Chapter II: Front Matter (2)

It may be that from a misunderstanding of the word _tautology_, as the name of a bad kind of speech-trimming, men have often shunned the good use of words.

The bad tautology from which speakers have been so frayed seems to be the giving twice or many times, within one scope of thought-wording, the same matter of speech in the same words.

It is true that it would not be good wording to say ‘John has sold _John’s_ horse’ for ‘_his_ horse’ since the name-tokens are shapen to stand for foregiven names.

But where the same foreused word would give a very clear--if not the clearest--meaning, there seems to be little ground against the use of it.

‘I bought a horse on Monday and a donkey on Tuesday, and sold the _horse_ again at a gain on Thursday.’ Why should not the word _horse_ take the latter place as well as the word _steed_, or equine animal, or ‘more worthy beast’--or why should I not as well say, ‘An ass I want, and an ass I will buy,’ as ‘An ass I want, and a donkey, or _it_ or _him_, I will buy’?

It seems that much wrong is done to the Greek of the Gospel by the putting, for the same Greek word, sundry English ones at sundry passages; and by what right do we try an Evangelist’s or an Apostle’s wisdom in the use of the same word, by which he must have meant to give the same meaning? or why should we make him to mean by κρίσις, at one time, a trying of a soul, and at another time a fordooming of him?

It is not any tautology to use near to each other a thing-name and a mark-word which are only fellow stem-words, as ‘As _free_, and not using your _freedom_ for a cloke of wickedness.’

2. Another care in speech-trimming is the choice of words for their sound-sweetness (Gr. _euphony_) or well-soundingness, or for speech-readiness.

_Past_, with the hissing _s_ with _t_, is less sound-good than _after_; and _aqueduct_, with _ct_, is less well-sounding than _waterlode_; nor is _cataract_ softer than _waterfall_.

The hereunder given wordings were lately heard in a law court:--

‘I can give you _one or two instances_ of remarkable intelligence in the cases of fat men’; and

A Juror--‘There _are one or two fat men_ on the jury (laughter).’

Dr. K.--‘I don’t think there are.’

How should these cases be treated? In the first case, ‘one instances’ is a breach of word-matching, as would be ‘two instance’; and in the latter, the word _one_ calls for _man_, and _two_ for _men_. May we not better say, ‘I can give you at least one instance,’ or ‘I believe more instances than one’?

‘A man who has already, and will still, render such services will be,’ &c. _Rendered_ is understood after _has_; but how may the thought be worded without the two puttings of the word _render_? Thus: ‘a man who will still be, as he has already been, found to render,’ &c.

_Penetrate_ means insink, inpierce. M. Gambetta writes, ‘After the heroic examples given by open towns, and by villages only guarded by their firemen, it is absolutely necessary that each town, each commune, shall pay its debt to the national defence, and that all alike be _penetrated_ by the task which is imposed upon France.’ It seems a queer speech-wording to take a _task_ as a thing that _penetrates_, though it might be undertaken.

A bad wording is often found with mark-words of the higher pitch, as ‘Alfred was more clever, but not so good, _as_ John.’ ‘Not so good’ is an inwedged word-cluster, but the word-setting is bad, as ‘more clever’ calls for the word _than_, not _as_; and ‘so good’ wants _as_, not _than_. It would be better to say ‘Alfred was more clever, but less good, than John.’ To try the word-setting take out the wedge-words (‘but not so good’), and you will have ‘Alfred was more clever _as_ John.’

_Dislike_ seems a bad word-shape. _Mislike_ is the old and true English one. _Like_ is from _lic_, a shape, as _lich_, the body of a dead man. ‘It _liketh_ (licað) me well’ is ‘it _shapes_ itself (looketh) to me well.’ ‘It _misliketh_ me’ is ‘it _misshapes_ itself to me’ (looks bad).

To _seem_ is from the thing-name--_sam_, _seam_, _seem_, body or mass--and ‘it _seems_ to me’ is ‘it _bodies_ itself to me.’ ‘That ship _seems_ to be a French one,’ or ‘that man _seems_ to be ill,’ _bodies_ itself or himself to be a French one or ill.

‘The house and the goods _were_ burnt’; but ‘the house with the goods _was_ (not _were_) burnt,’ since it is only the house that is in the speech-case, as the goods are in the mate-case. ‘The house _was_ burnt with the goods.’

‘_One_ of the children _are_ come.’ No--_is_ come. The one only is come.

In our taking of time-words from the Latin in the shape of the past participle, we get at last a queer shape of word. Take the Latin _reg-_ of _rego_, to reach or straighten, as a line, and our word _reck_. From _reg_ comes _regtus_, _rectus_. Here the _t_ answers to our _d_ (German _t_ of _ed_ and _et_). Then _rec-t_ answers to _reck’d_. Now put on _ed_ to each, and _rec-t_ becomes _rec-t-ed_, as in _direc-t-ed_; and _reck’d_ becomes _reck-d-ed_, showing that _directed_ is truly _direg-ed-ed_, and too like _reck-ed-ed_, as ‘He _reck-ed-ed_ nought.’

We may often hear a man who is careful to speak good English say ‘This rose smells very sweetly,’ for sweet. The rose smells (gives out smell) as being itself very sweet, not as smelling (taking in smell) in a sweet way. To find which to use, the thing-markword or the under-markword, put ‘_as being_’ after the time-word, as ‘This rose smells (as being itself) _sweet_,’ not sweetly.

‘Can you smell now? you had, the other day, lost your smelling?’ ‘Yes, I smell very _nicely_.’ Not I smell as being myself very _nice_. A rose cannot smell any other thing, and so cannot smell it _nicely_.

‘Mary sings very _charmingly_,’ but ‘Mary looks very _charming_.’

‘John looks _pale_,’ but ‘John looks very _narrowly_ into that gold-work.’

‘I can taste _well_,’ ‘That peach tastes _good_.’

To have seen a man at a bygone time would mean that the seeing was before that bygone time; but we sometimes hear a man say, ‘I should (yesterday) have been very glad to have seen you (if you had called yesterday).’ That is, by wording, ‘I should have been very glad (yesterday) to have seen you (at a time before yesterday),’ not to see you yesterday; and yet that is what the speaker means. ‘I should have been very glad (yesterday) to see you (yesterday),’ or ‘I should be very glad to-day to have seen you yesterday.’

3. Odd word-shapes are not in the main choice-worthy.

Our time-word _go_ is of unwontsome conjugation, as its foretime shape _went_ is not shapen from _go_, but is a shape of another word, _wend_.

So the forlessening name, _leveret_ for a _hareling_, and _cygnet_ for a _swanling_, are unwontsome, as being words of another speech.

4. There is a greater or less freedom of _word-shifting_ (Gr. _anastrophe_, up-shifting or back-shifting), as _up_ in ‘Fasten it _up_ well,’ ‘fasten it well _up_’; or _back_ in ‘He brought _back_ the saw,’ or ‘he brought the saw _back_’; ‘There is none to dispute _my right_,’ or ‘_my right_ there is none to dispute.’

Why should not English, like other tongues, more freely form words with headings of case-words, as _downfalls_, _incomings_, _offcuttings_, _outgoings_, _upflarings_, instead of the awkward falls-down, comings-in, cuttings-off, goings-out, flare-ups; or _offcast_ (for cast-off) clothes; or a _downbroken_ (for a broken-down) schoolmaster; _outlock_ or _outlocking_ (for a lock-out); the _uptaking_ beam (for the taking-up beam) of an engine?

Oddly-shapen or Oddly-taken Words.

Mongrel (hybrid) words, or words partly from one tongue and partly from another.

Twy-speechwords are a sore blemish to our English, as they seem to show a scantiness of words which would be a shame to our minds; as,

_Sub-warder_ for under-warder.
_Pseudo-sailor_ for sham-sailor.
_Ex-king_ for rodless or crownless king.
_Prepaid_ for forepaid.
_Bi-monthly_ for fortnightly or every fortnight.

Wordiness (Verbosity).

As ‘The train ran _with extraordinary velocity_,’ for ‘the train ran _very fast_.’

‘Alfred did the business _with perfect fidelity_;’ for ‘Alfred did the business _faithfully_.’

Thence much of the wordiness of our written, if not spoken, composition.

The ‘New York Times’ thus explains how it was that the flames got to the roof in the burning of the Fifth Avenue Hotel:--‘Fire always is aspirant, the sole exception being where incandescent masses fall down, and so act as a medium of ignition.’

The hard breathing (aspirate) is often wrongly dropped or misput by less good speakers; but, while the upper ranks laugh at them for their mistakes, they themselves, like our brethren of Friesland and Holstein, often drop it from words to which it of right belongs, and mainly from the hard-breathed =W= or the Saxon =HW= (our =WH=).

What, _wat_ (Hols.)
When, _wanne_ (Fri.)
Where, _wâr_ (Fri.)
Wheel, _weel_ (Fri.)
Whelp, _welp_ (Fri.)
While, _wile_ (Fri.)
White, _wit_ (Fri.)
(It is bad.)

Shall we soon hear ‘Wet the ’ook with a wetstone’ for ‘Whet the hook with a whetstone’?

Some Englishmen would say, ‘The ’ammer is on the hanvil’; and some have been known to say, ‘’enry ’it ’orace with the ’ollow of ’is ’and,’ for ‘Henry hit Horace with the hollow of his hand.’

English mark-timewords (participles) are of two kinds--one of an ongoing time-taking, as ‘the _rising_ sun’; and another of the ended time-taking, as ‘the _risen_ sun’; and they are of a few sundry shapes, some ending with _-en_, _-n_, as _broken_, and others ending with _-ed_, _-d_; and some without an ending, as _cut_.

1. In _-en_, those which are of one breath-sound, and moulded so that the bygone time-shape takes the sound (7) _o_[2]:--

[2] See Table of Sounds, p. 1.

Bore, borne.
Broke, broken.
Chose, chosen.
Clove, cloven.
Drove, driven.
Froze, frozen.
Rode, ridden.
Rose, risen.
Shore, shorn.
Smote, smitten.
Spoke, spoken.
Stole, stolen.
Strode, stridden.
Strove, striven.
Swore, sworn.
Tore, torn.
Throve, thriven.
Trode, trodden.
Wore, worn.

2. Some one-sounded and moulded time-words, of the sound (8) in the shape for bygone time, take _-en_, _-n_; as,

Draw, drew, drawn.
Grow, grew, grown.
Know, knew, known.
Throw, threw, thrown.
Flow, flew, flown.
Slay, slew, slain.

Unmoulded time-words take _-ed_, but a few of them take _-ed_ or _-en_; as,

Grave, graved, {graved,
{graven.

These following, as is shown by the Saxon, ought to take _-ed_ rather than _-en_:--

Hew.
Rive.
Show.

_Shape_, _shave_, and _swell_ were in Saxon moulded, and thence took _-en_.

There is a set of time-words which were weak, but are now endingless in their mark-word shape. They ended with a roof-penning _-t_ or _-d_, and the roof-penning of the ending _-ed_ ran at last into the roof-penning of the stems in the way shown on p. 22, and their mark-word shapes are the same as those for bygone time.

Cast.
Cost.
Cut.
Hit.
Let.
Put.
Rid.
Set.
Shoot.
Shut.
Split.
Spread.
Shed.

SHORTENED SHAPES (p. 23).

Bred.
Crept.
Dealt.
Fed.
Fled.
Left.
Lost.
Slept.
Sped.
Spilt.
Swept.
Wept.

One-sounded root time-words are mostly endingless in their mark-word shape:--

Sing, sang, _sung_.

WORDS OF SPEECH-CRAFT, AND OTHERS, ENGLISHED.

WITH SOME NOTES.

=Ablative= (fromness case). The case of the source of the time-taking.

=Abnormal.= Unshapely, queer of shape, odd.

=Abrade.= To forfray, forfret. For _for-_ see For- hereafter.

=Absist.= Forbear.

=Absorb.= Forsoak.

=Absolute.= _Checkless_, freed or loosened from checks.

=Absolve.= To forfree-en, forloosen.

=Abstract= (in speech-craft). Unmatterly, not of matterly form.

=Accelerate.= To onquicken, quicken.

=Accent.= Word-strain, a strain of the voice, higher or lower, on a breath-sound.

=Accessary.= A bykeeper, deedmate.

=Accidence.= The forshapenings of words for case, tale, time, mood, or person.

=Accusative= (case). End-case, the case of a thing which is the end or aim of a time-taking.

=Acephalous.= Headless.

=Acoustics.= Sound-lore, hearing-lore.

=Active.= Sprack (Wessex), doingsome, doughty.

=Active= (time-taking). One that can reach from the time-taker to another thing; as, ‘to strike.’ John can strike another thing.

=Acute.= Sharp or high in sound.

=Adjective.= Thing-markword, mark-word.

=Adulation.= Flaundering, glavering.

=Adverb.= An under-markword.

=Adversative.= Thwartsome.

=Aerology.= Air-lore.

=Aeronaut.= Airfarer.

=Affirmation.= Foraying, or a _foryeaing_, not a _fornaying_; as, ‘Yes, he is.’

=Agglutinate.= To upcleam, to cleam up.

=Aggregate.= The main, whole.

=Allative= (case). A name given by some writers to that of a thing at which the time-taking is aimed (the aim case).

=Alienate.= To unfrienden.

=Allegory.= A forlikening.

=Alliteration.= Mate-pennings (_i.e._ Breath-pennings).

=Alone.= _All-án_, all-one:--‘Nen manniska buta God _al ena_.‘--W. Friesic. ‘No man, but God all-one (alone.)’

=Altercation.= A brangle, brangling, brawling.

=Ambiguous.= Twy-sided, twy-meaning:--‘Alfred was struck as he was walking with a stout stick.’ _Struck_ or _walking_ with a stick? (twy-sided.) ‘Those shoes were made before the man that made them.’ _Before_ in time, or _before_ not behind?

=Amicable.= Friendly:--‘We have lived in amicable relations’ (friendly, in friendliness).

=Amphibious.= Twy-breath’d, twy-aired: by lungs and gills.

=Amphibology.= A twy-casting, a wording of two meanings.

=Amphimacrum.= Long sidelings, long end-sounds. A foot (in verse) of one short sound between two long ones, or of a low sound between two high ones; as, Tó and fró.

=Amputate.= Forcarve.

=Anachronism.= A mistiming.

=Anagram.= A letter-shuffling; as, out of ‘name’ to
1234
make ‘mane,’ or of ‘march’ to make ‘charm.’
3214

=Analysis.= A forloosening or unmaking of a word or wording, or any thing, into its sundry clear pieces.

=Anastrophe.= A word-shifting; as, ‘Fasten it _up well_,’ ‘Fasten it _well up_.’ ‘He brought _back_ the horse,’ or ‘He brought the horse _back_.’ ‘There is none to dispute _my right_,’ or ‘_My right_ there is none to dispute.’

Anastrophe affords a case
Of the shifting of words from place to place.

=Ancestor.= Fore-elder, kin-elder.

=Animate.= To quicken.

=Annals.= Year-bookings.

=Annihilate.= To fornaughten.

=Anniversary.= Year-day.

=Annuity.= Year-dole.

=Antanaclasis.= Twy-hitting on a word:--‘If _shape_ that was which had no _shape_.’ ‘It is the best _art_ that conceals _art_.’

By antanaclasis is heard
Aloud once more a former word.

=Anodyne.= Pain-dunting, pain-dilling. (_Dill_, _-n_, to dunt, to soothe.)

=Anomalous.= Odd-shaped, oddly shapen.

=Antepenultimate= (breath-sound). Last but two.

=Anticipate.= To foreween, foretake.

=Antique.= Ancient, _fore_old, _ere_old. _Old_ for things in being, _fore_old or _ere_old for things forgone.

=Antithesis.= An atsetting.

=Antonomasia.= Name-shunning, the marking of a man by other words than his name; as, ‘The honourable member for A.,’ instead of ‘Mr. B.’

=Aphæresis.= Foredocking of a word; as, _pothecary_ for _apothecary_, _nob_ for _knob_.

=Aphorisms.= Thought-cullings.

=Apocope.= End-lopping; as _mortal_ for _mortalis_, _send_ for _send-an_.

=Apodosis.= The hank time-taking to a hinge one (_protasis_):--‘If ye ask (hinge), ye shall receive (hank).’

=Aposiopésis.= A tongue-checking; as, ‘Do you think----but I reck not what you think.’

=Apostrophe.= An offturning.

=Appellative= (name). A call-name.

=Appendix.= Hank, hank-matter.

=Apposition.= A twy-naming, a putting of two names for one thing; as, ‘The dog Toby.’

=Aptote.= Casemarkless.

=Aqueduct.= Waterlode.

=Arbitrator.= Daysman (Job ix. 33).

=Armistice.= A weapon-staying, weapon-stay, war-pause.

=Articulation.= Breath-penning.

=Aspirate.= A breathing, hard breathing.

=Assimilate.= To make of the same _sam_ (form of matter) or _lic_ (bodily form of a thing). To assimilate food, to forselfen it, to make it into a man’s self.

=Asylum= has with us widely shifted its first meaning. An _asylon_ was a sanctuary where a man was _asylos_, not to be pulled away (from _a_, _sylao_) by a foe. Now it often means a place whence a man cannot get away.

=Asyndeton.= Linklessness. The putting of words without link-words; as, ‘Faith, hope, charity,’ for ‘Faith _and_ hope _and_ charity.’

Asyndeton puts side by side
Strong words, by ne’er a linkword tied.

=Atmosphere.= Welkin-air.

=Attraction.= A _fordrawing_, a drawing of a word out of its true case or tale by another word to which it is nearer than to the one which it should match; as, ‘Neither of the men _are_ (for _is_) come.’ Where the time-word would most likely have been drawn into the somely shape by its nearness to men.

Attraction may be _misdrawing_.

=Augment.= An eking, eking on or out.

=Auxiliary.= Outeking or helping.

=Be-= (a fore-eking, meaning _by_, _to_, _about_). _Bebutton_ a coat, to put buttons to it; _becloke_ school-children, give them clokes; _becloud_, obnubilate; _beflood_, inundate; _behem_, bebound or circumscribe; _bereek_, fumigate.

=Belligerent.= War-waging.

=Bibulous.= Soaksome.

=Bicornous.= Twy-horned.

=Bidental.= Two-teeth, two-teethed.

=Bilateral.= Two-sided:--‘These articles would be considered a public _bilateral_ contract, and would form the subject of an agreement with the Powers having Catholic subjects.’ _Bilateral_ contract is put for _bipartite_, a contract by or between two sides, or of men of two sides; but it would seem that the Romans did not call the two sides in a contract or cause _latera_, but _partes_--‘Parte utrâque auditâ.’--_Plin. Jun._

_Latera_ are the sides of a body or space.

=Binocular.= Two-sighted.

=Bipennated= (as an axe). Twy-bladed.

=Botany.= Wortlore.

=Cardinal= (numbers). Tale-numbers; as, one, two, three.

=Catachresis.= A misuse (of a word); as, an _iron milestone_; a _parricide_ for one who has killed his mother; _dilapidated_ for a ragged coat.

=Chemistry.= Matter-lore, the science of matter.

=Chronology.= Time-lore.

=Cinereous.= Ash-grey.

=Circular= (a trade-circular). A touting-sheet or -bill.

=Circumference.= Rim, rimreach.

=Circumflex.= A roundwinding, a winding of the voice up and down again.

=Clause.= A word-cluster in a thought-wording.

=Cognate.= Kin, akin. _Cognate_ breath-pennings; as, =T=, =D=, both on the roof.

=Collective= (name). That of a cluster or a many or a body of single things; as, a club, a herd.

=Colon.= Gr. _kōlon_, a limb or member. A mark for a limb, or marked share of a thought-bewording.

=Colophon.= Book-end.

=Comma.= Gr. _komma_, a cut or share. A mark for the offcutting of small shares of a discourse.

=Complement.= An _upfilling_ or _outfilling_ in words.

=Compound.= Clustered or a cluster, a clustered word, as _horseman_, or a thought-wording of two or more smaller ones.

=Concord.= A matching.

=Concrete.= Matterly.

=Conditional= (mood). Hinge-mood (p. 34).

=Conjugation= (of a time-word). The forfitting of it, the fortrimming of it.

=Conjunction.= A link-word.

=Conjunctive.= Linked, byholding.

=Consonant.= A letter for any breath-penning.

=Construction.= A word-setting, speech-trimming (see p. 36).

=Contraction.= An updrawing:--_I’ll_ for I will, _sinn’d_ for sinnèd.

=Co-ordinate.= Rank-mate, row-mate.

=Copula.= A link or bond.

=Correlative= (words). Mate-words.

=Crasis.= Sound-blending, sound-welding.

=Dactyl.= Gr. _daktylos_. A foot (in verse) of one long and two short sounds, or of one high and two low sounds, as _cheerily_.

=Dative.= Giving.

=Deciduous= (plant). Fallsome. (Does it mean that only the leaves fall, or that the whole stem falls?) An elm is summer-green or leaved, and winter-sear. Holly is ever-green or winter-leaved. Parsley or the nettle is summer-stemm’d and winter-fallsome.

=Decimate.= To tithe:--‘Breech-loading rifles would so decimate columns.’ _Decimate_ (_decimo_, from _decem_, ten, in Latin) was to take for death every tenth man of a body that had behaved very badly. The word _decimate_ is now used very loosely, as meaning to cut up.

=Defective.= Wanting of something of its kind.

=Defective= (verb). Wanting of some time-shapes, as _quoth_, _must_, _go_. The foretime shape of _go_ (_gang_) would be, as that of an unmoulded time-word, _goed_; and _goed_, a worn shape of the older ‘_gaode_,’ is found in northern folk-speech, with _yowed_ (Saxon _eode_.) _Gang_ makes _ganged_.

=Deficiency.= Underodds. Excess, overodds.

=Define.= L. _de_, off; _finio_, to mark. To offmark.

=Demagogue.= Folk-leader, folk’s-ringleader, folk’s-reder.

=Democracy.= Folkdom.

=Dental.= L. _dentes_, teeth. A dental breath-penning is one more or less on the teeth; as, _eth_, _ef_.

=Dependency.= Beholdingness:--‘As if one member would continue his wellbeing without _beholdingness_ to the rest.’--_Carew._

=Depilatory.= Hairbane.

=Depletion.= Unfullening.

=Depopulate.= Unfolk, forwaste.

=Deport.= Behave.

=Deposit= (of money). Earnest, pledge, bewaring.

=Deprave.= Forshrew, forwarp.

=Depraved.= Wicked.

=Desecrate.= Unhallow.

=Desolate.= Forloned.

=Deter.= Forfray.

=Deteriorate.= Worsen.

=Develop.= Unfold, unroll.

=Diacritical.= Offmarking, offskilling, sunder-clearing.

=Diæresis.= An outsundering or outopening, or foropening or forsundering, of a sound into two; as, L. _sylva_, _syl-wa_, into _syl-u-a_.

Diæresis splits sounds in two,
As if for _true_ you said _tri-u_.

=Diagram.= A draught, offdrawing.

=Dialect.= A sunder-speech, a folk-speech, a fortongueing.

=Diaphanous.= Thoroughshining, thoroughshowing.

=Dictionary.= A word-book.

=Didactic.= Teaching, teachsome.

=Disease.= The Saxon-English had about fifty pure Teutonic names of diseases, to the main of which we now give Latin names. They were ranked under some few head-words.

_Cwealm_ (_qualm_) meant mostly a deadly or many-killing epidemic, as the plague or cholera, which they would call a _mancwealm_ (_manqualm_). Of this word we have left only _qualm_ with _qualmish_.

_Adl_ (our _addle_) was another main word for disease, as an unsoundness. From this word we have _addle-headed_ and an _addled_ egg.

_Coða_, _coðe_, was another main word for a disease. Hence (Dorset) a _cothed_ sheep.

_Weorc_, _werc_ (our _wark_), was a disease of pain or achingness, as the gout or colic.

_Seoc_, _syc_, meant any _sickness_ in which a man sinks down on his bed or is off his legs.

_Braec_ or _breach_ was also given for some ailings.

To these words were set others of the parts of the body which they took, or of some other marks.

_Stic-adl_, stitch.
_Sid-adl_ (side-addle), pleurisy.
_Lengten-adl_, _lent-adl_, typhus.
_Hip-werc_ (hip-wark), sciatica.
_Hrop-werc_ (bowel-wark, belly-wark (York)), colic.
_Fylle seoc_, falling sickness.
_Lifer seoc_, liver sickness.
_Lifer-adl_ (Aelfric), liver-addle.
_Milte-seoc_ (Aelfric), milt-sickness.
_Lenden-wyrc_ (Aelfric), loin-wark.
_Mete-afluing_ (Aelfric), atrophy.
_Wylde-fyr_ (wildfire) (Aelfric), erysipelas.

=Dissipate.= Forscatter.

=Distribution= (of prizes). Outdealing, fordealing, outgiving:--‘Uetdieling fen da pryzen.’--_Frs._ (outdealing of the prizes.)

=-dom= (an ending). It is our word _doom_, from _deem_, and means a state or outreach of free judgment or power; as, _kingdom_, _freedom_.

=-dom.= ‘The scoundreldom and the rascality of a great city.’ _Scoundrelhood._ _Dom_ (from _deman_, to judge or rule) would be good for kingdom, popedom, sheriffdom, or mayordom. Scoundreldom would mean the might of scoundrels as ruling or judging.

=Domicile.= Abode, wonestead.

=Ecthlipsis.= An outcasting or outstriking, as of a sound; as, ‘Sing _th’ Almighty’s_ praise’ for ‘_the Almighty’s_,’ or ‘_I’ll go_’ for ‘_I will_ go.’

Ecthlipsis happens where one leaves
Out sounds, or for _the eaves_ says _th’ eaves_.

=Elative= (case). The fromward case; as, ‘He came from the house.’

=Electricity.= Matter-quickness; not speed, but liveliness. The word electricity means, as a word, only amberishness.

=Ellipsis.= An outleaving, as of a word understood; as, ‘I went to St. Paul’s’ (church).

Ellipsis is of any word
Well understood, but yet not heard.

=-el= (an ending). It means smallness or slightness:--_Dazzle_, to daze; _fraze_, frizzle; _nose_, nozzle (p. 18).

=Embrasure.= Gun-gap, cannon-gap.

=Emphasis.= Speech-loudening, speech-strain.

=Emporium=. Warestore.

=Enallage.= Case-shifting, an onchanging, as of a word or case into or for another; as, ‘He was father to (or of) the fatherless.’ ‘The child took the toy in (or with) her hand.’

Enallagē takes word or case,
To put it in another’s place.

=-en-ing= (an ending). It means a becoming such; as, _blacken_, to make or become black; _blackening_, the becoming black.

The ending _-en-ing_ differs from _-ness_, _-en-es_, as in _blackness_, which means the having become such.

=Enthesis.= An insetting.

=Epenthesis.= An inputting or inthrusting or infoisting of a sound or clipping into a word.

Epenthesis, for little good,
Infoisteth aught, as _l_ in _could_.[3]

[3] From _cuðe_.

=Epithet.= A mark-word put to a thing; as, ‘The _far-shooting_ Apollo,’ ‘the _white-blossom’d_ sloe.’

=Equilibrium.= Weight evenness.

=Equivalent.= Worth evenness.

=-er-r= (an ending). It means outeked in size or time:--_Chatter_, to chat much; _clamber_, to climb much; _wander_, to wind about (pp. 18, 59).

=Esculent= (plant). Meatwort.

=Etymology.= Word-building, word-making, word-shapening.

=Euphemismus.= A fair wording, or the putting of bad or unworthy things in a fairer light by words of less evil meanings; as, ‘I did time’ for ‘I was in prison.’ ‘A government man’ for ‘a convict.’

By euphemismus men are glad
To make a bad case seem less bad.

=Euphony.= Sound softness, sound sweetness.

=Exalt.= Forheighten:--‘Sa hwa him selma _forheaget_’ (whoever himself forheightens).--_Friesic_ (Matt xxiii. 12).

=Excrescence.= Outgrowth.

=Exegetical.= Outclearening.

=Exordium.= Outsetting, outset.

=Expansion=. Outbroadening of wild or overwrought fullness readily becomes a bad kind of wordiness:--‘Farmer Stubbs drank beer,’ ‘The votary of Demeter, who rejoiced in the name of Stubbs, indulged in potations of the cereal liquor’; or ‘He received me with the most lively indications of amity’ for ‘He received me very kindly’; or for ‘He owes ten thousand pounds,’ ‘He is in a state of indebtedness to the extent of ten thousand pounds’; ‘He warned the hunters off his land,’ ‘He conveyed to the votaries of Diana a strong admonition that they would not be permitted to prosecute their sport within his domain.’

=Faculty.= Makingness.

=Filiaceous.= Threaden.

=Flexible.= Bendsome.

=Fluctuate.= Waver.

=Foliate.= Leafen.

=For-.= The fore-eking of forgive, forbear, is a most useful one. It is the Anglo-Saxon _for_, the German _ver_, and the Latin _per_, and means off or away.

_For-go_, _per-eo_, to go off or away.

_Per-suadeo_ (L. _suadeo_, from _suavis_), to soften or sweeten off.

_Foreshorten_ and _forego_ should be _forshorten_ and _forgo_.

=Forceps.= Tonglings, nipperlings.

=Fore-= (a fore-eking). _Foredoom_, predestinate; _fore-token_, portent, omen (p. 61).

=Fossil.= A forstonening.

=Frangible.= Breaksome.

=Garrulity.=[4] Wordiness, talksomeness.

[4] The Welsh shows the source of this word in _gair_, a word; _gair-ol_, wordy.

=Genealogy.= Kin-lore, kinhood-lore.

=Genitive= (case). The offspring case (p. 30).

=Genuflexion.= Knee-bowing. Much has been said (in the law trials about posture in the administration of the Holy Communion) of genuflexion. A genuflexion is any _knee-bowing_, but all knee-bowing is not kneeling, which is _knee-grounding_.

=Glossarist.= A word-culler.

=Glossary.= Gr. _glossa_, tongue, speech. A word-list or word-list:--‘Mei en _lyst_ vin oade spreckworden’ (with a list of old saws).--_Friesic._

=Grandiloquent.= High-talking.

=Gratuitous.= Out of kindness. _Gratia_ is good will, free kindness; and _gratuitus_ is freely bestowed of _gratia_, without hire or reward. But a writer says that an attack of slander on a woman’s purity ‘was gratuitous,’ or of _gratia_ or good will, without hire or reward, as if _gratuitous_ meant without grounds of malice.

=Hendiadys.= One-in-twice. A wording of one thing at twice, or as two things; as, ‘I heard shouting and men’ for ‘shouting of men.’ ‘An arm and strength’ for ‘a strong arm.’ A fortwaining.

Hendiadys will give you two
Clear words where one alone would do.

=Hexameter.= Gr. _hex_, six; _metron_, measure, metre. A metre in Greek and Latin verse, lines of six feet.

=-hood= (an ending). It means a state of being, rank, or standing among other things:--_Childhood_, _manhood_.

=Horizon.= Sky-sill, sky-line.

=Hybrid= (word). L. _hybrida_, a mongrel.

=Hydrophobia.= Water-awe.

=Hyperbaton.= Gr. _hyper_, over; _baino_, to fare, go. An overfaring, an overshifting of words out of their more wonted or better ranking; as, ‘What for,’ for ‘For what.’ A ‘speaking out’ for an ‘outspeaking.’

=Hypallage.= Word-shifting, case-shifting; as, ‘We gave wind to our sails’ for ‘our sails to the wind.’ ‘The men were put to the sword,’ though also ‘the sword was put to the men.’

=Hyperbolē.= An overcasting or overshooting of the truth; as, ‘The train went as swift as lightning.’

Hyperbolē, less right than wrong,
O’ershoots the truth with words too strong.

=Hyphen.= A tie-stroke.

=Hysterologia.= A foreafter wording, forebehind or hinderforemost wording; as, ‘He earned a florin, and worked all the day,’ whereas he worked first, and so earned the florin.

Hysterologia’s careless mind
Puts last for first, and fore for hind.

=Iambus.= Gr. A foot (in verse) of one short or low and one long or high sound; as, _ago_, a low-high twin.

=Idiom.= Gr. _idioma_, from _idios_, one’s own. A folk’s-wording, a set form of words of any one speech or set of men; as, ‘How do you do?’ _Fr._: ‘Comment vous portez-vous?’ (How do you bear yourself?) ‘I have just dined.’ _Fr._: ‘Je viens de dîner’ (I come from to dine).

=Imperative= (mood). The bidding mood.

=Impersonal= (verb). A time-word without a thing-name; as, ‘It lightens,’ ‘it thunders,’ ‘it freezes,’ ‘it thaws.’ A _thingnameless_ or a deederless time-word.

=Impertinence= may be meddlesomeness in what _non pertinet_, does not belong to one, or meddlesomeness in a deed or speech which _non pertinet_, does not _hold_ by the matter under thought, _unbyholdingness_.

=Impertinent.= Meddlesome, unbyholding.

=Inarticulate.= Unbreathpenned.

=Incandescent.= White-hot, heat-whitened.

=Inceptive= (verbs). Belonging to ontaking or beginning. _Becomesome_ time-words; as, L. _albesco_, to become white; English _whiten_, to become or make white. In Greek the ending of the becomesome words is _-iz_ or _-z_. _Orphanízo_, to make or become elderless, or an orphan.

=Indefinite.= L. _in_, un; _finio_, to offmark, outmark. _Unoffmarked_, _unbounded_.

=Indicative= (mood). The surehood mood.

=Infinitive= (mood). L. _in_, un; _finitus_, bounded, marked. The unboundsome thing-free mood of a time-word free of anything; as, to love, to see.

=Initial.= Word-head.

=Injury.= _Injuria_ is a moral wrong (summum jus summa injuria). Do we not wrest its meaning in such wording as ‘The wind has done much _injury_ to my house-roof’ or ‘_injured_ my flowers’? How can the behaviour of the wind be made out to be a moral wrong, even if it be a hurt?

=Instrumentive=, =instrumental= (case). The _tool-case_ or _means-case_, that of the tool or means of a deed; as, ‘He cut the wood with a knife.’

=Interest= (of money). Money-rent, loan-meed, loan-pay.

=Interest.= Care:--‘I do not take any _interest_ in him or it.’ ‘I do not becare him or it.’ ‘Wha kara unsis?’ (what care to us) (Mœso-goth).--Matt. xxvii. 4.

What a word to be taken as a thing-name is _interest_, ‘it is of odds’! The folk-speech, ‘It is of no odds to me,’ gives the meaning of ‘meâ non interest.’

=Intransitive.= Not overgoing, as time-takings that do not reach forth to another thing; as, to _sleep_.

=Inversion.= L. _inverto_, to turn up. An end-shifting:--‘Thee at morn, and Thee I praise at night,’ for ‘I praise Thee at morn, and Thee at night.’ A shifting of the ends of a wording.

=Irony.= Gr. _eirōneia_, from _eiron_, a shammer. A good wording for a bad meaning, _mock-praise_; as, ‘That was a _good_ shot,’ meaning a very _bad_ one. ‘He is a _nice_ man,’ meaning the reverse of _nice_. ‘How _glorious_ was the king of Israel to-day!’ meaning how _inglorious_.

=-ism.= The stump _-ism_ of the Greek _-ismos_ seems to be used very loosely. _-ismos_ is from the ending _-izō_ of ontaking or inceptive time-words, and where there is no time-word ending in _-izō_ there is not, I should think, any thing-name in _-ismos_; as, _chloros_, green; _chlorizō_, to become green; _chlorismos_, a becoming green. So, if liberalism is a becoming _liberal_, conservatism is a becoming _conservat_, which might seem to mean _conservatus_, one conserved, rather than a conserver. Is chartism a becoming a _chart_? and what is Londonism, a becoming _London_ or a _Londoning_? and, if so, what is a Londoning?

We have for _-ismos_ some English endings, as _-ening_, in _blackening_; besides _-hood_, _-ship_, and _-ness_, and many others of sundry kinds.

For _-ism_, taken in names bestowed with very slight praise, we may take _-ishness_; as, _Hebraism_, Hebrewishness; _Grecism_, Greekishness; _Latinism_, Latinishness; _Londonism_, Londonishness; _solœcism_, folkswording. (On ‘Solœcism,’ see Aul. Gell. v. 20.)

=Iterative=. Going over again and again. Iterative time-words, that mean to take many shorter times in time-takings of the same kind; as, to _chatter_, chat much; _clamber, wander_.

=Labial= (letter). L. _labium_, lip. A lip breath-penning.

=Laxative=. Loosensome.

=Lecture=. A lore-speech.

=Lenis=. L. _soft_. The soft breathing is an _unaspirate_ one, such as _a_ in _and_, not _ha_ in _hand_.

=Letter=. L. _litera_; Sax. _bóc-staf_, a book-staff. It is bad that the same word _letter_ should be used for a _letter_ of the alphabet and an _epistle_, the old English word for which is a _brief_, as it is in German and West Friesic. It was also the name of the king’s letter for gathering of help-money in the church; though now it is the name only of a barrister’s letter of instruction.

=Lingual=. L. _lingua_, the tongue. Belonging to the tongue.

=Literature=. Book-lore.

=Lithography=. Stone-printing.

=Locative= (case). L. _locus_, stead, place. The stead or stow-case; as, ‘In London,’ ‘At church.’

=Logic=. Redelore.

=-m, -om, -um.= A word-ending, a form of the Greek one _-ma_, as in _prag-ma_, from _prasso_; and of the Latin _-men_, as in _flu-men_, from _fluo_. Words so ended meant mostly the outcome of the time-word, and were at first thing-names; and so as time-words they were, as most of them yet are, weak ones. From roots ending, I believe, in _-ing_ came[5]

[5] The words of the latter row are not shapen, at once, from those of the first one. Such of the first as are not roots in _-ing_ are fellow stems to the others. As, _stem_ from the root _sting_, to be more or less stiff or steadfast: sting, a stang, a stake, a stick. Steg-me (Gr. stigma), stegm (stem). _Stem_ is not from _stick_, but from the root.

Blow Bloom.

Cling (_root_) Clome (clay or clayen pottery), clam, climb.

Cring (_root_) (to bend) Crome (a dung-pick with bent prongs).

Dunt, ding(_root_) Dam, dim, dumb, damp (fire).

Go (with quick }
stirrings), } Game.
--ging (_root_) }

Glow Gleam, gloom.

Grow Groom (a growing or now full-grown youth?).

Hollow Haulm, helm, helmet.

Harry Harm.

Lose, lithe, (ling _r._) Limp, limb, lime, loam.

Shriek Scream.

Sew Seam.

Slack,--sling (_root_) Slam (a slackness or looseness in
matter or going; slam of a gate; a
slack swing, as unguided by a
hand).

Slack Slime, slim.

Stiff or stout Stem.

Stray or Stretch on Stream.[6]

Tang, ting (reach on) Team, time, and timer, timber (a very
ontanging stick).

Thick Thumb (the thick finger).

[6] In Welsh _avon_, a river, is from a time-word meaning to go on.

‘Mi _av_ i’r _avon_ vawr rhag llosgi.’
(I will go into the great river ere I be burned.)

_Welsh Song._

=Machine.= An old English word for a machine is _ginny_ or _jinny_ which seems to be a fellow-stem to _gin_, and to mean _to go_, not as in onfaring (locomotion), but as in the way of a machine.

=Magnificent.= High-deedy, high-doing.

=Magniloquent.= High-talking.

=Mechanics.= Matter-might.

=Metalepsis.= Gr. _metalambano_, to take over. A _use-shifting_ of a word, a taking of a word over from its common to another meaning; as, ‘Seven harvests ago’ for ‘seven summers or years.’

=Metaphor.= Gr. _metaphora_, from _metaphero_ to carry over. A figure of speech, the overcarrying of a name from a thing to which it belongs to another to which it does not belong; as, ‘The _Shepherd_ of Israel’ for ‘the Lord.’ ‘The _father_ of the people’ for ‘a good king.’ ‘_Eos_ Cymru’ (the Welsh _nightingale_) for ‘a fine Welsh songstress.’ ‘A man _burning_ with anger.’

=Metathesis.= Gr. _meta_, with or against; _thesis_, a putting. A penning-shift, as that of putting each of two pennings in the stead of the other; as, wa_ps_, wa_sp_; ha_ps_; ha_sp_; though the first of the two shapes is the older in English.

Metathesis is where a word
Shifts pennings, as in _crud_ for _curd_.

=Meteor.= Welkin-fire.

=Metonymy.= Gr. _meta_, off; _onoma_, a name. An _offnaming_, _name-shifting_, a wording that puts for a thing-name the name of some belonging--whether cause or effect or aught else--of the thing; as, ‘He reads _Horace_’ for ‘_his works_.’ ‘He lives by _the sweat of his brow_’ for ‘_work_.’ ‘Land holden by the _Crown_’ (_Queen_). ‘The power of the _pen_’ for ‘_writers_.’

=Miosis.= Gr. _meiōsis_, a forlessening. A wording by which a thing is lessened off; as, ‘Will you give me a _crumb_ of bread and a _drop_ of drink?’

Miōsis, a lessening,
Makes of a great a smaller thing.

=Monitor.= A warner. Ware-en-er, who makes ware.

=Monosyllable.= A breath-sound.

=Multiloquous.= Wordy, talksome.

=Negative= (word). L. _nego_, to deny. Fornaysome.

=Nomenclature.= Benaming, name-shapening.

=Nominative.= L. _nomen_, a, name. The name-case, speech-case.

=Noun.= L. _nomen_, a name; Fr. _nom_. A thing-name, thing-word, name-word.

=Objective.= Objective case. A name commonly given to the time-giving thing when it is not the speech-case.

=Onomatopœia.= A mocking name. The making of words from sounds; as, to _hiss_, a _peewit_ or _cuckoo_ from the sound it makes.

=Optative= (mood). The wish mood; as, ‘Oh! that I had wings.’ ‘May you be happy.’

=Out-= (a fore-eking). _Outban_, exile; _outfaring_, peregrination, exodus; _outhue_, _outliken_, depict or draw.

=Over-= (a fore-eking). _Overbold_, audacious; _overhang_, impend; _overweigh_, preponderate.

=-p=, =-b=, =-f= (endings). They mean small in kind or short in time:--Poke, _pop_, poke quickly; _dip_, a small dive; _slip_, a small slide; _rip_, to rive quickly.

=Palindrome.= Gr. _palin_, back; _dromos_, a running. A set of words which read the same backwards as forwards; as, ‘Lewd did I live, evil I did dwel,’ or ‘Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.’

A palindrome’s the same as read
From head to tail, or tail to head.

=Palpitate.= Throb.

=Panacea.= Allheal.

=Paradigm.= Gr. _paradeigma_, an offshowing, outshowing, a plan. A table of word-shapes.

=Paragogē.= An outbringing or outlengthening of a word.

A paragogē will be found
Where words are lengthened by a sound.

‘Such a sweet pett as this
Is neither far nor _neary_.
Here we go up, up, up;
Here we go down, down, _downy_.
Here we go backwards and forwards,
And here we go round, round, _roundy_.’

OLD SONG.

‘In playhouses, full _six-o_,
One knows not where to _fix-o_.’

OLD SONG.

=Paragraph.= An offwriting, a wording-share; such a share of a piece of writing as, if it were offwritten, would not want anything of a full meaning.

=Paraphrase.= New bewording; a turning of a piece of writing into other words, often more if not clearer than those of the writer. A paraphrase, while it is meant to clearen, may falsen the paraphrased matter. The following paraphrase from an old written sermon of (as I believe) an old Dorset divine, may be a good sample of new bewording:--

‘God, I thank Thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this Publican: I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.’

Expanded or paraphrased:--

‘With great gratitude, O God (said the Pharisee), I contemplate my own superior attainments. How free is my mind from a variety of black offences which invade the consciences of others! Extortion, injustice, and adultery are crimes (said he, striking his breast) which have no harbour here. Who can lay to my charge the neglect of any religious duty? Are not my tithes paid with cheerfulness, and my fasts observed with sanctity?’

‘And the Publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner.’

‘The Publican, on the other hand, with every mark of the deepest contrition, stood abashed in a corner of the temple. Conscious of his own demerits, he was afraid to raise his eyes to that Being who sees the least degree of impurity with offence. After many ineffectual struggles to form the sighing of a contrite heart into the language of prayer, his efforts ended in this one exclamation, God be merciful to me a sinner.’

=Parenthesis.= An inwedging of a sentence within another:--‘Thou sayest--but they are but vain words--I have strength for the war.’

=Parody.= A song-mocking.

=Paronomasia.= A kind of play on words of more or less like sound, though of sundry meaning; as, ‘Though _last_ not _least_.’ ‘Non amissi sed præmissi’ (said of friends deceased), ‘Not forgone but foregone.’

Paronomasia is found
In pairs of words of some like sound.

=Participle.= A thing-marking shape of the time-word.

=Particle.= A wordling, a small shapefast word.

=Patronymic.= Gr. _pater_, father, and _onoma_, name. A surname or sirename of a man taken from the forename of his father; as, John Richardson, Dafydd Ap-hoel, Patrick Mac-Duff, Jeroboam Ben-Nebat.

=Pedigree.= Kin-stem, forekin-stem.

=Penultimate.= Last but one.

=Perambulator= (the child’s carriage). Push-wainling.

=Perfect.= Fordone, forended, full-ended.

=Period=, in rhetoric (redecraft) and speechcraft, is so called, as a speech-ring or speech-round, a full round of thought-wording, in which the speech-meaning is kept uphanging and more or less unclear, till the last word or word-cluster by which it is clearly fulfilled; as, ‘(1) That among the sundry changes of the world (2), (3) our hearts may surely there be fixed (4): (5) where true joys are to be found (6).’ The whole thought-wording is a period or speech-round. From (1) to (4) is a limb (called in Greek a _kōlon_) and has a meaning, though not a full one beyond which the mind awaits nothing more. The word-cluster from (1) to (2) yields no full meaning, and is called in Greek a _komma_ (_kopma_), a cutting or shareling. Thence we see the source of the names and uses of the stops--the _period_ (.), _colon_ (:), _comma_ (,). The _period_ marked the end of the period; the _colon_ that of the kolon; and the _comma_ that of a comma, or cutting of a colon.

The word seems to be often misused. A _period_ (Gr. _periodos_) of time or wording is rightly a running of it round again to its like beginning; as, a week--from Sunday round to Sunday; or a year--from January to January.

A straight stretch of time or words is not truly a period; as, a man’s life from birth to manhood is not a ring-gate, beginning anew at childhood.

=Periphrasis.= Gr. _peri_, round; _phrasis_, a speaking. A roundabout speaking of a thing instead of an outright naming of it, a _name-hinting_; as, ‘The gentleman at the head of Her Majesty’s Government’ for Lord B.

=Personal= (time-word); not an impersonal one; as, ‘It rains.’ ‘It snows;’ but one with a named time-taker, as ‘John rides.’

=Perverse.= Wayward, froward.

=Pervious.= Throughletting.

=Petrify.= To stonen, forstonen.

=Philology.= Speechlore.

=Phonetic.= Soundly.

=Phonography=, =phonotypy=. Sound-spelling. Surely a photograph should be a phototype. _Graphō_ is to graze or grave along a body, but a photograph is given by a plumb downstriking of rays of light--a _typē_ and not a _graphē_. With _graphē_ and _typē_ we may set a _glyphē_ (from _glyphō_), an outsmoothing of a shape, as that of a figure from a block of stone. _Glyphō_ is a fellow stem-word to _glykys_, smooth, soft, or sweet.

=Phrase.= Gr. _phrazo_, to speak, say. A word-cluster, a word-set, a cluster or set of byhanging words.

=Pirate.= Sea-robber, weeking, wyking, wicing (Gloss. 11 cent.). The _wicings_ or _weekings_ or _vicings_ were so called as lurking about in the bays, _wicas_, _weeks_, _wykes_, or _wiches_.

=Plagiary.= A thought-pilferer.

=Pleonasm.= Gr. _pleonazo_, to fullen or overfullen. An overwording; as, ‘A great [thing of a] boar’ for ‘a great boar.’ ‘What [ever in the world] are you doing?’ ‘Never [in all my whole life] have I seen the like.’

A pleonasm oft is heard
To strengthen speech by word on word.

=Plocē.= Gr. _plokē_, a twining or folding. A twining or folding of a foregiven name, of one meaning the same name, in another; as, ‘Then Edwin was Edwin (or himself) again.’ Worthy of himself. ‘Coal is now coal,’ _i.e._ scarce and costly.

By plocē you inweave a name
Once more with meaning not the same.

=Plural= (number). The somely (number).

=Polyptoton.= Gr. _poly_, many; _ptotos_, case. The inbringing of fellow stem-words or root-words in sundry cases or ways:--‘He, friendless once, befriended friends.’

=Posterity.= Afterkin.

=Postposition.= A hinder case-word, a case-word put after the thing-name; as, in Hindustani, _panee-main_, water in; _panee-sae_, water from; _panee-ko_, water to. Showing the source of case-endings.

=Potential= (mood). L. _potentia_, might, power. Mayly.

=Predicate.= The wording of the time-taking; as, ‘John _walked twenty miles_.’

=Prefix.= A fore-eking, a forewordling; as, _be-set_, _for-give_, _out-run_.

=Preposition.= A case-word.

=Preterite.= Bygone, past.

=Programme.= A foredraught.

=Pronoun= (personal). A name-token, a stead-word. Pronoun Adjective, mark-word.

=Proper name.= A one-head name.

=Prosopopœia.= Gr. _prosopon_, face, person; _poieo_, to make. The putting of an unmatterly or impersonal thing as a person.

Prosopopœia shows your mind
Unlive things doing as mankind.

=Protasis.= The hinge time-taking.

=Prototype.= Foreshape, forepattern.

=Punctuation.= L. _punctuatio_, from _puncta_, points or stops. The skill of the putting of stops, or of the marking of voice-stoppings in speech. Bestopping. (See ‘Period.’)

=Radicle.= Rootling.

=Reciprocal= (verb). L. _re_, back, fro; _ci_, to this way. To and fro verbs; as, ‘They helped each other.’

=Rectify.= Righten.

=Reflective.= Back-turning, as a time-taking which comes back to the source of it; as, ‘John cut or hit himself.’

=Regimen.= Government, overwielding of a thing by another.

=Religion.= Faith-law.

=Religious.= On the true meaning of _religiosus_ see Aul. Gell. _Noct. Att._ iv. 9. He makes it mean withholden, backbound from some uses. _Religiosa delubra_, a shrine hallowed from common use; _religiosus dies_, a day withholden, as unlucky, from great undertakings. A religious man is one who is withholden by his faith and conscience from bad deeds.

=Restrain.= Inhold, forhold.

=Result.= Outcome, outworking, backspring. _Result_ (from _resilio_, to spring back) is neither in sound nor meaning a better word than _outcome_ or _outworking_ or _froming_, _fromming_.

=Rhetoric.= Rede-speech.

=Rhythm.= Gr. _rhythmos_, number, as number of clippings or sounds in a line of verse. _Metre_, which meant at first tale of sounds rather than sound matching, which we call rime. _Rime_ is not come to us from the Greek, but is the Saxon _rim_ or _hrim_, tale or number.

‘Manâ and misdædâ ungerím ealrâ’ (a tale, beyond telling, of all wickednesses and misdeeds).--_Sermo Lupi ad Anglos._

‘Deer naet in da rime was’ (who was not in the number).--_Old Friesic Law._

=Salubrious.= Healthy, halesome.

=Satellite.= Henchman.

=Scintillate.= Sparkle.

=Semi-detached houses.= Twin-houses, a house-twin.

=Sentence.= L. _sentio_, to think, deem, feel. In speech-craft, an uttering of a thought, one thought-wording.

=Septuple.= Sevenfold.

=-sh= (an ending). It means quickness and smartness; as, _clang_, clash; _crack_, crash; _fly_, flash; _go_, gush; _hack_, hash. In markwords it means somewhat such;--_blackish_, _boyish_.

=-ship= (an ending). It means a shape or form of being:--_Friendship_, _mateship_.

=Solœcisms.= Gr. _soloikismos_, from the bad Greek of the _Soloikoi_ in _Cilicia_. A miswording, barbarism, or, as an old Saxon gives it, ‘a miscweðen word,’ or a misquothing, a misqueathing.

We in a solœcismus find
Miswording of a loreless mind.

=Solstice.= Sunsted. A.S. Sunanstede.

=-some.= The ending _-some_ in such words as _aimsome_, _matchsome_, _yieldsome_ seems, as we look to its true first meaning, to be a fitting one. A _sam_ or _som_ (some) meant at first a body of mingled matter or things. In its stronger meaning lumps of suet melted up into a soft body would be a _sam_ or _som_; and potatoes boiled and mashed up would be a _sam_; and dough, if not flour itself, is a _sam_ or _som_.

In the wider meaning of the word an upgathering of things, and even men, into a body or set is a _sam_ or _som_. Thence we have our word _same_ as well as the ending _-some_ and the markword _some_:--‘_Some_ in rags, and _some_ in jags, and _some_ in silken gowns’ (a _set_ or body in rags, a _set_ or body in jags, &c.).

_Aimsome_, _yieldsome_ would mean of the _aim_ or _yield_ or _aiming_ or _yielding_ set or body.

_Sam_ or _som_ gives our words _same_ and _so_. ‘The _same_ man’ means the very man in _sam_ or body or being. ‘Are they Hebrews? _so_ (same) am I.’ Of that _sam_ (am I). The Latin _se_ is most likely a word of the same root:--‘Lucius _se_ amat’ (Lucius loves _same_ or his _sam_); and this is the meaning of our word _self_.

The Latin _similis_ would mean of the _sam_ or _same_ kind; and ‘to _summon_ (_samen_) men’ is to call them up into a _sam_, ‘Suma êlanda thêr im likte’ (some islands that pleased him).--_Oera Linda Book._

=Sophist.= Wordwise.

=Sophistry.= Rede-guile, rede-cunning.

=Spell.= Sax. _spellian_, to tell, utter forth a word or a set of words.

=Spell.= A message or bewording, as in _Godspel_ (Gospel), ‘the good message.’

=-st= (an ending). It strengthens the meaning, as it does in _blackest_; blow, _blast_; brow, _breast_.

=Stereography.= Bulk-drawing.

=Stereometry.= Bulk-meting.

=Stereotype.= Block-type.

=Subject.= The speech-thing or thing under speech.

=Subjunctive= (mood). The hinge-mood; as, ‘If ye ask, ye shall receive.’

=Suffix.= A wordling put on at the end of a word; as, man_-hood_, good_-ness_, kind_-ly_. End-eking, an on-eking, a word-ending.

=Superlative.= The highest pitch.

=Supposititious.= Underfoisted, undersmuggled.

=Syllepsis.= Gr. _syn_, up, together; _lēpsis_, a taking. An uptaking, upmating, comprehension, as of a second or third person with a first; as, ‘I (1) and my brother (3) (we) learn Latin.’.

Syllepsis takes I, you, and he
As first persons, and all called we.

=Synalœpha.= Gr. _syn_, up; _aleipho_, to smear. Sound-welding. The welding up of two sounds into one, or the end of one word into the head of the following. In Latin verse--‘Conticuere omnes,’ ‘conticue͞r omnes,’ ‘conticuere‿omnes’--uttering the _e_ and _om_ in the time of one syllable. So in Italian--‘In prat_o‿i_n foresta,’ ‘Sia l’alb_a‿o_ la sera,’ ‘Se dorm_e‿i_l pastor’--the _o i_, and _a o_, and _e i_ are uttered as one syllable. In English--‘Before th_e‿A_lmighty’s throne.’

By synalœpha breath-sounds run
A couple to the time of one.

=Syncope.= The cutting of a penning from within a word; as, ‘He ha-s’ for ‘he haves,’ ‘Gospel’ for ‘Godspel.’ The outcutting is truly an _outwearing_ of the clipping.

A clipping’s lost by syncope,
As _subtle’s_ sounded minus _b_.

=Synecdoche.= Gr. _syn_, up; _ek_, out; _dochē_, a taking. An outtaking or outculling, as of a share of a thing for the whole, or the matter for the thing; as, ‘a hundred heads’ for ‘a hundred men’; ‘twenty hands’ for ‘twenty workmen’; ‘a cricketer’s willow’ for his ‘bat.’

=Synonym.= Gr. _syn_, together; _onyma_ a name. Synonyms are words or names of the same meaning, twin-words; as, _rabbit_ and _coney_, _volume_ and _tome_, _yearly_ and _annual_, _letter_ and _epistle_. Twains of words are, however, less often synonyms than they are so called.

=Syntax.= Speech-trimming. A _trim_ is a fully right or good state of a thing, the state in which it ought to be; and ‘to trim’ a thing is to put it in trim, or fully as it ought to be. ‘To _trim_ a boat,’ to set it as it ought to be--upright, not heeling. ‘To _trim_ a bonnet or dress,’ to put it fully as it ought to be. And so ‘to _trim_ a hedge’: a man may think that, because much of the trimming of a hedge is done by cutting, a trimming is therefore a cutting. ‘I am out of _trim_’; ‘to _trim_,’ as a man in politics, albeit it may not be to set himself morally as he ought to be, is to set himself as he thinks that he ought to be for the nonce.

=Tautology.= Word-sameness, a saying over again of the same thing or words.

=Technical.= Craftly.

=Telegram.= Wire-spell. (See Spell.)

=Telegraph= (the electric). Spell-wire.

=Telescope.= Spyglass.

=Tense.= Time.

=Termination.= A word-ending.

=Tmesis.= A word-cutting or splitting or outsundering; as, ‘The child has _overthrown_ the flower-pot.’ By word-cutting or outsundering--‘The child has _thrown_ the flower-pot _over_.’

By tmesis you may oft outshare
A word’s two word-stems here and there.

=Transitive= is overfaresome; _intransitive_, unoverfaresome.

=Triphthong.= Gr. _tri_, three; _phthongos_, sound. A threefold sound.

=Uncial.= L. _literæ unciales_, text letters. Capital letters.

=Under.= _Undersea_, submarine; _underspan_, subtend; _underslinking_, subterfuge.

=Up-.= _Upclashing_, collision; _upthrong_, congregate.

=Upmating.= The upmating of the persons, called in Greek _syllepsis_, touches the use of the personal pronouns. A second or third person upmated with the first is reckoned as first, and a third upmated with the second is reckoned as second; as,

‘That boat belongs to my brother (3) and me (1). _We_ (1) bought it.’

‘That is known only to you (2) and me (1). _We_ know it.’

‘I saw you (2) and your brother (3). _You_ (2) were there.’

But persons are upmated as well from kindliness or civility as from the calls of speech-craft. Thus a speaker will often upmate himself with a hearer or another, as a mother may upmate herself with her child by _we_, instead of _thou_ or _you_; as,

Here _we_ go up, up, up;
Here _we_ go down, down, downy;
Here _we_ go backward and forward;
And here _we_ go round, round, roundy--

though the going is only that of the child.

A young man may say to a girl friend, ‘How proud _we_ are,’ meaning ‘_you_ are’; or a man may say of others who might not be very brisk at work, ‘_We_ are not very strong to-day’; or a footman may upmate himself with the heads of the house with such wording as ‘_We_ do not treat our guests so unhandsomely.’

=Vocabulary.= L. _vocabulum_, a word. A word-list, word-book, word-store.

=Vocative= (case). L. _voco_, to call. The call-case.

=-y=, =-ig= (an ending). It means eked with something:--_Snowy_, with snow; _dirty_, with dirt.

=Zeugma.= Gr., a yoking. A yoking of two things as to one time-word which would fit only one of them, another being outleft; as, ‘The house which my own money, and not which my father bequeathed,’ supply _bought_ after ‘money.’

* * * * *

The Power of the Word-endings.

Some of the small word-endings end themselves with a dead breath-penning, and others with a half-penning. The dead pennings seem to betoken, mostly, an ending, or shortening, or lessening, in time or shape; while the half-pennings do not seem to bound, or shorten, or lessen, the meaning of their body-words.

_Dead Pennings._

=-ock.= Hill-ock.

=-ed.= I walk-ed (the time-taking ended).

=-ig=, now =-y=. Wind-ig, wind-y (an eking of wind).

=-op=, =-p=; =-ob=, =-b=. Flap, flip, a quick flying; heap, hop, hip, small highenings, or humps; pop out, to poke out quickly; clap the hands, to close them quickly; stub, a small stump; wallop, to wallow or well (roll) lightly, and so as water from a spring, or in boiling. We may think that we have two very fine words in _envelope_ and _develope_, whereas they seem to be nothing better than the Teutonic _inwallop_ and _unwallop_, to roll in and unroll. With _wallow_ set the Latin _volvo_ (walwo), to roll.

=-t=, =-et=. Forlessens.

Poke, pocket.
Ball, bullet.
Sock, socket.

_Half-Pennings._

do not so strongly, if at all, betoken endingness, or shortness, or smallness.