Chapter III: Front Matter (3)

=-m.= A _stem_ is of any length, but _stump_ is short.

=-en=, =-n=. _Golden_, eked wholly in gold; _blacken_, to eke on freely in blackness.

=-ing=, as in _walking_, does not betoken any ending or shortening of a time-taking.

=-er=, =-r=, betokens eking out much in shape or time, as:--

Chat, chatter.
Pat, patter.
Clate, clatter.

It so happens that while we have a dead penning, _-ed_, for the ended time-taking, as, ‘he walked,’ we have a half-penning for the ongoing time-taking, as, ‘he walketh.’ It is true that _-en_, a half-penning, is put for _-ed_, as an ending of some mark-time words, as _brok-en_, and that _-el_, _-l_, a half-penning, may seem to mean either much or small, as _prate_, _prattle_ (prat-el). Time-words with these endings in full length are weak.

Bloss-om-ed,
Black-en-ed,
Wall-op-ed,
Chat-er-ed,
Flitt-er-ed,
Pock-et-ed,
Prat-el-ed
(prattled).

=s= strengthens the meaning of some root-heads, as:--

Melt, smelt.
Nip, snip.
Plunge, splunge.
Queeze, squeeze.

So, as an ending of the somely thing-name, it stretches its meaning from that of one to some ones, as _a hand_, _hands_--hands being more than a hand.

In the word-ending =-st= of _black-est_, the half-penning _s_ freely forstrengthens _black_, and the dead-penning _t_ seems to check its force, so that _blackest_ means _black_ strengthened, though not unboundedly so, but blackest of all the things taken with it.

_-st_ has, I suppose, this meaning also as an ending of thing-names or time-words, as ‘to _boast_,’ the meaning of which is betokened by some other tongues to be to _bow_ out much the breast or fore-body, the token of pride and boasting, as it is so often shown to our sight.

_Bogan_, to bow (Anglo-Saxon and Friesic), means ‘to boast.’

Friesic--‘Thi mâgy _bogade_ uppa sinra snôdhed.’ (The mâgy boasted (bowed) on his cunning.)--_Oera Linda Book._

‘Hia _bogath_ ìmmer over geda êwa.’ (They boast (bow) ever over good laws.)--_Oera Linda Book._

The old British bard, Llywarch Hên, had in mind the same token of pride:--

--gnawd dyn
Bronrain balch

(It is common for a proud (or boasting) man to be bow- or bulge-breasted); and in the Holderness (Yorkshire) folkspeech they say ‘as _bug_ (proud) as a dog wi’ two tails,’ and yet, to show that _bug_ means a bow or bowedness, they say ‘as _bug_ as a cheese.’

The Goodness of a Speech.

The goodness of a speech should be sought in its clearness to the hearing and mind, clearness of its breath-sounds, and clearness of meaning in its words; in its fulness of words for all the things and time-takings which come, with all their sundrinesses, under the minds of men of the speech, in their common life; in sound-sweetness to the ear, and glibness to the tongue. As to fulness, the speech of men who know thoroughly the making of its words may be fullened from its own roots and stems, quite as far as has been fullened Greek or German, so that they would seldom feel a stronger want of a foreign word than was felt by those men who, having the words _rail_ and _way_, made the word _railway_ instead of calling it _chemin de fer_, or, going to the Latin, _via ferrea_, or than Englishmen felt with _steam_ and _boat_, to go to the Greeks for the name of the _steamboat_, for which Greek had no name at all. The fulness of English has not risen at the rate of the inbringing of words from other tongues, since many new words have only put out as many old ones, as:--

immediately, anon,

(no saving of time here),

ignite, kindle,
annual, yearly,
machine, jinny.

I have before me more than one hundred and fifty so taken English law-words which were brought into the English courts with the Norman French tongue; but English speech did not therefore become richer by so many words, because most of them thrust aside English ones. _Judge_ took the stead of _dema_; _cause_ of _sác_; _bail_ of _borh_; and the lawyers said _arson_ for _forburning_; _burglary_, for _housebreach_; and _carrucate_, for _ploughland_; and King Alfred gave to English minds the matter of Gregory’s Pastoral with a greater share (nearly all) of pure English words, than most English scholars could now find for it.

On clearness, it is to be feared that, notwithstanding the English may be clear in breath-sounds to the ear, there is often a want of clearness to the mind from the many pairs of words which have worn into the same sound, such as:--

Bow, bow,
Doe, dough,
Lea, lee,
Pale, pail,
Sow, sew,

and others; and from the use of Latin and Greek and other foreign words, which are used in other than their true first meanings, or the meanings of which the common folk do not understand.

_Teleology_ is a word which I have just seen in a Dorset paper, as for the matter of a lately given lore-speech, ‘the examination or the discussion of the purposes for which things are created.’ Now, in English the word _end_ means both a _forending_, or termination, and a purpose; but I do not think that _telos_ (end) or _teleosis_, in Greek, means a purpose. _Prothesis_ would most likely have been put for it by a Greek.

The Latinish and Greekish wording is a hindrance to the teaching of the homely poor, or at least the landfolk. It is not clear to them, and some of them say of a clergyman that his Latinised preaching is too high for them, and seldom seek the church.

_Swan_ is a clue to the meaning of _swanling_ but none of _cygnet_; and if a man knew that _kyknos_ was the Greek for swan he might still be at a loss for the meaning of _-et_, which is not a Greek ending.

For sound-sweetness or glibness, we should shun, as far as we can, the meeting of hard dead breath-pennings of unlike kinds. We have in our true English too many of them, and some of them from the dropping of the _e_ from the word-ending _-ed_, as in _slep’t_ and _pack’d_ (lip and roof, and throat and roof pennings, and in both cases hard dead pennings); and then, as if we had not enough of them, we have brought in a host more of such ones from the Latin, as in _act_, _tract_, _inept_, _rapt_.

Now, _forbend_ is a softer-sounded word than _deflect_, since _ct_ (kt) are hard throat and root pennings, very unhandy together, and the _n_ of _-nd_ is a mild half-penning, and _d_ is a mild dead penning. So _dapper_ is better sounded than _adept_, since _p_ is a single hard penning between two free breathings, and _pt_ are a hard lip and a hard roof breathing, unfollowed by any softer breathing.

It was against such harshness of hard unlike breath-pennings that Celtic speech took its markworthy word-moulding.

As a token of the readiness of two kindred breath-pennings to run into one, we may give the words of the Liturgy, ‘Make clean our hearts within us,’ for which a clergyman will hardly, without a pause and a strong pushing of the breath, help saying ‘Make lean our hearts within us.’

There came out in print some time ago a statement wonderful to me, that it had been found that the poor landfolk of one of our shires had only about two hundred words in their vocabulary, with a hint that Dorset rustics were not likely to be more fully worded. There can be shown to any writer two hundred thing-names, known to every man and woman of our own village, for things of the body and dress of a labourer, without any mark-words, or time-words, or others, and without leaving the man for his house, or garden, or the field, or his work.

CLUE TO MATTERS HANDLED.

Absolute case, 32, 47

Accent, 3

Adjective, 10, 12

Adverbs, 26, 48

Aorist (time), 28

Article, 6, 10

Attraction, 52

_Be-_, 52

Big things, 6

Breathings, 1, 44
-- free, 1
-- hard, 2, 44

Breath-pennings, 1, 2

Can, 27

Case, 30
-- absolute, 32
-- words, 31

Colon, 73

Comma, 73

Conjugation, 26

Conjunction, 35

Defective (time-words), 55

_-dom_, 57, 58

_-ed_, 19, 83

_-el_, _-l_, 18

_-en_, 16, 45, 59, 84

_-ening_, 59

_-er_, 59, 84

_-et_, 84

Expansion, 60

_For-_, 60

_Fore-_, 61

Goodness of a speech, 86

Hinge and hank time-takings, 35

_-hood_, 62

Imperative mood, 31, 63

Impersonal time-words, 63

Inceptive time-words, 64

Indicative mood, 30

Infinitive mood, 16, 64

_-ing_, 17, 84

_-ism_, 65

Iterative time-words, 29, 66

Kindred, 5

Link words, 35

_-m_, _-om_, _-um_, 66, 67, 84

Mark-words (thing), 4

Mark time-words, 45

May, 27

_Mis-_, 16

Miswording, 10

Mood, 30

Must, 27

Nominative case, 31

_-ock_, 16, 83

_-om_, _-um_, _-m_, 66, 67, 84

_-op_, _-p_, 70, 83

Optative mood, 31, 70

Paraphrase, 71

Participles (Latin), 40

Period, 72

Person, 11, 26, 27

Personal time-word, 73

Pitches, 73

Potential, 31

Preposition (case-word), 31

Proposition, 35

Qualities, 12

_-r_, _-er_, 16, 59

Seem, 41, 78

Sex, 5

_-sh_, 77

Shall, 77

_-ship_, 77

Small things, 5

_-some_, 78

Sound-softness, 38, 88

Speech, goodness of, 86
-- strain, 3
-- trimming, 36, 80
-- wording, 35, 40-44

Stops, 72

Suchness, 12
-- pitches of, 13

Syntax, 35, 80

Tale, 6, 10, 28

Thing mark-words, 4
-- names, 4
-- sundrinesses, 4

Thought-wording, 35

Time, 28

Time-giving, 15

Time-taking, 14, 25
-- historic, 18, 30
-- long, 27
-- short, single, and stringly, 29
-- transitive, 15

Time-words, 19
-- strong, 20
-- weak, 19, 20, 26

Twin, 39

Under sundrinesses of time-takings, 25

Word-endings, powers of, 83

Wordiness, 44

Word-sameness, 38

Word-strain, 3

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