Chapter XXI: The Fishes of the Deep Sea 296

Deep-sea fishes a recent discovery, 296--Physical conditions affecting
these fishes, 297--Characteristics of Deep-sea fishes, 299--Their
vertical and horizontal distribution, 304--List of Deep-sea
fishes, 305.

SYSTEMATIC AND DESCRIPTIVE PART.

FIRST SUB-CLASS--PALÆICHTHYES.

PAGE
FIRST ORDER--CHONDROPTERYGII 313

I. _Plagiostomata_ 313

A. _Selachoidei--Sharks_ 314

Families: Carchariidæ (Blue Shark, Tope, Hammerhead,
Hound), 316--Lamnidæ (Porbeagle, Carcharodon,
Fox-Shark, Basking-Shark), 319--Rhinodontidæ,
323--Notidanidæ, 324--Scylliidæ (Dog-fishes),
325--Hybodontidæ, 328--Cestraciontidæ (Port Jackson
Shark), 328--Spinacidæ (Spiny Dogs, Greenland
Shark), 330--Rhinidæ, 334--Pristiophoridæ, 335.

B. _Batoidei--Rays_ 335

Families: Pristidæ (Saw-fishes), 336--Rhinobatidæ,
337--Torpedinidæ (Electric Rays), 338--Rajidæ (Rays
and Skates), 340--Trygonidæ (Sting Rays), 342--Myliobatidæ
(Eagle Rays), 344.

II. _Holocephala_ 348

Family: Chimæridæ, 348.

SECOND ORDER--GANOIDEI 350

I. _Placodermi_ 351

II. _Acanthodini_ 355

III. _Dipnoi_ 355

Families: Sirenidæ (Lepidosiren, Protopterus, Ceratodus),
355--Ctenododipteridæ, 359--Phaneropleuridæ, 360.

IV. _Chondrostei_ 360

Families: Acipenseridæ (Sturgeons), 360--Polyodontidæ,
362.

V. _Polypteroidei_ 363

Families: Polypteridæ, 364--Saurodipteridæ,
365--Coelacanthidæ, 365--Holoptychidæ, 365.

VI. _Pycnodontoidei_ 366

Families: Pleurolepidæ, 366--Pycnodontidæ, 366.

VII. _Lepidosteoidei_ 367

Families: Lepidosteidæ, 367--Sauridæ, 368--Stylodontidæ,
368--Sphærodontidæ, 368--Aspidorhynchidæ,
369--Palæoniscidæ, 369--Platysomidæ, 370.

VIII. _Amioidei_ 370

Families: Caturidæ, 371--Leptolepidæ, 371--Amiidæ
(Bow-fin), 371.

SECOND SUB-CLASS--TELEOSTEI.

FIRST ORDER--ACANTHOPTERYGII 374

I. _A. perciformes_ 374

Families: Percidæ (Freshwater-Perches, Bass, Sea-Perches,
Centrarchus), 375--Squamipinnes (Coral-Fishes),
397--Mullidæ (Red-Mullets), 403--Sparidæ
(Sea-breams), 405--Hoplognathidæ, 410--Cirrhitidæ,
410--Scorpænidæ, 412--Nandidæ, 418--Polycentridæ,
418--Teuthididæ, 418.

II. _A. beryciformes_ 419

Family: Berycidæ, 420.

III. _A. kurtiformes_ 424

Family: Kurtidæ, 424.

IV. _A. polynemiformes_ 425

Family: Polynemidæ, 425.

V. _A. sciæniformes_ 426

Family: Sciænidæ (Meagres), 426.

VI. _A. xiphiiformes_ 431

Family: Xiphiidæ (Sword-fishes), 431.

VII. _A. trichiuriformes_ 433

Families: Trichiuridæ (Scabbard-fishes, Hairtails),
433--Palæorhynchidæ, 437.

VIII. _A. cotto-scombriformes_ 438

Families: Acronuridæ (Surgeons), 438--Carangidæ
(Horse-Mackerels, Pilot-fish, Boar-fish), 440--Cyttidæ
(John Dorey), 450--Stromateidæ, 452--Coryphænidæ
(Dolphin, Sun-fish), 452--Nomeidæ,
455--Scombridæ (Mackerel, Tunny, Bonito, Albacore,
Sucking-fish), 456--Trachinidæ (Stare-gazer,
Weever, etc.), 462--Malacanthidæ, 467--Batrachidæ,
467--Psychrolutidæ, 469--Pediculati (Angler,
Antennarius, etc.), 469--Cottidæ (Bull-heads, Gurnards),
476--Cataphracti (Flying Gurnards), 480--Pegasidæ,
482.

IX. _A. gobiiformes_ 483

Families: Discoboli (Lump-suckers), 483--Gobiidæ
(Gobies, Dragonets), 485.

X. _A. blenniiformes_ 490

Families: Cepolidæ (Band-fishes), 490--Trichonotidæ,
490--Heterolepidotidæ, 491--Blenniidæ (Wolf-fish,
Blennies), 492--Acanthoclinidæ, 498--Mastacembelidæ,
499.

XI. _A. mugiliformes_ 499

Families: Sphyrænidæ (Barracudas), 499--Atherinidæ
(Atherines), 500--Mugilidæ (Mullets), 501.

XII. _A. gastrosteiformes_ 504

Families: Gastrosteidæ (Sticklebacks), 504--Fistulariidæ
(Flute-mouths), 507.

XIII. _A. centrisciformes_ 508

Family: Centriscidæ, 508.

XIV. _A. gobiesociformes_ 510

Family: Gobiesocidæ, 512.

XV. _A. channiformes_ 513

Family: Ophiocephalidæ, 513.

XVI. _A. labyrinthibranchii_ 514

Families: Labyrinthici (Climbing Perch, Gourami),
514--Luciocephalidæ, 519.

XVII. _A. lophotiformes_ 519

Family: Lophotidæ, 519.

XVIII. _A. tæniiformes_ 520

Family: Trachypteridæ (Ribbon-fishes), 520.

XIX. _A. notacanthiformes_ 523

Family: Notacanthidæ, 523.

SECOND ORDER--ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI 523

Families: Pomacentridæ (Coral-fishes), 524--Labridæ
(Wrasses, Parrot-wrasses), 525--Embiotocidæ,
533--Chromides, 534.

THIRD ORDER--ANACANTHINI 537

I. _A. gadoidei_ 537

Families: Lycodidæ, 537--Gadidæ (Cod-fishes, Hake,
Burbot, Ling, Rockling, Torsk), 539--Ophidiidæ
(Brotula, Fierasfer, Sand-eel, Congrogadus),
546--Macruridæ, 551.

II. _A. pleuronectoidei_ 553

Family: Pleuronectidæ (Flat-fishes), 553.

FOURTH ORDER--PHYSOSTOMI 559

Families: _Siluridæ_; their skeleton, 559--divided into
eight subdivisions and sixteen groups; Clariina,
563--Plotosina, 563--Silurina, 565--Hypophthalmina,
566--Bagrina, 567--Amiurina, 567--Pimelodina,
568--Ariina, 569--Doradina, 572--Rhinoglanina,
573--Malapterurina (Electric Catfish), 574--Hypostomatina
(Preñadillas, Loricaria, etc.), 575--Aspredinina,
580--Nematogenyina and Trichomycterina, 581--Stegopholina,
581.

Families of Physostomi continued: Scopelidæ,
582--_Cyprinidæ_ (Carps), 587--divided into fourteen
groups, viz. Catostomina (Suckers), 588--Cyprinina (Carp,
Crucian Carp, Gold-fish, Barbels, Gudgeons),
589--Rohteichthyina, 596--Leptobarbina, 597--Rasborina,
597--Semiplotina, 598--Xenocypridina, 598--Leuciscina
(White fish, Tench, Dace, etc.), 598--Rhodeina,
601--Danionina, 601--Hypophthalmichthyina,
602--Abramidina (Bream, Bleak), 602--Homalopterina,
604--Cobitidina (Loaches), 604.

Families of Physostomi continued: Kneriidæ,
606--Characinidæ, 606--Cyprinodontidæ, 613--Heteropygii
(Blind Fish of the Mammoth Cave), 618--Umbridæ,
619--Scombresocidæ (Gar-pike, Saury, Half-beak, Flying
Fish), 619--Esocidæ (Pike), 623--Galaxiidæ, 624--Mormyridæ,
625--Sternoptychidæ, 627--Stomiatidæ, 629.

Families of Physostomi continued--_Salmonidæ_: Salmo,
difficulty of distinguishing species, 630; constant
specific characters, 635--hybrids, 638--sexual development,
638--migratory species and their retention in freshwater,
639--Growth of Salmonoids, 641--their domestication and
acclimatisation, 641--species enumerated, 642--Smelt and
Capelin, 646--Coregonus, 647--Grayling, 649--marine
genera, 650.

Families of Physostomi continued: Percopsidæ,
651--Haplochitonidæ, 651--Gonorhynchidæ, 652--Hyodontidæ
(Moon-eye), 653--Pantodontidæ, 653--Osteoglossidæ,
653--Clupeidæ (Herrings, Anchovies, Shads, Mossbanker,
Menhaden, etc.), 655--Bathythrissidæ, 663--Chirocentridæ,
663--Alepocephalidæ, 664--Notopteridæ, 664--Halosauridæ,
665--Hoplopleuridæ, 665--Gymnotidæ (Electric Eel),
666--Symbranchidæ, 668--Murænidæ (Eels, Congers, Murænas,
etc.), 669.

FIFTH ORDER--LOPHOBRANCHII 678

Families: Solenostomidæ, 678--Syngnathidæ (Pipe-fishes,
Sea-horses), 679.

SIXTH ORDER--PLECTOGNATHI 683

Families: Sclerodermi (File-fishes, Coffer-fishes),
684--Gymnodontes (Globe-fishes, Sun-fish), 686.

THIRD SUB-CLASS--CYCLOSTOMATA.

Families: Petromyzontidæ (Lampreys), 691--Myxinidæ, 694.

FOURTH SUB-CLASS--LEPTOCARDII.

Family: Cirrhostomi (Lancelets), 696.