Chapter XVII: Monkeys, Apes and Baboons (2)

20th. To-day he broke his chain, and flew at a
servant savagely, but seeing my mother he immediately
jumped into her lap. While another chain was being
prepared he got to the trunk where his nuts are kept.
I have long noticed that he looks upon that trunk as
in some special sense his own property. There are
other things kept in the trunk as well as the nuts,
and if any person goes to the trunk for anything he
becomes furiously angry. Indeed nothing makes him so
angry as people opening the trunk, and this is not
because he wants nuts out of it, for he always has
more than he can eat beside him, and generally refuses
to take any that are offered to him. Well, to-day, as
soon as the breaking of his chain enabled him to get
to the trunk, he began picking at the lock with his
fingers. I then gave him the key, and he tried for two
full hours without ceasing to unlock the trunk with
this key. It was a very difficult lock to open, being
slightly out of order, and requires the lid of the
trunk to be pressed down before it would work, so I
believe it was absolutely impossible for him to open
it, but he found in time the right way to put the key
in, and to turn it backwards and forwards, and after
every attempt he pulled the lid upwards to see if it
were unlocked. That this was the result of observing
people is obvious, from the fact that after every time
he put the key into the lock and failed to open the
trunk, he passed the key round and round the outside
of the lock several times. The explanation of this is
that, my mother's sight being bad, she often misses
the lock when putting in the key, and then feels round
and round the lock with the key; the monkey therefore
evidently seems to think that this feeling round and
round the lock with the key is in some way necessary
to the success of unlocking the lock, so that,
although he could see perfectly well how to put the
key in straight himself, he went through this useless
operation first.

21st. To-day I gave him a wooden box with the lid
nailed on, and an iron spoon, to see if he would use
the latter as a lever wherewith to raise the lid. The
experiment was somewhat spoiled by my mother putting
the handle of the spoon into the crack between the lid
and the box to show him how to do it. Therefore I
cannot tell whether or not he would have taken this
first step himself, if he had had time to do so.
However, when the handle of the spoon was in he
certainly used it in the proper manner, pulling it
down with all his strength at the extreme end, thus
drawing the nails out of the box and raising the lid.

22nd. He was sitting on my mother's knee, and she
washing his hands with a little sponge, a process of
which he is very fond; she tried to wash his face,
and that he disliked very much. Every time she began,
the expression of his face became more angry; at last
he suddenly jumped off her knee, and made a violent
attack on one of the servants who is usually his
favourite, although she was doing nothing at all to
anger him. This is a good instance of his habit of
venting his anger at my mother on other people. He
always eats vigorously when he is angry, or after a
fit of passion. After a prolonged fit of passion he
always lies down on his side as if dead, probably from
exhaustion.

30th. He quite understands the meaning of shaking
hands. He always holds out his own hand when he wishes
to be friendly, especially when a friend is entering
or leaving the room. To-day he had been a long time
playing with his toys, taking no notice of any one.
Suddenly my mother remembered that to-day was my
birthday, and (for the first time since he came to the
house) shook hands with me in congratulation. He
immediately became very angry with me, screamed and
chattered and threw things at me, being evidently
jealous of the attention my mother was paying me.

_February_ 1st. He has now been moved down to the
dining-room, where he is chained between the fireplace
and the window. He seems quite miserable on account of
the change, as he does not see so much of my mother.

4th. His low spirits continue, and threaten to make
him ill. He will not play with anything, but sits
moping and shivering in a corner. To-day I found him
very cold and unhappy, and warmed his hands for him.
He is very meek and gentle, and seems to be getting
fond of me.

8th. He has quite recovered his spirits since he took
a fancy to me. He likes me now apparently as well as
he used to do my mother; that is to say, he allows me
to nurse him, and walk about in his place, and even
take things away from him. When, however, my mother
comes to see him, he does not care for me, although he
shows none of his old hostility. To the servants,
however, he continues to do so when my mother is
present.

10th. We gave him a bundle of sticks this morning, and
he amused himself all day by poking them into the fire
and pulling them out again to smell the smoking end.
He likewise pulls out hot cinders from the grate and
passes them over his head and chest, evidently
enjoying the warmth, but never burning himself. He
also puts hot ashes on his head. I gave him some
paper, and, as he cannot, from the length of his
chain, quite reach the fire, he rolled the paper up
into the form of a stick, and then put it into the
fire, pulling it out as soon as it caught light, and
watching the blaze in the fender with great
satisfaction. I gave him a whole newspaper, and he
tore it in pieces, rolled up each piece as I have
described, to make it long enough to reach the fire,
and so burnt it all piece by piece. He never once
burnt his own fingers during the operation.

13th. He can open and shut the folding shutters with
ease, and this seems to be an amusement to him. He
also unscrewed all the knobs that belong to the
fender. The bell-handle beside the mantelpiece he
likewise took to bits, which involves the unscrewing
of three screws.

15th. He is so amiable to me now that he constantly
gives me bits of things that he himself is eating,
evidently expecting me to share his repast with him.
Sometimes this attention on his part is not altogether
agreeable. For instance, to-day he thrust into my
hand, when I was not looking, a quantity of sopped
bread and milk out of his pan, no doubt thinking
himself very kind-hearted thus to supply me with food.

17th. He offered the dog a bit of toast which he
himself was eating, and the dog took a part of it. I
think, however, that he had at the same time a sly
design of catching the dog with the other hand, but he
did not do so--perhaps because I was looking on, and
he knows the dog is a friend of mine; but he had a
wicked look in his eye while feeding the dog, which he
has not when he extends his bounty to me.

19th. When I was brushing him to-day he took the brush
away from me. Playthings are especially valuable to
him now, as he is not allowed to have any lest he
should break the windows with them. For this reason I
was afraid to leave the brush with him, but found he
was not at all disposed to give it up. I threw other
things within his reach, but he carried the brush in
his hind hand while going after the other things. At
last I sat down and called him gently, when he mildly
came up to my lap and put the brush into my two hands,
evidently resolving that he would not now quarrel with
his only friend.

22nd. His manner of showing his humours is
interesting, as illustrating the principle of
antithesis. Thus when he is angry he springs forward
on all four hands with tail very erect and hair
raised, so making himself look much bigger. When
affectionate he advances slowly _backwards_ with his
body in the form of a hoop, so that the crown of his
head rests on the ground, face inwards. He walks on
three hands (hair very smooth), and puts the fourth
fore-hand out at his back in advance of his body. He
expects this hand to be taken kindly, and he then
assumes his natural attitude. In that manner of
advancing it is obviously impossible that he could
bite, as his mouth is towards his own chest, so it is
the best way of showing how far he is from thinking of
hostility.

February 28, 1881.

The above account may be taken as fully trustworthy. Most of the observations recorded I have myself subsequently verified numberless times. From the account, however, several observations which I happened to make myself in the first instance are designedly omitted, and these I shall therefore now supply.

I bought at a toy-shop a very good imitation of a monkey, and brought it into the room with the real monkey, stroking and speaking to it as if it were alive. The monkey evidently mistook the figure for a real animal, manifesting intense curiosity, mixed with much alarm if I made the figure approach him. Even when I placed the figure upon a table, and left it standing motionless, the monkey was afraid to approach it. From this it would appear that the animal trusted much more to his sense of sight than to that of smell in recognising one of his own kind.

I placed a mirror upon the floor, and the monkey at once mistook his reflection in it for a real animal. At first he was a little afraid of it; but in a short time he gained courage enough to approach and try to touch it. Finding he could not do so, he went round behind the mirror and then again before it a great number of times; but he did not become angry, as the monkey of which Prof. Brown Robertson wrote me. Strange to say, he appeared to mistake the sex of the image, and began in the most indescribably ludicrous manner to pay to it the addresses of courtship. First placing his lips against the glass he rose to his full height on his hind legs, retired slowly, and while doing so turned his back to the mirror, looking over his shoulder at the image, and, with a preposterous amount of 'pinch' in his back, strutted up and down before the glass with all the appearance of the most laughable foppery. This display was always gone through when at any subsequent time the mirror was placed upon the floor.

From the first time that he saw me, this monkey took as violently passionate an attachment to me as that which he took to my mother. His mode of greeting, however, was different. When she entered the room after an absence, his welcome was of a quiet and contented character; but when I came in, his demonstrations were positively painful to witness. Standing erect on his hind legs at the full length of his tether, and extending both hands as far as he could reach, he screamed with all his strength, in a tone and with an intensity which he never adopted on any other occasion. So loud, indeed, were his rapidly and continuously reiterated screams, that it was impossible for any one to hold even a shouting conversation till I took the animal in my arms, when he became placid, with many signs of intense affection. Even the sound of my voice down two flights of stairs used to set him screaming in this manner, so that whenever I called at my mother's house I had to keep silent while on the staircase, unless I intended first of all to pay a visit to the monkey.

It has frequently been noticed that monkeys are very capricious in forming their attachments and aversions; but I never knew before that this peculiarity could be so strongly marked as it was in this case. His demonstrations of affection to my mother and myself were piteous; while towards every one else, male or female, he was either passively indifferent or actively hostile. Yet no shadow of a reason could be assigned for the difference. My sister, to whom animals are usually much more attached than they are to me, used always to be forbearingly kind to this one--taking all his bites, &c., with the utmost good humour. Moreover, she supplied him with all his food, and most of his playthings, so that she was really in every way his best friend. Yet his antipathy to her was only less remarkable than his passionate fondness of my mother and myself.

Another trait in the psychology of this animal which is worth observing was his quietness of manner towards my mother. With me, and indeed with every one else, his movements were unrestrained, and generally monkey-like; but with her he was always as gentle as a kitten: he appeared to know that her age and infirmities rendered boisterousness on his part unacceptable.

I returned the monkey to the Zoological Gardens at the end of February, and up to the time of his death in October 1881, he remembered me as well as the first day that he was sent back. I visited the monkey-house about once a month, and whenever I approached his cage he saw me with astonishing quickness--indeed, generally before I saw him--and ran to the bars, through which he thrust both hands with every expression of joy. He did not, however, scream aloud; his mind seemed too much occupied by the cares of monkey-society to admit of a vacancy large enough for such very intense emotion as he used to experience in the calmer life that he lived before. Being much struck with the extreme rapidity of his discernment whenever I approached the cage, however many other persons might be standing round, I purposely visited the monkey-house on Easter Monday, in order to see whether he would pick me out of the solid mass of people who fill the place on that day. Although I could only obtain a place three or four rows back from the cage, and although I made no sound wherewith to attract his attention, he saw me almost immediately, and with a sudden intelligent look of recognition ran across the cage to greet me. When I went away he followed me, as he always did, to the extreme end of his cage, and stood there watching my departure as long as I remained in sight.

In conclusion, I should say that much the most striking feature in the psychology of this animal, and the one which is least like anything met with in other animals, was the tireless spirit of investigation. The hours and hours of patient industry which this poor monkey has spent in ascertaining all that his monkey-intelligence could of the sundry unfamiliar objects that fell into his hands, might well read a lesson in carefulness to many a hasty observer. And the keen satisfaction which he displayed when he had succeeded in making any little discovery, such as that of the mechanical principle of the screw, repeating the results of his newly earned knowledge over and over again, till one could not but marvel at the intent abstraction of the 'dumb brute'--this was so different from anything to be met with in any other animal, that I confess I should not have believed what I saw unless I had repeatedly seen it with my own eyes. As my sister once observed, while we were watching him conducting some of his researches, in oblivion to his food and all his other surroundings--'when a monkey behaves like this, it is no wonder that man is a scientific animal!' And in my next work I shall hope to show how, from so high a starting-point, the psychology of the monkey has passed into that of the man.

FOOTNOTES:

[271] _Descent of Man_, p. 70.

[272] _Gleanings_, vol. iii. pp. 86-7.

[273] _Boston Journal of Nat. Hist._, iv. p. 324.

[274] _Descent of Man_, p. 72.

[275] _Descent of Man_, 71.

[276] _Ibid._, p. 69.

[277] _Descent of Man_, pp. 77-8.

[278] _Naturalist in Nicaragua_, p. 119.

[279] _Loc. cit._, vol. i., p. 305.

[280] On subsequent observation (January 14, 1881), I find this quietness was not due to shame at having bitten me, for whether he succeeds in biting any person or not he always sits quiet and dull-looking after a fit of passion, being, I think, fatigued. He has bitten me often since December 24, and seems to enjoy the fun on the whole.

[281] These heavy objects he overturns with exceeding caution, balancing them several times carefully, and studying them before finally throwing or pulling them over.

[282] January 14, 1881. The marble slab was left with him after the chain had been fastened to the ring; but since that time he has never attempted to move the marble.

INDEX.

ACCOUCHEUR, fish, 246;
toad, 254

_Acerina cernua_, 246

_Acinia prehensa_, 233

_Actinia_, 233, 234

_Actinophrys_, apparent intelligence of, 20

_Adamsia_, 234

Adaptive movement, as evidence of mind, 2, 3

Addison, his definition of instinct, 11

Addison, Mrs. K., on gesticulating signs made by a jackdaw, 316

Ælian, on division of labour in harvesting ants, 98

Æsthetic emotions of birds, 279-82

Affection, sexual, parental, and social, of snails, 27;
of ants, 45-9 and 58, 59;
of bees, 155, 156, and 162;
of earwig, 229;
of fish, 242-6;
of reptiles, 256, 258, 259;
of birds, 270-6;
of kangaroo, 326, 327;
of whale, 327;
of horse, 329;
of deer, 334;
of bat, 341;
of seal, 341-6;
of hare, 338-40;
of rats, 340;
of mice, 341;
of beaver, 367;
of elephant, 387-92;
of cat, 411, 412;
of dog, 437, 440, 441;
of monkeys, 471-5 and 484-98

Agassiz, Professor A., on instinct of hermit-crab, 232;
nest of fish, 242-3;
on beaver-dams, 384, 385

Agassiz, Professor L., on intelligence of snails, 26

Alison, Professor, on curious instinct of polecat, 347

Allen, J. A., on breeding habits of pinniped seals, 341-6

Alligators, 256-8 and 263

_Alopecias vulpes_, 252

_Amoeba_, apparent intelligence of, 21

Anemones, sea, 233, 234

Anger, of ants and bees, _see_ under;
of fish, 246, 247;
of monkeys, 478, 479 and 484-96

Angler-fish, 247, 248

_Annelida_, apparent intelligence of, 24

Antennæ, effects of removal in ants, 142;
in bees, 197

Antithesis, principle of, in expression of emotions by
monkeys, 494, 495

Ant-lion, 234, 235

Ants, powers of special sense, 31-37;
of sight, 31-33;
of hearing, 33;
of smell, 33-37;
sense of direction, 37, 38;
memory, 39-45;
recognition of companions and nest-mates, 41-45;
emotions, 45-49;
affection, 45-48;
sympathy, 48, 49;
communication, 49-57;
habits general in sundry species, 57-93;
swarming, 57, 58;
nursing, 58, 59;
education, 59, 60;
keeping aphides, 60-64;
making slaves, 64-68;
wars, 68-83;
keeping domestic pets, 83, 84;
sleep and cleanliness, 84-7;
play and leisure, 87-89;
funeral habits, 89-93;
habits peculiar to certain species, 93-122;
leaf-cutting, 93-96;
harvesting, 96-110;
African, 110, 111;
tree, 110, 111;
honey making, 111-114 and 142;
ecitons, or military, 114-122;
general intelligence, 122-142;
Sir John Lubbock's experiments on intelligence, 123-128;
intelligence displayed in architecture, 128-130;
in using burrows made by elater larvæ, 130;
in artificial hives, 130;
in removing nest from shadow of tree, 131;
in cutting leaves off overshadowing tree, 131, 132;
in bending blades of grass while cutting them, 132, 133;
in co-operating to glue leaves together, 133, 134;
in getting at food in difficult places, 134, 135;
in making bridges, &c., 135-139;
in tunnelling under rails, 140;
anatomy and physiology of nerve-centres and sense organs, 140-2

Apes, _see_ Monkeys

_Arachnidæ_, 204-225, _see_ Spiders and Scorpions

Arago, his observation regarding sense of justice in dog, 443

Arderon, on taming a dace, 246

_Argyroneta aquatica_, 212

Arn, Capt., on sword- and thresher-fish, 252, 253

_Articulata_, _see_ under divisions of

Ass, general intelligence of, 328 and 333

Association of ideas, _see_ under various animals

_Ateuchus pilularius_, 226

_Athealium_, apparent intelligence of, 19-20

Atkinson, the Rev. J. C., on reasoning power of a dog, 458, 459

Audubon, on ants making beasts of burden of bugs, 68;
plundering instincts of white-headed eagle, 284;
variations in instinct of incubation, 299, 300

Auk, nidification of, 292

Automatism, hypothesis of animal, 6

BABOON, sympathy shown by Arabian, 474;
rage of, 478;
revenge of, 478

Badcock, on dog making peace-offerings, 452

Baer, Van, on organisation of bee, 241

Backhouse, R. O., on dog being alarmed at a statue, 453

Bailey, Professor W. W., on dog stopping a runaway horse, 459

Baines, A. H., on dog communicating wants by signs, 446, 447

Baker, on sticklebacks, 245

Baldamus, Dr., on cuckoo laying eggs coloured in imitation of
those of the birds in whose nests they lay them, 307

Ball, Dr. Robert, on commensalism of crab and anemone, 234

Banks, Sir Joseph, on intelligence of tree-ants, 133;
fish coming to sound of bell, 250

Bannister, Dr., on cat trying to catch image behind mirror, 415, 416;
on intelligence of the Eskimo dogs, 461, 462

Barrett, W. F., on instincts of young alligator, 256

Barton, Dr., on alleged fascination by snakes, 264

Bastian, on termites, 198

Bates, on ants' habit of keeping pets, 84;
cleaning one another, 87;
play and leisure, 88, 89;
leaf-cutting, 93-95;
tunnelling, 99;
ecitons, 114-21;
on sand-wasp taking bearings to remember precise locality, 150;
mygale eating humming-birds, 208;
on nidification of small crustacean, 232, 233;
habits of turtles, and alligators, 257, 258;
intelligence of vultures, 314;
bats sucking blood, 341

Batrachians, 254, 255

Bats, 341

Baya-bird, nidification of, 294

Bears, 350-352

Beattie, Dr., on dog communicating desires by signs, 447

Beaver, 367-85;
breeding habits, 367, 368;
lodges, 368-73;
dams, 373-79;
canals, 379-83;
general remarks upon, 368, 377, 379, 383;
age of their buildings, 384;
effects of their buildings on the configuration of
landscapes, 384, 385

Bechstein, on birds dreaming, 312

Bee, mason, 178, 179;
tapestry, 179;
carpenter, 179;
rose, 179;
carding, 179, 180

Bees, sense of sight, 143, 144;
of smell and hearing, 144;
of direction, 144-51;
remembering exact locality of absent hive, 148-49;
following floating hives, 149;
memory, 151-55;
sympathy, 155, 156;
distances over which they forage, 150;
powers of communication, 156-60;
economy of hive, 160-8;
food and rearing, 160-163;
swarming and battles of queens, 163, 164;
drone-killing, 164-68;
plunder and wars, 168-170;
architecture, 170-8;
way-finding, 181, 182;
instinct of neuters, 181;
recognising companions, 183, 184;
barricading doors against moths, 184, 185;
strengthening combs in danger of falling, 185, 186;
mode of dealing with surfaces of glass, 186;
with strange hives, 186, 187;
evacuating fallen hive, 187;
ceasing to store honey in Barbadoes and California, 187, 188;
recognising persons, 188, 189;
biting holes in corollas, 189;
ventilating hives, 191, 192;
covering slugs, &c., with propolis, 190, 191;
effects of removing antennæ, 197

Beetles, _see_ _Coleoptera_

Belshaw, on cat knocking knockers, 422

Belt, on ants, duration of memory in, 39, 40;
sympathy, 48;
division of labour, 99;
ecitons, 114-19 and 138;
tunnelling under rails, 140;
on sand-wasp taking precise bearings to remember
locality, 150, 151;
struggle between wasps and ants for secretion of
frog-hoppers, 194, 195;
intelligence of spiders in protecting themselves
from ecitons, 219, 220;
beetles undermining stick supporting a dead toad, 228;
intelligence of monkeys, 480

Benedictson, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364, 365

Bennet, on birds dreaming, 312

Bennett, on conjugal fidelity of duck, 270, 271

Berkeley, G., on beetle storing its food, 228, 229

Bettziech-Beta, on termites, 199

Bidie, on suicide of scorpion, 222, 223;
on reasoning power of cat, 415

Bingley, on intelligence of ants, 133;
carpenter-bees, 179;
account of alleged training of bees, 189;
co-operation of beetles, 226, 227;
ant-lion, 230, 235;
domestication of toad, 255;
fascination by snakes, 264;
sympathy in birds, 272;
eccentricity of nest building instinct, 295;
education of birds, 312;
pigs pointing game, 339, 340;
intelligence of otter, 346;
memory of elephant, 387;
vindictiveness of elephant, 387, 389;
elephants enduring surgical operations, 399, 400

Bird, Miss, on combined action of crows in obtaining food
from dogs, 320

Birds, 266-325;
memory of, 266-70;
emotions, 270-82;
special habits of procuring food, 283-6;
of incubation and taking care of offspring, 287-310;
general intelligence, 310-25;
dreaming and imagination, 311-12;
learning to avoid telegraph wires, 313;
recognising painting of birds, 311;
submitting to surgical operation, 313-14;
honey-guide, 315-16;
appreciation of mechanical appliances, 315-16;
concerted action, 318-322

_Birgus latro_, 233

Bison, 334-5

Blackbirds, breaking shells against stones, 283;
removing eggs, 289;
mobbing cat, 291

Blackburn, Professor H., on distances over which bees forage, 150

Blackman, on cats learning to beg for food, 414-15

Blackwall, on early display of instincts by spiders, 216

Blanchard, on mason-bee, 178

Blood, on reasoning power of a dog, 464

Boa-constrictor, really a Python, which _see_

Bodley, W. H., on dogs crossing a river to fight undisturbed, 451-2

Bold, on canary singing against own image in mirror, 276

Bombyx moth, larva of, 238-40

Bonnet, on spider following her eggs into pit of ant-lion, 205;
his experiments on instincts of caterpillars, 236;
observations on ditto, 238

Boobies, plundered by frigate pelicans, 284

Bosc, on migrating fish, 248

Bower-bird, instincts of, 279-81, 325

Bowman, Parker, his cat opening swivel of window, 425

Boys, C. V., his experiments with a tuning-fork on spiders, 206, 207

Brehm, on wasps recognising persons, 188;
intelligence of lapwing, 315, 316;
curiosity of monkeys, 477

Broderip, on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Brodie, Sir B., his definition of instinct, 15;
on bees strengthening their combs, 185, 186

Brofft, Herr L., on powers of communication in bees, 160

Brougham, Lord, on hexagonal form of bees' cells, 172;
on intelligence of a dog, 450

Brown, Capt., on vindictiveness of a stork, 277-8

Brown, W., on a cat extinguishing fire by water, 425

Browne, Dr. Crichton, on cat ringing bell, 423

Browne, Murray, on fox allowing itself to be extricated from
trap, 431

Browning, A. H., on intelligence of a dog, 450

Brydon, Dr., on collective instinct of jackals, 434

Buchanan, Dr., on climbing perch, 249;
on nidification of baya-bird, 294

Büchner, Professor,
on ants:
nursing habits, 59;
stocking trees with aphides, 63;
warfare, 71-9;
play, 87-88;
leaf cutting, 95-96;
intelligence in making a bridge of aphides over tar, 136;
of themselves over a space, 136-37;
and of a straw over water, 137;
ecitons, 139;
anatomy and physiology of brain, 141-42.
On bees and wasps:
powers of communication, 158-60;
swarming habits, 168;
wars and plunder, 169;
cell-building, 177-78;
evacuating dangerous hive, 187;
keeping hives clean, 190;
carrying dead from hive and burying them, 191;
ventilating hives, 191-92;
hornet and wasp dismembering heavy prey, and carrying it to
an eminence in order to fly away with it, 196.
On termites, 198-202.
On spiders:
web-building, 211-12;
wolf spider, 213;
trap-door spiders, 217-18;
intelligence of a spider habitually fed by Dr. Moschkau, 218-19;
spiders weighting their webs, 221.
On beetles:
co-operation of, 227-28

Buck, E. C., on intelligence of crocodiles, 263;
on collective instinct of wolves, 433;
on combined action of pelicans, 319

Buckland, F., on pigeon remembering voice of mistress, 266;
crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283;
birds avoiding telegraph wires, 313

Buckley, on harvesting ants, 103

Buckton, G. B., on caterpillars, 236

Buffalo, 335-37

Buffon, on hexagonal form of bees' cells, 171-72;
association of ideas in parrot, 269;
sympathy in ditto, 275;
goat sucker removing eggs, 289

_Bufo obstetricans_, 254

Bull, intelligence of, 338

Burmeister, on powers of communication in ants, 49

Byron, Lord, lines on alleged tendency to scorpion to commit
suicide, 222

CADDIS-WORMS, 240

Cairns, Mr. W., on reasoning power of a dog, 461

Campbell, Mrs. G. M. F., on intelligence of goose, 316

Canary, jealousy of, 276;
modification of incubating instinct in cage, 287;
flying against mirror, 311;
trained, 312

Canning, J., his dog knowing value of different coins, 452-3

_Carassius auratus_, 246

Carbonnier, M., on telescope-fish, 246

Carlisle, Bishop of, on congregation or court held by jackdaws, 324

Carpenter, Dr., on intelligence of rats, 361

Carreri, Gernelli, on monkeys thrusting stones between
oyster-shells to keep them from closing, 481

Carter, H. J., on apparent intelligence of _athealium_, 19;
of _actinophrys_ and _amoeba_, 20-1

Carus, Professor, on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Cat, the, 411-25;
general remarks upon, 411-14;
emotions of, 412-13;
general intelligence of, 413-25;
showing zoological discrimination, 414;
punishing kittens for misbehaviour, 414;
begging for food, 414-15;
feeding kittens on bread when milk fails, 415;
carrying kittens to be protected by master, 415;
trying to catch image behind mirror, 416;
communicating by signs, 419;
devices for catching prey, 417-20;
appreciation of mechanical appliances, 420-25;
extinguishing fire by water, 425

Caterpillars, instinct of assisted by intelligence, 236-8;
migrating, 238-40

Catesby, on co-operation of beetles, 226, 227;
on frigate-pelican plundering boobies, 284

Cattle, fear exhibited by in slaughterhouses, 334;
pride of, 334

_Cebus fatuellus_, observations on intelligence of, 484-98

Cecil, H., on tactics displayed by hunting wasps, 194

_Cephalopoda_, intelligence of, 29-30

_Cetacea_, 327-28

Challenge, mode of, in gulls, 291

Charming of snakes, 264

_Cheiroptera_, 341

_Chelmon rostratus_, 248

Chimpanzee, play of, 476-77

Chinese swallow, nidification of, 292

_Chironectes_, 243

Choice, as evidence of mind, 2

Clark, G., on intelligence of a bat, 341

Clark, Rev. H., on harvesting ants, 99;
on dog recognising portrait, 454-5

Clarville, on co-operation of beetles, 228

Clavigero, on sympathy of pelicans for wounded companions, 275

Claypole, on intelligence of horse, 331-2

_Cnethocampii pitzocampa_, 244

Cobra, sexual affection of, 256;
charming, 265;
intelligence of, 262

Cock, domestic, killing hen upon hatching out eggs of other
birds, 278

_Coelenterata_, movements of, and question concerning their
intelligence, 22

_Coleoptera_, 226-9;
co-operation of, 226-8;
other instances of intelligence, 228-9

Colquhoun, on reasoning power of a dog, 463-4

Commensalism, between crab and anemone, and between mollusk
and anemone, 233

Communication, _see_ Co-operation

Concerted action, _see_ Co-operation

Cones, Captain Elliot, on intelligence of wolverine, 348-50

_Conilurus constructor_, 326

Conklin, W. A., on elephants thatching their backs, 409

Consciousness, as evidence of mind, 2;
gradual dawn of, 13

Conte, John Le, on reasoning power of a dog, 460-1

Cook, Capt., on tree ants, 111;
intelligence of tree-ants, 133

Cook, George, on dog dragging mat about to lie upon, 466

Co-operation,
of ants, 48-49, 51-59, 64 _et seq._
(in making slaves and waging war), 85-96;
(in sundry occupations), 96-100;
(in harvesting), 108-10, 111-14;
(of apparently different species), 114-122;
(of military ants), 127-30, 132-4, 136-40;
of bees, 159-74;
(in general work, wars, and architecture), 177, 178, 184-6,
190-2;
of termites, 198-203;
of beetles, 226-8; of birds, 318-22;
of horses and asses, 333;
of bison and buffalo, 335;
of pigs, 339;
of rats, 361, 362;
of mice, 364;
of beavers, 367-83;
of elephants, 401;
of foxes, 433;
of wolves, 433 and 436;
of jackals, 432-5;
of baboons, 483

Corse, on memory of elephant, 386, 387;
emotions of elephant, 393

Couch, on maternal instinct of hen, 272;
mode in which guillemots catch fish, 285;
mode of escape practised by swan, 290;
birds removing dung from neighbourhood of their nests, 290;
blackbirds mobbing cat, 291;
nidification of swan, 296-8;
crows punishing offenders, 323-4;
intelligence of hare, 359;
cat unlocking door, 424;
fox avoiding trap, 428;
catching crabs with tail, 432;
mode by which a dog killed crabs, 459

_Corvus cornice_, punishing offenders, 323, 324

Cowper, on intelligence of hare, 359, 360

Cox, C., playhouses of bower-birds presented by him to Sydney
Museum, 280

Crabs, 231-4

Craven, on intelligence of a sow, 340

Crehore, on foxes avoiding traps, 428, 429;
on dog recognising portrait, 453

Cripps, his elephant dying under emotional disturbance, 396

Criterion of mind, 4-8

Crocodiles, 263

Crow, Capt. Hugh, on sympathy shown by monkeys for sick
companion, 473, 474

Crows, memory of, 266;
breaking shells by dropping them on the stones, 283;
punishing offenders, 323-5

Cruelty, of cat, 413

Crustacea, 231-34

Cuckoo, parasitic instincts of, 301-7;
eggs of coloured like those of the bird in whose nest they
are laid, 307-9;
American, 305, 306

Curiosity, of fish, 247;
of birds, 278, 279;
of ruminants and swine, 335;
of monkeys, 477

Curlew, nidification of, 292

Cuvier, his orang drawing chair to stand upon to reach a latch, 481;
on birds dreaming, 312

DACE, tamed, 246

Daldorff, on climbing perch, 248, 249

Dampier, on frigate-pelicans plundering boobies, 284;
on monkeys hammering oyster shells with stones, 481

_Daphnia pulex_, seeking light, especially yellow ray, 23

Darwin, Charles, on apparent intelligence of worms, 24;
of oyster, 25;
of snail, 27;
Mr. Hague's letter to, on powers of communication in ants, 54-7;
observations on ants keeping aphides, 60, 61;
on ants making slaves, 64, 66, 67;
communications of Lincecum to, on harvesting ants, 103, 107;
on proportional size of ants' brain, 140;
communication of Müller on powers of communication in bees, 157;
origin and development of cell-making instinct, 173-7;
instincts of neuters, 181;
quotation in MS. from Sir B. Brodie on bees supporting their
combs, 185-6;
his 'law of battle' in relation to spiders, 205;
intelligence of crab, 233;
his theory of sexual selection, 279-82;
sense of smell in vultures, 286;
on Wallace's theory of correlation between colour of sitting
birds and form of their nests, 299;
instincts of cuckoo, 304-6;
birds dreaming, 312;
Gauchos taming wild horses, 329;
memory of horse, 330;
intelligence of bear, 352;
of elephant, 398, 402;
collective instinct of wolves, 436;
duration of memory in dogs, 438;
intelligence of Eskimo dogs, 462;
reasoning of retriever, 463-4;
maternal care and grief of monkey, 472;
sense of ludicrous in monkeys, 476;
curiosity and imitativeness of monkeys, 477;
imitativeness of man, 477-8;
intelligent observation displayed by monkeys, 479, 480

Darwin, Erasmus, on bees ceasing to store honey in Barbadoes, 187;
wasp dismembering fly to facilitate carriage, 195;
unmoulted crab guarding moulted, 233;
crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283;
bird shaking seed out of poppy, 286;
elephant acting nurse to young child, 408

Darwin, F., on bees biting holes through corollas, 189

Davis, on instincts of larvæ of bombyx moth, 239

Davy, Dr., on instincts of alligators, 256, 257;
taming cobra, 265;
performing operation on elephants, 400

Davy, Sir H., on eagles teaching young to fly, 290

Day, F., on intelligence of fish, 244-52

Deceitfulness, of elephant 410;
of dog, 443, 444, 450-52, 457, 458;
of monkey, 494

Deer, intelligence of, 336, 338, 339

De Fravière, on powers of communication in bees, 158;
their scouts, 168

Descartes, his hypothesis of animal automatism, 6

Dicquemase, on intelligence of oyster, 25

Dipterous insects, intelligence in finding way out of
a bell-jar, 153, 154;
gad-fly, 230;
house-fly, 230, 231

Division of labour, _see_ Co-operation

Dog, ringing bell, 423;
knocking knocker, 423;
collective instinct of, 435, 436;
general remarks on psychology of, as influenced by
domestication, 437, 438;
memory of, 438;
emotions of, 438-45;
pride and sensitiveness, 439-42;
intolerance of pain, 441;
emulation and jealousy, 442, 443;
sense of justice, 443;
deceitfulness, 443, 444;
sense of ludicrous and dislike of ridicule, 444, 445;
general intelligence of, 445-70;
communicating ideas, 445-7;
instances of reason, 447-69

_Dolomedes fimbriata_, 213

_Doras_, 248

D'Osbonville, on monkeys administering corporal chastisement
to their young, 482, 483

Dreaming, of birds, 269, 312;
of ferrets, 347

Duchemin, M., on toads killing carp, 254

Duck, conjugal fidelity of, 270, 271;
conveying young on back, 289

Dugardin, on communication among ants, 49;
in bees, 156

Duncan, on cunning of a dog, 451

Dzierzon, on cause determining sex of bees' eggs, 162;
bees repairing injuries to their cells, 186

EAGLE, plundering instinct of white-headed, 284;
teaching young to fly, 290;
variations in nest-building, 299;
submitting to surgical operations, 313, 314

Earwig, 229, 230

Ebrard, on co-operation of ants, 132

_Echinodermata_, movements of, 23

Edmonson, Dr., on crows punishing offenders, 323, 324

Edward, on intelligence of frogs, 255;
sympathy of terns for wounded companion, 274, 275;
crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283;
co-operation of turnstones, 321

Edward, H., on honey-making ants, 111-14

Eimer, Dr., on voluntary and involuntary movements of
_Medusæ_, 22, 23

Elephant, general remarks upon, 386;
memory of, 386, 387;
emotions of, 387-96;
vindictiveness, 387-9;
sympathy, 389-90;
rogue, 393, 394;
dying under effects of emotion, 395, 396;
general intelligence of, 396-410;
enduring surgical operations, 399-400;
vigilance, 401;
formation of abstract ideas, 401, 402;
intelligence of tame decoys, 402-6;
of tame workers, 306-8;
thatching their backs, 308, 309;
removing leeches, and fanning away flies, 309, 310;
concealing theft, 410

Ellendorf, Dr. F., on leaf-cutting ants, 95, 96;
on ants making a bridge, 137

Elliot, on collective instinct of wolves, 433

Emery, J., on powers of communication in bees, 157

Emulation, of birds, 277;
of dogs, 442

Encyclopædia Britannica, on bees following floating
hives, 149;
battles of queen-bees, 163, 164;
parasitic instincts in birds, 306

Endurance, of pain by wild dogs, 441;
of surgical operations by eagle, 313, 314;
by elephants, 399, 400;
by monkey, 482

Engelmann, on _Daphnia pulex_ seeking yellow light, 23

_Epeira aurelia_, Mr. F. Pollock on perfection of web built
by young, 217

Erb, G. S., on intelligence of deer, 338, 339

_Esox lucius_, 246

Espinas, on co-operation of ants, 130

FABRE, on instincts of sphex-wasp, 180, 181

Faister, Mdlle de, her tame weasel, 346

Falcon, variations in nest-building, 299

Faraday, J., on intelligence of skate, 251

Fascination, alleged, by snakes, 263, 264

Fayrer, Sir J., on fascination by and charming of snakes, 264

Fear, in horses, 329;
in ruminants, 334;
in rabbits, 355;
in rats, 360
excited in dogs by portraits, 455-7;
in monkey by snakes, 477,
and by imitation monkey, 495

Ferret, 347

Fire-flies, stuck on nests by baya-birds, 294

Fish, 241-53;
comparison of brain with that of invertebrata, 241;
emotions, 242-7;
nidification, courtship, and care of young, 242-6;
pugnacity, and social feelings, 242;
anger, 246, 247;
play, jealousy, curiosity, 247;
angler, 247, 248;
jaculator, 248;
travelling over land, 248;
climbing trees, 248, 249;
migrations, 249, 250;
general intelligence, 250-53

Fisher, J. F., on hen removing eggs with her neck, 288

Fleeson, Captain B., on honey-making ants, 111-14

Fleming, W. J., on intelligence of horse, 330

Fleury, Cardinal, on intelligence of ants in making bridges, 135

Forbes, on nidification of tailor-bird, 293

Forbes, James, on monkey begging for dead body of companion, 472

Forel, on ants;
recognising slaves, 43;
and fellow-citizens, 44;
swarming habits, 58;
experiment in rearing together hostile species, 59, 60;
tunnelling to obtain aphides, 61;
warfare, 68-77;
play, 88;
intelligence shown in architecture, 129

Forsteal, on termites, 198

Forster, W., on intelligence of a bull, 338

Fothergill, Percival, on reasoning power of a dog, 466

Fouillouse, J. de, on intelligence of hares, 357, 358

Fox, 426-33;
lying in wait for hares, 426, 427;
avoiding traps, 427-30;
allowing itself to be extricated from trap, 431;
catching crabs with tail, 432;
collective instinct in hunting, 433

Fox, C., on intelligence of porpoises, 328

Frankland, Mrs., on cock bullfinch recognising portrait of hen, 311

Franklin, on powers of communication in ants, 49

Franklin, Dr., on sympathy in parrots, 276

Frogs, 254, 255

Frost, Dr., on cat sprinkling crumbs to attract birds, 418, 419

Furniss, J. J., on elephants thatching their backs, 408, 409

GAD-FLY, instinct of, 230

Gander, _see_ Goose

Gaphaus, H. A., on cat opening thumb-latch, 421

Gardener, on intelligence of crab, 233

Garraway, Dr., on beetle concealing its store of food, 229

_Gasteropoda_, intelligence of, 26-29

_Gasterosteus pungitius_, 243;
_G. spinachia_, 243

Geer, M., on earwig incubating young, 229

_Gelasimus_, 233

Gentles, W. Laurie, on intelligence of a sheep-dog, 448, 449

Geoffrey, on pilot fish, 252

Gibbons, their sympathy for suffering companions, 472, 473

Gleditsch, on beetles undermining stick supporting a dead toad, 228;
on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Glutton, 347-50

Goat, intelligence of, 337, 338

Goat-sucker, removing eggs, 289;
nidification of, 292

Goldfinch, trained, 312

Goldsmith on habits of rooks, 322, 323

Goldsmith, Dr., on intelligence of otter, 346

Gollitz, Herr, on co-operation of beetles, 227

Goodbehere, S., on intelligence of a pony and ass, 332, 333;
on cunning of sheep-killing dogs, 450;
on dog knowing value of different coins, 452, 453

Goose, affection and sympathy of, 272, 273;
removing eggs from rats, 288;
noting time, 314;
opening latch of gate, 316

Gosse, on commensalism of crab and anemone, 234

Gould, on bower-bird, 279-81;
on humming-birds, 281;
on talegallus, 294, 295

Graber, Titus, on proportional size of ant's brain, 141

_Grapsus stringosus_, 231

Gray, Sir George, on nidification of talegallus, 295

Gredler, Vincent, on division of labour among leaf-cutting
ants, 99, 100

Green, on intelligence of pigs, 339

Green, Seth, on tactics displayed by hunting wasps, 193

Griffiths, on intelligence of elephant, 388, 389

Grosbeak, nidification of, 295, 296

Grouse, learning to avoid telegraph wires, 312, 313

Groves, J. B., on cat trying to catch image behind mirror, 416

Guana, _see_ Reptiles

Guerinzius, on wasps recognising persons, 188

Guillemots, plundering of by gulls, 283, 284;
mode of catching fish, 285

Gulls, plundering guillemots, 283, 284;
mode of challenge, 291;
nidification, 292

Guring, Thomas, on intelligence of geese, 314, 315

HAGEN, on termites, 202

Hague, on powers of communication in ants, 54-7

Hamilton, R., on fear exhibited by cattle in slaughterhouses, 334

Hancock, Dr., on fish quitting water, 248;
crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283

Harding, S., on intelligence of a pig, 340

Hare, 357-60

Hartmann, Von, his definition of instinct, 15;
on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Harvesting-ants, 96-110;
mice, 365, 366

Hawkshaw, J. Clarke, on limpet remembering locality, 28-9

Hayden, on monkey keeping door open with blanket, 481

Hayes, Dr., on intelligence of Eskimo dogs, 462

_Helix pomatia_, intelligence of, 26, 27

_Hemerobius chrysops_, 240

Hen, maternal instinct of, 272;
removing eggs with neck, 288;
and young chicken on back, 288, 289

Henderson, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364, 365

Heron, variations in nest-building, 299

Hogg, on intelligence of his sheep-dog, 448

Holden, on starlings learning to avoid telegraph wires, 312, 313

Hollmann, on intelligence of _octopus_, 30

_Homarus marinus_, 233

Hooker, Sir Joseph, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Hooper, W. F., on intelligence of a dog, 463

Horn, Mrs., on reasoning powers of a dog, 462

Hornet, carrying heavy prey up an elevation in order to fly away
with it, 196

Horse, emotions of, 328-30;
memory, 330;
general intelligence, 328, 330-3

Horse-fly, tamed, 230, 231

Horsfall, on dog finding his way about by train, 467, 468

Hoste, Sir W., on wounded monkey showing its blood to the
sportsman, 476

Houzeau, on hen transporting young chicken on her back, 288, 289;
parrots not being deceived by mirrors, 310, 311;
birds dreaming, 312;
mules counting their journeys, 332;
monkeys destroying poison-fangs of snakes, 483

Hubbard, Mrs., on intelligence of a cat, 414

Huber, Bishop, on sympathy of elephant, 389

Huber, F. and P., on instinct, 16.
On ants:
sense of smell in, 33;
recognising companions, 41;
powers of communication, 49, 50;
observations on slave-making instinct, 65;
on warfare, 76;
play, 87, 88;
harvesting, 97;
carrying one another, 109;
intelligence shown in architecture, 128, 129.
On bees:
sense of hearing in, 144;
duration of memory, 155;
powers of communication, 156, 159;
manipulation and uses of propolis, 161;
battles of queen-bees, 164, 165;
form of cells, 173;
building cells, 177, 178;
barricading doors against moths, 184;
strengthening combs, 185;
biting holes in corollas, 189;
ventilating hives, 191, 192;
effects of removing antennæ of bees, 197

Hudson, on habits of _Melothrus_, 309, 310

Hugen, on termites, 198

Humboldt, on instincts of young turtles, 257

Humming-birds, æsthetic instincts of, 281

Hutchings, J., on intelligence of a cat, 417

Hutchinson, on alleged tendency of scorpion to commit suicide, 225

Hutchinson, Col., on reasoning power of a dog, 463, 464

Hutchinson, Dr. H. F., on wolf-spider stalking own image in
mirror, 213

Hutchinson, S. J., on intelligence of polar bear, 351, 352

Hutton, Mrs., on ants burying their dead, 91, 92

_Hydrargrza_, 248

_Hymenoptera_, _see_ Ants and Bees

IBEX, does assisting wounded buck to escape, 334

Idealism, cannot be refuted by argument, 6

Ideas, _see_ Association

Imitation, shown by talking birds, monkeys, and idiots, 477, 478

Instinct, defined and distinguished from reason and reflex
action, 10-17;
of medusæ, 23;
of worms, 24;
of mollusca, 25;
of ants with reference to colour, 32, 33;
to smell, 33-7;
to sense of direction, 37-9;
to recognising friends, 41-5;
to swarming, 57, 58;
to nursing, 58;
to education, 59, 60;
to keeping aphides, 60-4;
to making slaves, 64-8;
to wars, 68-83;
to keeping pets, 83, 84;
to sleep and cleanliness, 84-7;
to play and leisure, 87-9;
to treatment of dead, 89-93;
of leaf-cutting species, 93-6;
of harvesting species, 97-110;
of tree-inhabiting species, 110, 111;
of honey-making species, 111-14;
of ecitons, 114-22;
of driver and marching species, 121-2;
of bees and wasps, with reference to colour, 143-4;
to sense of direction, 144-51;
to food-collecting and wax-making, 160-2;
to propagation, 162-8;
of queens, 162-5;
of killing drones, 165-8;
with reference to wars, 169, 170;
to architecture, 170-80;
of sphex-wasp, 180, 181;
of termites, 198-203;
of spiders, 204-18;
of scorpion, 222-5;
of beetles, 226-9;
of earwig, 229, 230;
of flies, 230, 231;
of crustacea, 231, 232;
of larvæ, 234-40;
of fish, 242-53;
of batrachians, 254;
of reptiles, 256-9;
of birds, with reference to procuring food, 283-7;
to incubation, 287-91;
to nidification, 291-301;
of cuckoo, 301-10;
of marsupials, 320;
of whale, 327;
of ruminants, 335;
of swine, 339;
of bats, 341;
of seals, 341-8;
of wolverine, 348-50;
of rodents, 353, 354;
of rabbit, 354-7;
of hare, 354-9;
of rats, 360;
of mice, 364-5;
of rat-hare, 365, 366;
of beaver, mixed with intelligence, 367;
with reference to propagation and lodges, 367-71;
to procuring food, 371-3;
to dams, 373-80;
to canals, 380-4;
of cat, 411-12;
of dog, 437, 438;
of monkey, 471

JACKAL, 426;
collective instinct in hunting, 432-35

Jackdaw, gesticulating signs made by, 316;
congregation for court held by, 324

Jacob, Sir G. Le Grand, on crows punishing offender, 324-5;
ibexes assisting wounded mate to escape, 334

Japp, on dog spontaneously learning use of coin, 452

Jealousy, of fish, 242;
of birds, 276-7;
of horse, 329, 330;
of dogs, 442, 443;
of monkey, 493

Jenkins, H. L., on formation of abstract ideas by elephants, 401, 402

Jenner, on instinct of young cuckoo, 301-4

Jerdon, Dr., on harvesting-ants, 97;
on birds dreaming, 312

Jervoise, Sir J. C., on bee biting hole in a corolla, 189;
on combined action of rooks in obtaining food from pheasants, 321

Jesse, on intelligence of bees in adapting their combs to smooth
surface, 186;
spider protecting eggs from cold, 219;
tame house-fly, 230, 231;
affection of male for female pike, 246;
attachment between alligator and cat, 258, 259;
conjugal fidelity of swan, and pigeon, 271;
sympathy of rooks, 273, 274;
lapwing stamping on ground to make worms rise, 285;
goose removing eggs from rats, 288;
birds removing dung from neighbourhood of their nests, 290;
swallows killing and imprisoning hostile sparrows, 318, 319;
kangaroo throwing young from pouch when pursued, 326, 327;
stag shaking berries from trees, and manifesting intelligence
in escaping from dogs, 336;
intelligence of buffalo, 336, 337;
intelligence of rats, 360-2;
of elephants, 398;
collective instinct of foxes, 433;
wounded monkey showing its blood to the sportsman, 476

Jillson, Professor, on habits of the 'prairie-dog,' 366

John, St., on intelligence of fox, 426, 427;
idea of caste in dog, 442

Johnson, on termites, 198;
on orang-outangs removing their dead companions, 472

Johnson, Capt., on wounded monkey showing its blood to the
sportsman, 475

Johnson, Dr., his definition of reason, 14

KANGAROO, throwing young from pouch when pursued, 326, 327

Kaup, on fish, 246

Kemp, Dr. L., on battles of queen-bees, 164;
robber bees, 170;
on intelligence of decoy elephants, 402

Kent, Saville, on intelligence of porpoises, 327, 328

Kesteven, Dr. W. H., on cat knocking knocker, 424

Kingfisher, nidification of, 292

Kirby, on water-spider, 212;
shore crabs, 232;
migration of salmon, 249, 250;
intelligence of carp, 250

Kirby and Spence, on powers of communication in ants, 49;
sense of direction in bees, 148;
hexagonal form of bees' cells, 172;
ceasing to store honey in tropics, 188;
co-operation of beetles, 226;
caterpillars, 236, and 238, 239

Klein, Dr., on intelligence of a cat, 418, 419

Kleine, Herr, on behaviour of bees when finding empty combs
substituted for full ones, 186, 187

Klingelhöffer, Herr, on co-operation of beetles, 227-8

König, on termites, 198

Kreplin, Herr H., on ecitons, 139

_LABRUS_, 247

Lacepède, on fish coming to sound of bell, &c., 250

_Lacerta iguana_, 255

_Lagomys_, provident habits of, 365

Landois, on powers of communication in bees, 158

Langshaft, on bees recognising hive companions, 183;
on robber bees, 183-4

Lapwing, stamping on ground to make worms rise, 285;
intelligence of, 315, 316

Larvæ, of insects, intelligence of, 234-40

Latreille, on ants, sympathy of, 47

Lauriston, Baron, on sympathy of elephant, 390

Layard, Consul, on intelligence of cobra, 262;
on nidification of baya-bird, 294;
on cat pulling bell-wire, 424

Lee, Mrs., on intelligence of robin, 314;
of goats, 337;
of rats, 361;
on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Leeches, apparent intelligence of, 24

Lefroy, Lieut-Gen, Sir John, on terrier communicating wants
by signs, 446

Lehr, Herr H., on bees draining their hive, 190

Leroy, C. G.,
on nidification of birds, 300;
on migration, 301;
on collective instinct of wolves, 436

Lespès,
on ants:
slave-making instinct, 65, 66;
warfare, 68, 69;
division of labour, 98, 99;
on termites, 198

Leuckart, Prof., on intelligence of ants in surmounting
obstacles, 135

Lever, Sir Ashton, his experiment on eccentricity of
nest-building instinct, 295

Limpet, remembering locality, 28, 29

Lincecum, Dr., on harvesting ants, 97 and 103-7;
carrying one another, 109

Lindsay, Dr. L., on birds dreaming, 312

Linnæus, on swallows imprisoning sparrows, 318

Linnet, intelligence of in not flying against mirror, 311;
trained, 312

_Liparis chrysorrhaca_, 238

Livingstone, Dr., on certain ants of Africa, 110;
honey-guide, 315;
intelligence of buffalo, 335, 336;
reasoning power of dog, 457

Lobster, 233

Lockman, J., on fondness of pigeon for a particular air of
music, 282

Lonsdale, on intelligence of snails, 27

_Lophius piscator_, 247-8

Lophobranchiate fish, incubating eggs in mouth, 245-6

Loudoun's 'Magazine of Natural History,' quotations from, 357

Love-bird, conjugal affection of, 270

Löwenfels, Herr H., on a wasp dismembering a fly to facilitate
carriage, 196.

Lubbock, Sir John,
on ants:
sense of sight in, 32;
of hearing, 33;
of smell, 33-7;
of direction, 37-8;
recognising companions and nest-mates, 41-3 and 44-5;
deficiency of affection and sympathy, 45-7;
powers of communication, 50-3;
collecting hatching eggs of aphides, 61-2;
keeping pets, 84;
general intelligence, 123-8.
On bees and wasps:
sense of sight in, 143;
of smell and hearing, 144;
of direction, 144-8;
memory, 151-4;
taming wasps, 153;
experiment on comparative intelligence of wasp and fly in
finding way out of a bell-jar, 153-4;
experiments to test sympathy, 155-6;
way-finding, 181-3;
recognising one another, 183-4.
On co-operation of beetles, 226.

Ludicrous, sense of,
in dogs, 444-5;
in monkeys, 476, 485, 487, and 490

Lukis, F. C., on limpet remembering locality, 29

MACLACHLAN, on caddis-worms, 244

Maclaurin, on mathematical principles observed by bees in
constructing their cells, 171

_Macropodus_, 244

Malcolm, Sir James, on sympathy shown by monkey, 474-5

Malle, Dureau de la, on dog knocking knocker, 423-4;
collective instinct of dogs, 435-6

Mammals, 326-498

Mann, Mr. and Mrs., their tame snakes, 256, 260-2

Mansfield, nest of fish, 242-43

Marsupials, 326-7

Martin, nidification of house, 292;
of land, 292

Martin, John, on reasoning power of cat, 415

MacCook, the Rev. Dr.,
on ants: recognising fellow-citizens, 44;
feeding comrades with aphides-secretion, 63-4;
keeping cocci and caterpillars, 64;
warfare, 78, 81-3;
sleep and cleanliness, 84-87;
play, 88;
funeral habits, 89-91;
agricultural, 97, 103-10;
modes of mining, 108;
swarming habits of agriculturals, 108-9;
carrying one another, 109-10;
removing nest from shade of tree, 131;
cutting leaves from shading tree, 131-2;
co-operation in cutting grass, 132

M'Crady, on larva of _Medusæ_ sucking nutriment from parent, 34

Meek, his cat trying to catch image behind mirror, 415-16

Meenan, on a wasp carrying heavy prey up an elevation in order
to fly away with it, 197

_Melanerpes formicivorus_, 285

_Melia tessellata_, 233-4

_Melipona domestica_, form of its cells, 173-6

_Melothrus_, 309-10

Memory,
of mollusca, 25-9;
of ants, 39-45;
of bees, 151-5;
of beetles and earwig, 226-30;
of batrachians, 255;
of reptiles, 259 _et seq._;
of birds, 266-70;
of horse, 330;
of elephant, 386-7;
of dog, 438;
of monkey, 497

Menault,
on eagle submitting to surgical operation, 313-14;
on mason bee, 178-9

Merian, Madame, on ants of visitation, 130;
mygale spider eating humming-birds, 208

Merrell, Dr., on instinct of American cuckoo, 305-6

Mice, 360-4

Migration,
of caterpillars, 238;
of crabs, 232;
of fish, 248-50;
of reptiles, 257-8;
of birds, 266;
of mammals, 341-50, and 368

Mildmay, Sir Henry, on pigs learning to point game, 339-40

Mill, John S., on instinct of cruelty in man, 413

Miller, Prof., calculations regarding form of bee's cell, 173

Mind, subjective and objective analysis of, 1;
evidence of, 2;
criterion of, 4-8

Mischievousness, fondness of, shown by monkeys, 485 _et seq._

Mitchell, on fish removing eggs from disturbed nest, 251

Mitchell, Major, on habits of _Conilurus constructor_, 326

Mivart, on instincts of sphex-wasps, 181

Mobbing instinct in birds, 291

Möbius, Prof., on commensalism between crab and anemone, 233