. _f._ 141.

[1833] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 18.

[1834] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ i. _f._ 1. _t._ x. _f._ 46. _t._ xxix. _f._ 170. _t._ v. _f._ 22. _t._ iv. _f._ 19. &c.

[1835] PLATE X. FIG. 3.

[1836] In Latreille's whole genus _Pentatoma_, including several Fabrician genera, the _Hemelytra_ are more substantial than in the subsequent tribes.

[1837] See above, p. 607.

[1838] Ibid. p. 600.

[1839] My insect, which nearly resembles the Coleopterous genus _Cerylon_ Latr., agrees with Latreille's description in all respects, except that it cannot be said to be _membrana nulla apicali_.

[1840] Chabrier _Analyse_, &c. 24.

[1841] PLATE X. FIG. 3. _b^.._

[1842] Ibid. _c^.._

[1843] Ibid. _d^.._

[1844] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 23. _f´´´_ is the _corium_ and _g´´´_ the _membrana_ of a species of _Reduvius_ F.

[1845] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 23.

[1846] Chabrier _Analyse_, &c. 23.

[1847] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. ii. 325--. and 326. Note 1.

[1848] See above, p. 572--.

[1849] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 9. a.

[1850] See above, p. 572.

[1851] Ibid. p. 560. and PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11. a.

[1852] PLATE IX. FIG. 5.

[1853] Ibid. FIG. 11. 12. _g´´._

[1854] Stoll _Sauterelles à Sabr. t._ iv. _f._ 12. _t._ vi. _f._ 21. &c.

[1855] _Sur le Vol. des Ins._ c. i. 424.

[1856] The idea of dividing the wing of an insect into larger areas seems first to have been acted upon in _Monogr. Apum Angl._ (1801), in which those of _Hymenoptera_ were stated to consist of three portions, viz. _Basis_, _Medium_, _Apex_ (i. 211.); which mode of dividing them was at first adopted by M. Latreille (_Gen. Crust. et Ins_. iii. 226. Note 1.) The same learned author (Ibid. iv. 239.), with regard to the _Diptera_, made a near approximation to the plan of dividing wings into longitudinal areas, but by the addition of a _basal_ area, which interrupts the attention to the communication of the areas with their _axes_, he has rendered his system less perfect. Two of his terms--_Costal Area_ and _Intermediate Area_, are here adopted; but his _Internal_ is changed to the _Anal_ Area, for the term _internal_ belongs rather to the base of the wing. M. Latreille afterwards relinquished both these plans, _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 248--.

[1857] PLATE X. and XXVIII. _b^.._ _i^.._ is the Postcostal Nervure.

[1858] Ibid. _c^.._ _n^.._ is the Anal Nervure.

[1859] Ibid. _d^.._

[1860] PLATE X. FIG. 7. _h^.._ _i^.._ _k^.._

[1861] Ibid. FIG. 8. 9. 12. _a_ *.

[1862] _Sur le Vol. des Ins._ c. i. 428.

[1863] See above, p. 600. 616.

[1864] VOL. II. p. 358--. See above, p. 559.

[1865] VOL. II. p. 346--.

[1866] Jurine _Hymenopt._ 19. and _t._ v.

[1867] PLATE X. FIG. 4.

[1868] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 251.

[1869] See above, p. 564, 578, 591.

[1870] PLATE X. _h^.._

[1871] Ibid. FIG. 4, 11. _m´´´._

[1872] PLATE X. FIG. 14. _k^.._

[1873] Ibid. FIG. 12. _k^.._

[1874] Ibid. FIG. 8. 9.

[1875] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ v. Gen. 47.

[1876] PLATE X. FIG. 4.

[1877] Ibid. a. _n^._, _o^.._

[1878] Ibid. _m^.._

[1879] Ibid. _l^.._

[1880] Ibid. a.

[1881] Ibid. _o´´´._

[1882] PLATE II. FIG. 1. Comp. _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 1.

[1883] PLATE X. FIG. 5.

[1884] Ibid. _n^._, _o^._, _p^.._

[1885] Stoll _Spectres_, _t._ xviii. _f._ 65.

[1886] See above, p. 624.

[1887] Stoll figures _Empusa_ as without them, _t._ ix. _f._ 35. but? I have a nondesc. _Phasma?_ without them.

[1888] Jones in _Linn. Trans._ ii. _t._ viii. _f._ 2.

[1889] _Ibid. f._ 5.

[1890] Jones in _Linn. Trans._ ii. _t._ viii. _f._ 7.

[1891] _Ibid._ _f._ 9.

[1892] _Ibid._ _f._ 2, 3, 6-9.

[1893] I wonder Mr. Jones's plan of ascertaining the divisions or subgenera of butterflies by the neuration of their wings has never been followed up; it would I think furnish an easy clue for the extrication of the tribes of all the _Lepidoptera_. I mean as subsidiary to more important characters.

[1894] PLATE X. FIG. 6. _l^._, _m^.._

[1895] Ibid. FIG. 8.

[1896] PLATE X. FIG. 8. basal _e^._, medial _f^._, apical _g^.._

[1897] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ v. Gen. 48.

[1898] _Ibid._ Gen. 47.

[1899] _Ibid._ Gen. 45, 46. Comp. PLATE X. FIG. 11.

[1900] Jurine _Ibid._ Gen. 43.

[1901] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. Gen. 47.

[1902] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 40.

[1903] _Ibid._ _t._ ii. Gen. 2.

[1904] This is a remarkable insect belonging to _Vespa_ L., related to the hornets (_V. Crabro_), distinguished by having a semicircular piece taken out of the internal margin of each mandible, so that when these organs are closed there is a circular orifice,--whence the name _Cyclostoma_.

[1905] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ ii. Gen. 2.

[1906] _Ibid._ Ord. ii. Gen. 2.

[1907] _Ibid._ _t._ iii. Gen. 3.

[1908] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 41.

[1909] _Ibid._ _t._ xii. Gen. 40.

[1910] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 39.

[1911] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. Gen. 29.

[1912] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 42.

[1913] This _Cynips_ inhabits a long polythalamous gall of the bramble.

[1914] Jurine _Ibid._ _t._ ii. Gen. 11.

[1915] _Ibid._ Ord. ii. Gen. 1.

[1916] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. Gen. 23.

[1917] _Ibid._ Gen. 30-32.

[1918] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 40.

[1919] PLATE X. FIG. 12, 15. _c^.._

[1920] Ibid. FIG. 15. _f^.._

[1921] Ibid. FIG. 12. _g^.._

[1922] Ibid. FIG. 13.

[1923] Ibid. FIG. 15. c.

[1924] Ibid. d.

[1925] Ibid. FIG. 14. e.

[1926] Leach on _Eproboscideous Insects_, _Mem. Wern. Soc._ 1817. _t._ xxv. _f._ 3, 5, 8, &c.

[1927] _Ibid. t._ xxvi. _f._ 7, 10, 13.

[1928] Insects with _short_ elytra of course must fold their wings nearer the base than those with _long_ ones.

[1929] PLATE X. FIG. 4. _o´´´._

[1930] See above, p. 611.

[1931] See above, p. 613, and Chabrier _Analyse_, &c. 24.

[1932] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 5.

[1933] PLATE X. FIG. 5.

[1934] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 22.

[1935] See above, p. 608--.

[1936] Stoll _Grillons_, _t._ iii. c. _f._ 11-13.

[1937] _Ibid._ _t._ i. c. _f._ 1, 2.

[1938] See above, p. 636.

[1939] See above, p. 625.

[1940] Ibid. p. 635, 637. &c.

[1941] PLATE X. FIG. 4, 5. and XXVIII. FIG. 21, 22.

[1942] PLATE X. FIG. 6-14.

[1943] Ibid. FIG. 4, 5. and XXVIII. FIG. 21, 22.

[1944] PLATE X. FIG. 4.

[1945] Ibid. FIG. 5.

[1946] PLATE X. FIG. 6.

[1947] Ibid. FIG. 8-11.

[1948] Ibid. FIG. 12-15.

[1949] PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

[1950] Ibid. FIG. 2.

[1951] In _Gastropacha quercifolia_, &c., amongst the _Nocturnal Lepidoptera_, these sinuses exist, in the upper wing _ten_, and in the lower _nine_, but without the folds.

[1952] PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _s._

[1953] Ibid. FIG. 3.

[1954] For some uses of hairs, see above. p. 399--.

[1955] _Analyse_, 24. He seems to think that certain crooked hairs, in some wings, supply the place of folds. _Ibid._

[1956] PLATE X. FIG. 13.

[1957] Reaum. iv. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 4-11.

[1958] A portion of the antenna of the insect here mentioned is figured PLATE XII. FIG. 23.

[1959] De Geer i. 63--.

[1960] Reaum. i. 200.

[1961] Hoole's _Leeuwenhoek_. i. 63--.

[1962] De Geer has given 34 figures of different scales (i. _t._ iii. _f._ 28); and in PLATE XXII. FIG. 6. a-w. 22 others, collected from Reaumur, are given.

[1963] Stoll _Sauterelles à Sabre_. _Pterophylla ocellata t._ i. ii., _Cigales_, _Fulgora laternaria t._ i. _f._ i., and _F. serrata t._ xxix. _f._ 170.

[1964] _Ibid._ _Sauter. de Passage_, _Locusta Dux t._ i. 5. _L. carinata t._ v. b. _f._ 16. _L. cristata_ _t._ ix. b. _f._ 30. &c. &c.

[1965] PLATE XXV. FIG. 30.

[1966] Scopoli, Hubner.

[1967] PLATE III. FIG. 1.

[1968] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ viii. 257.

[1969] See above, p. 303.

[1970] Sepp. I. i. _t._ vii. _f._ 6.

[1971] Rœmer _Genera t._ xxii. _f._ 2.

[1972] Sepp I. iii. _t._ ii. _f._ 7.

[1973] Ibid. i. _t._ vi. _f._ 7.

[1974] Rœmer _ubi supr. t._ xiv. _f._ 1.

[1975] PLATES _f^._, _r^._, _d_†.

[1976] See above, p. 546--.

[1977] Ibid. 131--.

[1978] VOL. II. p. 307.

[1979] De Geer i. _t._ xx. _f._ 11.

[1980] _Règne Animal._ iii. 546.

[1981] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 44, 45.

[1982] VOL. II. p. 312, 363, 365.

[1983] See above, p. 546--.

[1984] _Anatom. Compar._ i. 453.

[1985] See above, p. 308.

[1986] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 18, 19.

[1987] Mr. Montague describes the legs of _Nycteribia_, as _dorsal_ (_Linn. Trans._ xi. 13); but Dr. Leach calls them _lateral_ (Samouelle, 303).

[1988] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxviii. 247.

[1989] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 4.

[1990] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 58. M. Savigny affirms that these insects cannot have, and really have not, but one pair to each segment; only that the segments are alternately membranous and shelly, and that the former are concealed under the latter (_Anim. sans Vertebr._ I. i. 44.): but, _pace tanti viri_, I cannot discover that any _suture_ separates these portions from each other: so that, admitting his theory, they must be regarded as two segments soldered together.

[1991] It is by this arrangement of the legs that _Pachysoma_ is principally distinguished, as a subgenus, from _Scarabæus_ M^cL.

[1992] See above, p. 37.

[1993] _Monogr. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xi. _Apis_ **. d. 2. α. _f._ 18. ii. 296--.

[1994] Oliv. _Ins._ 68. _t._ i. _f._ 8.

[1995] _Ibid._ n. 6. _t._ iv. _f._ 22.

[1996] See above, p. 305--.

[1997] This variety appears to differ very little from the _Curculio imperialis_ of Fabricius and Olivier, except in the remarkable hairiness of its legs.

[1998] VOL. II. p. 563.

[1999] Oliv. _Ins._ n. 67. _t._ xx. _f._ 156.

[2000] See above, p. 591. Some physiologists have been of opinion, that in _birds_, what is called the _thigh_ should properly be denominated the _tibia_, and that this last is really the _tarsus_. Illiger, _Terminologie_, 184. § 185. n. 1246.

[2001] PLATES XIV. XV. XXVII. _p._

[2002] PLATE XV. FIG. 1. _p´´_, _r´´_.

[2003] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 27.

[2004] L. Dufour, _Descr. des six Arachn._ &c.: _Annales Generales_, &c. 1820. 19. _t._ lxix. _f._ 7. _d_.

[2005] PLATE XIV. XV. XXVII. _q´´_.

[2006] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 195. xxvi. 157.

[2007] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 12. b.

[2008] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 20. _q´´_.

[2009] Ibid. FIG. 28.

[2010] PLATE XIV. XV. XXVII. _r´´_.

[2011] See above, p. 591, 662.

[2012] VOL. II. p. 314--.

[2013] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 12.

[2014] Stoll _Spectres t._ xvi. _f._ 58, 59.

[2015] Ibid. _t._ xviii. _f._ 65.

[2016] Stoll _Spectres t._ vii. _f._ 25.

[2017] _Ibid. t._ viii. _f._ 30.

[2018] _Ibid. ubi supr_.

[2019] _Ibid. t._ x. _f._ 40.

[2020] PLATE XIV. FIG. 5. This appearance of scales on the thighs is principally confined to this tribe.

[2021] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 23.

[2022] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 16.

[2023] PLATE XIV. FIG. 5, and XXVII. FIG. 15. _r´´´._

[2024] PLATES XIV. XV. XXVII. _s´´._

[2025] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 21. _s´´´._ M. Savigny (_Anim. sans Vertèbr._ 1. i. 46. Note _b._) seems to think that this structure obtains in all his _Apiropods_; viz. the Octopod _Aptera_, _Arachnida_, and _Myriapoda_: but it seems to me _evident_ only in the two tribes mentioned in the text.

[2026] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 6, 16, 17. _t´´´._

[2027] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 15. _r´´´._

[2028] Ibid. FIG. 11. _r´´´._

[2029] Ibid. FIG. 10. _t´´´._

[2030] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 8. _Thigh._ a. Protuberance. b. Semicircular cavity, c. Ridge. FIG. 9. _Tibia._ a. Central cavity. b. Ridge. c. Exterior cavity.

[2031] Ibid. FIG. 6. a.

[2032] Ibid. FIG. 7. a.

[2033] Ibid. FIG. 15. Thigh of _Locusta_ Leach, a. Sinus in which the condyle of the tibia works. FIG. 16. Tibia of Do. aa. Lateral condyles. b. Intermediate one.

[2034] Stoll _Punaises_, _t._ x. _f._ 67. _t._ xvi. _f._ 114.

[2035] Stoll _Punaises, t._ ii. _f._ 14. _t._ viii. _f._ 54. _t._ xxviii. _f._ 201. PLATE XV. FIG. 2.

[2036] See above, p. 671.

[2037] Oliv. _Ins._ n. 66. _t._ iii. _f._ 12. Compare _Scarabæus longimanus_, _Ibid_ n. 3. _t._ iv. _f._ 27.

[2038] Stoll _Punaises_, _t._ iii. _f._ 20.

[2039] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 31.

[2040] See above, p. 306--.

[2041] Oliv. _Ins._ n. 68. _t._ i. _f._ 8. comp. n. 67. _t._ xii. _f._ 83. and PLATE XII. FIG. 25. _a._

[2042] VOL. II. p. 365. and PLATE XV. FIG. 5. 6.

[2043] See above, p. 433, Note b. and 404, Note a.

[2044] PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

[2045] It is remarkable that in this tribe _all_ the legs may be called _raptorious_, though the thighs are not incrassated, for they are armed with a double series or more of fine long spurs, which enable them to catch and retain their prey.

[2046] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 35. _v´´´._ _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xix. _f._ 8, 9. See above, VOL. II. p. 331.

[2047] See above, p. 591, 667, &c.

[2048] _Règne Animal_, iii. 191. I have never had an opportunity to consult Bonelli's _Observ. Entomolog._ on the genus _Carabus_ L. in the Memoirs of the Turin Academy.

[2049] PLATE XV. FIG. 6. _v´´´._

[2050] Coquebert _Illustr. Ic._ iii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3. D.

[2051] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 29. _v´´´._

[2052] Most of Latreille's genera of ants are confirmed by differences in their spurs. Thus _Formica_ is 1:1:1; _Ponera_ 1:2:2 with the internal intermediate one pectinated: _Myrmica_ 1:2:2 with all symmetrical, &c.

[2053] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 29. _v´´´._

[2054] Ibid. FIG. 33. _v´´´._

[2055] _Linn. Trans._ iv. 200. Note _a_.

[2056] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 32. _v´´´._

[2057] Ibid. FIG. 36. _a^.._

[2058] PLATES XIV. XV. XXVI. XXVII. _a´´_, _t´´._

[2059] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 44, 46, 47. a.

[2060] By Geoffroy--_Hist. Ins._ i. 58.

[2061] The _Cleridæ_, which M. Latreille has placed in the _pentamerous_ section, vary considerably in the number of their tarsal joints. Thus in general in _Thanasimus_ the _tarsi_ are _pentamerous_; but in _T. formicarius_ they appear to be _heteromerous_; and in _Enoplium_, _Opilo_, _Clerus_ and _Necrobia_ they are _tetramerous_. M. Latreille's expression, (_N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 172.) "le premier article etant fort court et caché sous le second," seems to indicate that there is a _fifth_ joint in some of these, the first being concealed under the second; but I have never been able to discover it. Perhaps he reckoned the _pulvillus_ as a joint?

[2062] The term _heteromerous_ properly belongs to _all_ insects in which the different pairs of tarsi vary _inter se_ in the number of their joints, and it is here used in that large sense.

[2063] These three genera appear _really_ to have only _six_ legs, since the pedipalps or maxillary legs are not armed with claws, while the real representatives of the legs, or three last pair, are so distinguished. In _Phrynus_ and _Thelyphona_ the anterior pair are chelate; but in _Galeodes_ they are pediform, as in the _Araneidæ_, and the great chelæ are the mandibles.

[2064] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 47, 48. _d_ *.

[2065] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 49. _s^.._ a.

[2066] VOL. II. p. 330.

[2067] Dr. Leach says there are _three_ joints in this tribe. _Nat. Misc._ iii. 80.

[2068] From De Geer's description this insect seems related to _Agathidium_ (iv. 221--. _t._ viii. _f._ 21-23). M. Leclerck de Laval discovered it to be _monomerous_. _Règne Animal_, iii. 365.

[2069] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 22.

[2070] See above, p. 311. Note a.

[2071] _Melolontha sericea_ and _aurulenta_. _Linn. Trans._ xii. 463. 400. belong to this subgenus.

[2072] See above, p. 335--.

[2073] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 25.

[2074] PLATE XIV. FIG. 7. _t´´._

[2075] Ibid. FIG. 6. _t´´._

[2076] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 47.

[2077] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 41.

[2078] PLATE XV. FIG. 9.

[2079] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _neut._ _f._ 20.

[2080] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 44. _s^.._

[2081] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 26. _w´´´._

[2082] See above, p. 396.

[2083] L. Dufour _Descr. de six Arachnides_. Annales, &c. 1820. 19.

[2084] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 51. is the posterior claw of _Hoplia_.

[2085] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 14.

[2086] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 52.

[2087] Ibid. FIG. 46.

[2088] Ibid. FIG. 53, 54.

[2089] Ibid. FIG. 49.

[2090] Ibid. FIG. 38.

[2091] Ibid. FIG. 39.

[2092] This structure is not general in this genus.

[2093] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 40.

[2094] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 14.

[2095] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 43.

[2096] Ibid. FIG. 47.

[2097] Ibid. FIG. 48.

[2098] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 53.

[2099] Ibid. FIG. 51.

[2100] Ibid. FIG. 47.

[2101] Ibid. FIG. 56. _a_ψ, _f_*.

[2102] Ibid. FIG. 49. _a_ψ, _f_*.

[2103] VOL. II. p. 326--.

[2104] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 1.

[2105] For other instances of this structure, see above, p. 336.

[2106] De Geer, iii. 7.

[2107] Ibid. vii. 84. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 60, 63.

[2108] Ibid. FIG. 61.

[2109] VOL. II. p. 327--.

[2110] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 59.

[2111] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3.

[2112] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 53.

[2113] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 54. _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xviii. _f._ 9-11.

[2114] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 55. _t._

[2115] PLATE XV. FIG. 9. a.

[2116] Ibid. b.

[2117] _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xx. _f._ 9, 12-15.

[2118] _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xx. _f._ 4, 11.

[2119] See above, p. 305--.

[2120] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 50.

[2121] Amouroux _Insectes Venimeux_, 44.

[2122] _Observations Nouvelles_, &c. Mém. du Mus. viii. 177.

[2123] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xii. 370.

[2124] _Descr. de six Arachnides_, &c. Annales Gen. des Scienc. Phys. 1820. 19. _t._ lxix. _f._ 7. _d._