Chapter VIII: The Results of Caesar’s Invasions of Britain (18)

Dumnovellaunus, 360 n. 2.
_See_ Dubnovellaunus.

Dunbuie, 463-4.

Dungeness, 536, 632, 654.

Durham, 101, 130, 133 note, 194 n. 3, 267 n. 1, 359.

Durotriges, 133, 359.

Durovernum, 336.
_See_ Canterbury.

Dwellings, exploration of, needed, 11;
palaeolithic, 46;
neolithic, 84-7;
of Bronze Age, 153-60;
of the rich in Early Iron Age, 254;
of Early Iron Age generally, 256-7, 259-64.
_See_ Beehive huts, Caves, ‘Earth-houses,’ Hut-circles, Hut-clusters,
Lake-dwellings, Mound-dwellings, ‘Picts’ houses,’ Weems.

Dymchurch, 532, 534-6, 538, 551.

Each End, 519.

Early Iron Age, 5, 7, 9, 230-300.
_See_ Iron, ‘Late Celtic’ Period.

Earrings, 165-6.

‘Earth-houses,’ 7. 391.

Earthworks, 7, 11, 98 n. 3, 157 n. 2.
_See_ Camps, Flamborough Head, Hill-forts.

East Ham skull, 395, 397.

East Runton, 23.

East Wear Bay, 310, 532, 635, 646, 650-1.

Eceni, 235.
_See_ Iceni.

Eggardun, 84 n. 2, 96, 153.

Egypt, 9, 82, 122-5, 171 n. 3.

Ehenside Tarn, 76.

Elephant, 23 n. 7, 48, 386 n. 5;
straight-tusked, 37, 40;
_elephas meridionalis_, 27 n. 5.

Elevation of land, in Pleistocene Period, 15-7, 19-22;
in Neolithic Age, 20, 62.

Elginshire, 165, 170 n. 1, 194 n. 3.

Elks, 30, 68.

Elton, 178.

Ely, Isle of, 254.

Emporiae, 248 n. 2.

Enamelling, 237-8, 246, 265.

Eoliths, 25-30, 46;
eolithic man (?), 379-80.

Epaticcus, 361-2.

Epona, 278-9, 284 n. 5.

Eppillus, 365-6, 452 n. 3.

Equinox, 323, 350;
chronological arguments based upon mention of, 709 n. 2, 710-3, 734.

Eratosthenes, 219, 223.

Esk, 134.

Eskimos, 42, 48 n. 1, 102, 388-9.

Essex, 36, 137 n. 4, 235, 242, 253-4, 346, 363 n. 6.

Esus, 276, 278.

Ethnography, 8-9;
ethnographic census, 375 n. 1.

Ethnology, 10, 375-458.
_See_ Celts, ‘Iberian’ race, Long Barrow race, Mediterranean race,
Picts, Pygmies, Round-headed invaders, Skeletons.

Etruria, 158.

Evans, A. J., 5, 9, 171 n. 3, 233, 288, 468-70, 476-8.

Evans, Sir J., 4-5, 7 n. 1, 21 n. 5, 23, 24 note, 26, 28 n. 2, 32 n. 2,
40 n. 2, 59, 74, 126, 232 n. 3, 360, 370 n. 4, 386-8, 432.

Excavation, 6-8, 11, 96, 134 n. 12.

Exogamy, 53.

Extended position, 110 n. 11, 188, 287.

Eyford, 114.

‘Fabricators,’ 74.

Fairlight, 310.

‘Fairy-darts,’ 3.

Falkirk, 62.

Falster, 127, 430, 441.

Fens, 77-8.

Fernacre, 211 n. 1.

Fernworthy. 212 n. 2.

Fetichism, 116.

_Fibulae._
_See_ Brooches.

Fifeshire, 174, 186, 190 n. 9, 194 n. 3.

Finns, 441.

Fir-Bolg, 451 n. 2.

Fire, how produced in prehistoric times, 46, 80;
worshipped, 282, 462.

Fish-hooks, 151.

Fisherton, 84 n. 2.

Five Wells, 108.

Flagon, bronze, 246.

Flakes, flint, 41, 44, 73-4, 79-80, 82;
in interments, 115;
chips in cinerary urns, 204, 288.

Flamborough Head, earthworks near, 157 n. 2, 441.

Flint quarries, 7, 73.
_See_ Cissbury, Grime’s Graves.

Flintshire, 162, 252.

Flower, Sir W., 4.

Folkestone, 531-2, 650, 652;
harbour, 310, 634-5, 645-6;
theory that Caesar landed at, 604.

Folk-lore, 8-10, 94, 375;
of Rollright Stones, 213.

Folkton Wold, 199, 464.

Fontenay, 401.

Food-vessels, 191, 193-4, 196, 467;
food-vessel (?) found in Stonehenge, 467.

Fordwich, 660, 683-4.

Forest Bed, 23.

Forests, submerged, 20, 62-3;
obstruct settlers, 68, 130;
difficulty of clearing, 90-1;
gradually cleared, 151, 253;
worshipped, 272;
Forest of Dean, 251.
_See_ Andred, Wealden Forest.

Forfarshire, 167, 194 n. 3.

Forgers, 358.

Forth, 62.

Fowls, 55, 264.

Fox, bones of, in urn, 203.

France, 9, 28, 35, 47, 56, 63, 65 n. 3, 82, 96, 105 n. 2, 109-10, 113,
115, 119, 141, 144, 151, 168, 171, 205, 211-2, 259.

Franks, Sir A. W., 6.

Frazer, J. G., 58 n. 2, 277, 463.

Frere, John, 3-4.

Friar’s Heel, 214, 472, 474-6.

Funeral feasts, 113-4, 202.

Fyvie, 81.

Gades, 485, 497, 511-2.

Gaelic, 227, 229.

‘Galates,’ 438 n. 3.

Galicia, headlands of, identified with Cassiterides, 489.

Galleys, in war with Veneti, 302-5;
in Caesar’s first invasion of Britain, 313, 316-8;
wrecked, 320.
See also 335, 338, 554-5, 596-9, 662.

_Galli_, senses in which Caesar used the word, 290, 438 n. 3.

Games, 264.

Gard, 200.

Garrowby Hill, 181 n. 1.

Garson, J. G., 8, 379 n. 2, 382 n. 2, 385, 394-6, 408.

Garton-on-the-Wolds, 385 n. 7.

Gaul, 1, 65, 67, 128, 148, 218;
British bronze culture indebted to, 126;
bronze imported from, 144;
trade with, 172 (_see_ Merchants);
Gallic coins in Britain, 250;
how Britons were affected by Caesar’s campaigns in, 300.

Gav’r Inis, 171, 200.

Geese, Britons forbidden to eat, 55;
goose interred in a long barrow, 114.

Geikie, Sir A., 31.

Gelderland, 194.

Geminus, 219, 225.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 362, 369.

Geologists, 8.

Germanicus, 369.

Germany, 60-1, 66, 68, 105 n. 2, 110, 115, 140, 145, 194, 205, 211;
German influence on British bronze culture, 126;
cavalry, 354, 690.

Gesoriacum, 306, 583-4, 586, 588 n. 1, 589-91.

Glamorganshire, 35, 37, 134, 168, 194 n. 3, 203, 208, 426.

Glass beads, in Bronze Age, 162 n. 1, 167-8, 170, 183;
in Early Iron Age, 241, 357;
in barrows near Stonehenge, 469.

Glastonbury, 7, 241-2, 251, 263-4;
skeletons, 435 n. 1.

Gloucestershire, 8, 92, 101, 106, 110 n. 10, 112, 114, 184, 208, 251.

Gloves, 47, 388.

Glutton, 20, 47.

Goats, 71, 88, 113, 406.

Goidelic Celts, 234, 291, 409-14;
not identical with early round-headed invaders, 195, 428-40;
had they invaded Britain before Caesar’s time? 228-9, 445-52, 455;
religion of, 274, 281;
language, 420-4, 444-53, 455-6, 458;
inscriptions, 446-7, 449, 451-2.

Gold, worn and used for decoration by wealthy in Bronze Age, 131,
162-3, 165;
associated with tin, 139;
sources of, 168, 249;
exported from Ireland, 168;
comparative abundance of relics in Scotland, 168;
and in Wiltshire, 168-70, 469;
ornaments in Scottish cemeteries, 179;
rare in Early Iron Age, 241;
coins, 248-50, 358;
ornaments imported in Strabo’s time, 357.

_Golden Bough_, 10.

Goodwin Sands, 312, 334, 525-8, 655-9.

Gop, 178.

Gouges, stone, 75, 77-8;
bronze, 140-1, 144.

Gower, 107.

Gowland, W., 6, 140 n. 1, 251, 739.

Grannos, 280.

Gravels, 4, 21 n. 5, 25, 30, 36.
_See_ Alderbury, Eoliths, High-level drift, Plateau gravels.

Graves, moundless, 178-9, 208, 232 n. 2, 287.

Gray’s Inn Lane, 4.

Great Orme’s Head, 66 n. 3.

Great Pyramid, 123 n. 1.

Great Stour, Caesar defeats Britons on banks of, 336, 353, 660-2, 664,
678-9, 682-5.
_See_ also 339, 687, Chilham, Fordwich, Sturry, Thanington, Wye.

Greeks, 204, 217-8;
Greek letters, 266.

Greenhill, 186.

Greenland, 17, 94.

Greenwell, W., 5, 26, 103 n. 2, 109 n. 2, 181 n. 3, 184 n. 6, 185 n. 5,
231, 232 n. 2, 409, 434.

Grenelle race, 405, 431 n. 2, 438 n. 3, 443, 455-6, 458.

Grime’s Graves, 69, 471.

Grimspound, 155.

Grimthorpe, 436 note.

Grinding of stone implements, 73.

Grisnez, Cape, 2, 32, 306, 319, 565-6;
erosion of, 528;
identical with Itian promontory (?), 570, 572-4.

Grove Ferry, 684.

Grovehurst, 85.

Guest, E., 11, 565-6, 569, 571-4, 577-8, 605, 694-8, 704.

_Gutuater_, 293 n. 2.

Haddon, A. C., 8, 431 n. 2, 432 n. 5.

Hagbourne Hill, bronze and iron objects associated at, 153 n. 9, 267;
Late Celtic pins, 240.

Halberds, 145.

Halliford, 345, 696, 698.

Hallstatt, 8 note, 124;
glass beads, 168, 241;
bronze objects of Hallstatt period, 182 n. 2;
amber necklaces, 183, 469;
chronology of period, hardly represented in Britain by iron objects,
229, 231;
connexion of Late Celtic culture with, 236.

Hamitic dialects, 67, 405-6.

Ham Marshes, 63, 395.

Hammeldon Down, 162.

Hammersmith, 240.

Hammer-stones, 42, 44, 73-5, 79.

Hammers, stone, 78, 149;
bronze, 149.

Hampshire, 25, 32, 36, 85, 130, 138, 194 n. 3, 232 n. 3, 235, 251,
347, 365.

Hamy, E. T., 9, 385-6, 436.

Handles, of palaeolithic tools, 44;
of neolithic, 76-8;
of bronze celts, 141;
of daggers, 145, 147;
of Late Celtic swords, 238.

Handley Down, 144 n. 10;
moundless interments, 178.

Handley Hill Camp, 156.

Hanging Grimston, 85.

Hangman’s Wood, 515-7.

Hares, Britons forbidden to eat, 55;
used in divination, 297.

Harpoons, 37, 42, 63.

Harrison, B., 25, 28.

Hartland, S., 58 n. 2, 204 note, 416.

Hastings, 82 n. 6, 530.

Hastings (the pirate), 540 note, 638-9.

Hatchets, stone, 69-70, 74-7;
bronze, 144.

Haverfield, F. J., 7, 139 n. 3, 250 n. 8, 254, 298 n. 6, 347 note,
371 n. 3, 422 n. 2, 483, 509-11.

Hawkins, E., 5.

Hayes Common, 85-6.

Hearn, Lafcadio, 275.

Heathery Burn Cave, 157-60;
skeletons, 444;
pottery, 467.

Hebrides, 191, 198, 262.

Heller, H. J., 553, 557 n. 4, 564, 569, 574-8, 592-3, 636, 643 n. 3,
647 n. 1, 648 n. 4.

Helmets, 238.

Helvetii, 300-1, 332, 342, 432, 439.

Hercules, 362, 513 n. 3.

Herefordshire Beacon, 259 n. 3.

Herne Bay, 37.

Herodian, 1, 418-9.

Hertfordshire, 36, 235.

Hervé, G., 9, 400 n. 3, 431 n. 2.

‘Hiatus’ (?), 11, 13, 59-61, 385-90.

Hicks, H., 23.

Highfield, 84 n. 2.

High-level drift, 24, 27, 30-2, 37, 39.

Highlands, Scottish, 14.

Hill-forts, of Neolithic Age, 95-6;
of Bronze Age, 132-9;
of Early Iron Age, 255-9, 337.

Himilco, 218, 490, 512.

Hinduism, 275 note.

Hinks, A., 217 n. 1., 472-3.

Hipparchus, 219.

Hippopotamus, 30, 40 n. 2, 48.

Hissarlik, 191, 198 note, 199-200.

Hitcham, 153.

Hitchin, 20 n. 3.

‘Hoar Rock in the Wood,’ 504.

Hoards, 126, 140, 149-50, 181 n. 3, 252 n. 1;
of gold ornaments, 165.

Hoare, Sir R. C., 3, 113, 159 n. 1, 162, 189-90, 215, 288 n. 1.

Hod Hill, 7, 240, 251, 255, 260.

Holderness, 87, 130, 154, 263.

Holed stones, 8, 115-6, 403;
at Aylesford, 288.

Holland, 119.

Hollingbury, 134.

Holyhead, 154.

Homer, 190, 218.

Homme Mort, 401.

_Homo primigenius_ (?), 34

_Homo sapiens_, 14, 34.

Horace, 84, 367.

Horned cairns, 106-7, 394, 403.

Horses, 47;
semi-domestication of, in Palaeolithic Age, 56;
rare in long barrows, 113 and n. 8;
eaten in Britain, 113, 152;
small size of British, 152, 343, 676;
well-bred, imported by Gauls, 342.

Horse-trappings, 152, 251, 264-5.

Hove, 159 n. 1.

Hoxne, 3, 20 n. 3, 22.

Hudan Fleot, 541, 542 n. 1.

Human sacrifice, in Neolithic Age, 112-3;
in Bronze Age, 203-4;
by Druids, 288, 293, 297-8.

Hünebedden, 403.

Hungary, 122, 126, 170.

Hunsbury, 7, 94 note, 137 n. 4, 238, 253, 259-60, 267.

Hunting, 46, 88, 151.

‘Hurlers, The,’ 481-2.

Hurleyford, 345.

Hurst, 604;
theory that Caesar landed at, 638-9, 646-7;
theory that Caesar landed between, and Kennardington, 639-44.

Hurstbourne, 84 n. 2.

Hut-circles, 6-7, 154-6, 263-4.

Hut-clusters, 262 note.

Huxley, T. H., 8, 34, 377, 381, 396-7, 430.

Hydrography, 10.

Hyena, 30, 37, 40, 48.

Hythe, 310, 532-3, 836-40, 547-9, 604-5;
theory that Caesar landed at, 622-37, 640-2, 650, 652, 655-7, 659-61;
Hythe harbour, useless to Caesar, 310, 632-3;
conformation of, 532, 536, 547-9, 622-4;
as described by Appach, 535 n. 5, 641.

‘Iberian’ race, 65, 398-401, 406-7, 455-6.

Ice Age, 14-25, 30-1.

Iceland, 223, 225.

Iceni, 235, 269, 347, 358, 370.

Icht, 413.

Ictis, 221-3, 246, 413, 499-500, 511;
not Thanet, 500-1;
nor the Isle of Wight, 501-7;
must be identified with St. Michael’s Mount, 502-7.

Ightham, 25.

Ilkley, 207.

Illyricum, 303, 327.

Immortality of the soul, 50, 117, 201-4, 274-6.

Incense-cups, 183, 191, 194, 196, 467, 477.

India, 31, 65, 82, 123, 177, 211.

Indo-European language, 127, 433;
‘Indo-European _p_,’ 410, 450-2.

Indutiomarus, 330, 333, 370, 667.

Infanticide, 128.

Infants, interment of, 128;
cremation of, 190.

Inhumation, in Palaeolithic Age at Mentone, 49, 204, 389, 460;
in Neolithic Age in Britain, 110-2;
in Bronze Age, 173, 184-9;
religious significance of, different from that of cremation (?),
204-5, 465-6;
on Arras Farm, 234 n. 1;
in Early Iron Age, 286-8;
Sergi’s views on, 400.

Inscriptions, 10;
as materials for history of Celtic religion, 273-4, 277-82;
at Colchester, 415-6;
‘Pictish,’ 420-1, 423;
Goidelic, 446-7, 449, 451-2.

Interglacial period (?), 15-6, 18, 20, 23.

Intertribal war, 68, 81, 95, 101, 119, 129, 131-2, 268-9.

Inverness, 17.

Inverness-shire, 102, 115 n. 8, 194 n. 3, 208.

Ipswich, 42.

Ireland, in Ice Age, 16;
dolmens in, 66, 403, 405;
pygmy flints, 82;
chambered cairns, 108;
well-worship, 116;
Copper Age, 122;
spearheads, 148;
cauldrons, 158;
gold, 168;
spiral ornament, 171;
only two drinking-cups found in, 195;
food-vessels and incense-cups frequent in, 196;
disks, 207;
‘bluestones,’ 214;
position of, indicated by Pytheas, 223, 352,
and Caesar, 352;
vitrified forts, 259;
crannogs, 263 n. 2;
cannibalism, 268 n. 1;
skulls of Long Barrow type found in, 398;
‘Pictish succession’ in, 415;
no ‘characteristic’ Round Barrow skulls found in, 432;
Goidelic invaders of, 446, 449;
Irish invaders of Britain, 448;
Ireland colonized by Belgae (?), 451 n. 2.
_See_ Dowris, Lough Crew, New Grange, and 108, 205, 432.

Irish Sea, in Ice Age, 16.

Iron implements not used in British Bronze Age, 123-4;
date of their introduction into Britain, 126, 231-2;
probably introduced by Brythons, 232;
iron pyrites, 46, 80;
mines, 230, 251, 260, 357.
_See_ Axes, Bill-hooks, Currency bars, Hallstatt, Mirrors, Noreia,
Ploughs, Sickles, Swords.

Ischalis, 232 n. 3.

Islay, 108.

Italy, 9, 21, 211;
probably a Copper Age in, 122;
British bronze culture connected with, 126.

Itchen, 32.

Ἴτιον, 556, 570-1, 577 8.

Itius.
_See_ Portus Itius.

Jade, 69 n. 1.

Japan, 66, 478.

Javelin-heads, 80.

Jet, 161, 167.

Jewellery, origin of, 92;
of Bronze Age, 163-70;
sham, 167;
Late Celtic, 241.

Julia, 348.

Julian calendar, 707-26.

Jullian, C., 226 n. 3, 273 n. 1, 277, 278 n. 2, 286 n. 6, 292 note,
298 n. 6.

‘Julliberrie’s Grave,’ 683 n. 6.

Jupiter, 275-6, 279-83, 285.

Kabyles, 416.

Κασσίτερος, 433, 453, 494.

Keiss, 396.

Kellythorpe, 162, 189.

Kennardington, 639-40, 643.

Kent, 5, 30, 33, 36, 67, 96 n. 3, 101, 130, 133, 194 n. 3, 235, 242, 254;
poor in ornaments, 170;
prototype of British coins frequent in, 249;
dene-holes, 253;
survival of old sepulchral rites, 268;
kings of, attack Caesar’s naval camp, 346.
_See_ Aylesford, Caesar, Coast, Commius, Cunobeline, Deal, Dover,
Great Stour, Landing in Britain, North Foreland, South Foreland,
Walmer, &c.

Kent’s Cavern, 4, 37, 42, 244.

Khasis, 214, 478.

Kilmartin, 205.

Kilts, 265.

Kimmeridge shale beads, 92;
cups, 159 n. 1;
bangles, 241.

‘Kimris,’ 438-9.

Kincardineshire, 208-9, 739.

Kings, 269-71;
of Kent, attack Caesar’s naval camp in 54 B.C., 353, 360, 669-70.

Kingsdown, 311, 334, 523, 651, 674.

Kingship, origin of, 58, 100-1, 117.

Kingston-on-Thames, 696-7.

Kingston (on the Little Stour), 679-80.

Kinross-shire, 194 n. 3.

Kirkcudbright, 135.

Kirkwall, 268 n. 1.

Kistvaens, 65 n. 4, 96, 189 n. 1.

Kit’s Coty House, 66 n. 3.

Knives, of flint, 75;
of bronze, 182.

Krapina, 381.

Kymri, 449-51.

Laberius Durus, 340, 683 n. 6.

Labienus, sent to country of Treveri, 304;
punishes Morini, 324, 593;
left in command in Gaul (54 B.C.), 334;
Caesar applies to, for shipwrights, 338;
warns Caesar of danger in Gaul, 349;
builds ships, 350, 584;
orders assassination of Commius, 365.

Lake barrow, 167, 469.

Lake District, 16.

Lake-dwellings, 7;
of Holderness, 87, 153-4;
of Switzerland, 87, 157.
_See_ Barton Mere, Crannogs, Glastonbury, Munro.

Lakes glacial origin of, 15;
worshipped, 116, 272.

La Madelaine, 46, 99, 383.

_Lamiis tribus_, 272.

Lamps, 70, 258.

Lancashire, 82 n. 6, 171, 179, 205, 267.

Lance-heads, 82.

Landing in Britain, place of Caesar’s, 309-12, 315-6, 595-665.

Land’s End, 135;
Pytheas lands near, 221;
skull found near, 396;
Ictis located off, by Müllenhoff, 502 n. 8.

Lang, A., 49 n. 7, 52 n. 6, 53 n. 4, 198 note, 206 n. 4, 463-4.

Langbank, 463-4.

Language, 48;
neolithic, 67, 405-6.
_See_ Brythonic, Celtic, Goidelic, Philology.

Lapps, 102.

Largie, 109 n. 2.

‘Late Celtic’ Period, 5-6;
art, 9, 84 n. 2, 236-46, 372.
_See_ Early Iron Age.

La Tène, cauldrons, 158 n. 2;
culture named after settlement of, 236, 241;
swords, 238;
brooches, 240.

Lathe, 159 n. 1.
_See_ Potter’s wheel.

Latin, known by some of the Britons, 266, 368, 372.

Laugerie Basse, 35, 382.

Lea, 60, 347, 702.

Lead, in bronze, 140, 739;
leaden celts, 148-9, 252;
lead mines, 252.

Leaf-shaped arrow-heads, 80-1;
swords, 146;
spears, 148.

Ledbury, 396-7.

Lee way, 326, 582, 613, 625, 634, 656, 659, 740.

Legions, 301;
10th, 313, 316;
7th, 313, 321, 337, 343, 636, 677.

_Lepidianus tumultus_, 719-21, 725.

Lewes, 7, 256.
_See_ Mount Caburn.

Lewin, T., 533, 535-6, 542, 546-9, 563, 587, 607-11, 622-38, 648,
649 n. 1, 650-9, 701-3.

Lewis, 207-8, 262.

Liane, 306, 314, 324, 331, 571, 594;
ancient depth and extension of estuary, 586-7.

Life, duration of in Neolithic Age, 91;
in Bronze Age, 152-3.

Ligurian coast, 61;
language, 296 n. 4, 408.

Limen, 535, 538-43, 545.

Lincolnshire, 35, 82 n. 6, 130, 194 n. 3;
round barrows in, 187.

Lions, 30, 48.

Littlebourne, 680, 682.

Little Stour, 660, 679-82, 685.

Littleton Drew, 105.

Livy, 285.

Llandebie, 395.

Llandudno, 139.

Llangorse, 263 n. 2.

Loch Etive, 107.

Lockyer, Sir N., 216-7, 472-6, 480-2.

Loire, tin shipped from Ictis to, 221, 223, 246, 500-1, 505-9;
ships built in, and lent by tribes near, for war with Veneti, 302-4;
Strabo on passage from, to Britain, 577.

Lomea, 526.

Londinium, 255;
name of, does not appear on any British coin, 359;
was it pre-Roman? 703-5.

London, palaeolithic implements found in, 39;
topography of, in Caesar’s time, 255;
road from, to Durovernum, 336;
Cassivellaunus’s stronghold wrongly located at, 701-2.

Long, G., 567-9, 571, 577-8, 590-3, 603 note.

Long Barrow race, ethnology of, 64-7, 393-407, 455-6, 458.

Long barrows, 101-3, 173;
orientation of, 103;
construction, 103-5.
_See_ Chambered barrows.

Long Hole Cave, 37.

Lord’s Down, 188-9.

Lorthet, 99.

Los Murciélagos, 100.

Lossio Veda, 415.

Lough Crew, 206.

Lourdes, 57.

Lower Greensand, 26-7.

Lozenge pattern, 197, 198, n. 3, 239.

Lozère, 35.

Lubbock, Sir J., 4.
_See_ Avebury, Lord.

Lucan, 279, 285 n. 8, 355, 628, 630.

Lucretius, 50, 124 n. 5.

Lug, 277.

Lugotorix, 348.

Lugudunum, 277, 283.

Lunettes, 165.

Lutcombe Castle, 134.

Lyall, Sir A., 10, 204 note, 275, 277

Lydd, 535, 536 n. 1, 538, 543.

Lydney, 280-1.

Lyell, Sir C., 4, 45, 223.

Lympne, 309-10, 532-3, 538-45, 547, 551-2;
theory that Caesar landed at, 622-37, 642, 650-2, 656.

_Mabinogion_, 274.

Mabon.
_See_ Maponus.

Macbain, A., 420-3.

MacEnery, J., 4.

Magi, 297 n. 3.

Magic, 47-8, 57-8, 92 n. 6, 117;
connexion of, with religion, 58, 461-2.

Maiden Bower Camp, 97.

Maiden Castle, 134, 137.

Mainland, 226.

Malden, H. E., 539 n. 7, 556, 607, 615 n. 1, 619-20, 638-9, 646-7.

Malvern Hills, 68.

Mammoth, 4, 21, 30, 35, 40;
teeth of, found _in situ_ in peat, 386 n. 5.

Man, Isle of, 180, 205.
_See_ _Monapia_.

Mandubracius, 327, 333, 339, 361, 700.

Manonvrier, 9, 379 n. 2.

Μάντεις, 297 note.

Mantes, 29.

Maoris, 77.

Maponus, 280.

Mark Antony, 365.

Marliano, R. de, 2.

Marlborough bucket, 237, 246.

Marne, cremation in, in Neolithic Age, 110 n. 1;
‘owl-heads’, 200;
Caesar builds ships on river (?), 327;
skeletons of Early Iron Age, 436;
chariot-burials, 676.

Marriage, 128, 269-70.

Marrow, 46-7.

Mars, 275, 277-9, 282-3.

Marshes (?) near Caesar’s landing-place, 628, 630-2, 653-4.

Martial, 368.

Martin Down Camp, 156-7, 467.

Mas d’Azil, 48, 49 n. 7, 61;
painted pebbles, 99, 263, 464.

Massilia, British trade with, 172, 218, 499-501, 507-8;
Pytheas calculates latitude of, 219;
date of foundation, 511;
Massilians introduce coins into Gaul, 248;
import tin from Spain (?), 495-6.

Matlock, 252.

Matriarchy, 52 n. 6, 94-5, 351;
among the Picts, 414-7.

Mediterranean, 200, 218, 231, 307, 326;
‘Mediterranean race,’ 65, 398, 400-1, 406-7, 455.

Mêdûm, 125.

Medway, 25;
crossed by Caesar, 344.

Megalithic monuments, 5-6, 177.
_See_ Menhirs, Stone circles, Stone rows.

Menapii, 302, 314, 324.

Mendip Hills, 252.

Menhirs, 114, 208, 285.

Mentone, 34, 49, 204, 382.

Merchants, of Gaul, 1, 307-8, 310, 331.

Mercury, 274, 277-8, 282-3, 285.

Merionethshire, 171, 184, 205, 242.

‘Mesolithic’ implements, 59, 387, 388 n. 1.

Mesopotamia, 122, 125 n. 1.

Metallurgy, 121, 139-40.

Metempsychosis, 293, 295-6.

Mexico, 125.

Mice, bones of, in urn, 203.

Mictis, 500.
_See_ Ictis.

Midacritus, 485, 514.

Middlesex, 36, 235.

Midlands, 14, 16.

Midnight sun, 225-6.

Midsummer festivals, 280, 475.

Military history, 10, 352, 595-6.

Millfield, 85.

Minerva, 275, 280-2.

Mining, of flint, 69-71;
of copper, 139 n. 1, 502-3 n. 8;
of iron, 231, 251;
of lead, 252.
_See_ Tin.

Mirrors, 239-40, 264.

Mistletoe, 298.

Mitchell, Sir A., 6, 203 n. 4, 248.

Moel Tryfaen, 17 note.

Mold, 162.

Mole, bones of, in urn, 203.

_Mollis_ (B. G., v, 9, § 1), 628-30.

Mommsen, Th., 355-6, 715 n. 6.

_Monapia_, 450-1.

Monarchy.
_See_ Kings.

Mongoloid tribes, 51.

Monmouthshire, 194 n. 3, 360.

Montelius, O., 9, 123 n. 1, 402, 432, 476 n. 1.

Monzie, 153.

Moon, worshipped, 116, 282;
influence of, on tides, announced by Pytheas and Posidonius, 219,
319, 336;
year computed by revolutions of, in ancient calendars, 296, 475, 707;
full moon of Aug. 31, 55 B.C., 319, 600-3;
exact time of, 610, 665-6;
new moon of Jan. 2, 45 B.C., 722 n. 2;
Caesar sailed for Britain in 54 B.C. about day of new moon, 728-9.

Moravia, skeletons found at, 34, 381;
interment practised in, in Palaeolithic Age, 49.

Morayshire, 165.

Morbihan, 110 n. 1, 205, 302-4.

Moredun, 435 n. 1.

Morini, 133, 302;
Caesar’s campaign against, 305-6;
envoys from, proffer submission, 133, 312;
Cotta, 314;
attack Romans, punished, 324, 593-4;
shortest passage to Britain from their country, 554, 571, 596, 619;
Caesar sails from their country, 558-63;
Strabo on passage to Britain from, 555-6, 577-9;
_portus Morinorum Britannicus_, 589;
induced by Britons to mediate with Caesar (?), 672.

Mortars, 79.

Mortillet, G. de, 38, 39 n. 1.

Mortimer, J. R., 5, 101 n. 3, 157 n. 2, 174 n. 1, 177 n. 6, 181 n. 1,
186 n. 4, 195 n. 5, 197 n. 1, 393 n. 4, 425 n. 4.

Moulds, 148-9.

‘Mound dwellings,’ 390-2.

Mountains worshipped, 272.

Mount Caburn, 256.

Mountfield, 165.

Mousterian implements, 40-1, 384.

Moustier, Le, cave of, 40.

_Muir n’ Icht_, 572.

Müller, S., 9, 402.

Mullers, 79, 90.

Munro, R., 107 n. 2, 263 n. 2, 463-5.

Muskham, 396-7.

Mycenaeans, 204.

Myres, J. L., 9, 378 n. 6, 402.

Napoleon III, 602 n. 5, 603.

Narbo, trade with, 499-500, 508.

Naval camp, constructed by Caesar in 54 B.C., 338, 686-7;
attacked by Kentish kings, 346-8, 661;
Caesar’s unexplained visit to, 348-9, 669, 672, 731-3;
site of, 673-4.

Neanderthal skull, 33-4, 380-2;
race, 385, 397, 455.

Necklaces, 47;
amber, 163, 167, 169;
jet, 167.

Needles, of bone, 37, 42.

Needles, The, 32.

Neolithic Age, 11, 62-120;
early immigrants of British, 62-3;
British civilization originated in, 63-4;
later invaders of, 64-7;
ethnology of inhabitants, 64-7, 393-409;
settlements, 67-9;
implements, 71-83;
specialization of industries, 83;
implements used after introduction of bronze, 132.
_See_, Dwellings, Agriculture, Clothing,
Cookery, Hill-forts, Religion, Transition, &c.

Nervii, 330, 342, 352, 734.

Nether Swell, 105.

New Grange, 170, 200, 478.

Nicholson, E. W. B., 410-1, 419-23, 449-53.

Nights, shortness of, 225-6, 351.

Nile, 30.

Nilsson, S., 102, 479.

Nobles, 271.

Nodons, 281.

Noreia, 231.

Norfolk, 18-20, 36, 85, 162, 194 n. 3, 253, 263 n. 2, 347.

Normanton, 162.

North Bavant, 97.

North Downs, 26, 662.

North Foreland, 309, 575-7, 657 n. 3.

North Sea, 14.

Northamptonshire, 36, 110 n. 11, 137 n. 4, 238, 251, 361.

Northumberland, 8, 133 n. 1, 154, 161, 167, 171, 179, 194 n. 3, 205,
208, 359;
hut-circles, 154-5;
cremation, 184;
drinking-cups, 192.

Norway, 126.
_See_ Scandinavia.

Novantae, 447-8.

_Nundinae_, 713 ff.

Oban, 62, 394.

Oestrymnides, 491.

Offa’s Dyke, 260 n. 1.

Oldbury, 46, 134.

Old Sarum, 259 n. 3, 481.

Ons, 483 n. 3, 487-8, 497.

Ordovices, 233 note.

Orientation of long barrows and chambered cairns, 103;
of skeletons in round barrows, 188;
of stone circles, 210-1, 481-2;
of Stonehenge, 216-7, 472-6, 480-1;
of skeletons in interments of Early Iron Age, 287-8, 739.
_See_ Hurlers.

Orkney, 87 n. 1, 97 n. 2, 109, 198, 208;
chambered cairns in, 102, 408;
holed stones, 115 n. 8;
amber necklace, 169;
barrows, 175;
brochs, 262.
_See_ Ronsay, Stromness, Unstan.

Ormiegill, 106.

Ornament, on pottery, origin of, 89, 198 n. 3;
on bronze weapons, 149;
on pottery of the Bronze Age, 197-200;
curvilinear, 236-9.

Ornaments, 92.
_See_ Jewellery.

Ortels, A., 2.

Osismii, 221.

Οὐάτεις, 297 note.

Ouse, 48.

Oval barrows, 105 n. 2, 108.

Oxfordshire, 36, 84 n. 2, 101, 183 n. 1, 194 n. 3, 208, 235, 239-40,
246, 248 n. 2.

‘P’ Celts, 227-8, 409-10.

Palaeolithic Age, 4, 13-61;
chronology of, 8, 31-2;
relation of palaeolithic man to Ice Age, 22-5;
environment of palaeolithic man in Britain, 30-1;
whence did he come?, 30-1;
skeletons, 33-5, 380-3;
races, 34-5, 383-5;
artists, 35;
range of hunters in Britain, 35-6;
implements, 3-4, 24, 38-42;
where implements have been found, 36-7;
‘Palaeolithic Floor,’ 39;
workshops, 42-4;
culture of inhabitants in Britain, 45-9;
religion, 49-51;
did palaeolithic man leave descendants in Britain?, 59-61, 385-90.

Palestine, 30.

Palms in London Clay, 14.

Palstaves, 141, 144;
of Scandinavia, 172.

Papa Westray, Holm of, 102.

Paris, altars of, 276, 279 note.

Parisi, 235, 360 n. 2, 450-1.

Park Cwm, 107.

Pasturage, 88, 150-1.

Paviland Cave, 168, 397 n. 8.

Peanfahel, 421-2.

Pebbles, painted, 49;
in brochs, 262, 464.

Peebles-shire, 257 n. 5.

_Peik-_, 414.

Pengelly, W., 223.

Pennine Range, 68.

Pennocrucium, 450.

Pentagram, 295.

Pentland Firth, 224.

Pen-y-Gaer, 257.

Peristaliths, 105, 208 n. 2.

Perthes, B. de, 4.

Perthi-Chwareu, 55, 395.

Perthshire, 153, 194 n. 3, 208, 361 note.

Peru, 125.

Pestles, 75.

Petrie, W. Flinders, 9, 111 n. 3, 402, 479.

Pevensey, 558;
theory that Caesar landed at, 604-5, 611-21.

Peytrel, gold, 131, 163.

Philip of Macedon, 248.

Philology, 8;
as an aid to ethnological inquiry, 229, 375-6;
Celtic philologists differ on fundamentals, 453.

Phoenicians, 172, 219 n. 4, 221, 479, 489-91, 493-5. 497-8. 511-4.
_See_ Cassiterides, Tin.

Phrygians, 514.

Picks, deer-horn, 69, 71;
at Stonehenge, 215, 470-1.

_Pict_ (the name), 412-4, 419.

Pictones, 419.

Picts, 351, 391 n. 5;
the ‘Pictish question’, 409-24, 456;
Pictish inscriptions, 420-3.

‘Picts’ houses,’ 102 n. 4, 261, 391.

Piette, E., 9, 99.

Pigs, 88, 407;
interment of, in barrows, 203.

Pilgrim’s Way, 247, 256, 337.

Pins, of Bronze Age, 161;
Late Celtic, 240.

Pit-dwellings, 84-7, 153, 261.

Pits, in Hunsbury, Mount Caburn, and Worlebury forts, 256, 260.

Pitt-Rivers, A., 6-7, 71, 84 n. 2, 97 n. 7, 123 note, 136, 138,
144 n. 10, 175 n. 4, 176 n. 1, 179, 197, 201 note, 202 n. 3,
212, 215, 256-7, 267, 441.

Placard Cave, 99.

Placentia, 329.

Plas Newydd, 107.

Plateau gravels, 25-8, 36.

Pleistocene Period, 4, 11, 14, 27.
_See_ Ice Age.

Pliny, 219, 224, 296, 592-3.

Ploughs, 152 n. 2, 253.

Plutarch, 628, 630-1.

Plymouth, 33.
_See_ Cattedown Cave.

Polished stone implements, 73.

Polyandry, 351, 414-7.

Polybius, 219-20, 226 n. 3, 285.

Polytheism, 51, 276, 282.

Pomponius Mela, 1, 295 n. 1.

Pont Newydd, 40 n. 2.

Port Erin, 180.

Portsdown Hill, 20.

Portugal, 194, 263 n. 2;
Portuguese neolithic chambers, 87.
_See_ Los Murciélagos.

Portus Itius, Caesar sails from, to Britain, 306-7, 312, 327, 330;
dispatch vessels ply between, and Britain, 348;
question of its site, 552-95.
_See_ Ambleteuse, Boulogne, Calais, Somme, Wissant.

Portus Lemanis, 533, 538-41, 543-9, 551-2, 622.

Portus Ritupis, 519.

Posidonius, on tides, 219 n. 4, 319;
on Gallic banquets, 261;
on tin trade, 484, 499;
no evidence that he visited Britain, 499 n. 2.

Potter’s wheel, 191, 242.

Pottery, not made in Palaeolithic Age, 46;
at Hurstbourne and Highfield, 84 n. 2;
neolithic, 89, 96-7, 108, 109 n. 2;
domestic, of Bronze Age, 159, 467;
of Early Iron Age, 244;
sepulchral, of Bronze Age, 191-9, 467;
Late Celtic pottery, 242-4, 288;
‘Samian,’ 372;
potsherds in barrows, 113-4, 203-4;
at Stonehenge, 469 n. 7.
_See_ Cinerary urns, Drinking-cups, Food-vessels, Incense-cups.

Prah Sands, 36 note.

Prasutagus, 358;
the name, 450, 452.

Prayer, 117, 290, 297.

Prehistoric ages, indefiniteness of, 72.

Prehistoric Britain, how our knowledge of it has been obtained, 1-12.

Prehistoric Room (British Museum), 9, 70, 217 n. 1.

Prestwich, Sir J., 4, 23, 26-7.

_Pretani_, 411-3, 459.

Pretanic island, 227-8, 411-3, 459.

Πρετανικαὶ νῆσοι, 411, 459-61.

Promontory, rounded by Caesar in 55 B.C., 600, 650.

Property, private, in land, 252;
British women might own property, 269-70.

_Prydein_, 411, 413, 418-9.

Ptolemy, 235, 255, 422-3.

Puttenham, 137.

Pygmies, 390-3.

Pygmy flints, 82-3.

Pyrenees, palaeolithic artists of, 35 n. 3;
cave-dwellers, 47;
pottery of dolmens, 109;
misplaced by Strabo, 488.

Pythagoras, 294-5.

Pytheas, 152;
his voyage, 217-26;
his scientific and geographical work, 218-9, 221, 223, 351-2;
an authority on British ethnology, 227-9, 411-2, 445-6, 459;
discredited in Caesar’s time, 307;
on tides, 219, 319;
misunderstood by Professor Ridgeway, 495;
Diodorus Siculus ultimately derived description of Ictis from, 499.
_See_ Ictis, Moon, Thule.

‘Q’ Celts, 227-8, 409-10.

_Qicti_, 414.

Qrtanic, 228.

_Qrtanoi_, 412, 452, 459.

Quaternary Period, 14.

Quatrefages, A. de, 9, 385.

Querns, 253, 262, 264, 361 note.

Quiberon Bay, 304.

Quintus Cicero.
_See_ Cicero.

Rains Cave, 178.

Raised beach, 62.

Ramsgate, 519, 575, 577.

Ranke, J., 9, 439-40.

Rapier-shaped swords, 147.

Razors, 158, 160.

Read, C. H., 7, 134 n. 12, 182 n. 5, 217 n. 1, 430 note, 431, 505-6.

Reculver, 36-7, 336.

Red hair, 440.

Regni, 366, 617.

Reid, C., 19, 23, 27, 28 n. 2, 36 n. 1, 40 n. 2, 61 n. 3, 222, 503-7.

Reinach, S., 9, 47, 57 n. 5, 83 n. 3, 121 n. 1, 125 n. 4, 171 n. 3,
201 n. 3, 210, 277, 279, 292 note, 405 n. 7, 406 n. 6, 461-2,
493-4, 513-4.

Reindeer, 40, 68.

Religion, 10;
may have been a motive of palaeolithic art, 48;
and of geometrical decoration, 199 note;
religion of palaeolithic man, 49-51;
of neolithic man, 114-8;
in Bronze Age, 200-7;
Celtic, 271-90, 297-8;
the birthday of religion, 461-3.
_See_ Altars, Animism, Anthropomorphism, ‘Continuance theory,’
Druidism, Magic, Metempsychosis, Retribution, Sun worship,
Temples, Totemism.

_Reliquiae Diluvianae_, 4.

Remi, 299 n. 5, 454 n. 4.

Retribution, religious doctrine of, 296.

Rhee Wall, 535, 538-40, 542, 548;
built by Romans, 549-52.

Rhine, some of the brachycephalic invaders come from, to Britain, 128,
443;
Strabo on passage from, to Britain, 577.

Rhinoceros, woolly, 20;
big-nosed, 40.

Rhoda, 248 n. 2.

Rhonddha valley, 134.

Rhône, tin exported from Britain to mouth of, 222, 499, 513.

Rhosdigre, 395.

Rhys, Sir J., 228, 290, 291 nn. 1-2, 351, 367 n. 9, 390-2, 405 n. 8,
409-24, 429-30, 433 n. 4, 446-9, 453-4, 459-61, 500, 508-9.

Richborough, 336, 641;
topography, 519-20;
distance from Gesoriacum, 591-2;
theory that Caesar landed at, 604, 663-4;
that he encamped on, 674.

Ridgeway Hill, 203.

Ridgeway, W., 9, 188 n. 2, 204, 221 n. 3, 495, 500-1, 507-9, 569-70,
619-21.

Rillaton, 195 note.

Rings, 165, 167, 183 n. 1.

Rivers, worshipped, 116, 272.

River-bed skulls, 8, 396-7.

River-drift, 22, 36;
‘river-drift men,’ 38, 383-5.
_See_ Caves, High-level drift.

Riviera, 35, 67.
_See_ Baoussé-Roussé, Mentone.

Robertsbridge, 616, 678.

Robin Hood Cave, 35, 45 note.

Rochester, 344.

Rodmarton, 105, 401.

Rolleston, G., 8, 112, 377-8, 406, 425 n. 4, 426, 432, 441, 662 n. 3.

Rollright Stones, 210, 470.

Rome, thanksgiving service at, for Caesar’s first invasion of Britain,
325;
Roman troops _versus_ British chariots, 341-3;
growth of Roman influence in Britain, 356-8, 362-3, 368-72;
flight of British princes to Rome, 366.

Romney, 535, 537-9, 540 n. 2, 543, 547, 550.

Romney Marsh, 310;
ancient geography of, 532-52, 622-3, 638, 640;
Maistre Wace anticipated modern view that Caesar landed on, 644.

Ross-shire, 115 n. 8, 168, 194 n. 3.

Rother, ancient course of, 533, 537-43, 552;
Airy holds that Caesar defeated Britons on in 54 B.C., 616.

Rouge, 80, 264.

Round barrows and cairns, 6, 8, 107-8, 119-20, 173-6;
first erected in Neolithic Age, 119-20, 408-9;
ditches, banks, and stone circles belonging to, 175-7, 207-8;
not erected only in memory of chiefs, 177-9;
cenotaphs, 180-1;
chronology of round barrows, 181-4, 476 n. 1;
round barrows of Early Iron Age, 287.
_See_ Bell barrows, Bowl barrows, Disk barrows.

Round-headed invaders of Britain, 127-8, 424-44;
begin to arrive in Neolithic Age, 119, 127, 408-9;
of ‘characteristic’ type, 425-8, 444, 455;
of short stature (‘Alpine’ type), 426-8, 455;
earlier round-headed invaders not Celtic, 428-40.

Roundway Hill, 109 n. 3.

‘Row Grave’ skulls, 443 n. 5.

Royal Archaeological Institute, 5.

Royal Irish Academy, 5.

Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 5.

Rudstone, 201 n. 3.

Rufina, 368.

Rushmore, round barrows at, 201 note, 202 n. 3, 212 n. 2;
did not contain bronze, 215.

Rutupiae, distance from Gesoriacum, 591;
theory that Caesar landed at, 663-4.
_See_ Richborough.

Rye, 604.

Sabinus, 304, 314, 324.

Sabre-toothed tiger, 37.

Sacrifice, 118.
_See_ Animals, Human sacrifice.

Salisbury Plain, forts on, 133, 137 n. 4;
sarsens, 214;
Salisbury Spire, 217, 481.

Salmon, Ph., 9, 382 n. 2.

Sanson, N., 2.

Sandgate, coast between, and Dover, 531-2;
in connexion with question of Caesar’s landing-place, 627, 638,
640-2, 646-7, 651.

Sandown Castle, 312, 323;
coins found near, 520-1;
coast between, and Walmer Castle, 521-5.

Sandtun, 539, 541, 542 n. 1.

Sandwich, 311, 323;
Caesar lands near in 54 B.C., 335-6, 664-5;
coast between, and Sandown Castle, 519-20;
decay of port, 526;
theory that Caesar landed at, in 55 B.C., 604-5, 660-4.
See also 651, 657-8, 673-4, 683.

Sangatte, 306;
not Caesar’s _ulterior portus_, 581-3, 585, 619, 639, 740-1.

Sarrebourg, altar at, 281.

Sarsens, 214-5, 470-1, 479-80.

Saturn, 282.

Saws, flint, 41, 79, 132;
bronze, 132 n. 2, 140;
many flint saws in one barrow, 201 n. 3;
iron saws, 253.

Scabbards, 147;
Late Celtic, 237, 239.

Scaliger, J., 2.

Scandinavia, 9, 14, 66-7, 77, 102, 115, 168, 185, 195 note, 205-6,
211, 218, 404, 441;
trade, 170-1;
superiority of bronze culture, 172.
_See_ Thule.

Schneider, R., 557, 589.

Scilly Islands, chambered barrows in, 102;
people of, traded by barter, 359;
identified with Cassiterides, 486, 490-3, 497-8, 513.

Scorborough Park, 435 n. 1.

Scotland, in Ice Age, 16, 21, 24;
subsidence of, 62;
dolmens, 66, 403 n. 5;
axe-hammers, 79;
barbed arrow-heads, 81;
chambered cairns, 101, 107;
Bronze Age began late, 132;
lead in bronze, 140;
cauldrons, 158;
ornaments, 163, 165, 167-9;
cairns, 174;
cemeteries, 178-9;
interments, 185, 200;
drinking-cups, 192, 195 note;
stone circles, 207-8, 476;
only one interment of Early Iron Age, 232 n. 2;
Late Celtic pins, 240;
vitrified forts, 259 n. 3;
dwellings and brochs, 261-2;
crannogs, 263 n. 2;
no coins struck in, 359.
_See_ also 109, 129-30, 133, 141, 205, the counties, Ethnology, &c.

Scrapers, palaeolithic, 41;
neolithic, 79;
on Dartmoor, 156.

Sculptor, neolithic, 70.

Sculptured stones, 8, 177, 183, 205-7.

Scythians, use of breeches borrowed from, 265.

Seaford, hill-fort at, 98 note, 136, 137 n. 1.

Secondary interments, 112, 173, 186 n. 4, 188-9.

Segontiaci, 346, 361, 700.

Seine, 327;
Strabo on passage from, to Britain, 577.

Selgovae, 448.

Selsea, 19.

Senotigirnios, 360 n. 2.

Sepulchral pottery, of Bronze Age, 191-9, 467;
Late Celtic, 242-3, 288.

Sergi, G., 9, 377-8, 398, 400-2, 404 n. 6, 406.

Sevenoaks, 25-6, 254.

Sewing, 47.

Shakespeare, 204.

Shakespeare’s Cliff, 310, 532.

Sheep, 88, 151, 357, 406.

Shells, 11, 16-7;
shell-fish eaten, 63, 157.

Shetland, 67, 129 n. 4, 225-6, 262.
_See_ Thule.

Shields, 145-6;
Scandinavian, 172;
Late Celtic, 237, 244-5.

Ships, figured on Scandinavian rocks, 171 n. 3;
British, 246-7;
of the Veneti, 304;
Caesar’s, wrecked, 319-20, 338.
_See_ Galleys, Transports.

Shorncliffe, 532, 536, 622-4, 651.

Shropshire, 208, 359.

Sibbald, Sir R., 4.

Siberia, 60-1.

Sickles, stone, 80;
bronze, 144-5;
iron, 253.

Sidbury Hill, 216, 472-3, 481.

Silbury Hill, 180-1.

Silchester, 255;
inscription found at, 410, 451.

Silura, 359 n. 12.

Silures, 281, 359 n. 12, 398.

Silver coins, 249, 358, 362;
bronze celt found with, 267 n. 2.

_Simulacra_, 285.

Sion type, 429-30.

Siret, MM., 9.

Sitting posture, 188 n. 2.

Skeletons, 3;
palaeolithic, 33-5, 380-3;
neolithic, 64, 393-8;
of late Neolithic Age and Bronze Age, 127-8, 424-8;
of Heathery Burn Cave, 159-60, 444;
of Early Iron Age, 234, 434-6.

Skin, vessels of, 42;
clothing, 47, 91, 156, 161, 267.

Skulls, 11.
_See_ Skeletons.

Sling-bullets, 264, 268.

Slingers, in Caesar’s army, 313, 331, 346, 698.

Small Down Camp, 134.

Small Downs, 526, 665 n. 3.

Smertullos, 279 note.

Smith, C. Roach, 5.

Smith, W. Robertson, 203 n. 4, 252 n. 4, 277.

Smith, Worthington G., 44.

Smyth, Admiral W. H., 608.

Societies, archaeological, formation of, 5.

Society of Antiquaries, 3.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 5.

Socketed weapons, 141, 144-5, 148-9;
very rare in interments of Bronze Age, 181-4.

Solent, 32.

Solinus, 359.

Solutré, 39, 41, 383-4.

Solway Moss, 76.

Somaliland, 31;
did Mediterranean race originate in? 406.

Somersetshire, 5, 101, 133-4, 175, 194 n. 3, 208, 232 n. 3, 250-1,
359-60.

Somme, 4, 302-3, 306, 327;
coast between, and Calais, 517-8;
estuary of, not Portus Itius, 558-63, 617, 621.

Somme Bionne, 238, 243.

South Downs, entrenchments on, 96, 98;
settlements on, 130.

South Foreland, 2, 223, 311, 315, 319, 334, 575 n. 4, 582, 627, 642-3,
650, 653, 659, 662-3;
ancient configuration of cliffs, 528-30;
Caesar drifted past, in 54 B.C., 616, 620, 655-6.

South Lodge Camp, 156-7.

Spain, 9, 21, 65, 82, 111, 171, 194, 200, 211, 220-1, 263 n. 2, 327;
Copper Age, 122;
trade, 172;
tin obtained from, 512.

Spear-heads, palaeolithic (?), 41;
neolithic, 80, 147;
bronze spears, 131, 145-8;
socketed spear-heads not found in interments of Bronze Age, 181,
182 nn. 2, 5, 184.

Spettisbury, 251.

Spindle-whorls, 91-2, 156, 160, 264.

Spiral ornament, 170-1, 200, 239.

Spy, 33-4, 381.

St. Albans, 255, 347, 701.

St. David’s Head, fort on, 258.

St. George’s Hill, 694-5.

St. Keverne, 435 n. 1.

St. Leonards, 614, 617.

St. Margaret’s Bay, 311;
movements of shingle at, 523, 529 n. 3.

St. Michael’s Mount, 222-3, 502-3, 506-7, 513.
_See_ Ictis.

St. Valéry-sur-Somme, 243.

_Stadia_, 591-2.

Staffordshire, 82 n. 6, 129, 167, 194 n. 3, 203, 205, 208, 252.

Stalagmite, 59, 222, 386-7, 504.

Standard-bearer of 10th legion, 316-7.

Standards, military, 284.

Standlake, 84 n. 2, 183 n. 1.

Stannon, 211 n. 1.

Stanton Drew, 481-2.

Stars, worshipped, 116.

Statius, 114 n. 8.

Statues, 274, 279, 283-6;
statuettes at Brassempouy, 383 n. 2.

Stature, relative, of sexes in Neolithic Age, 91;
in Bronze Age, 152;
methods of estimating, 378-9, 740.

Steatopygous race, 383 n. 2.

Stokes, Whitley, 421-2, 450, 453.

Stonar, 519-20, 522 n. 6, 524 n. 2.

Stone Ages, 4.

Stone balls, 170.

Stone circles, 2 n. 1, 207-17, 285, 476-9;
within or enclosing barrows, 176-7;
solar temple theory, 210-1, 216-7, 478-9;
astral temples (?), 481-2.

Stonehenge, 5-6;
barrows near, 113-4, 167, 169-70, 174-5;
avenue, 209;
outlying stone, 210;
original form and construction, 213-4, 479-80;
date, 215-7, 468-77;
purpose of builders, 477-81.
_See_ Evans, A. J., Hinks, Lockyer, Webb.

Stone implements, purposely broken in barrows, 115.
_See_ Flakes, Neolithic Age, &c.

Stone rows, 208.

Stone Street, 543-4, 548-9.

Stones, engraved, 205-6.

Stoney Littleton, 105.

Stour (Hampshire), 25.

Stour.
_See_ Great Stour and Little Stour.

Strabo, 1, 219, 223-5, 234, 261, 302, 357-8, 368-9, 558, 569-71, 577-9.

Stromness, 87 n. 1.

Stukeley, W., 2, 12, 174, 210.

Sturry, 336, 660, 683-5.

Stutfall Castle, 336, 544-7, 622, 638-9.

Submerged forests.
_See_ Forests.

Submergence, in Ice Age, 16-7;
in Neolithic Age, 62-4.

Subsidence, in Neolithic Age, 64;
of SE. Britain and NE. Gaul since Roman times, 527, 566, 740.

Sucellos, 281 n. 8.

Suessiones, 299, 454 n. 4.

Suetonius, 1, 363.

Suffolk, 3. 22-3, 36, 69, 153, 194 n. 3, 263 n. 2, 347;
chisels, 77;
tankard, 241.

Sulpicius Rufus, 314.

Sunbury, 696.

Sunken Kirk, 212 n. 2.

Sun-worship, 116, 206-7, 210-1, 216-7, 280, 282, 472-6, 478, 480.
_See_ Concentric rings, Disks, Stone circles.

Surrey, 36, 82 n. 5, 97, 130, 137, 254, 362, 365.

Sussex, in Pleistocene Period, 19, 25;
terrace cultivation, 253.
_See also_ 36, 98 note, 130, 134, 165, 176, 194 n. 3, 232 n. 3, 256.

Sutherlandshire, 150, 194 n. 3, 361 note.

Swanscombe skull, 33, 380.

Swastika, 199 note, 207, 244.

Sweden, 77, 126.
_See_ Scandinavia.

Switzerland, 205.
_See_ Lake-dwellings.

Swords, 131, 145-7, 172;
not found in interments of Bronze Age, 181-2, 184;
Late Celtic, 238-9.

Syracuse, 248 n. 2.

Syria, 66, 211, 213.

Taboos, 54, 118, 201 n. 3.

Tacitus, 1, 161, 239, 249, 268, 286, 292, 355, 358, 375, 398-9, 415,
418 n. 1.

Taddington, 108.

Taexali, 448.

Tamesi, 399 n. 1, 453.

Tanarus, 279.

Tanged blades, 145, 147, 182 n. 5.

Tankards, 241-2.

Taplow, 147.

Taranis, 278-9, 281.
_See_ Tanarus.

Tarvos Trigaranus. 278, 284.

Tasciovanus, 361, 365, 368.

Tasmanians, 31, 44, 49 n. 5, 462.

Tattooing, 418-20.

Teddington, 696-7.

Teeth, of neolithic population compared with those of Bronze Age, 90,
152.

Temperate animals, 20-1, 383.

Temples, 284-6.
_See_ Stone Circles, Stonehenge.

Τενάγη, 631.

_Terminalia_, 722-3.

Tertiary man, 13-4;
deposits, 27.

Test, river, 32.

Textile fabrics, 89.
_See_ Clothing.

Thames, southern limit of glacial movement, 18, 36 n. 1;
implements found in drift, 22, 23 n. 7, 24, 26, 42;
level of, in Palaeolithic Age, 30, 32;
implements and weapons found in bed of, 124, 147, 158, 238-9, 244;
forded by Caesar, 345-6, 692-9;
his march to, 660-1.

Thanet, not to be identified with Ictis, 222, 500-2;
ancient configuration of, 519.

Thanington, 336, 683-5.

Thule, 223-6, 367;
confounded by Pliny with (M)ictis, 499 n. 5, 505.

Thurnam, J. T., 8, 97 n. 2, 102 n. 4, 112-3, 181 n. 2, 393-5, 401-2,
426 n. 5, 427, 429-30, 434.

Tiberius, 369.

Tidal currents, 10, 311, 315, 334-5, 595-6, 599;
question of, in connexion with Caesar’s invasions of Britain,
605-11, 612-3, 620-1, 625, 634, 638, 640, 641 n. 1, 645 n. 3,
647-9, 655-9.
_See_ Airy, Darwin.

Tides, Posidonius and Pytheas on, 219 n. 4, 319;
spring and neap, 601-2;
times of high tide at Dover on Aug. 26-8, 55 B.C., 610.

Tim...., 363-4.

Timaeus, 273, 351.

Timagenes, 294.

Tin, 121-2, 125;
early mining of, in Cornwall, 139, 502-3 n. 8;
smelting of, 140;
coins, 249;
produced in the Cassiterides, 483-6, 488-98;
British trade in, 218, 220-3, 251, 307, 358, 483-514;
had trade temporarily ceased in Caesar’s time? 509;
or before A.D. 50? 509-11;
did Phoenicians trade for, with Britain? 511-4.
_See_ Cassiterides, _cassiteros_, Ictis, κασσίτερος.

Tincommius, 364-9.

Titurius.
_See_ Sabinus.

Togodumnus, 370-1, 453.

Tongs, 157-8.

Torquay, 4, 37, 244.

Torques, of Bronze Age, 163;
Late Celtic, 93, 241.

Totemism, 51-7, 284.

Toutates, 278-9, 281-3.

Towyn-y-Capel, 396.

Trackways, 247-8, 344.

Trade, in Neolithic Age, 71;
in Bronze Age, 167-72;
Late Celtic, 246-8, 269;
of Veneti, 302;
trade stimulated by Caesar’s invasions, 308, 356-7, 371;
British, described by Strabo, 358.
_See_ Tin.

Transition between Palaeolithic Age and Neolithic Age, 13, 63;
from Neolithic to Bronze Age, 71-2, 120, 131-2, 139-40;
from Bronze to Early Iron Age, 230, 267.
_See_ Hiatus.

Transmigration of souls, 293.
_See_ Metempsychosis.

Transports, used by Caesar in 55 B.C., 313-20, 324, 554, 596;
constructed by him in 55-4 B.C., 326, 331, 555, 599;
constructed by Labienus, 350, 584;
transports which conveyed Caesar’s cavalry in 55 B.C., 313-4,
318-9, 554-6, 597-8;
could not have returned in gale of Aug. 30 from near Pevensey to
Authie, 558, 613;
or from near Walmer or Hythe to Sangatte, 581-3;
or from near Pevensey to Sangatte, 618-9;
or from near Hythe or Lympne to Ambleteuse, 624-5;
or from near Hurst to Sangatte or Ambleteuse, 639;
or from near Bonnington to Ambleteuse, 643;
some did return from near Walmer to Ambleteuse, 319, 588, 651;
day on which they sailed from Gaul, 601.

Trebatius, 328.

Trebonius accompanies Caesar to Britain in 54 B.C., 334;
defeats Britons, 341, 353, 692.

Trees worshipped, 272.

Trelan Bahow, 239.

Trent, skull found in, 63, 396.

Trepanning, 79, 93, 260.

Treveri, 330, 667-8.

Triads, 274.

Tribute, British tribes ordered by Caesar to pay, 350, 356, 670-1;
not levied by Augustus, 368.

Trinovantes, 235, 299 n. 5;
furnish grain to Caesar, 254, 339, 343, 346;
opposed to Catuvellauni, 300, 309, 327, 361;
Caesar enters their territory, 346-7, 702;
subdued by Cunobeline, 362;
by Dubnovellaunus, 363, 366.

Tropical animals, 20-1, 40.

_Triskele_, 242.

Trumpets, 172, 317.

Turner, J. M. W., 213.

Turner, Sir W., 8, 109 note, 375 n. 1, 377.

Tweezers, 160, 264.

Tyddyn Bleiddyn, 395.

Tylor, Prof. E. B., 10, 49 n. 5, 50, 277, 295 n. 1, 461, 463, 675.

Ty Mawr, 154, 155 n. 1.

Uley, 106-7.

_Ulterior portus_, 554, 556.

Unstan, 97 n. 2.

Uphill, 395.

Upper Greensand, 27.

Upper Swell, 106, 110 n. 11, 112.

Upton Lovel, 163.

Uxellon, 448.

Uxisama, 221.

V-shaped holes, 161, 162 n. 1.

Vacomagi, 448.

_Vada_, 631.

Varro, 286.

Vectis, 504-5, 740.

Veneti, 223;
Caesar’s campaign against, 302-5;
Strabo’s explanation of their hostility to Caesar, 308;
their trade, 506, 508-9.

Venta, 232 n. 3.

Vepogen, 415-7.

Vercingetorix, 353, 364-5

Vergil, 367.

Verica, 365-6.

Verulamium, 255;
perhaps the stronghold of Cassivellaunus, 347, 701-2;
its mint, 359, 361-2

Vesta, 286.

Vigo, islands near, identified with Cassiterides, 487-9, 494-6.

Virchow, R., 9.

Vitrified forts, 259 n. 3, 739.

Volisios, 360 n. 2.

Volusenus reconnoitres British coast, 308-10, 554, 596-7;
Caesar acts upon his report, 315;
attempts to assassinate Commius, 365;
various topographical inferences from Caesar’s account of his
reconnaissance, 613, 627, 639-40, 645-6, 651-2.

Votadini, 235.

Vulcan, 276.

Wagons, 152, 221, 247, 505.

Walbrook, 255, 703.

Wales, 5, 14, 24, 65 n. 3, 66, 86 n. 4, 101-2, 124, 129, 133, 135,
174, 208, 233, 259 n. 3, 263 n. 2, 359;
iron tools rare in, in pre-Roman times, 266.
See the counties.

Walmer, 253, 316, 321, 323, 519-21, 576, 604, 626-7, 674;
theory that Caesar landed at (and Deal) in 55 B.C., 644-62;
castle, 311, 521-5, 604, 653, 664, 674;
church, 311, 673-4.
_See_ Deal.

Walton-on-Thames, 693, 695.

Wandsworth, 239.

Wansdyke, 260 n. 1.

War Ditches, 454.

War, internecine, in Britain, 95, 129, 131, 133, 268-9, 339.

Warminster Downs, 90 n. 2.

Warne, C., 5.

Warren, The, 532.

Warwickshire, 131, 260 n. 1.

Water Eaton, 240.

Water supply, 138-9, 256.

Watling Street, 344, 704-5.

Weald, 26, 357.

Wealden Forest, 98, 253, 310, 615 n. 1.
_See_ Andred.

Wealth, 167, 269, 357.

Weaving.
_See_ Spindle whorls.

Webb, E. J., 474-6, 482.

Weems, 153. 391.

Wellesley, Sir A., 645-6.

Well-worship, 116, 272, 283.

Wendover, 701.

West Furze, 87.

West Hythe, 253-4;
ancient topography of, 539, 541, 544-5, 547-9, 622-3, 636, 639.

West Hythe Oaks, 533, 535-6, 542, 545-9, 552, 624.

West Indies, 76.

West Kennet, 97 n. 2, 103, 105, 403.

Westmorland, 101, 194 n. 3, 205. 212 n. 2, 359.

West Wickham, 81, 89 n. 8.

Weybourne, pit-dwellings at, 85;
theory that Caesar landed at, 604.

Wheel, god of the, 279-80.

Whetstones, 75.

Whit Tor, 96, 134, 155.

Wight, Isle of, 19, 27 n. 4, 32, 67, 145, 251;
wrongly identified with Ictis, 222-3, 501-7.

William the Conqueror, 314, 563, 614.

Wilson, D., 7.

Wiltshire, 27, 97, 109 n. 2, 130, 156, 160, 182 n. 5, 194 n. 3, 208,
215, 217, 232 n. 3, 250, 256, 287, 288 n. 1;
long barrows, 101-2, 105;
population subdued by Bronze Age invaders, 129;
ornaments, 162-3, 165, 167-70, 172;
round barrows, 175-8;
interments, 184, 187-91, 196, 203;
coins, 359, 362.

Wind shifted in Caesar’s first voyage to Britain, 314, 626-7;
dropped in second voyage, 334, 576 n. 1;
great influence of winds on tides, 595, 602, 608.

Windsor, 48.

Winkelbury, 169 n. 9, 256.

Winterbourne Stoke, 162 n. 1.

Wissant, 306-7, 552-3, 555 n. 2, 557-8;
not Portus Itius, 565-85, 588 n. 5, 589, 619, 652.

Witham, shield found in, 237, 284.

Wolds.
_See_ Yorkshire.

Wolseley, Lord, on warfare with savages, 354;
on range of vision, 612 n. 3;
on fords, 694.

Wolves, 68, 98.

Women, lot of, in Neolithic Age, 91;
in Bronze Age, 152;
in Early Iron Age, 269-70.

Woodcuts, 84 n. 2, 138, 261 n. 3.

Wooden tools, 42.

Woodnesborough, 519.

Woodwork, Late Celtic, 241-2.

Wookey Hole, 37.

Wor Barrow, 103 n. 2, 105, 111 n. 3, 179.

Worcestershire, 131, 134, 251, 360.

Workshops, 7;
palaeolithic, 42;
neolithic, 70, 85.

Worlebury, 253, 255-6, 434 n. 6.

Worth, 335, 660, 673-4.

Wright, Dr. W., 385 n. 7, 427-8.

Wrist-guards, 82, 162.

Writing, primitive, 99;
in Early iron Age, 265-6.

Wye, 633, 660-1, 678.

Yarhouse, 106.

Yarnbury, 137 n. 4.

_Ynys Prydein_, 411.

Yorkshire, 24, 35, 68, 101, 171 n. 3, 174 n. 5, 181 n. 1, 194 n. 3,
201 n. 3, 205, 231-2, 234 n. 1, 235, 241, 250, 264, 267, 288 n. 1;
chisels from Wolds, 77;
survival of _couvade_ in, 95;
cremation prevalent in, in Neolithic Age, 110;
cannibalism (?) in barrows, 113;
implements deposited in graves, 115 n. 4;
evidence from skeletons of commingling of races, 129, 427;
why Wolds were thickly peopled, 130;
rarity of bronze relics in Wolds barrows, 132, 181 n. 3, 183 n. 6;
large oxen reared on Wolds, 151;
poverty of people of Wolds, 156;
ornaments, 161, 165, 167, 169 n. 7;
barrows, 177;
interments, 184, 187-9, 191, 200.

Zeeland, 207.

Zeus, 217, 285.

Zimmer, Prof., 405 n. 8, 409, 411, 413-6.

Zoomorphic designs, 237.

Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press by HORACE HART, M.A.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Dr. Joseph Anderson (_Scotland in Pagan Times,--the Bronze and Stone Ages_, 1886, p. 135) has pointed out that the subject of stone circles was first treated in a scientific spirit in 1692--long before Stukeley wrote--by Prof. Garden of Aberdeen (_Archaeologia_, i, 1770, pp. 312-9).

[2] See A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, iv, 1898, p. 18 (preface), and cf. _Archaeol. Cambr._, 6th ser., vi, 1906, p. 72.

[3] xiii, 1800, pp. 204-5.

[4] Sir A. Mitchell, _The Past in the Present_, 1880, pp. 155-7; Sir J. Evans, _Ancient Stone Implements ... of Great Britain_, 2nd ed., 1897, pp. 56-61, 65, 362-8; _Rev. arch._, 4^{e} sér. 1, vii, 1906, pp. 239-59.

[5] Sir J. Evans, _Anc. Stone Implements_, 1897, p. 363.

[6] None of these excavators, however, was so thorough as Pitt-Rivers; and Bateman was often careless (see H. St. G. Gray’s _Index to ‘Excavations in Cranborne Chase’_, 1905, p. xvi). But it must be remembered that to do such work properly, not only skill and perseverance are needed, but also money.

[7] Pitt-Rivers remarks (_Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, iii, 1892, pp. x, 254) that a rampart almost always yields something, for example, pottery, which throws light on the period of its construction; while his experience shows the importance of ‘digging the whole of a camp over, down to the undisturbed soil’ (_ib._, iv, 14 [preface]). He tells us (_ib._, p. 4) that when he was excavating the earthwork called South Lodge Camp, ‘in the first three sections little or nothing was found, which shows what very false conceptions are liable to be formed by merely digging one or two sections in a camp.’ See also vol. iii, pp. xi, 13; vol. iv, pp. 46-8, 138, 144, 187; _Trans. Epping Forest ... Naturalists’ Field Club_, ii, 1882, pp. 59-60; and _Report of ... the Brit. Association_, 1904, pp. 691-700.

[8] _The Past in the Present_, 1880.

[9] The following passage from Sir John Evans’s _Ancient Bronze Implements ... of Great Britain and Ireland_, 1880, pp. 25-6, is instructive:--‘In company with Sir John Lubbock I was engaged in opening a grave [at Hallstatt] in which we had come to an interment of the Early Iron Age, accompanied by a socketed celt and spear-heads of iron, when amidst the bones I caught sight of a thin metallic disc of a yellowish colour which looked like a coin. Up to that time no coin had ever been found in any one of the many hundred graves which had been examined, and I eagerly picked up this disc. It proved to be a “sechser”, or six-kreutzer piece, with the date 1826, which by some means had worked its way down among the crevices in the stony ground.... Had this coin been of Roman date it might have afforded an argument for bringing down the date of the Hallstatt cemetery some centuries in the chronological scale. As it is, it affords a wholesome caution against drawing important inferences from the mere collocation of objects when there is any possibility of the apparent association being only due to accident.’

[10] See Mr. H. Balfour’s interesting introduction to Pitt-Rivers’s _Evolution of Culture_, 1906, p. xiv.

[11] _Guide to the Antiquities of the Stone Age_ (Brit. Museum), 1902, p. 76. See also _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, xxxiii, 1903, p. 18.

[12] _Vict. Hist. of ... Sussex_, i, 1905, p. 22.

[13] _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club_, xxi, 1900, p. 75.

[14] See A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, iii, p. xii; iv, p. 28.

[15] _Ib._, iii, p. xiii.

[16] Mr. N.W. Thomas (_Man_, v, 1905, No. 25, pp. 47-8) points out that ‘some five years ago the Berlin collections [of ethnographical objects] from British possessions were seven times as large as those in our national museum, and since then this disproportion has not been decreased’, the reason being that ‘the men whom the nation pays to perform certain duties [in national expeditions] are permitted to retain the objects collected in the performance of those duties’. But the nation is to blame as much as the Government.

[17] See pp. 61, 385-90, _infra_.

[18] Lafcadio Hearn, _Kokoro_, p. 290.

[19] ‘Comme paléontologiste,’ says M. Marcellin Boule, ‘je crois fermement à l’existence de l’Homme tertiaire: je ne doute pas qu’on trouvera un jour ses traces’ (_L’Anthropologie_, xvi, 1905, p. 267).

[20] Sir A. Geikie, _Text-book of Geology_, 4th ed., ii, 1903, pp. 1224-5, 1231.

[21] Sir A. Ramsay’s theory (_Physical Geol. and Geogr. of Great Britain_, 6th ed., 1894, p. 269), that the basins of the Scottish and Cumbrian lakes were scooped out of the rocks by glaciers, was held by no British geologist a few years ago, except in a modified form. See A. J. Jukes-Browne, _Student’s Handbook of Phys. Geol._, 2nd ed., 1892, pp. 159, 624, 629-30; T. G. Bonney, _Ice-Work, Present and Past_, 1896, pp. 80-94; and Sir A. Geikie, _Text-book of Geol._, 1903, i, 552; ii, 1323-4, 1385-6. Prof. W. M. Davis of Harvard has, however, recently produced fresh evidence ‘in favour of the excavating power of glaciers’ (_Trans. Roy. Soc., Edinburgh_, xl, part ii, 1902, p. 457); and Ramsay’s theory is ‘in no wise extinct’ (_Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, lxii, 1906, p. 166); but Prof. E. J. Garwood has recently investigated the Alpine lakes near Airolo, and holds (_ib._, p. 190) that, with a few possible exceptions, they ‘do not seem to be due to ice-erosion’.